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<span>Neuroanatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroanatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coping_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coping_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Coping mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coping_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pupil_empathy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pupil_empathy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pupil empathy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pupil_empathy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocal_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocal expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocal_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_explorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_explorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural explorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_explorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sadness</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartseer" title="Hartseer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hartseer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%86" title="حزن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տխրութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տխրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murnia" title="Murnia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Murnia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy%27a%27%E1%BB%B9" title="Vy'a'ỹ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vy'a'ỹ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llaki" title="Llaki – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Llaki" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99d%C9%99r" title="Kədər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kədər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="کدر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کدر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%96" title="দুঃখ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুঃখ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Смутак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Смутак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Смутак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Смутак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamunduan" title="Kamunduan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kamunduan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тъга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тъга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="སེམས་སྐྱོ་བ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སེམས་སྐྱོ་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuga" title="Tuga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tuga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristesa" title="Tristesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tristesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%C4%83%D1%85" title="Тунсăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тунсăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smutek" title="Smutek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Smutek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristwch" title="Tristwch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tristwch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traurigkeit" title="Traurigkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Traurigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurbus" title="Kurbus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kurbus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%B7" title="Λύπη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λύπη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trist%C3%A8sa" title="Tristèsa – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tristèsa" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristeza" title="Tristeza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tristeza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristeco" title="Tristeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tristeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristura" title="Tristura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tristura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%85" title="غم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristesse" title="Tristesse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tristesse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristura" title="Tristura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tristura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%AC%ED%94%94" title="슬픔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="슬픔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տխրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տխրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81:%E0%A4%96" title="दु:ख – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दु:ख" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuga" title="Tuga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tuga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesedihan" title="Kesedihan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesedihan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depur%C3%B0" title="Depurð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Depurð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristezza" title="Tristezza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tristezza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%91_(%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A9)" title="עצב (רגש) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עצב (רגש)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelangsa" title="Nelangsa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nelangsa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huzuni" title="Huzuni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Huzuni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xemg%C3%AEn%C3%AE" title="Xemgînî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xemgînî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristitia" title="Tristitia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tristitia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skumjas" title="Skumjas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skumjas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C5%ABdesys" title="Liūdesys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liūdesys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/badri" title="badri – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="badri" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali_olabye" title="Wali olabye – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Wali olabye" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1nat" title="Bánat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bánat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedih" title="Sedih – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sedih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdriet" title="Verdriet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verdriet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81" title="नुगः मछिनिगु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नुगः मछिनिगु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%B2%E3%81%97%E3%81%BF" title="悲しみ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="悲しみ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rgmodighet" title="Sørgmodighet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sørgmodighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਉਦਾਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਦਾਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smutek" title="Smutek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Smutek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristeza" title="Tristeza – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tristeza" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triste%C8%9Be" title="Tristețe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tristețe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llakikuy" title="Llakikuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llakikuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Грусть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грусть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7" title="ᱫᱩᱠᱷ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱩᱠᱷ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trishtimi" title="Trishtimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Trishtimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristizza" title="Tristizza – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tristizza" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sadness" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%BAtok_(cit)" title="Smútok (cit) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Smútok (cit)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDalost" title="Žalost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Žalost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%85" title="خەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Туга – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туга" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuga" title="Tuga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tuga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suru" title="Suru – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suru" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorgsenhet" title="Sorgsenhet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sorgsenhet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="கவலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கவலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="ความเศร้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความเศร้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ғам – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ғам" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cz%C3%BCnt%C3%BC" title="Üzüntü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üzüntü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC_(%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Сум (емоція) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сум (емоція)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%A9%DA%BE" title="دکھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دکھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the videogame, see <a href="/wiki/Sadness_(video_game)" title="Sadness (video game)">Sadness (video game)</a>. For the song by New Found Glory, see <a href="/wiki/Radiosurgery_(album)" title="Radiosurgery (album)">Radiosurgery (album)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sad" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sad (disambiguation)">Sad (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/SAD_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="SAD (disambiguation)">SAD (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sadness_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sadness (disambiguation)">Sadness (disambiguation)</a>.</div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Negative emotion</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A9pulcre_Arc-en-Barrois_111008_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/S%C3%A9pulcre_Arc-en-Barrois_111008_12.jpg/220px-S%C3%A9pulcre_Arc-en-Barrois_111008_12.jpg" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Emotions" title="Category:Emotions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/120px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/250px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">In animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">Mood</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Self-regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Dysregulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(psychology)" title="Valence (psychology)">Valence</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Emotions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination" title="Determination">Determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_(emotion)" title="Elevation (emotion)">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">Emotional Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sadness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">Self-pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(emotion)" title="Suspicion (emotion)">Suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sadness</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Emotional_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional pain">emotional pain</a> associated with, or characterized by, feelings of disadvantage, loss, <a href="/wiki/Despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Despair">despair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">grief</a>, helplessness, <a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">disappointment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">sorrow</a>. An individual experiencing sadness may become quiet or <a href="/wiki/Lethargic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lethargic">lethargic</a>, and withdraw themselves from others. An example of severe sadness is <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a> which can be brought on by <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Persistent_depressive_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent depressive disorder">persistent depressive disorder</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crying" title="Crying">Crying</a> can be an indication of sadness.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sadness is one of the six basic emotions described by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">happiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">surprise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">disgust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gol-emo-intel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gol-emo-intel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 271–4">: 271–4 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood">Childhood</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_(Venezia,_1953)_-_BEIC_6363533.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1953%29_-_BEIC_6363533.jpg/250px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1953%29_-_BEIC_6363533.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1953%29_-_BEIC_6363533.jpg/330px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1953%29_-_BEIC_6363533.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1953%29_-_BEIC_6363533.jpg/500px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1953%29_-_BEIC_6363533.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Sad girls. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Monti" title="Paolo Monti">Paolo Monti</a>, 1953</figcaption></figure> <p>Sadness is a common experience in childhood. Sometimes, sadness can lead to <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>. Some families may have a (conscious or unconscious) rule that sadness is "not allowed",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Robin_Skynner" title="Robin Skynner">Robin Skynner</a> has suggested that this may cause problems, arguing that with sadness "screened off", people can become shallow and <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">manic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sky-clee-fams_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sky-clee-fams-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33, 36">: 33, 36 </span></sup> Pediatrician <a href="/wiki/T._Berry_Brazelton" title="T. Berry Brazelton">T. Berry Brazelton</a> suggests that acknowledging sadness can make it easier for families to address more serious emotional problems.<sup id="cite_ref-brazelton-listen-child_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brazelton-listen-child-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46, 48">: 46, 48 </span></sup> </p><p>Sadness is part of the normal process of the child separating from an early symbiosis with the mother and becoming more independent. Every time a child separates a little more, he or she will have to cope with a small loss. If the mother cannot allow the minor distress involved, the child may never learn how to deal with sadness by themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-sky-clee-fams_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sky-clee-fams-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 158–9">: 158–9 </span></sup> Brazelton argues that too much cheering a child up devalues the emotion of sadness for them;<sup id="cite_ref-brazelton-listen-child_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brazelton-listen-child-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Selma_Fraiberg" title="Selma Fraiberg">Selma Fraiberg</a> suggests that it is important to respect a child's right to experience a loss fully and deeply.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mahler" title="Margaret Mahler">Margaret Mahler</a> also saw the ability to feel sadness as an emotional achievement, as opposed for example to warding it off through restless hyperactivity.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/D._W._Winnicott" class="mw-redirect" title="D. W. Winnicott">D. W. Winnicott</a> similarly saw in sad crying the psychological root of valuable musical experiences in later life.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style> <p>A large amount of research has been conducted on the neuroscience of sadness.<sup id="cite_ref-Arias2020_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arias2020-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Psychiatry">American Journal of Psychiatry</a></i>, sadness has been found to be associated with "increases in bilateral activity within the vicinity of the middle and posterior <a href="/wiki/Temporal_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal cortex">temporal cortex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_cerebellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral cerebellum">lateral cerebellum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_vermis" title="Cerebellar vermis">cerebellar vermis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Putamen" title="Putamen">putamen</a>, and caudate."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jose V. Pardo has his M.D and Ph.D and leads a research program in cognitive neuroscience. Using positron emission tomography (PET) Pardo and his colleagues were able to provoke sadness among seven normal men and women by asking them to think about sad things. They observed increased brain activity in the bilateral inferior and orbitofrontal cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study that induced sadness in subjects by showing emotional film clips, the feeling was correlated with significant increases in regional brain activity, especially in the prefrontal cortex, in the region called <a href="/wiki/Brodmann%27s_area_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann's area 9">Brodmann's area 9</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>. A significant increase in activity was also observed in the bilateral anterior temporal structures.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2></div> <p>According to functional theories, emotions are designed to allow people to effectively deal with the situations that evoke the emotion.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sadness is believed to serve two primary functions that enhance one's ability to cope with loss.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One function is the promotion of cognitive changes that restructure beliefs and goals and reevaluate implications.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, when sad, people tend to be less affected by their schemas in general, including schemas regarding political ideology (the heuristic regarding how a conservative or a liberal should respond) when making political decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another function is to signal a need for assistance and elicit support from others.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be done by following the group norms, being kinder to others, and expressing the need for help physically and verbally. As a result, the experience of sadness as a group may decrease emotional polarization<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and increase relationship building.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coping_mechanisms">Coping mechanisms</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coping_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping (psychology)">Coping (psychology)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadness_at_the_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sadness_at_the_beach.jpg/220px-Sadness_at_the_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sadness_at_the_beach.jpg/330px-Sadness_at_the_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sadness_at_the_beach.jpg/440px-Sadness_at_the_beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A man expressing sadness with his head in his hands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%99%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%99%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg/250px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%99%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%99%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg/330px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%99%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%99%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg/500px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%99%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A carving of the family of Marija and Petar Škuljević exhibiting sadness over their deaths </figcaption></figure> <p>People deal with sadness in different ways, and it is an important emotion because it helps to motivate people to deal with their situation. Some coping mechanisms include: getting social support and/or spending time with a pet,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating a list, or engaging in some activity to express sadness.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some individuals, when feeling sad, may exclude themselves from a social setting, so as to take the time to recover from the feeling.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While being one of the moods people most want to shake, sadness can sometimes be perpetuated by the very coping strategies chosen, such as ruminating, "drowning one's sorrows", or permanently isolating oneself.<sup id="cite_ref-gol-emo-intel_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gol-emo-intel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69–70">: 69–70 </span></sup> As alternative ways of coping with sadness to the above, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a> suggests instead either challenging one's negative thoughts, or scheduling some positive event as a distraction.<sup id="cite_ref-gol-emo-intel_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gol-emo-intel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> </p><p>Being attentive to, and patient with, one's sadness may also be a way for people to learn through solitude;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while emotional support to help people stay with their sadness can be further helpful.<sup id="cite_ref-sky-clee-fams_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sky-clee-fams-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164">: 164 </span></sup> Such an approach is fueled by the <a href="/wiki/Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">underlying belief</a> that loss (when felt wholeheartedly) can lead to a new sense of aliveness, and to a re-engagement with the outside world.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pupil_empathy">Pupil empathy</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">Pupil</a> size may be an indicator of sadness. A sad <a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">facial expression</a> with small pupils is judged to be more intensely sad as the pupil size decreases.<sup id="cite_ref-pup-cont_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pup-cont-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person's own pupil size also <a href="/wiki/Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">mirrors</a> this and becomes smaller when viewing sad faces with small pupils. No parallel effect exists when people look at neutral, happy or angry expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-pup-cont_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pup-cont-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greater degree to which a person's pupils mirror another predicts a person's greater score on <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison_Wilson_Critchley_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison_Wilson_Critchley-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In disorders such as autism and psychopathy, facial expressions that represent sadness may be subtle, which may show a need for a more non-linguistic situation to affect their level of empathy.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison_Wilson_Critchley_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison_Wilson_Critchley-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocal_expression">Vocal expression</h2></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/DIPR" class="mw-redirect" title="DIPR">DIPR</a> scientist Swati Johar,<sup id="cite_ref-johar-book_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johar-book-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: VII">: VII </span></sup> sadness is an emotion "identified by current speech dialogue and processing systems".<sup id="cite_ref-johar-book_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johar-book-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> Measurements to distinguish sadness from other emotions in the <a href="/wiki/Human_voice" title="Human voice">human voice</a> include <a href="/wiki/Root_mean_square" title="Root mean square">root mean square</a> (RMS) energy, inter-word silence and <a href="/wiki/Speech_tempo" title="Speech tempo">speaking rate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is communicated mostly by lowering the <a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">mean</a> and variability of the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">fundamental frequency</a> (<i>f</i><sub>0</sub>), besides being associated with lower vocal intensity, and with decreases in <i>f</i><sub>0</sub> over time.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johar argues that, "when someone is sad, slow, low <a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">pitched</a> speech with weak high <a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">audio frequency</a> energy is produced". Likewise, "low energy state of sadness attributes to slow tempo, lower speech rate and mean pitch".<sup id="cite_ref-johar-book_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johar-book-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10, 13">: 10, 13 </span></sup> </p><p>Sadness is, as stated by <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Scherer" title="Klaus Scherer">Klaus Scherer</a>, one of the "best-recognized emotions in the human voice", although it's "generally somewhat lower than that of <a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">facial expression</a>". In a study by Scherer, it was found that in Western countries sadness had 79% of accuracy for facial recognition and 71% for vocal, while in Non-Western countries the results were of 74% and 58%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_explorations">Cultural explorations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Amberg_In_Gedanken_versunken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wilhelm_Amberg_In_Gedanken_versunken.jpg/220px-Wilhelm_Amberg_In_Gedanken_versunken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wilhelm_Amberg_In_Gedanken_versunken.jpg/330px-Wilhelm_Amberg_In_Gedanken_versunken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wilhelm_Amberg_In_Gedanken_versunken.jpg/440px-Wilhelm_Amberg_In_Gedanken_versunken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2269" data-file-height="3655" /></a><figcaption>Lost in thoughts, by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Amberg" title="Wilhelm Amberg">Wilhelm Amberg</a>. An individual experiencing sadness may become quiet or lethargic, and withdraw themselves from others. </figcaption></figure> <p>During the Renaissance, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Faerie_Queene" title="The Faerie Queene">The Faerie Queene</a></i> endorsed sadness as a marker of spiritual commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, sadness is distinguished from unhappiness,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to exemplify <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s preference for a sad, but settled determination, as opposed to what he saw as the shallower temptations of either <a href="/wiki/Despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Despair">despair</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">hope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Julia Kristeva</a> considered that "a diversification of moods, variety in sadness, refinement in <a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">sorrow</a> or mourning are the imprint of a humanity that is surely not triumphant but subtle, ready to fight and creative".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">Joie de vivre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">Melancholia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">Mood (psychology)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJellesmaVingerhoets2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jellesma, F.C.; Vingerhoets, Ad J.J.M. 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London, United Kingdom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621194258/http://www.danielgoleman.info/purchase/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emotional+Intelligence&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Goleman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danielgoleman.info%2Fpurchase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasman2010" class="citation book cs1">Masman, Karen (21 July 2010). <i>The Uses of Sadness: Why Feeling Sad is No Reason Not to be Happy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781741757576" title="Special:BookSources/9781741757576"><bdi>9781741757576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uses+of+Sadness%3A+Why+Feeling+Sad+is+No+Reason+Not+to+be+Happy&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2010-07-21&rft.isbn=9781741757576&rft.aulast=Masman&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sky-clee-fams-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sky-clee-fams_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sky-clee-fams_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sky-clee-fams_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkynnerCleese1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Skynner" title="Robin Skynner">Skynner, Robin</a>; Cleese, John (1994). <a href="/wiki/Families_and_How_to_Survive_Them" title="Families and How to Survive Them"><i>Families and How to Survive Them</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Families+and+How+to+Survive+Them&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Skynner&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Cleese%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brazelton-listen-child-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brazelton-listen-child_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brazelton-listen-child_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrazelton1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._Berry_Brazelton" title="T. 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(November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.apa.org/journals/emo/7/4/724">"Processing of observed pupil size modulates perception of sadness and predicts empathy"</a>. <i>Emotion</i>. <b>7</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">724–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1528-3542.7.4.724">10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.724</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18039039">18039039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emotion&rft.atitle=Processing+of+observed+pupil+size+modulates+perception+of+sadness+and+predicts+empathy&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E724-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F1528-3542.7.4.724&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18039039&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+C.E.&rft.au=Critchley%2C+H.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Femo%2F7%2F4%2F724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johar-book-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johar-book_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johar-book_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johar-book_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohar2015" class="citation book cs1">Johar, Swati (22 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319280455"><i>Emotion, Affect and Personality in Speech: The Bias of Language and Paralanguage</i></a>. SpringerBriefs in Speech Technology. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-28047-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-28047-9"><bdi>978-3-319-28047-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621042932/https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319280455">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emotion%2C+Affect+and+Personality+in+Speech%3A+The+Bias+of+Language+and+Paralanguage&rft.series=SpringerBriefs+in+Speech+Technology&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft.isbn=978-3-319-28047-9&rft.aulast=Johar&rft.aufirst=Swati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fus%2Fbook%2F9783319280455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYildirimBulutM._LeeKazemzadeh2004" class="citation journal cs1">Yildirim, Serdar; Bulut, Murtaza; M. Lee, Chul; Kazemzadeh, Abe; Busso, Carlos; Deng, Zhigang; Lee, Sungbok; Narayanan, Shrikanth (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/archive_papers/interspeech_2004/i04_2193.pdf">"An acoustic study of emotions expressed in speech"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Speech_Communication_Association" title="International Speech Communication Association">ISCA</a></i>: 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Directions+in+Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Vocal+Expression+and+Perception+of+Emotion&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=1999-04-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8721.00013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18785659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bachorowski&rft.aufirst=Jo-Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~rmk7%2FHC%2FHC_Readings%2FBachorowski.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScherer2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Scherer" title="Klaus Scherer">Scherer, Klaus R.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:102083">"Vocal communication of emotion: A review of research paradigms"</a>. <i>Speech Communication</i>. <b>40</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-6393%2802%2900084-5">10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00084-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8777381">8777381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speech+Communication&rft.atitle=Vocal+communication+of+emotion%3A+A+review+of+research+paradigms&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0167-6393%2802%2900084-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8777381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Scherer&rft.aufirst=Klaus+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive-ouverte.unige.ch%2Funige%3A102083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrevor2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Trevor" title="Douglas Trevor">Trevor, Douglas</a> (30 September 2004). <i>The Poetics of Melancholy in Early Modern England</i>. Cambridge Studies in Renaissance Literature and Culture. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521834698" title="Special:BookSources/9780521834698"><bdi>9780521834698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetics+of+Melancholy+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Renaissance+Literature+and+Culture&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-30&rft.isbn=9780521834698&rft.aulast=Trevor&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J.R.R.</a> (1991). <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a>. London, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 475. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780261102309" title="Special:BookSources/9780261102309"><bdi>9780261102309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=475&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780261102309&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.R.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSippey1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Sippey, Tom A.</a> (1992). <i>The Road to Middle-Earth: How J.R.R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology</i>. London, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780261102750" title="Special:BookSources/9780261102750"><bdi>9780261102750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Middle-Earth%3A+How+J.R.R.+Tolkien+Created+a+New+Mythology&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780261102750&rft.aulast=Sippey&rft.aufirst=Tom+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Phillips_(psychologist)" title="Adam Phillips (psychologist)">Phillips, Adam</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674634404"><i>On Flirtation</i></a>. London, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674634404" title="Special:BookSources/9780674634404"><bdi>9780674634404</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621171039/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674634404">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Flirtation&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780674634404&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674634404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Sadness</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sadness" class="extiw" title="wikt:sadness">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sadness" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Sadness">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sadness" class="extiw" title="q:Sadness">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169251" class="extiw" title="d:Q169251">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarp_DA1997" class="citation book cs1">Karp DA (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speakingofsadnes00davi"><i>Speaking of Sadness</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195113860" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195113860"><bdi>978-0195113860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+of+Sadness&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0195113860&rft.au=Karp+DA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeakingofsadnes00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeltner_DEllsworth_PCEdwards_K1993" class="citation journal cs1">Keltner D; Ellsworth PC; Edwards K (May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/64/5/740">"Beyond simple pessimism: effects of sadness and anger on social perception"</a>. <i>J Pers Soc Psychol</i>. <b>64</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">740–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.64.5.740">10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.740</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8505705">8505705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Pers+Soc+Psychol&rft.atitle=Beyond+simple+pessimism%3A+effects+of+sadness+and+anger+on+social+perception&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E740-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1993-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.64.5.740&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8505705&rft.au=Keltner+D&rft.au=Ellsworth+PC&rft.au=Edwards+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fpsp%2F64%2F5%2F740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTiedens_LZ2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tiedens LZ (January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/80/1/86">"Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation: the effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral"</a>. <i>J Pers Soc Psychol</i>. <b>80</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">86–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.80.1.86">10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.86</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11195894">11195894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Pers+Soc+Psychol&rft.atitle=Anger+and+advancement+versus+sadness+and+subjugation%3A+the+effect+of+negative+emotion+expressions+on+social+status+conferral&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.80.1.86&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11195894&rft.au=Tiedens+LZ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fpsp%2F80%2F1%2F86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emerald.tufts.edu/~nambad01/sadthinsliceacc.pdf">Ambady & Gray, 2002</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForgas_JP1998" class="citation journal cs1">Forgas JP (March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/74/3/565">"On feeling good and getting your way: mood effects on negotiator cognition and bargaining strategies"</a>. <i>J Pers Soc Psychol</i>. <b>74</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">565–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.74.3.565">10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.565</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11407408">11407408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Pers+Soc+Psychol&rft.atitle=On+feeling+good+and+getting+your+way%3A+mood+effects+on+negotiator+cognition+and+bargaining+strategies&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E565-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1998-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.74.3.565&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11407408&rft.au=Forgas+JP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fpsp%2F74%2F3%2F565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForgas_JP1998" class="citation journal cs1">Forgas JP (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/75/2/318">"On being happy and mistaken: mood effects on the fundamental attribution error"</a>. <i>J Pers Soc Psychol</i>. <b>75</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">318–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.75.2.318">10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.318</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9731311">9731311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Pers+Soc+Psychol&rft.atitle=On+being+happy+and+mistaken%3A+mood+effects+on+the+fundamental+attribution+error&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E318-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1998-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.75.2.318&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9731311&rft.au=Forgas+JP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fpsp%2F75%2F2%2F318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForgas_JP1994" class="citation journal cs1">Forgas JP (1994). 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Daubman KA; Nowicki GP (June 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/52/6/1122">"Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving"</a>. <i>J Pers Soc Psychol</i>. <b>52</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1122–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.52.6.1122">10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1122</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3598858">3598858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Pers+Soc+Psychol&rft.atitle=Positive+affect+facilitates+creative+problem+solving&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1122-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1987-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.52.6.1122&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3598858&rft.au=Isen+AM&rft.au=Daubman+KA&rft.au=Nowicki+GP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fpsp%2F52%2F6%2F1122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeltner_DKring_AM1998" class="citation journal cs1">Keltner D; Kring AM (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611042343/http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~akring/keltner%20%26%20kring%201998.pdf">"Emotion, social function, and psychopathology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Review of General Psychology</i>. <b>2</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">320–</span>342. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.315.1265">10.1.1.315.1265</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1089-2680.2.3.320">10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.320</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247805">247805</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~akring/keltner%20&%20kring%201998.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+General+Psychology&rft.atitle=Emotion%2C+social+function%2C+and+psychopathology&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E342&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.315.1265%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F1089-2680.2.3.320&rft.au=Keltner+D&rft.au=Kring+AM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fist-socrates.berkeley.edu%2F~akring%2Fkeltner%2520%26%2520kring%25201998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadness" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emotions_(list)282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_navbox" title="Template talk:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emotions_(list)282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration" title="Adoration">Adoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Agony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipathy" title="Antipathy">Antipathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort" title="Comfort">Comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty" title="Cruelty">Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_embarrassment" title="Vicarious embarrassment">vicarious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Enthrallment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">Excitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">Joie de vivre</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-hatred" title="Self-hatred">self-hatred</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Hiraeth" title="Hiraeth">Hiraeth</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">Homesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/wiki/Hygge" title="Hygge">Hygge</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">Hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikigai" title="Ikigai"><i>Ikigai</i> (sense of purpose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Indulgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infatuation" title="Infatuation">Infatuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecurity_(emotion)" title="Insecurity (emotion)">Insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insignificance" title="Insignificance">Insignificance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">Irritation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)" title="Isolation (psychology)">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">at first sight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">self-pity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity" title="Vanity">vanity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxation_(psychology)" title="Relaxation (psychology)">Relaxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">Revenge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sadness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sehnsucht" title="Sehnsucht">Sehnsucht</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">Sentimentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">Solitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spite_(sentiment)" title="Spite (sentiment)">Spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(emotion)" title="Suspicion (emotion)">Suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(positive_psychology)" title="Zest (positive psychology)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/120px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/250px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Affect <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_consciousness" title="Affect consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(education)" title="Affect (education)">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_measures" title="Affect measures">measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">in psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affective <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affectivity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_affectivity" title="Positive affectivity">positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala_hijack" title="Amygdala hijack">Amygdala hijack</a></li> <li>Emotion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_emotion" title="Art and emotion">and art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">and memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_emotions" title="Sleep and emotions">and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">classification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification#Circumplex_model" title="Emotion classification">circumplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmojiGrid" title="EmojiGrid">EmojiGrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6vheim_Cube_of_Emotions" title="Lövheim Cube of Emotions">Lövheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAD_emotional_state_model" title="PAD emotional state model">PAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification#Plutchik's_wheel_of_emotions" title="Emotion classification">Plutchik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressed_emotion" title="Expressed emotion">expressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">functional accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostatic_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic emotion">homeostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_perception" title="Emotion perception">perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">in conversation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">interpersonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">work</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_aperture" title="Emotional aperture">aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_competence" title="Emotional competence">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_conflict" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_exhaustion" title="Emotional exhaustion">exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_emotional_expression" title="Gender and emotional expression">and gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">and bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy_quotient" title="Empathy quotient">Empathy quotient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">lability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lateralization" title="Emotional lateralization">lateralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_literacy" title="Emotional literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_reasoning" title="Emotional reasoning">reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_responsivity" title="Emotional responsivity">responsivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional security">security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_symbiosis" title="Emotional symbiosis">symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_thought_method" title="Emotional thought method">thought method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">Emotionality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_emotionality" title="Bounded emotionality">bounded</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_emotions" title="History of emotions">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making" title="Emotions in decision-making">in decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">in virtual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-conscious_emotions" title="Self-conscious emotions">self-conscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions" title="Social sharing of emotions">social sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_affective_tone" title="Group affective tone">Group affective tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_between_the_emotional_and_executive_brain_systems" title="Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems">Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy_in_art" title="Jealousy in art">Jealousy in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">Mental state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-emotion" title="Meta-emotion">Meta-emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathognomy" title="Pathognomy">Pathognomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoic_passions" title="Stoic passions">Stoic passions</a></li> <li>Theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_theory" title="Affect theory">affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_as_information_hypothesis" title="Affect as information hypothesis">affect as information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appraisal_theory" title="Appraisal theory">appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon-Bard_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon-Bard theory">Cannon-Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion" title="Theory of constructed emotion">constructed emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_emotion_theory" title="Discrete emotion theory">discrete emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James-Lange_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="James-Lange theory">James-Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_theory" title="Somatic theory">somatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis" title="Somatic marker hypothesis">somatic marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-factor_theory_of_emotion" title="Two-factor theory of emotion">two-factor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate emotion names in foreign languages <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-697bc6cbd6-45nkp","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.948","walltime":"1.177","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6810,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":172688,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7705,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":198944,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1028.616 1 -total"," 30.27% 311.313 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.85% 235.071 28 Template:Cite_journal"," 15.42% 158.653 1 Template:Emotion-footer"," 15.08% 155.125 1 Template:Navbox"," 10.06% 103.519 7 Template:Lang"," 8.13% 83.654 1 Template:Emotion"," 7.82% 80.483 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.38% 75.931 11 Template:Rp"," 7.23% 74.357 16 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-27T09:20:57Z","dateModified":"2025-02-18T18:23:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7d\/S%C3%A9pulcre_Arc-en-Barrois_111008_12.jpg","headline":"emotional pain associated with, or characterized by, feelings of disadvantage, loss, despair, grief, helplessness, disappointment and sorrow"}</script> </body> </html>