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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dash</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Dash" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Dash" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dash" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Em_dash&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Em dash">Em dash</a>)</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus sign">Minus sign</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">Hyphen-minus</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dashed" redirects here. For the food delivery service, see <a href="/wiki/DASHED" title="DASHED">DASHED</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dash_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dash (disambiguation)">Dash (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The dash is a <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> mark consisting of a long horizontal line. It is similar in appearance to the <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> but is longer and sometimes higher from the <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">baseline</a>. The most common versions are the en dash –, generally longer than the hyphen but shorter than the <a href="/wiki/Minus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus sign">minus sign</a>; the em dash —, longer than either the en dash or the minus sign; and the horizontal bar ―, whose length varies across <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> but tends to be between those of the <a href="/wiki/En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">en</a> and <a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">em</a> dashes.<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> <table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">—</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Dash</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#ebebeb;padding:0 0 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;"> <table align="center" style="display:table;padding:0;background:transparent;width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 300%; text-align: center; line-height: 0.01; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;"> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">– </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em ;min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">— </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">― </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">‒ </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;">En dash </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;">Em dash </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;">Horizontal bar </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;">Figure dash </th></tr></tbody></table></div></th></tr></tbody></table> Typical uses of dashes are to mark a break in a sentence, or to set off an explanatory remark (similar to parenthesis), or to show spans of time or ranges of values. The em dash is sometimes used as a leading character to identify the source of a quoted text. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Types_of_dash">2 Types of dash</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Figure_dash">3 Figure dash</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#En_dash">4 En dash</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Usage">4.1 Usage</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ranges_of_values">4.1.1 Ranges of values</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Relationships_and_connections">4.1.2 Relationships and connections</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Attributive_compounds">4.1.3 Attributive compounds</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Differing_recommendations">4.1.4 Differing recommendations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Parenthetic_and_other_uses_at_the_sentence_level">4.1.5 Parenthetic and other uses at the sentence level</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Typography">4.2 Typography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Spacing">4.2.1 Spacing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Encoding_and_substitution">4.2.2 Encoding and substitution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Itemization_mark">4.2.3 Itemization mark</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Em_dash">5 Em dash</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Usage_2">5.1 Usage</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Colon-like_use">5.1.1 Colon-like use</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-18"><a href="#Simple_equivalence_(or_near-equivalence)_of_colon_and_em_dash">5.1.1.1 Simple equivalence (or near-equivalence) of colon and em dash</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a href="#Inversion_of_the_function_of_a_colon">5.1.1.2 Inversion of the function of a colon</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Parenthesis-like_use">5.1.2 Parenthesis-like use</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-21"><a href="#Simple_equivalence_(or_near-equivalence)_of_paired_parenthetical_marks">5.1.2.1 Simple equivalence (or near-equivalence) of paired parenthetical marks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-22"><a href="#Subtle_differences_in_punctuation">5.1.2.2 Subtle differences in punctuation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Interruption_of_a_speaker">5.1.3 Interruption of a speaker</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-24"><a href="#Interruption_by_someone_else">5.1.3.1 Interruption by someone else</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-25"><a href="#Self-interruption">5.1.3.2 Self-interruption</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Quotation">5.1.4 Quotation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-27"><a href="#Quotation_mark%E2%80%93like_use">5.1.4.1 Quotation mark–like use</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-28"><a href="#Attribution_of_quote_source">5.1.4.2 Attribution of quote source</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Redaction">5.1.5 Redaction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Itemization_mark_2">5.1.6 Itemization mark</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Repetition">5.1.7 Repetition</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Typographic_details">5.2 Typographic details</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Spacing_and_substitution">5.2.1 Spacing and substitution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Approximating_the_em_dash_with_two_or_three_hyphens">5.2.2 Approximating the em dash with two or three hyphens</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#En_dash_versus_em_dash">6 En dash versus em dash</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Horizontal_bar">7 Horizontal bar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Swung_dash">8 Swung dash</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Unicode">9 Unicode</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#In_other_languages">10 In other languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Explanatory_notes">12 Explanatory notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#References">13 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P15878coll17_5783_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/P15878coll17_5783_large.jpg/220px-P15878coll17_5783_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1344"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 296px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/P15878coll17_5783_large.jpg/220px-P15878coll17_5783_large.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="296" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/P15878coll17_5783_large.jpg/330px-P15878coll17_5783_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/P15878coll17_5783_large.jpg/440px-P15878coll17_5783_large.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1622 <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Okes" title="Nicholas Okes">Okes</a>-print of <a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15878coll17/id/5783">19</a>. Note use of dashes.</figcaption></figure> In the early 17th century, in <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Okes" title="Nicholas Okes">Okes</a>-printed <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a> of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, dashes are attested that indicate a thinking pause, interruption, mid-speech realization, or change of subject.<a href="#cite_note-mcmillin-2">[1]</a> The dashes are variously longer ⸺ (as in <a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a> reprinted 1619) or composed of hyphens --- (as in <a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a> printed 1622); moreover, the dashes are often, but not always, prefixed by a comma, colon, or semicolon.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcmillin-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> In 1733, in <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>'s On Poetry, the terms break and dash are attested for ⸺ and — marks:<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> <blockquote><div class="poem"> Blot out, correct, insert, refine, Enlarge, diminish, interline; Be mindful, when Invention fails; To scratch your Head, and bite your Nails. Your poem finish'd, next your Care Is needful, to transcribe it fair. In modern Wit all printed Trash, is Set off with num'rous Breaks⸺and Dashes— </div></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Types_of_dash">Types of dash</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of dash" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Usage varies both within English and within other languages, but the usual conventions for the most common dashes in printed English text are these: <ul><li>An (unspaced) em dash or a <a href="#Typography">spaced en dash</a> can be used to mark a break in a sentence, and a pair can be used to set off a <a href="/wiki/Parenthesis_(rhetoric)" title="Parenthesis (rhetoric)">parenthetical phrase</a>. For example:</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Glitter, felt, yarn, and buttons—his kitchen looked as if a clown had exploded. A flock of sparrows—some of them juveniles—alighted and sang.</blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Glitter, felt, yarn, and buttons – his kitchen looked as if a clown had exploded. A flock of sparrows – some of them juveniles – alighted and sang.</blockquote> <ul><li>An en dash, but not an em dash, indicates spans or differentiation, where it may replace "and", "to", or "through".<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> For example:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was fought in western Pennsylvania and along the present US–Canada border <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Edwards, pp. 81–101.</cite></div></blockquote> <ul><li>An em dash or horizontal bar, but not an en dash, is used to set off the source of a direct <a href="/wiki/Quotation" title="Quotation">quotation</a>. For example:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Seven social sins: politics without principles, wealth without work, pleasure without conscience, knowledge without character, commerce without morality, science without humanity, and worship without sacrifice.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></cite></div></blockquote> <ul><li>A horizontal bar (also called quotation dash)<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> or the em dash, but not the en dash, introduces quoted text.</li> <li>In informal contexts, a <a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a> (-) is often used as a substitute for an en dash, as is a pair of hyphen-minuses (--) for an em dash, because the hyphen-minus symbol is readily available on most keyboards.<a href="#cite_note-Bringhurst-9">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Autocorrection" title="Autocorrection">autocorrection</a> facility of word-processing software often corrects these to the typographically correct form of dash.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Figure_dash">Figure dash</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Figure dash" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The figure dash ‒ (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+2012 ‒ FIGURE DASH) has the same width as a numerical digit. (Many <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a> have digits of equal width.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a>) It is used within numbers such as the phone number 555‒0199, especially in columns so as to maintain alignment. In contrast, the en dash – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2013 – EN DASH) is generally used for a range of values.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus sign">minus sign</a> − (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2212 − MINUS SIGN) <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a> is generally set a little higher, so as to be level with the horizontal bar of the <a href="/wiki/Plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus sign">plus sign</a>. In informal usage, the <a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a> - (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+002D - HYPHEN-MINUS), provided as standard on most keyboards, is often used instead of the figure dash. In <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a>, the standard fonts have no figure dash; however, the digits normally all have the same width as the en dash, so an en dash can be a substitution for the figure dash. In <a href="/wiki/XeLaTeX" class="mw-redirect" title="XeLaTeX">XeLaTeX</a>, one can use <code>\char"2012</code>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Linux_Libertine" title="Linux Libertine">Linux Libertine</a> font also has the figure dash glyph. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="En_dash">En dash</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: En dash" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The en dash, en rule, or nut dash<a href="#cite_note-Stewart1919-13">[12]</a> – is traditionally half the width of an <a href="#Em_dash">em dash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> In modern fonts, the length of the en dash is not standardized, and the en dash is often more than half the width of the em dash.<a href="#cite_note-strizver-16">[15]</a> The widths of en and em dashes have also been specified as being equal to those of the uppercase letters N and M, respectively,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> and at other times to the widths of the lower-case letters.<a href="#cite_note-strizver-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The three main uses of the en dash are: <ol><li>to connect symmetric items, such as the two ends of a range or two competitors or alternatives</li> <li>to contrast values or illustrate a relationship between two things</li> <li>to compound attributes, where one of the connected items is itself a compound</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ranges_of_values">Ranges of values</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ranges of values" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The en dash is commonly used to indicate a closed range of values – a range with clearly defined and finite upper and lower boundaries – roughly signifying what might otherwise be communicated by the word "through" in American English, or "to" in International English.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> This may include ranges such as those between dates, times, or numbers.<a href="#cite_note-barronsgrammar-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-copyeditguide-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-webstersgrammar-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-texttypestyle-24">[23]</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a> restrict this range indication style to only parenthetical or tabular matter, requiring "to" or "through" in running text. Preference for hyphen vs. en dash in ranges varies. For example, the <a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA style</a> (named after the American Psychological Association) uses an en dash in ranges, but the <a href="/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">AMA style</a> (named after the American Medical Association) uses a hyphen: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>En dash range style (e.g., <a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA</a><a href="#cite_note-apaAmaStyle-25">[b]</a>)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphen</a> range style (e.g., <a href="/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">AMA</a><a href="#cite_note-apaAmaStyle-25">[b]</a>)</th> <th>Running text spell-out </th></tr> <tr> <td>June–July 1967</td> <td>June-July 1967</td> <td>June and July 1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1:15–2:15 p.m.</td> <td>1:15-2:15 PM</td> <td>1:15 to 2:15 p.m. </td></tr> <tr> <td>For ages 3–5</td> <td>For ages 3-5</td> <td>For ages 3 through 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>pp. 38–55</td> <td>pp 38-55</td> <td>pages 38 through 55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>President Jimmy Carter (1977–81)</td> <td>President Jimmy Carter (1977-81)</td> <td>President Jimmy Carter, in office from 1977 to 1981 </td></tr> </tbody></table> Some style guides (including the Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (<a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">AMA Manual of Style</a>) recommend that, when a number range might be misconstrued as subtraction, the word "to" should be used instead of an en dash. For example, "a voltage of 50 V to 100 V" is preferable to using "a voltage of 50–100 V". Relatedly, in ranges that include negative numbers, "to" is used to avoid ambiguity or awkwardness (for example, "temperatures ranged from −18 °C to −34 °C"). It is also considered poor style (best avoided) to use the en dash in place of the words "to" or "and" in phrases that follow the forms from X to Y and between X and Y.<a href="#cite_note-copyeditguide-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-webstersgrammar-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationships_and_connections">Relationships and connections</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationships and connections" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The en dash is used to contrast values or illustrate a relationship between two things.<a href="#cite_note-barronsgrammar-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-texttypestyle-24">[23]</a> Examples of this usage include: <ul><li>Australia beat American Samoa 31–0.</li> <li>Radical–Unionist coalition</li> <li>Boston–Hartford route</li> <li>New York–London flight (however, it may be argued that New York–to-London flight is more appropriate because New York is a single name composed of two valid words; with a single en dash, the phrase is ambiguous and could mean either Flight from New York to London or New flight from York to London; such ambiguity is assuaged when used mid-sentence, though, because of the capital N in "New" indicating it is a special noun). If dash–hyphen use becomes too unwieldy or difficult to understand, the sentence can be rephrased for clarity and readability; for example, "The flight from New York to London was a pleasant experience".<a href="#cite_note-texttypestyle-24">[23]</a></li> <li>Mother–daughter relationship</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">Supreme Court</a> voted 5–4 to uphold the decision.</li></ul> A distinction is often made between "simple" attributive compounds (written with a hyphen) and other subtypes (written with an en dash); at least one authority considers name pairs, where the paired elements carry equal weight, as in the <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a> to be "simple",<a href="#cite_note-copyeditguide-22">[21]</a> while others consider an en dash appropriate in instances such as these<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> to represent the parallel relationship, as in the <a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Campaign_Reform_Act" title="Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act">McCain–Feingold bill</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein statistics</a>. When an act of the U.S. Congress is named using the surnames of the senator and representative who sponsored it, the hyphen-minus is used in the <a href="/wiki/Short_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Short title">short title</a>; thus, the short title of <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Public Law 111–203</a> is "The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act", with a <a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a> rather than an en dash between "Dodd" and "Frank".<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> However, there is a difference between something named for a parallel/coordinate relationship between two people – for example, <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> – and something named for a single person who had a <a href="/wiki/Compound_surname" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound surname">compound surname</a>, which may be written with a hyphen or a space but not an en dash – for example, the <a href="/wiki/Lennard-Jones_potential" title="Lennard-Jones potential">Lennard-Jones potential</a> [hyphen] is named after one person (<a href="/wiki/John_Lennard-Jones" title="John Lennard-Jones">John Lennard-Jones</a>), as are <a href="/wiki/Bence_Jones_protein" title="Bence Jones protein">Bence Jones proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hughlings_Jackson" title="John Hughlings Jackson">Hughlings Jackson syndrome</a>. Copyeditors use dictionaries (general, medical, biographical, and geographical) to confirm the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymity</a> (and thus the styling) for specific terms, given that no one can know them all offhand. Preference for an en dash instead of a hyphen in these coordinate/relationship/connection types of terms is a matter of style, not inherent orthographic "correctness"; both are equally "correct", and each is the preferred style in some style guides. For example, <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a>, the <a href="/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">AMA Manual of Style</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dorland%27s_medical_reference_works" title="Dorland's medical reference works">Dorland's medical reference works</a> use hyphens, not en dashes, in coordinate terms (such as "<a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood-brain barrier</a>"), in <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponyms</a> (such as "<a href="/wiki/Cheyne%E2%80%93Stokes_respiration" title="Cheyne–Stokes respiration">Cheyne-Stokes respiration</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Kaplan%E2%80%93Meier_estimator" title="Kaplan–Meier estimator">Kaplan-Meier method</a>"), and so on. In other styles, AP Style or Chicago Style, the en dash is used to describe two closely related entities in a formal manner. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attributive_compounds">Attributive compounds</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Attributive compounds" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In English, the en dash is usually used instead of a <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adjectival_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectival phrase">compound (phrasal) attributives</a> in which one or both elements is itself a compound, especially when the compound element is an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/open_compound" class="extiw" title="wikt:open compound">open compound</a>, meaning it is not itself hyphenated. This manner of usage may include such examples as:<a href="#cite_note-copyeditguide-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-webstersgrammar-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Company2005-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-LutzStevenson2005-31">[29]</a> <ul><li>The hospital–nursing home connection (the connection between the hospital and the nursing home, not a home connection between the hospital and nursing)</li> <li>A nursing home–home care policy (a policy about the nursing home and home care)</li> <li>Pre–Civil War era</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize</a>–winning novel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York-style_pizza" class="mw-redirect" title="New York-style pizza">New York–style pizza</a></li> <li>The non–San Francisco part of the world</li> <li>The post–World War II era <ul><li>(Compare <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> era, which, if not fully compounded (postwar), takes a hyphen, not an en dash. The difference is that war is not an open compound, whereas World War II is.)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea languages</a></li> <li>The ex–prime minister</li> <li>a long–focal length camera</li> <li>water ice–based bedrock</li> <li>The pro-conscription–anti-conscription debate</li> <li>Public-school–private-school rivalries</li></ul> The disambiguating value of the en dash in these patterns was illustrated by Strunk and White in <a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Style" title="The Elements of Style">The Elements of Style</a> with the following example: When Chattanooga News and Chattanooga Free Press merged, the joint company was inaptly named <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_News-Free_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga News-Free Press">Chattanooga News-Free Press</a> (using a hyphen), which could be interpreted as meaning that their newspapers were news-free.<a href="#cite_note-Einsohn2000-32">[30]</a> An exception to the use of en dashes is usually made when <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixing</a> an already-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyphenated_compound" class="extiw" title="wikt:hyphenated compound">hyphenated compound</a>; an en dash is generally avoided as a distraction in this case. Examples of this include:<a href="#cite_note-Einsohn2000-32">[30]</a> <ul><li>non-English-speaking air traffic controllers</li> <li>semi-labor-intensive industries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a></li> <li>The post-<a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> era</li> <li>non-government-owned corporations</li></ul> An en dash can be retained to avoid ambiguity, but whether any ambiguity is plausible is a judgment call. <a href="/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">AMA style</a> retains the en dashes in the following examples:<a href="#cite_note-AMA10_8.3.1-33">[31]</a> <ul><li>non–self-governing</li> <li>non–English-language journals</li> <li>non–group-specific blood</li> <li>non–Q-wave myocardial infarction</li> <li>non–brain-injured subjects</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Differing_recommendations">Differing recommendations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Differing recommendations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As discussed above, the en dash is sometimes recommended instead of a hyphen in <a href="/wiki/Compound_adjectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound adjectives">compound adjectives</a> where neither part of the adjective modifies the other—that is, when each modifies the noun, as in <a href="/wiki/Love%E2%80%93hate_relationship" title="Love–hate relationship">love–hate relationship</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a> (CMOS), however, limits the use of the en dash to two main purposes: <ul><li>First, use it to indicate ranges of time, money, or other amounts, or in certain other cases where it replaces the word "to".</li> <li>Second, use it in place of a hyphen in a compound adjective when one of the elements of the adjective is an open compound, or when two or more of its elements are compounds, open or hyphenated.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></li></ul> That is, the CMOS favors hyphens in instances where some other guides suggest en dashes, with the 16th edition explaining that "Chicago's sense of the en dash does not extend to between", to rule out its use in "US–Canadian relations".<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> In these two uses, en dashes normally do not have spaces around them. Some make an exception when they believe avoiding spaces may cause confusion or look odd. For example, compare "12 June – 3 July" with "12 June–3 July".<a href="#cite_note-harry_shaw-36">[34]</a> However, other authorities disagree and state there should be no space between an en dash and adjacent text. These authorities would not use a space in, for example, "11:00 a.m.⁠–⁠1:00 p.m."<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> or "July 9–August 17".<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parenthetic_and_other_uses_at_the_sentence_level">Parenthetic and other uses at the sentence level</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parenthetic and other uses at the sentence level" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#En_dash_versus_em_dash">§ En dash versus em dash</a></div> En dashes can be used instead of pairs of commas that mark off a nested clause or phrase. They can also be used around parenthetical expressions – such as this one – rather than the em dashes preferred by some publishers.<a href="#cite_note-Complete_Typographer-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bringhurst-9">[8]</a> The en dash can also signify a rhetorical pause. For example, an <a href="/wiki/Opinion_piece" title="Opinion piece">opinion piece</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> is entitled: <blockquote>Who is to blame for the sweltering weather? My kids say it's boomers – and me<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a></blockquote> In these situations, en dashes must have a single space on each side.<a href="#cite_note-Bringhurst-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typography">Typography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Typography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spacing">Spacing</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spacing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In most uses of en dashes, such as when used in indicating ranges, they are typeset closed up to the adjacent words or numbers. Examples include "the 1914–18 war" or "the Dover–Calais crossing". It is only when en dashes are used in setting off parenthetical expressions – such as this one – that they take spaces around them.<a href="#cite_note-OUP_New_Hart_4.11.1-42">[40]</a> For more on the choice of em versus en in this context, see <a href="#En_dash_versus_em_dash">En dash versus em dash</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Encoding_and_substitution">Encoding and substitution</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Encoding and substitution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> When an en dash is unavailable in a particular <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a> environment—as in the <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> character set—there are some conventional substitutions. Often two consecutive hyphens are the substitute. The en dash is encoded in Unicode as U+2013 (decimal 8211) and represented in HTML by the <a href="/wiki/Character_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Character entity">named character entity</a> <code>&ndash;</code>. The en dash is sometimes used as a substitute for the <a href="/wiki/Minus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus sign">minus sign</a>, when the minus sign character is not available since the en dash is usually the same width as a plus sign and is often available when the minus sign is not; see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Typing_the_characters">below</a>. For example, the original 8-bit <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Character_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh Character Set">Macintosh Character Set</a> had an en dash, useful for the minus sign, years before Unicode with a dedicated minus sign was available. The hyphen-minus is usually too narrow to make a typographically acceptable minus sign. However, the en dash cannot be used for a minus sign in <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> because the syntax usually requires a hyphen-minus. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Itemization_mark">Itemization mark</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Itemization mark" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Either the en dash or the em dash may be used as a <a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">bullet</a> at the start of each item in a bulleted list. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Em_dash">Em dash</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Em dash" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The em dash, em rule, or mutton dash<a href="#cite_note-Stewart1919-13">[12]</a> — is longer than an <a href="#En_dash">en dash</a>. The character is called an em dash because it is one <a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">em</a> wide, a length that varies depending on the font size. One em is the same length as the font's height (which is typically measured in <a href="/wiki/Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">points</a>). So in 9-point type, an em dash is nine points wide, while in 24-point type the em dash is 24 points wide. By comparison, the en dash, with its 1 <a href="/wiki/En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">en</a> width, is in most <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">fonts</a> either a half-em wide<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> or the width of an upper-case "N".<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> The em dash is encoded in Unicode as U+2014 (decimal 8212) and represented in HTML by the named character entity <code>&mdash;</code>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage_2">Usage</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The em dash is used in several ways. It is primarily used in places where a set of <a href="/wiki/Bracket#Parentheses" title="Bracket">parentheses</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> might otherwise be used,<a href="#cite_note-OUP_New_Hart_4.11.2-45">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] and it can also show an abrupt change in thought (or an interruption in speech) or be used where a <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a> (period) is too strong and a <a href="/wiki/Comma_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comma (punctuation)">comma</a> is too weak (similar to that of a semicolon). Em dashes are also used to set off summaries or definitions.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Common uses and definitions are cited below with examples. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colon-like_use">Colon-like use</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Colon-like use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Simple_equivalence_(or_near-equivalence)_of_colon_and_em_dash">Simple equivalence (or near-equivalence) of colon and em dash</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Simple equivalence (or near-equivalence) of colon and em dash" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Three alkali metals are the usual substituents: sodium, potassium, and lithium.</li> <li>Three alkali metals are the usual substituents—sodium, potassium, and lithium.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Inversion_of_the_function_of_a_colon">Inversion of the function of a colon</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Inversion of the function of a colon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>These are the colors of the flag: red, white, and blue.</li> <li>Red, white, and blue—these are the colors of the flag.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parenthesis-like_use">Parenthesis-like use</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parenthesis-like use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Simple_equivalence_(or_near-equivalence)_of_paired_parenthetical_marks">Simple equivalence (or near-equivalence) of paired parenthetical marks</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Simple equivalence (or near-equivalence) of paired parenthetical marks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Compare parentheses with em dashes: <ul><li>Three alkali metals (sodium, potassium, and lithium) are the usual substituents.</li> <li>Three alkali metals—sodium, potassium, and lithium—are the usual substituents.</li></ul></li> <li>Compare commas, em dashes and parentheses (respectively) when no internal commas intervene: <ul><li>The food, which was delicious, reminded me of home.</li> <li>The food—which was delicious—reminded me of home.</li> <li>The food (which was delicious) reminded me of home.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subtle_differences_in_punctuation">Subtle differences in punctuation</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Subtle differences in punctuation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> It may indicate an interpolation stronger than that demarcated by parentheses, as in the following from <a href="/wiki/Nicholson_Baker" title="Nicholson Baker">Nicholson Baker</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Mezzanine" title="The Mezzanine">The Mezzanine</a> (the degree of difference is subjective). <ul><li>"At that age I once stabbed my best friend, Fred, with a pair of pinking shears in the base of the neck, enraged because he had been given the comprehensive sixty-four-crayon Crayola box—including the gold and silver crayons—and would not let me look closely at the box to see how Crayola had stabilized the built-in crayon sharpener under the tiers of crayons."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interruption_of_a_speaker">Interruption of a speaker</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Interruption of a speaker" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Interruption_by_someone_else">Interruption by someone else</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Interruption by someone else" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>"But I'm trying to explain that I—" "I'm aware of your mitigating circumstances, but your negative attitude was excessive."</li></ul> In a related use, it may visually indicate the shift between speakers when they overlap in speech. For example, the em dash is used this way in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Heller" title="Joseph Heller">Joseph Heller</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Catch-22" title="Catch-22">Catch-22</a>: <ul><li>He was Cain, Ulysses, the Flying Dutchman; he was Lot in Sodom, Deirdre of the Sorrows, Sweeney in the nightingales among trees. He was the miracle ingredient Z-147. He was— "Crazy!" Clevinger interrupted, shrieking. "That's what you are! Crazy!" "—immense. I'm a real, slam-bang, honest-to-goodness, three-fisted humdinger. I'm a bona fide supraman."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Self-interruption">Self-interruption</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Self-interruption" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Simple revision of a statement as one's thoughts evolve on the fly: <ul><li>"I believe I shall—no, I'm going to do it."</li></ul></li> <li>Contemplative or emotional trailing off (usually in <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> or in <a href="/wiki/First_person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="First person narrative">first person narrative</a>): <ul><li>"I sense something; a presence I've not felt since—" in <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Episode_IV:_A_New_Hope" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope">Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a></li> <li>"Get out or else—"</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd>Either an <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a> or an em dash can indicate <a href="/wiki/Aposiopesis" title="Aposiopesis">aposiopesis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_device" title="Rhetorical device">rhetorical device</a> by which a sentence is stopped short not because of interruption, but because the speaker is too emotional or pensive to continue. Because the ellipsis is the more common choice, an em dash for this purpose may be ambiguous in expository text, as many readers would assume interruption, although it may be used to indicate great emotion in dramatic <a href="/wiki/Monologue" title="Monologue">monologue</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Long pause: <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> texts and afterward, em dashes have been used to add long pauses (as noted in Joseph Robertson's 1785 An Essay on Punctuation):</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Lord Cardinal! if thou think'st on heaven's bliss, Hold up thy hand, make signal of that hope.— He dies, and makes no sign!<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_2" title="Henry VI, Part 2">Henry VI, Part 2</a></cite></div></blockquote></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quotation">Quotation</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Quotation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Quotation_mark–like_use">Quotation mark–like use</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Quotation mark–like use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This is a <a href="/wiki/Quotation_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="Quotation dash">quotation dash</a>. It may be distinct from an em dash in its coding (see <a href="#Horizontal_bar">horizontal bar</a>). It may be used to indicate turns in a dialogue, in which case each dash starts a paragraph.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> It replaces other quotation marks and was preferred by authors such as <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>:<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> <dl><dd>―O saints above! miss Douce said, sighed above her jumping rose. I wished I hadn't laughed so much. I feel all wet.</dd> <dd>―O, miss Douce! miss Kennedy protested. You horrid thing!</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Attribution_of_quote_source">Attribution of quote source</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Attribution of quote source" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Inline quotes: <ul><li>A penny saved is a penny earned. —<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Block quotes:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <a href="/wiki/The_Walrus_and_the_Carpenter" title="The Walrus and the Carpenter">The Walrus and the Carpenter</a> Were walking close at hand; They wept like anything to see Such quantities of sand: "If this were only cleared away," They said, "it would be grand!" </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Redaction">Redaction</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Redaction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fillet_(redaction)" title="Fillet (redaction)">Fillet (redaction)</a></div> An em dash may be used to indicate omitted letters in a word redacted to an initial or single letter or to <a href="/wiki/Fillet_(redaction)" title="Fillet (redaction)">fillet</a> a word, by leaving the start and end letters whilst replacing the middle letters with a dash or dashes (for <a href="/wiki/Sanitization_(classified_information)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitization (classified information)">censorship</a> or simply <a href="/wiki/Data_anonymization" title="Data anonymization">data anonymization</a>). It may also censor the end letter. In this use, it is sometimes doubled. <ul><li>It was alleged that D⸺ had been threatened with blackmail.</li></ul> Three em dashes might be used to indicate a completely missing word.<a href="#cite_note-trouble-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Itemization_mark_2">Itemization mark</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Itemization mark" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Either the en dash or the em dash may be used as a <a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">bullet</a> at the start of each item in a bulleted list, but a plain hyphen is more commonly used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Repetition">Repetition</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Repetition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Three em dashes one after another can be used in a footnote, endnote, or another form of bibliographic entry to indicate repetition of the same author's name as that of the previous work,<a href="#cite_note-trouble-50">[48]</a> which is similar to the use of <a href="/wiki/Idem" title="Idem">id.</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typographic_details">Typographic details</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Typographic details" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spacing_and_substitution">Spacing and substitution</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Spacing and substitution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to most American sources (such as <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a>) and some British sources (such as <a href="/wiki/Hart%27s_Rules" title="Hart's Rules">The Oxford Guide to Style</a>), an em dash should always be set closed, meaning it should not be surrounded by spaces. But the practice in some parts of the English-speaking world, including the style recommended by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Manual_of_Style_and_Usage" title="The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage">The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage</a> for printed newspapers and the <a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a>, sets it open, separating it from its surrounding words by using spaces or <a href="/wiki/Hair_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair space">hair spaces</a> (U+200A) when it is being used parenthetically.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> The AP Stylebook rejects the use of the open em dash to set off introductory items in lists. However, the "space, en dash, space" sequence is the predominant style in German and French <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a>. (See <a href="#En_dash_versus_em_dash">En dash versus em dash</a> below.) In Canada, The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing, The Oxford Canadian A to Z of Grammar, Spelling & Punctuation: Guide to Canadian English Usage (2nd ed.), Editing Canadian English, and the Canadian Oxford Dictionary all specify that an em dash should be set closed when used between words, a word and numeral, or two numerals. The Australian government's Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers (6th ed.), also specifies that em dashes inserted between words, a word and numeral, or two numerals, should be set closed. A section on the 2-em rule (⸺) also explains that the 2-em can be used to mark an abrupt break in direct or reported speech, but a space is used before the 2-em if a complete word is missing, while no space is used if part of a word exists before the sudden break. Two examples of this are as follows: <ul><li>I distinctly heard him say, "Go away or I'll ⸺".</li> <li>It was alleged that D⸺ had been threatened with blackmail.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Approximating_the_em_dash_with_two_or_three_hyphens">Approximating the em dash with two or three hyphens</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Approximating the em dash with two or three hyphens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> When an em dash is unavailable in a particular <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a> environment—as in the <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> character set—it has usually been <a href="/wiki/Typographic_approximation" title="Typographic approximation">approximated</a> as consecutive double (--) or triple (---) hyphen-minuses. The two-hyphen em dash proxy is perhaps more common, being a widespread convention in the <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriting</a> era. (It is still described for hard copy manuscript preparation in the Chicago Manual of Style as of the 16th edition, although the manual conveys that typewritten manuscript and copyediting on paper are now dated practices.) The three-hyphen em dash proxy was popular with various publishers because the sequence of one, two, or three hyphens could then correspond to the hyphen, en dash, and em dash, respectively. Because early comic book <a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">letterers</a> were not aware of the typographic convention of replacing a typewritten double hyphen with an em dash, the double hyphen became traditional in American comics. This practice has continued despite the development of computer lettering.<a href="#cite_note-NatePiekos2012-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-ToddKlein2008-54">[52]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="En_dash_versus_em_dash">En dash versus em dash </h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: En dash versus em dash" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dash_font_comparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dash_font_comparison.png/220px-Dash_font_comparison.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="692"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 322px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dash_font_comparison.png/220px-Dash_font_comparison.png" data-width="220" data-height="322" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dash_font_comparison.png/330px-Dash_font_comparison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dash_font_comparison.png/440px-Dash_font_comparison.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>These comparisons of the hyphen (-), n, en dash (–), m, and em dash (—), in various 12-point fonts, illustrate the typical relationship between lengths ("- n – m —"). In some fonts, the en dash is not much longer than the hyphen, and in <a href="/wiki/Lucida_Grande" title="Lucida Grande">Lucida Grande</a>, the en dash is actually shorter than the hyphen.</figcaption></figure> The en dash is wider than the <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> but not as wide as the em dash. An <a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)#Incorrect_and_alternate_definitions" title="Em (typography)">em width</a> is defined as the point size of the currently used font, since the M character is not always the width of the point size.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> In running text, various dash conventions are employed: an em dash—like so—or a spaced em dash — like so — or a spaced en dash – like so – can be seen in contemporary publications. Various style guides and national varieties of languages prescribe different guidance on dashes. Dashes have been cited as being treated differently in the US and the UK, with the former preferring the use of an em dash with no additional spacing and the latter preferring a spaced en dash.<a href="#cite_note-Complete_Typographer-40">[38]</a> As examples of the US style, The Chicago Manual of Style and <a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</a> recommend unspaced em dashes. Style guides outside the US are more variable. For example, <a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Typographic_Style" title="The Elements of Typographic Style">The Elements of Typographic Style</a> by Canadian typographer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bringhurst" title="Robert Bringhurst">Robert Bringhurst</a> recommends the spaced en dash – like so – and argues that the length and visual magnitude of an em dash "belongs to the padded and corseted aesthetic of Victorian typography".<a href="#cite_note-Bringhurst-9">[8]</a> In the United Kingdom, the spaced en dash is the house style for certain major publishers, including the <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. However, this convention is not universal. The Oxford Guide to Style (2002, section 5.10.10) acknowledges that the spaced en dash is used by "other British publishers" but states that the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, like "most US publishers", uses the unspaced em dash. <a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" title="A Dictionary of Modern English Usage">Fowler's Modern English Usage</a>, saying that it is summarising the <a href="/wiki/New_Hart%27s_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hart's Rules">New Hart's Rules</a>, describes the principal uses of the em dash as "a single dash used to introduce an explanation or expansion" and "a pair of dashes used to indicate asides and parentheses", without stipulating whether it should be spaced but giving only unspaced examples.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> The en dash – always with spaces in running text when, as discussed in this section, indicating a parenthesis or pause – and the spaced em dash both have a certain technical advantage over the unspaced em dash. Most typesetting and word processing expects word spacing to vary to support <a href="/wiki/Justification_(typesetting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justification (typesetting)">full justification</a>. Alone among punctuation that marks pauses or logical relations in text, the unspaced em dash disables this for the words it falls between. This can cause uneven spacing in the text, but can be mitigated by the use of <a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">thin spaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hair_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair space">hair spaces</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Zero-width_space" title="Zero-width space">zero-width spaces</a> on the sides of the em dash. This provides the appearance of an unspaced em dash, but allows the words and dashes to break between lines. The spaced em dash risks introducing excessive separation of words. In full justification, the adjacent spaces may be stretched, and the separation of words further exaggerated. En dashes may also be preferred to em dashes when text is set in narrow columns, such as in newspapers and similar publications, since the en dash is smaller. In such cases, its use is based purely on space considerations and is not necessarily related to other typographical concerns. On the other hand, a spaced en dash may be ambiguous when it is also used for ranges, for example, in dates or between geographical locations with internal spaces. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Horizontal_bar">Horizontal bar</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Horizontal bar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark#Quotation_dash" title="Quotation mark">Quotation mark § Quotation dash</a></div> The horizontal bar (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">U+</a>2015 ― HORIZONTAL BAR), also known as a quotation dash, is used to introduce quoted text. This is the standard method of printing <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> in some languages. The em dash is equally suitable if the quotation dash is unavailable or is contrary to the house style being used. There is no support in the standard TeX fonts, but one can use <code>\hbox{---}\kern-.5em---</code> or an em dash. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Swung_dash">Swung dash</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Swung dash" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tilde#Punctuation" title="Tilde">Tilde § Punctuation</a></div> The swung dash (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">U+</a>2053 ⁓ SWUNG DASH) resembles a lengthened <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> and is used to separate alternatives or approximates. In <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a>, it is frequently used to stand in for the term being defined. A dictionary entry providing an example for the term henceforth might employ the swung dash as follows: <dl><dd>henceforth (adv.) from this time forth; from now on; "<big><big>⁓</big></big> she will be known as Mrs. Wales"</dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Unicode" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unicode_input" title="Unicode input">Unicode input</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Unicode characters with property <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Dash=yes<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unicode#Upluslink" title="Unicode">Code</a></th> <th></th> <th>M and 5×</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Remark </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+002D </td> <td>- </td> <td>M----- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> hyphen. Sometimes this is used in groups to indicate different types of dash. In <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> it is used as the <a href="/wiki/Minus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus sign">minus sign</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+058A</td> <td colspan="2">֊</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian hyphen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+05BE</td> <td colspan="2">־</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Hebrew punctuation maqaf</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1400</td> <td colspan="2">᐀</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_syllabics" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian syllabics">Canadian syllabics hyphen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1806</td> <td colspan="2">᠆</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clear_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear script">MONGOLIAN TODO SOFT HYPHEN</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2010 </td> <td>‐ </td> <td>M‐‐‐‐‐ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> </td> <td>The character that can be used to unambiguously represent a hyphen. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2011 </td> <td>‑ </td> <td>M‑‑‑‑‑ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyphen#Non-breaking_hyphens" title="Hyphen">non-breaking hyphen</a> </td> <td>Also called "hard hyphen",[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] denotes a hyphen after which no <a href="/wiki/Word_wrap" class="mw-redirect" title="Word wrap">word wrapping</a> may apply. This is the case where the hyphen is part of a <a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">trigraph</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tetragraph" title="Tetragraph">tetragraph</a> denoting a specific sound (like in the Swiss placename "<a href="/wiki/S-chanf" title="S-chanf">S-chanf</a>"), or where specific orthographic rules prevent a line break (like in German <a href="/wiki/Compound_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound noun">compounds</a> of single-letter abbreviations and full nouns, as "E-Mail"). </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2012 </td> <td>‒ </td> <td>M‒‒‒‒‒ </td> <td><a href="#Figure_dash">figure dash</a> </td> <td>Similar to an en dash, but with exactly the width of a digit in the chosen typeface. The vertical position may also be centered on the zero digit, and thus higher than the en dash and em dash, which are appropriate for use with lowercase text in a vertical position similar to the hyphen. The figure dash may therefore be preferred to the en dash for indicating a closed range of values.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2013 </td> <td>– </td> <td>M––––– </td> <td><a href="#En_dash">en dash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2014 </td> <td>— </td> <td>M————— </td> <td><a href="#Em_dash">em dash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2015 </td> <td>― </td> <td>M――――― </td> <td><a href="#Horizontal_bar">horizontal bar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2053 </td> <td>⁓ </td> <td>M⁓⁓⁓⁓⁓ </td> <td><a href="#Swung_dash">swung dash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+207B </td> <td>⁻ </td> <td>M⁻⁻⁻⁻⁻ </td> <td>superscript minus </td> <td>Usually is used together with <a href="/wiki/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Subscript and superscript">superscripted</a> numbers. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+208B </td> <td>₋ </td> <td>M₋₋₋₋₋ </td> <td>subscript minus </td> <td>Usually is used together with <a href="/wiki/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Subscript and superscript">subscripted</a> numbers. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2212 </td> <td>− </td> <td>M−−−−− </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus sign">minus sign</a> </td> <td>An <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_(mathematics)" title="Operation (mathematics)">operation</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> to represent <a href="/wiki/Subtraction" title="Subtraction">subtraction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Negative_number" title="Negative number">negative numbers</a>. Its glyph is consistent with the glyph of the plus sign, and it is centred on the zero digit, unlike the ASCII hyphen-minus and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2010 ‐ HYPHEN, that (especially the latter) are designed to match lowercase letters and are inconsistent with arithmetic operators. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E17</td> <td colspan="2">⸗</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Double_hyphen" title="Double hyphen">DOUBLE OBLIQUE HYPHEN</a></td> <td>Used in ancient Near-Eastern linguistics. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E1A</td> <td colspan="2">⸚</td> <td>HYPHEN WITH DIAERESIS</td> <td>Used mostly in German dictionaries and indicates <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">umlaut</a> of the stem vowel of a plural form. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E3A </td> <td colspan="2">⸺</td> <td>two-em dash </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Punctuation" title="Supplemental Punctuation">Supplemental Punctuation</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E3B </td> <td colspan="2">⸻</td> <td>three-em dash </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E40</td> <td colspan="2">⹀</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Double_hyphen" title="Double hyphen">DOUBLE HYPHEN</a></td> <td>Used in the transcription of old German manuscripts. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E5D</td> <td colspan="2">⹝</td> <td>OBLIQUE HYPHEN</td> <td>Used in medieval European manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+301C </td> <td>〜 </td> <td>M〜〜〜〜〜 </td> <td>WAVE DASH</td> <td rowspan="2">Wavy lines found in some East Asian <a href="/wiki/Character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Character set">character sets</a>. Typographically, they have the width of one <a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">CJK</a> character cell (<a href="/wiki/Fullwidth_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Fullwidth form">fullwidth form</a>), and follow the direction of the text, being horizontal for horizontal text, and vertical for columnar. They are used as dashes, and occasionally as emphatic variants of the <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> vowel extender mark. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+3030 </td> <td>〰 </td> <td>M〰〰〰〰〰 </td> <td>wavy dash </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+30A0</td> <td colspan="2">゠</td> <td>KATAKANA-HIRAGANA DOUBLE HYPHEN </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE31</td> <td colspan="2">︱</td> <td>PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL EM DASH</td> <td rowspan="5">Compatibility characters used in <a href="/wiki/List_of_CJK_fonts" title="List of CJK fonts">East Asian typography</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE32</td> <td colspan="2">︲</td> <td>PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL EN DASH </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE58 </td> <td>﹘ </td> <td>M﹘﹘﹘﹘﹘ </td> <td>SMALL EM DASH </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE63 </td> <td>﹣ </td> <td>M﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣ </td> <td>SMALL HYPHEN-MINUS </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF0D </td> <td>－ </td> <td>M－－－－－ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">FULLWIDTH HYPHEN-MINUS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+10D6E</td> <td colspan="2">𐵮</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">GARAY HYPHEN</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+10EAD</td> <td colspan="2">𐺭</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">YEZIDI HYPHENATION MARK</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Related Unicode characters with property <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Dash=no </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unicode#Upluslink" title="Unicode">Code</a></th> <th></th> <th>M and 5×</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Remark </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+005F </td> <td>_ </td> <td>M_____ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">low line</a> </td> <td>ASCII underscore, usually a horizontal line below the <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">baseline</a> (i.e. a spacing underscore). It is commonly used within <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Identifier_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Identifier (computer science)">identifiers</a> in programming languages, where a space-like separation between parts is desired but a real space is not appropriate. As usual for ASCII characters, this character shows a considerable range of <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphic variation</a>; therefore, whether sequences of this character connect depends on the <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">font</a> used. See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF3F ＿ FULLWIDTH LOW LINE </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+007E </td> <td>~ </td> <td>M~~~~~ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> </td> <td>Used in programming languages (e.g. for the <a href="/wiki/Bitwise_operation" title="Bitwise operation">bitwise NOT</a> operator in <a href="/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B" title="Operators in C and C++">C and C++</a>). Its <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphic representation</a> varies, therefore for punctuation in running text the use of more specific characters is preferred, see <a href="#Swung_dash">above</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+00AD </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soft_hyphen" title="Soft hyphen">soft hyphen</a> </td> <td>Used to indicate where a line may break, as in a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound word</a> or between syllables. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+00AF </td> <td>¯ </td> <td>M¯¯¯¯¯ </td> <td>macron </td> <td>A horizontal line positioned at <a href="/wiki/Cap_height" title="Cap height">cap height</a> usually having the same length as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+005F _ LOW LINE. It is a spacing character, related to the diacritic mark "<a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>". A sequence of such characters is not expected to connect, unlike <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+203E ‾ OVERLINE. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+02C9 </td> <td>ˉ </td> <td>Mˉˉˉˉˉ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">modifier letter macron</a> </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">phonetic symbol</a> (a line applied above the base letter). </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+02CD </td> <td>ˍ </td> <td>Mˍˍˍˍˍ </td> <td>modifier letter low macron </td> <td>A phonetic symbol (a line applied below the base letter). </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+02D7 </td> <td>˗ </td> <td>M˗˗˗˗˗ </td> <td>modifier letter minus sign </td> <td>A variant of the <a href="/wiki/Minus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus sign">minus sign</a> used in phonetics to mark a <a href="/wiki/Retracted_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retracted (phonetics)">retracted</a> or backed articulation. It may show small end-<a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serifs</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+02DC </td> <td>˜ </td> <td>M˜˜˜˜˜ </td> <td>small tilde </td> <td>A spacing clone of <a href="/wiki/Tilde#Diacritical_use" title="Tilde">tilde diacritic mark</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+06D4</td> <td colspan="2">۔</td> <td>Arabic full stop </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1428</td> <td colspan="2">ᐨ</td> <td>Canadian syllabics final short horizontal stroke </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1B78</td> <td colspan="2">᭸</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese musical symbol left-hand open pang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+203E </td> <td>‾ </td> <td>M‾‾‾‾‾ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Overline" title="Overline">overline</a> </td> <td>A character similar to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+00AF ¯ MACRON, but a sequence of such characters usually connects. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2043 </td> <td>⁃ </td> <td>M⁃⁃⁃⁃⁃ </td> <td>hyphen bullet </td> <td>A short horizontal line used as a list <a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">bullet</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+223C </td> <td>∼ </td> <td>M∼∼∼∼∼ </td> <td>tilde operator </td> <td>Used in mathematics. Ends not curved as much regular tilde. In <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> and <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a>, this character can be expressed using the math mode command <code>$\sim$</code>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23AF </td> <td>⎯ </td> <td>M⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ </td> <td>horizontal line extension </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Technical_(Unicode_block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscellaneous Technical (Unicode block)">Miscellaneous Technical (Unicode block)</a>. "Used for extension of arrows".<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Can be used in sequences to generate long connected horizontal lines. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23E4 </td> <td>⏤ </td> <td>M⏤⏤⏤⏤⏤ </td> <td>straightness </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Technical_(Unicode_block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscellaneous Technical (Unicode block)">Miscellaneous Technical (Unicode block)</a>. Represents line <a href="/wiki/Straightness" class="mw-redirect" title="Straightness">straightness</a> in technical context. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2500 </td> <td>─ </td> <td>M───── </td> <td>box drawings light horizontal </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Box-drawing_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Box-drawing character">Box-drawing characters</a>. Several similar characters from one Unicode block used to draw horizontal lines. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2501 </td> <td>━ </td> <td>M━━━━━ </td> <td>box drawings heavy horizontal </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2796 </td> <td>➖ </td> <td>M➖➖➖➖➖ </td> <td>heavy minus sign </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode symbols">Unicode symbols</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E0F</td> <td colspan="2">⸏</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paragraphos" title="Paragraphos">paragraphos</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> textual symbol, usually displayed by a long low line. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+3161</td> <td colspan="2">ㅡ</td> <td>HANGUL LETTER EU</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> letters used in <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> to denote the sound [ɯ]. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1173</td> <td colspan="2">ᅳ</td> <td>HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+30FC</td> <td colspan="2">ー</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Donpu" title="Chōonpu">KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK</a></td> <td>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Donpu" title="Chōonpu">chōonpu</a>, used in Japanese to indicate a long vowel. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+4E00</td> <td colspan="2">一</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:一">CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E00</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese character</a> for "<a href="/wiki/One" class="mw-redirect" title="One">one</a>", used in various <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian languages</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+A4FE</td> <td colspan="2">꓾</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser Alphabet">Lisu punctuation comma</a></td> <td>Looks like a sequence of a hyphen and a <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a> (period). </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF5E </td> <td>～ </td> <td>M～～～～～</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Fullwidth tilde</a> </td> <td>Compatibility character used in <a href="/wiki/List_of_CJK_fonts" title="List of CJK fonts">East Asian typography</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+10110</td> <td colspan="2">𐄐</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aegean_numerals" title="Aegean numerals">Aegean number ten</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+10191</td> <td colspan="2">𐆑</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uncia_(unit)" title="Uncia (unit)">roman uncia sign</a></td> <td>A symbol for an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> unit of length. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1104B</td> <td colspan="2">𑁋</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi punctuation line</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+11052</td> <td colspan="2">𑁒</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_numerals" title="Brahmi numerals">Brahmi number one</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+110BE</td> <td colspan="2">𑂾</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi section mark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1D360</td> <td colspan="2">𝍠</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Counting_rod" class="mw-redirect" title="Counting rod">Counting rod unit digit one</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="In_other_languages">In other languages</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: In other languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> In many languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, the em dash is used as an opening <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark#Quotation_dash" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a>. There is no matching closing quotation mark; typically a new paragraph will be started, introduced by a dash, for each turn in the dialogue.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus</a> studies indicate that em dashes are more commonly used in Russian than in English.<a href="#cite_note-AngelelliJacobson2009-61">[59]</a> In Russian, the em dash is used for the present <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> (meaning 'am/is/are'), which is unpronounced in spoken Russian. In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, em or en dashes can be used as <a href="/wiki/Parentheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Parentheses">parentheses</a> (brackets), but the use of a second dash as a closing parenthesis is optional. When a closing dash is not used, the sentence is ended with a period (full-stop) as usual. Dashes are, however, much less common than parentheses.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, em dashes can be used to mark off parenthetical phrases. Unlike in English, the em dashes are spaced like brackets, i.e., there is a space between main sentence and dash, but not between parenthetical phrase and dash.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> For example: "Llevaba la fidelidad a su maestro —un buen profesor— hasta extremos insospechados." (In English: 'He took his loyalty to his teacher —a good teacher— to unsuspected extremes.')<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compound_point" title="Compound point">Compound point</a> – dashes preceded by colons, semicolons, commas or full stops</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiden_Conventions" title="Leiden Conventions">Leiden Conventions</a> – rules to indicate conditions in texts (usage of "[— — —]")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature_dashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Signature dashes">Signature dashes</a> – signature delimiter in emails (usage of "-- " in a single line)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitespace characters">Whitespace characters</a> – spaces of equivalent sizes to dashes</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Cambria_(typeface)" title="Cambria (typeface)">Cambria</a> and many other typefaces, the length of the horizontal bar is equal to three quarters of an em dash or one and a half times an en dash. </li> <li id="cite_note-apaAmaStyle-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apaAmaStyle_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apaAmaStyle_25-1">b</a> Other style differences (e.g., APA "p.m." and "pp." vs. AMA "PM" and "pp") are ignored for the purpose of this comparison. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mcmillin-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcmillin_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcmillin_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcMillin2001" class="citation book cs1">McMillin, Scott, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstquartoofoth0000shak">The First Quarto of Othello</a>. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstquartoofoth0000shak/page/21">21</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstquartoofoth0000shak/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56257-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56257-7"><bdi>978-0-521-56257-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Quarto+of+Othello&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=21-23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56257-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstquartoofoth0000shak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare1619" class="citation book cs1">Shakespeare, William (1619). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovered.ed.ac.uk/permalink/44UOE_INST/7g3mt6/alma9910611093502466">M. VVilliam Shake-speare, his true chronicle history of the life and death of King Lear, and his three daughters : with the unfortunate life of Edgar, sonne and heire to the Earle of Glocester, and his sullen and assumed humour of Tom of Bedlam : as it was plaid before the Kings Majesty at White-hall, vppon S. Stephens night, in Christmas hollidaies, by his Maiesties seruants, playing vsually at the Globe on the banck-side.; True chronicle history of the life and death of King Lear and his three daughters; History of King Lear; Mr. William Shakespeare, his true chronicle history of the life and death of King Lear, and his three daughters</a>. Printed for Nathaniel Butter. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.is.ed.ac.uk/luna/servlet/s/16t3w4">12r</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M.+VVilliam+Shake-speare%2C+his+true+chronicle+history+of+the+life+and+death+of+King+Lear%2C+and+his+three+daughters+%3A+with+the+unfortunate+life+of+Edgar%2C+sonne+and+heire+to+the+Earle+of+Glocester%2C+and+his+sullen+and+assumed+humour+of+Tom+of+Bedlam+%3A+as+it+was+plaid+before+the+Kings+Majesty+at+White-hall%2C+vppon+S.+Stephens+night%2C+in+Christmas+hollidaies%2C+by+his+Maiesties+seruants%2C+playing+vsually+at+the+Globe+on+the+banck-side.%3B+True+chronicle+history+of+the+life+and+death+of+King+Lear+and+his+three+daughters%3B+History+of+King+Lear%3B+Mr.+William+Shakespeare%2C+his+true+chronicle+history+of+the+life+and+death+of+King+Lear%2C+and+his+three+daughters&rft.pages=12r&rft.pub=Printed+for+Nathaniel+Butter.&rft.date=1619&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovered.ed.ac.uk%2Fpermalink%2F44UOE_INST%2F7g3mt6%2Falma9910611093502466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare1622" class="citation book cs1">Shakespeare, William (1622). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.lib.utexas.edu/permalink/01UTAU_INST/be14ds/alma991025287699706011">The tragœdy of Othello, the Moore of Venice. As it hath beene diuerse times acted at the Globe, and at the Black-Friers, by his Maiesties Seruants</a>. 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London: Modern Humanities Research Association. 2020. § 5.2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402032606/http://www.mhra.org.uk/style/5.2">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2021. 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Unicode, Inc. 2000. p. 3 # 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210403130850/http://unicode.org/charts/#symbols">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2021. 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Typographic Technical Series for Apprentices. Vol. Part II, No. 16. Chicago: Committee on Education, United Typothetae of America. p. 91. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324070752/https://books.google.com/books?id=FZTgAAAAMAAJ&q=%22nut+dash%22+%22mutton+dash%22&pg=PA91">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2021. 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J.M. Powell & Son. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicalprinti00powegoog/page/n26">7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+printing%3A+a+handbook+of+the+art+of+typography&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=J.M.+Powell+%26+Son&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Southward&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpracticalprinti00powegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpivak1980" class="citation book cs1">Spivak, Michael (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UgxjqoQgUncC&pg=PA8">The joy of TEX: a gourmet guide to typesetting with the AMS-TEX macro package</a> (2nd ed.). AMS Bookstore. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-2997-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-2997-4"><bdi>978-0-8218-2997-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731133135/https://books.google.com/books?id=UgxjqoQgUncC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020. 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Adobe Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-38544-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-38544-4"><bdi>978-0-321-38544-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731140655/https://books.google.com/books?id=l_YJY3JalQgC&pg=PA72">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=InDesign+type%3A+professional+typography+with+Adobe+InDesign+CS2&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Adobe+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-321-38544-4&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_YJY3JalQgC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_D._Johnson1991" class="citation book cs1">Edward D. Johnson (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n0IJ8GcdJ6IC&pg=PA335">The handbook of good English</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-70797-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-70797-2"><bdi>978-0-671-70797-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731145421/https://books.google.com/books?id=n0IJ8GcdJ6IC&pg=PA335">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+handbook+of+good+English&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-671-70797-2&rft.au=Edward+D.+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn0IJ8GcdJ6IC%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Lamb, David. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103150905/http://www.academicwritingtutor.com/hyphens-en-dashes-and-em-dashes-correct-usage/">Hyphens, En Dashes, and Em Dashes: Correct Usage</a>". Academic Writing Tutor. Retrieved 2 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-barronsgrammar-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barronsgrammar_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barronsgrammar_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2004" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Benjamin W; et al. (2004). Pocket Guide to Correct Grammar. Barron's Pocket Guides. Woodbury, NY: Barron's Educational Series. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7641-2690-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7641-2690-3"><bdi>0-7641-2690-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pocket+Guide+to+Correct+Grammar&rft.place=Woodbury%2C+NY&rft.series=Barron%27s+Pocket+Guides&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Series&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7641-2690-3&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-copyeditguide-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-copyeditguide_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copyeditguide_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copyeditguide_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copyeditguide_22-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd2001" class="citation book cs1">Judd, Karen (2001). Copyediting: A Practical Guide. Menlo Park, CA: Crisp Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56052-608-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56052-608-4"><bdi>1-56052-608-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copyediting%3A+A+Practical+Guide&rft.place=Menlo+Park%2C+CA&rft.pub=Crisp+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56052-608-4&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-webstersgrammar-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-webstersgrammar_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webstersgrammar_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webstersgrammar_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobergerWelsh2001" class="citation book cs1">Loberger, Gordon; Welsh, Kate Shoup (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/webstersnewworld00lobe">Webster's new world English grammar handbook</a>. New York, NY: Hungry Minds. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-6488-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7645-6488-9"><bdi>0-7645-6488-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+new+world+English+grammar+handbook&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Hungry+Minds&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7645-6488-9&rft.aulast=Loberger&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Welsh%2C+Kate+Shoup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwebstersnewworld00lobe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-texttypestyle-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-texttypestyle_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-texttypestyle_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-texttypestyle_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIves1921" class="citation book cs1">Ives, George Burnham (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/texttypeandstyl00bostgoog">Text, type and style: A compendium of Atlantic usage</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly Press">Atlantic Monthly Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/texttypeandstyl00bostgoog/page/n136">125</a>. <q>The en-dash ... may stand for the word "and" or "to" in such phrases as "the Radical–Unionist Coalition", "the Boston–Hartford Air Line"; "the period of Republican supremacy, 1860–84"; "pp. 224–30".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Text%2C+type+and+style%3A+A+compendium+of+Atlantic+usage&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=George+Burnham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftexttypeandstyl00bostgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Garner, Bryan A.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garnersmodername00garn">Garner's Modern American Usage</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garnersmodername00garn/page/657">657</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516191-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516191-5"><bdi>978-0-19-516191-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garner%27s+Modern+American+Usage&rft.pages=657&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516191-5&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgarnersmodername00garn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2001" class="citation book cs1">Garner, Bryan A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=reZf9nzoiSQC">Legal Writing in Plain English: A Text with Exercises</a>. Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing, and Publishing (illustrated, reprinted ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28418-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28418-7"><bdi>978-0-226-28418-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801094349/https://books.google.com/books?id=reZf9nzoiSQC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020 – via Google Books. <q>Use an en-dash as an equivalent of to (as when showing a span of pages), to express tension or difference, or to denote a pairing in which the elements carry equal weight.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Writing+in+Plain+English%3A+A+Text+with+Exercises&rft.series=Chicago+Guides+to+Writing%2C+Editing%2C+and+Publishing&rft.pages=155&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprinted&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-28418-7&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DreZf9nzoiSQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupré1998" class="citation book cs1">Dupré, Lynn (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X-J4AAAAIAAJ&q=%22equal-weighted+pair%22+%22love-hate+relationship%22">Bugs in Writing</a> (Revised ed.). Addison Wesley Longman. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-37921-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-37921-1"><bdi>978-0-201-37921-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324070732/https://books.google.com/books?id=X-J4AAAAIAAJ&q=%22equal-weighted+pair%22+%22love-hate+relationship%22">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2020 – via Google Books. <q>use en dashes when you have an equal-weighted pair serving as an adjective, such as love–hate relationship.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bugs+in+Writing&rft.pages=221&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Longman&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-201-37921-1&rft.aulast=Dupr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX-J4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522equal-weighted%2Bpair%2522%2B%2522love-hate%2Brelationship%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-111publ203/pdf/PLAW-111publ203.pdf">"Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act"</a> (PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office. 21 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324070731/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-111publ203/pdf/PLAW-111publ203.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dodd-Frank+Wall+Street+Reform+and+Consumer+Protection+Act&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2010-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FPLAW-111publ203%2Fpdf%2FPLAW-111publ203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Company2005-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Company2005_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_e4c4">The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2005. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_e4c4/page/129">129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-60499-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-60499-9"><bdi>978-0-618-60499-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Guide+to+Contemporary+Usage+and+Style&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-618-60499-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanheritage0000unse_e4c4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LutzStevenson2005-31"><a href="#cite_ref-LutzStevenson2005_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutzStevenson2005" class="citation book cs1">Lutz, Gary; Stevenson, Diane (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SsQ9ugnMcpUC&pg=PA296">The Writer's Digest Grammar Desk Reference</a>. Writer's Digest Books. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58297-335-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58297-335-7"><bdi>978-1-58297-335-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116235437/https://books.google.com/books?id=SsQ9ugnMcpUC&pg=PA296">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writer%27s+Digest+Grammar+Desk+Reference&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Writer%27s+Digest+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58297-335-7&rft.aulast=Lutz&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSsQ9ugnMcpUC%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Einsohn2000-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Einsohn2000_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Einsohn2000_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinsohn2000" class="citation book cs1">Einsohn, Amy (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copyeditorshandb00eins">The Copyeditor's Handbook: A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate Communications, with Exercises and Answer Keys</a>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copyeditorshandb00eins/page/108">108</a>–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21834-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21834-5"><bdi>978-0-520-21834-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Copyeditor%27s+Handbook%3A+A+Guide+for+Book+Publishing+and+Corporate+Communications%2C+with+Exercises+and+Answer+Keys&rft.pages=108-109&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21834-5&rft.aulast=Einsohn&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopyeditorshandb00eins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMA10_8.3.1-33"><a href="#cite_ref-AMA10_8.3.1_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIverson2007" class="citation cs2">Iverson, Cheryl; et al., eds. (2007), "8.3.1 Hyphen", <a href="/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">AMA Manual of Style</a> (10th ed.), <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> / Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517633-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517633-9"><bdi>978-0-19-517633-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.3.1+Hyphen&rft.btitle=AMA+Manual+of+Style&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=American+Medical+Association+%2F+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517633-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a> (15th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2003. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chicagomanualofs00univ_0/page/261">261–265</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-10403-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-10403-6"><bdi>0-226-10403-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=261-265&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-226-10403-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Chicago Manual of Style (16th [online] ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2010. §6.80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=%C2%A76.80&rft.edition=16th+%5Bonline%5D&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harry_shaw-36"><a href="#cite_ref-harry_shaw_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1986" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Harry (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/errorsinenglishw00shaw_0/page/185">Errors in English and Ways to Correct Them</a>. New York: Harper & Row. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/errorsinenglishw00shaw_0/page/185">185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-097047-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-097047-2"><bdi>0-06-097047-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Errors+in+English+and+Ways+to+Correct+Them&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-06-097047-2&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ferrorsinenglishw00shaw_0%2Fpage%2F185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> The Punctuation Guide, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepunctuationguide.com/en-dash.html">"En dash"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190721003359/https://www.thepunctuationguide.com/en-dash.html">Archived</a> 21 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Nancy Tuten, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getitwriteonline.com/articles/en-dashes-em-dashes">"Hyphens, En Dashes, and Em Dashes: When to Use Them and How to Type Them"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730181955/https://getitwriteonline.com/articles/en-dashes-em-dashes">Archived</a> 30 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Get It Write, 26 June 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignon_Fogarty2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mignon_Fogarty" title="Mignon Fogarty">Mignon Fogarty</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CK5dkloDceIC&pg=PA97">Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Holt Paperbacks</a>. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429977494" title="Special:BookSources/9781429977494"><bdi>9781429977494</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221164118/https://books.google.com/books?id=CK5dkloDceIC&pg=PA97">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammar+Girl%27s+Quick+and+Dirty+Tips+for+Better+Writing&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Holt+Paperbacks&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781429977494&rft.au=Mignon+Fogarty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCK5dkloDceIC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Complete_Typographer-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Complete_Typographer_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Complete_Typographer_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill2010" class="citation book cs1">Will, Hill (2010). The Complete Typographer: A Foundation Course for Graphic Designers Working With Type (3rd ed.). Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28894-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28894-8"><bdi>978-0-500-28894-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Typographer%3A+A+Foundation+Course+for+Graphic+Designers+Working+With+Type&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28894-8&rft.aulast=Will&rft.aufirst=Hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoe_Williams2021" class="citation news cs1">Zoe Williams (20 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jul/20/who-is-to-blame-for-the-sweltering-weather-my-kids-say-its-boomers-and-me">"Who is to blame for the sweltering weather? My kids say it's boomers – and me"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210722065353/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jul/20/who-is-to-blame-for-the-sweltering-weather-my-kids-say-its-boomers-and-me">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Who+is+to+blame+for+the+sweltering+weather%3F+My+kids+say+it%27s+boomers+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3Band+me&rft.date=2021-07-20&rft.au=Zoe+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2021%2Fjul%2F20%2Fwho-is-to-blame-for-the-sweltering-weather-my-kids-say-its-boomers-and-me&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OUP_New_Hart_4.11.1-42"><a href="#cite_ref-OUP_New_Hart_4.11.1_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/secondary/harts_rules/4-11-dashes?q=en+dash#en_dash">"4.11.1 En rule"</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hart%27s_Rules:_The_Oxford_Style_Guide" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide">The Oxford Style Guide: New Hart's Rules</a> (Second ed.), Oxford University Press, 2016, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newoxfordstylema0000unse_k5i2/page/86/mode/1up">86</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876725-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876725-1"><bdi>978-0-19-876725-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.11.1+En+rule&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Style+Guide%3A+New+Hart%27s+Rules&rft.pages=86&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-876725-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fsecondary%2Fharts_rules%2F4-11-dashes%3Fq%3Den%2Bdash%23en_dash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter2002" class="citation book cs1">Ritter, Robert M. (2002). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Guide_to_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Guide to Style">The Oxford Guide to Style</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordguidetosty00ritt/page/n155">140</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869175-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869175-0"><bdi>0-19-869175-0</bdi></a>. <q>The en rule is, as its name indicates, an en in length, which makes it longer than a hyphen and half the length of an em rule.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+Style&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-869175-0&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomez-PalacioVit2009" class="citation book cs1">Gomez-Palacio, Bryony; Vit, Armin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicdesignref0000gome">Graphic Design, Referenced: A Visual Guide to the Language, Applications, and History of Graphic Design</a>. Rockport. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicdesignref0000gome/page/75">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59253-447-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59253-447-0"><bdi>978-1-59253-447-0</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Design%2C+Referenced%3A+A+Visual+Guide+to+the+Language%2C+Applications%2C+and+History+of+Graphic+Design&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Rockport&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59253-447-0&rft.aulast=Gomez-Palacio&rft.aufirst=Bryony&rft.au=Vit%2C+Armin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraphicdesignref0000gome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OUP_New_Hart_4.11.2-45"><a href="#cite_ref-OUP_New_Hart_4.11.2_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/secondary/harts_rules/4-11-dashes?q=em+dash#em_dash">"4.11.2 Em rule"</a>, New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide, Oxford University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221120722/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/secondary/harts_rules/4-11-dashes?q=em+dash#em_dash">archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2015, retrieved 21 February 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.11.2+Em+rule&rft.btitle=New+Hart%27s+Rules%3A+The+Oxford+Style+Guide&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fsecondary%2Fharts_rules%2F4-11-dashes%3Fq%3Dem%2Bdash%23em_dash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2005" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Geraldine (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YyMoNCZlUAwC&pg=PA114">Webster's New World Punctuation: Simplified and Applied</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-9916-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-9916-3"><bdi>978-0-7645-9916-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713034349/https://books.google.com/books?id=YyMoNCZlUAwC&pg=PA114">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+New+World+Punctuation%3A+Simplified+and+Applied&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7645-9916-3&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYyMoNCZlUAwC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076759/quotes?qt=qt0440693">"Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope"</a>. IMDb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324070738/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076759/quotes/qt0440693">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Star+Wars%3A+Episode%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3EIV+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BA+New+Hope&rft.pub=IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0076759%2Fquotes%3Fqt%3Dqt0440693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.). Chicago University Press. §6.88, p. 335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=%C2%A76.88%2C+p.+335&rft.edition=16th&rft.pub=Chicago+University+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce, James</a> (1922). Ulysses. London: The Bodley Head. p. 335, lines 7–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ulysses&rft.place=London&rft.pages=p.+335%2C+lines+7-11&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trouble-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trouble_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trouble_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheerin2001" class="citation web cs1">Sheerin, Peter K (19 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alistapart.com/article/emen">"The Trouble With EM 'n EN (and Other Shady Characters)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/A_List_Apart" title="A List Apart">A List Apart</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180607213342/http://alistapart.com/article/emen/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2018. <q>Three adjacent em dashes (a 3-em dash) are used to substitute for the author's name when a repeated series of works are presented in a bibliography, as well as to indicate an entire missing word in the text.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+List+Apart&rft.atitle=The+Trouble+With+EM+%27n+EN+%28and+Other+Shady+Characters%29&rft.date=2001-10-19&rft.aulast=Sheerin&rft.aufirst=Peter+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falistapart.com%2Farticle%2Femen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> His Pete's Guide website has an updated version: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://petesguide.com/perspective/001-emanden/">Version 2.0—May 27, 2002</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819121639/http://petesguide.com/perspective/001-emanden/">Archived</a> 19 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYin2016" class="citation web cs1">Yin, Karen (31 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apvschicago.com/2011/05/em-dashes-and-ellipses-closed-or-spaced.html">"Em Dashes and Ellipses: Closed or Spaced Out?"</a>. AP vs. Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707100204/http://www.apvschicago.com/2011/05/em-dashes-and-ellipses-closed-or-spaced.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+vs.+Chicago&rft.atitle=Em+Dashes+and+Ellipses%3A+Closed+or+Spaced+Out%3F&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft.aulast=Yin&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apvschicago.com%2F2011%2F05%2Fem-dashes-and-ellipses-closed-or-spaced.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Yagoda, Ben. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/22/mad-dash/">Mad Dash</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115025506/http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/22/mad-dash/">Archived</a> 15 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The New York Times. 22 October 2012. Accessed 31 May 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-NatePiekos2012-53"><a href="#cite_ref-NatePiekos2012_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiekos" class="citation web cs1">Piekos, Nate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221085635/http://www.blambot.com/grammar.shtml">"Comic Book Grammar & Tradition"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blambot.com/grammar.shtml">the original</a> on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comic+Book+Grammar+%26+Tradition&rft.aulast=Piekos&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blambot.com%2Fgrammar.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ToddKlein2008-54"><a href="#cite_ref-ToddKlein2008_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2008" class="citation web cs1">Klein, Todd (23 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kleinletters.com/Blog/?p=1946">"Punctuating Comics: Dots and Dashes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119054812/http://kleinletters.com/Blog/?p=1946">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punctuating+Comics%3A+Dots+and+Dashes&rft.date=2008-09-23&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkleinletters.com%2FBlog%2F%3Fp%3D1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adobe.com/uk/type/topics/glossary.html#ememspaceemquad">"A glossary of typographic terms"</a>. Adobe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030210629/http://www.adobe.com/uk/type/topics/glossary.html#ememspaceemquad">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+glossary+of+typographic+terms&rft.pub=Adobe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adobe.com%2Fuk%2Ftype%2Ftopics%2Fglossary.html%23ememspaceemquad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowlerButterfield2015" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, H. W.; Butterfield, Jeremy (2015). Fowler's dictionary of modern English usage (4th ed.). Oxford ; New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 201–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966135-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966135-0"><bdi>978-0-19-966135-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fowler%27s+dictionary+of+modern+English+usage&rft.place=Oxford+%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=201-202&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966135-0&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft.au=Butterfield%2C+Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> "Dashes and Hyphens" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/ch06.pdf#G6120">"Writing Systems and Punctuation"</a> (PDF). The Unicode Standard Version 15.0 – Core Specification. <a href="/wiki/The_Unicode_Consortium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Unicode Consortium">The Unicode Consortium</a>. September 2022. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-32-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-32-0"><bdi>978-1-936213-32-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Writing+Systems+and+Punctuation&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard+Version+15.0+%E2%80%93+Core+Specification&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2022-09&rft.isbn=978-1-936213-32-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode15.0.0%2Fch06.pdf%23G6120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071439/http://www.technicalauthoring.com/wiki/index.php/Figure_dash">"Figure dash"</a>. TechWriter Wiki. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technicalauthoring.com/wiki/index.php/Figure_dash">the original</a> on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechWriter+Wiki&rft.atitle=Figure+dash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technicalauthoring.com%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FFigure_dash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson2021" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael (12 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n5152-oblique-hyphen.pdf">"L2/21-036: Proposal to add the OBLIQUE HYPHEN"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120124751/https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n5152-oblique-hyphen.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F21-036%3A+Proposal+to+add+the+OBLIQUE+HYPHEN&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn5152-oblique-hyphen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf#page=5">https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf#page=5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-AngelelliJacobson2009-61"><a href="#cite_ref-AngelelliJacobson2009_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelelliJacobson2009" class="citation book cs1">Angelelli, Claudia V.; Jacobson, Holly E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3dzk1a7gOnAC&pg=PA174">Testing and assessment in translation and interpreting studies: A call for dialogue between research and practice</a>. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3190-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3190-1"><bdi>978-90-272-3190-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testing+and+assessment+in+translation+and+interpreting+studies%3A+A+call+for+dialogue+between+research+and+practice&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-272-3190-1&rft.aulast=Angelelli&rft.aufirst=Claudia+V.&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+Holly+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3dzk1a7gOnAC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rae.es/dpd/raya">"Raya"</a>. Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Madrid: Fundación <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a>. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diccionario+panhisp%C3%A1nico+de+dudas&rft.atitle=Raya&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rae.es%2Fdpd%2Fraya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025151230/http://www.uamenlinea.uam.mx/materiales/lengua/puntuacion/html/raya.htm">"Uso de la raya (o guión largo)"</a>. UAM en linea (in Spanish). Mexico City: <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_Metropolitana" title="Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uamenlinea.uam.mx/materiales/lengua/puntuacion/html/raya.htm">the original</a> on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UAM+en+linea&rft.atitle=Uso+de+la+raya+%28o+gui%C3%B3n+largo%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uamenlinea.uam.mx%2Fmateriales%2Flengua%2Fpuntuacion%2Fhtml%2Fraya.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADash" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/27px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/27px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/41px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/54px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Special characters">Discussions</a> from Meta-Wiki</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_terms_spelled_with_%E2%80%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:English terms spelled with —">Wiktionary list of English phrases with em dash</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dashhyphen.com">Dashes and Hyphens</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.sfu.ca/~ggbaker/reference/characters/">Commonly confused characters</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Dash&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 November 2024, at 18:26 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aandagstreep" title="Aandagstreep – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aandagstreep" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شرطة أفقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شرطة أفقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire" title="Tire – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tire" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash" title="Dash – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Dash" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Працяжнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Працяжнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Працяжнік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Працяжнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Тире – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тире" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tired_etre_div_lizherenn" title="Tired etre div lizherenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tired etre div lizherenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gui%C3%B3_(signe_de_puntuaci%C3%B3)" title="Guió (signe de puntuació) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guió (signe de puntuació)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Тире – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тире" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poml%C4%8Dka" title="Pomlčka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pomlčka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llinell_doriad" title="Llinell doriad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llinell doriad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankestreg" title="Tankestreg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tankestreg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedankenstrich" title="Gedankenstrich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gedankenstrich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B5ttekriips" title="Mõttekriips – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mõttekriips" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Διπλή παύλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διπλή παύλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raya_(puntuaci%C3%B3n)" title="Raya (puntuación) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Raya (puntuación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haltostreko" title="Haltostreko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Haltostreko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marra_(ikurra)" title="Marra (ikurra) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marra (ikurra)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87" title="خط تیره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط تیره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiret" title="Tiret – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tiret" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedachtestreekje" title="Gedachtestreekje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gedachtestreekje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%BE" title="વિગ્રહરેખા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિગ્રહરેખા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Татасан – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Татасан" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%84%ED%91%9C" title="줄표 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="줄표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%AE" title="Անջատման գիծ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անջատման գիծ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crtica_(pravopis)" title="Crtica (pravopis) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crtica (pravopis)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanda_pisah" title="Tanda pisah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanda pisah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineetta" title="Lineetta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lineetta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93" title="קו מפריד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קו מפריד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Сызықша – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сызықша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kistari" title="Kistari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kistari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domuz%C4%ABme" title="Domuzīme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Domuzīme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C5%ABk%C5%A1nys" title="Brūkšnys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brūkšnys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondolatjel_%C3%A9s_nagyk%C3%B6t%C5%91jel" title="Gondolatjel és nagykötőjel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gondolatjel és nagykötőjel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Црта – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црта" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsipika_(mari-panoratana)" title="Tsipika (mari-panoratana) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsipika (mari-panoratana)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengkang_(tanda)" title="Sengkang (tanda) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sengkang (tanda)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedachtestreepje" title="Gedachtestreepje – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gedachtestreepje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5_(%E8%A8%98%E5%8F%B7)" title="ダッシュ (記号) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダッシュ (記号)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankestrek" title="Tankestrek – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tankestrek" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankestrek" title="Tankestrek – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tankestrek" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiret" title="Tiret – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tiret" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire" title="Tire – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tire" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauza_i_p%C3%B3%C5%82pauza" title="Pauza i półpauza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pauza i półpauza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linie_de_pauz%C4%83" title="Linie de pauză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Linie de pauză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Тире – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тире" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vija" title="Vija – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vija" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash" title="Dash – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dash" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="ڊيش – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊيش" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poml%C4%8Dka" title="Pomlčka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pomlčka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomi%C5%A1ljaj" title="Pomišljaj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pomišljaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA)" title="Црта (знак) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црта (знак)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crtica_(znak)" title="Crtica (znak) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crtica (znak)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viivamerkit" title="Viivamerkit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viivamerkit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankstreck" title="Tankstreck – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tankstreck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88)" title="இணைப்புக்கோடு (தமிழ் நடை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணைப்புக்கோடு (தமிழ் நடை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="ยัติภาค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยัติภาค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87izgi" title="Çizgi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çizgi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Тире – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тире" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A5u_g%E1%BA%A1ch_ngang" title="Dấu gạch ngang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dấu gạch ngang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiret" title="Tiret – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tiret" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagis_halipot" title="Bagis halipot – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bagis halipot" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%B7" title="连接号 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="连接号" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E6%8E%A5%E8%99%9F" title="連接號 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="連接號" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%B7" title="连接号 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="连接号" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 18:26 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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