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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Travesty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travesty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pastiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pastiche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Skit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burlesque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burlesque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Burlesque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burlesque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Spoof</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>English term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernist_and_post-modernist_parody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernist_and_post-modernist_parody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modernist and post-modernist parody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernist_and_post-modernist_parody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_parodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_parodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Film parodies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Film_parodies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Film parodies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Film_parodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Copyright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Copyright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetic_parodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetic_parodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Poetic parodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetic_parodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-parody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-parody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Self-parody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-parody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_issues_and_other_legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_issues_and_other_legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Copyright issues and other legal issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Copyright_issues_and_other_legal_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Copyright issues and other legal issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Copyright_issues_and_other_legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Jail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Internet culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internet_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Internet culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internet_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computer-generated_parodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer-generated_parodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Computer-generated parodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer-generated_parodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_political_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_political_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Social and political uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_political_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historic_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Historic examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Internet examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_television_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_television_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Modern television examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_television_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anime_and_manga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anime_and_manga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Anime and manga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anime_and_manga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parody</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodie" title="Parodie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Parodie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodie" title="Parodie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Parodie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="محاكاة ساخرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محاكاة ساخرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodia" title="Parodia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Parodia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пародия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пародия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Пародыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пародыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Пародыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пародыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пародия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пародия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodija" title="Parodija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Parodija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%B2dia" title="Paròdia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paròdia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodie" title="Parodie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parodie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodi" title="Parodi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Parodi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodi" title="Parodi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Parodi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodie" title="Parodie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parodie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroodia" title="Paroodia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paroodia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%89%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Παρωδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παρωδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodia" title="Parodia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parodia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodio" title="Parodio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parodio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodia" title="Parodia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parodia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B6%D9%87" title="نقیضه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقیضه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodie" title="Parodie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parodie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody" title="Parody – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Parody" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodia" title="Parodia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parodia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%A8%EB%9F%AC%EB%94%94" title="패러디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="패러디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Պարոդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարոդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="व्यंग्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्यंग्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodija" title="Parodija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Parodija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodio" title="Parodio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Parodio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodi" title="Parodi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parodi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopst%C3%A6ling" title="Skopstæling – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skopstæling" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodia" title="Parodia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parodia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="פרודיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרודיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodi" title="Parodi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Parodi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B9" title="ಅಣಕುಬರೆಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಣಕುಬರೆಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пародия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пародия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пародия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пародия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodia" title="Parodia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Parodia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodija" title="Parodija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parodija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodie" title="Parodie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Parodie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodija" title="Parodija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Parodija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%B3dia" title="Paródia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paródia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodi" title="Parodi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parodi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodie" title="Parodie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parodie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AD%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="パロディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パロディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodi" title="Parodi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Parodi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodi" title="Parodi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Parodi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodiya" title="Parodiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Parodiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੈਰੋਡੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਰੋਡੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodia" title="Parodia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Parodia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%B3dia" title="Paródia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paródia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodie" title="Parodie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parodie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пародия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пародия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodia" title="Parodia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Parodia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody" title="Parody – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parody" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%B3dia" title="Paródia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paródia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodija" title="Parodija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Parodija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Пародија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пародија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodija" title="Parodija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Parodija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodia" title="Parodia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Parodia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodi" title="Parodi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parodi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="நையாண்டிப் போலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நையாண்டிப் போலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%80" title="పేరడీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పేరడీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD" title="วรรณกรรมล้อ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วรรณกรรมล้อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodi" title="Parodi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parodi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пародія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пародія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C" title="پیروڈی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیروڈی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BB%85u_nh%E1%BA%A1i" title="Giễu nhại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giễu nhại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%8F%E4%BB%BF" title="戏仿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="戏仿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פאראדיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאראדיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B2%E4%BB%BF" title="戲仿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="戲仿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Imitative work created to mock, comment on or trivialise an original work</div> <p>A <b>parody</b> is a creative work designed to imitate, comment on, and/or mock its subject by means of <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">ironic</a> <a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">imitation</a>. Often its subject is an <a href="/wiki/Originality" title="Originality">original work</a> or some aspect of it (theme/content, author, style, etc), but a parody can also be about a real-life person (e.g. a politician), event, or movement (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> or <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a>). Literary scholar Professor Simon Dentith defines parody as "any cultural practice which provides a relatively <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemical</a> allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The literary theorist <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hutcheon" title="Linda Hutcheon">Linda Hutcheon</a> said "parody ... is imitation, not always at the expense of the parodied text." Parody may be found in art or culture, including <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">gaming</a>. </p><p>The writer and critic <a href="/wiki/John_Gross" title="John Gross">John Gross</a> observes in his <i>Oxford Book of Parodies</i>, that parody seems to flourish on territory somewhere between <a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">pastiche</a> ("a composition in another artist's manner, without satirical intent") and <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a> (which "fools around with the material of high literature and adapts it to low ends").<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a> distinguishes between the parody and the burlesque, "A good parody is a fine amusement, capable of amusing and instructing the most sensible and polished minds; the burlesque is a miserable buffoonery which can only please the populace."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, when a formula grows tired, as in the case of the moralistic melodramas in the 1910s, it retains value only as a parody, as demonstrated by the <a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a> shorts that mocked that genre.<sup id="cite_ref-Balducci2011p231_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balducci2011p231-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A parody may also be known as a <b>spoof</b>, a <b>satire</b>, a <b>send-up</b>, a <b>take-off</b>, a <b>lampoon</b>, a <b>play on</b> (<b>something</b>), or a <b>caricature</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i>, ii. 5), <a href="/wiki/Hegemon_of_Thasos" title="Hegemon of Thasos">Hegemon of Thasos</a> was the inventor of a kind of parody; by slightly altering the wording in well-known poems he transformed the sublime into the ridiculous. In ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek literature</a>, a <i>parodia</i> was a narrative poem imitating the style and prosody of <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epics</a> "but treating light, satirical or <a href="/wiki/Mock-heroic" title="Mock-heroic">mock-heroic</a> subjects".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the components of the Greek word are παρά <i>para</i> "beside, counter, against" and ᾠδή <i>oide</i> "song". Thus, the original Greek word παρῳδία <i>parodia</i> has sometimes been taken to mean "counter-song", an imitation that is set against the original. The <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, for example, defines parody as imitation "turned as to produce a ridiculous effect".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because <i>par-</i> also has the non-antagonistic meaning of <i>beside</i>, "there is nothing in <i>parodia</i> to necessitate the inclusion of a concept of ridicule."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Greek <a href="/wiki/Old_Comedy" title="Old Comedy">Old Comedy</a> even the gods could be made fun of. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs">The Frogs</a></i> portrays the hero-turned-god <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> as a glutton and the God of Drama <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> as cowardly and unintelligent. The traditional trip to the <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Underworld</a> story is parodied as Dionysus dresses as Heracles to go to the Underworld, in an attempt to bring back a poet to save Athens. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greeks</a> created <a href="/wiki/Satyr_play" title="Satyr play">satyr plays</a> which parodied <a href="/wiki/Tragic_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragic play">tragic plays</a>, often with performers dressed like <a href="/wiki/Satyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyrs">satyrs</a>. </p><p>Parody was used in early Greek philosophical texts to make philosophical points. Such texts are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Spoudaiogeloion" title="Spoudaiogeloion">spoudaiogeloion</a>,</i> a famous example of which is the <i><a href="/wiki/Silloi" class="mw-redirect" title="Silloi">Silloi</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon of Phlius</a> which parodied philosophers living and dead. The style was a rhetorical mainstay of the <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynics</a> and was the most common tone of the works made by <a href="/wiki/Menippus" title="Menippus">Menippus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meleager_of_Gadara" title="Meleager of Gadara">Meleager of Gadara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFain2010201_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFain2010201-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2nd century CE, <a href="/wiki/Lucian_of_Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucian of Samosata">Lucian of Samosata</a> created a parody of travel texts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Indica_(Ctesias)" title="Indica (Ctesias)">Indica</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Odyssey">The Odyssey</a></i>. He described the authors of such accounts as liars who had never traveled, nor ever talked to any credible person who had. In his ironically named book <i><a href="/wiki/True_History" class="mw-redirect" title="True History">True History</a></i> Lucian delivers a story which exaggerates the hyperbole and improbable claims of those stories. Sometimes described as the first <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">characters</a> travel to the Moon, engage in interplanetary war with the help of aliens they meet there, and then return to Earth to experience civilization inside a 200-mile-long creature generally interpreted as being a whale. This is a parody of <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a>' claims that India has a one-legged race of humans with a single foot so huge it can be used as an umbrella, <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s stories of one-eyed giants, and so on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parody exists in the following related genres: <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, travesty, <a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">pastiche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">skit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satire">Satire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Satire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Satires and parodies are both derivative works that exaggerate their source material(s) in humorous ways.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a satire is meant to make fun of the real world, whereas a parody is a derivative of a specific work ("specific parody") or a general genre ("general parody" or "spoof"). Furthermore, satires are provocative and critical as they point to a specific vice associated with an individual or a group of people to mock them into correction or as a form of punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, parodies are more focused on producing playful <a href="/wiki/Humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Humor">humor</a> and do not always attack or criticize its targeted work and/or genre.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of course, it is possible for a parody to maintain satiric elements without crossing into satire itself, as long as its "light verse with modest aspirations" ultimately dominates the work.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travesty">Travesty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Travesty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A travesty imitates and transforms a work, but focuses more on the satirization of it. Because satire is meant to attack someone or something,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the harmless playfulness of parody is lost.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pastiche">Pastiche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pastiche"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A pastiche imitates a work as a parody does, but unlike a parody, pastiche is neither transformative of the original work, nor is it humorous.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literary critic <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a> has referred to the pastiche as a "blank parody", or "parody that has lost its sense of humor".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skit">Skit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Skit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Skits imitate works "in a satirical regime". But unlike travesties, skits do not transform the source material.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burlesque">Burlesque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Burlesque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The burlesque primarily targets heroic poems and theater to degrade popular heroes and gods, as well as mock the common tropes within the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simon Dentith has described this type of parody as "parodic anti-heroic drama".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spoof">Spoof</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spoof"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A parody imitates and mocks a specific, recognizable work (e.g. a book, movie, etc.) or the characteristic style of a particular author. A spoof mocks an entire genre by exaggerating its conventions and cliches for humorous effect.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody music</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, as a technical term, <i>parody</i> refers to a reworking of one kind of composition into another (for example, a <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a> into a keyboard work as <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Cavazzoni" title="Girolamo Cavazzoni">Girolamo Cavazzoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Antonio de Cabezón">Antonio de Cabezón</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Mudarra" title="Alonso Mudarra">Alonso Mudarra</a> all did to <a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a> <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motets</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-g1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More commonly, a <a href="/wiki/Parody_mass" title="Parody mass">parody mass</a> (<i>missa parodia</i>) or an <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> used extensive quotation from other vocal works such as motets or <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantatas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria" title="Tomás Luis de Victoria">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Palestrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlande_de_Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlande de Lassus">Lassus</a>, and other composers of the 16th century used this technique. The term is also sometimes applied to procedures common in the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque period</a>, such as when <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a> reworks music from <a href="/wiki/Bach_cantata" title="Bach cantata">cantatas</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Oratorio" title="Christmas Oratorio">Christmas Oratorio</a></i>. </p><p>The musicological definition of the term <i>parody</i> has now generally been supplanted by a more general meaning of the word. In its more contemporary usage, <a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">musical parody</a> usually has humorous, even satirical intent, in which familiar musical ideas or lyrics are lifted into a different, often incongruous, context.<sup id="cite_ref-g2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Musical parodies may imitate or refer to the peculiar style of a composer or artist, or even a general style of music. For example, "The Ritz Roll and Rock", a song and dance number performed by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Silk_Stockings_(1957_film)" title="Silk Stockings (1957 film)">Silk Stockings</a></i>, parodies the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> genre. Conversely, while the best-known work of <a href="/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic" title=""Weird Al" Yankovic">"Weird Al" Yankovic</a> is based on particular popular songs, it also often utilises wildly incongruous elements of <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">pop culture</a> for comedic effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_term">English term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: English term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger,_Satire_on_Tulip_Mania,_c._1640.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger%2C_Satire_on_Tulip_Mania%2C_c._1640.jpg/220px-Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger%2C_Satire_on_Tulip_Mania%2C_c._1640.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger%2C_Satire_on_Tulip_Mania%2C_c._1640.jpg/330px-Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger%2C_Satire_on_Tulip_Mania%2C_c._1640.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger%2C_Satire_on_Tulip_Mania%2C_c._1640.jpg/440px-Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger%2C_Satire_on_Tulip_Mania%2C_c._1640.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allegory_of_the_Tulip_omania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allegory of the Tulip omania (page does not exist)">Allegory of the Tulip omania</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegorie_der_Tulipomanie" class="extiw" title="de:Allegorie der Tulipomanie">de</a>]</span></i>, persiflage on the <a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">tulip mania</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger" title="Jan Brueghel the Younger">Jan Brueghel the Younger</a> (1640s)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first usage of the word <i>parody</i> in English cited in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> is in <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a>, in <i>Every Man in His Humour</i> in 1598: "A Parodie, a parodie! to make it absurder than it was." The next citation comes from <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a> in 1693, who also appended an explanation, suggesting that the word was in common use, meaning to make fun of or re-create what you are doing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modernist_and_post-modernist_parody">Modernist and post-modernist parody</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modernist and post-modernist parody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 20th century, parody has been heightened as the central and most representative artistic device, the catalysing agent of artistic creation and innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheinberg_2000p141_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheinberg_2000p141-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stavans1997p37_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavans1997p37-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This most prominently happened in the second half of the century with <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>, but earlier <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_formalism" title="Russian formalism">Russian formalism</a> had anticipated this perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheinberg_2000p141_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheinberg_2000p141-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Russian formalists, parody was a way of liberation from the background text that enables to produce new and autonomous artistic forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutcheon85p28_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutcheon85p28-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Christopher Rea<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writes that "In the 1910s and 1920s, writers in China's entertainment market parodied anything and everything.... They parodied speeches, advertisements, confessions, petitions, orders, handbills, notices, policies, regulations, resolutions, discourses, explications, sutras, memorials to the throne, and conference minutes. We have an exchange of letters between the Queue and the Beard and Eyebrows. We have a eulogy for a chamber pot. We have 'Research on Why Men Have Beards and Women Don't,' 'A Telegram from the Thunder God to His Mother Resigning His Post,' and 'A Public Notice from the King of Whoring Prohibiting Playboys from Skipping Debts.'"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>'s (1939) short story "<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Menard,_Author_of_the_Quixote" title="Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote">Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote</a>", is often regarded as predicting postmodernism and conceiving the ideal of the ultimate parody.<sup id="cite_ref-Stavans1997p31_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavans1997p31-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the broader sense of Greek <i>parodia</i>, parody can occur when whole elements of one work are lifted out of their context and reused, not necessarily to be ridiculed.<sup id="cite_ref-Elices2004p90_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elices2004p90-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional definitions of parody usually only discuss parody in the stricter sense of something intended to ridicule the text it parodies. There is also a broader, extended sense of parody that may not include ridicule, and may be based on many other uses and intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-Elices2004p90_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elices2004p90-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hutcheon85p50_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutcheon85p50-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The broader sense of parody, parody done with intent other than ridicule, has become prevalent in the modern parody of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutcheon85p50_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutcheon85p50-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the extended sense, the modern parody does not target the parodied text, but instead uses it as a weapon to target something else.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutcheon85p52_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutcheon85p52-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for the prevalence of the extended, recontextualizing type of parody in the 20th century is that artists have sought to connect with the past while registering differences brought by <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Major modernist examples of this recontextualizing parody include <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i>, which incorporates elements of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> in a 20th-century Irish context, and <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hutcheon85p52_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutcheon85p52-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which incorporates and recontextualizes elements of a vast range of prior texts, including <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">The Inferno</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The work of <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> is another prominent example of the modern "recontextualizing" parody.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutcheon85p52_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutcheon85p52-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to French literary theorist <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Genette" title="Gérard Genette">Gérard Genette</a>, the most rigorous and elegant form of parody is also the most economical, that is a <i>minimal parody</i>, the one that literally reprises a known text and gives it a new meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sangsue2006p72_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangsue2006p72-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blank parody, in which an artist takes the skeletal form of an art work and places it in a new context without ridiculing it, is common.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">Pastiche</a> is a closely related <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>, and parody can also occur when characters or settings belonging to one work are used in a humorous or ironic way in another, such as the transformation of minor characters <a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern</a> from <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s drama <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a> into the principal characters in a comedic perspective on the same events in the play (and film) <i><a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Mishu_Hilmy" title="Mishu Hilmy">Mishu Hilmy</a>'s <i>Trapped in the Netflix</i> uses parody to <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">deconstruct</a> contemporary <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> shows like <a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a> providing commentary through popular characters. Don Draper <a href="/wiki/Mansplaining" title="Mansplaining">mansplaining</a> about mansplaining, <a href="/wiki/Luke_Danes" class="mw-redirect" title="Luke Danes">Luke Danes</a> monologizing about a lack of independence while embracing <a href="/wiki/Codependency" title="Codependency">codependency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pink_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pink-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Flann_O%27Brien" title="Flann O'Brien">Flann O'Brien</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/At_Swim-Two-Birds" title="At Swim-Two-Birds">At Swim-Two-Birds</a></i>, for example, mad <a href="/wiki/King_Sweeney" class="mw-redirect" title="King Sweeney">King Sweeney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fionn_mac_Cumhaill" title="Fionn mac Cumhaill">Finn MacCool</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pookah" class="mw-redirect" title="Pookah">pookah</a>, and an assortment of <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboys</a> all assemble in an inn in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>: the mixture of mythic characters, characters from <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> fiction, and a quotidian setting combine for a humor that is not directed at any of the characters or their authors. This combination of established and identifiable characters in a new setting is not the same as the <a href="/wiki/Post-modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modernist">post-modernist</a> trope of using historical characters in fiction out of context to provide a metaphoric element.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reputation">Reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes the reputation of a parody outlasts the reputation of what is being parodied. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>, which mocks the traditional <a href="/wiki/Knight_errant" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight errant">knight errant</a> tales, is much better known than the novel that inspired it, <i><a href="/wiki/Amadis_de_Gaula" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadis de Gaula">Amadis de Gaula</a></i> (although Amadis is mentioned in the book). Another case is the <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Shamela" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamela">Shamela</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Henry Fielding</a> (1742), which was a parody of the gloomy <a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">epistolary novel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pamela_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamela (novel)">Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded</a></i> (1740) by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Richardson" title="Samuel Richardson">Samuel Richardson</a>. Many of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s parodies of Victorian didactic verse for children, such as "<a href="/wiki/You_Are_Old,_Father_William" title="You Are Old, Father William">You Are Old, Father William</a>", are much better known than the (largely forgotten) originals. <a href="/wiki/Stella_Gibbons" title="Stella Gibbons">Stella Gibbons</a>'s comic novel <i><a href="/wiki/Cold_Comfort_Farm" title="Cold Comfort Farm">Cold Comfort Farm</a></i> has eclipsed the pastoral novels of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Webb" title="Mary Webb">Mary Webb</a> which largely inspired it. </p><p>In more recent times, the television sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/%27Allo_%27Allo!" title="'Allo 'Allo!">'Allo 'Allo!</a></i> is perhaps better known than the drama <i><a href="/wiki/Secret_Army_(TV_series)" title="Secret Army (TV series)">Secret Army</a></i> which it parodies. </p><p>Some artists carve out careers by making parodies. One of the best-known examples is that of <a href="/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic" title=""Weird Al" Yankovic">"Weird Al" Yankovic</a>. His career of parodying other musical acts and their songs has outlasted many of the artists or bands he has parodied. Yankovic is not required under law to get permission to parody; as a personal rule, however, he does seek permission to parody a person's song before recording it. Several artists, such as rapper <a href="/wiki/Chamillionaire" title="Chamillionaire">Chamillionaire</a> and Seattle-based <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a> band <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a> stated that Yankovic's parodies of their respective songs were excellent, and many artists have considered being parodied by him to be a badge of honor.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayers_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayers-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamersly_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamersly-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US legal system the point that in most cases a parody of a work constitutes fair use was upheld in the case of <a href="/wiki/Rick_Dees" title="Rick Dees">Rick Dees</a>, who decided to use 29 seconds of the music from the song <i>When Sonny Gets Blue</i> to parody <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mathis" title="Johnny Mathis">Johnny Mathis</a>' singing style even after being refused permission. An appeals court upheld the trial court's decision that this type of parody represents fair use. <i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._Dees" title="Fisher v. Dees">Fisher v. Dees</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Court_citation" class="mw-redirect" title="Court citation">794 F.2d 432</a> (9th Cir. 1986) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_parodies">Film parodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Film parodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody film</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:239px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rover_Boys_Southern_Waters_p243.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rover_Boys_Southern_Waters_p243.jpg/155px-Rover_Boys_Southern_Waters_p243.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rover_Boys_Southern_Waters_p243.jpg/233px-Rover_Boys_Southern_Waters_p243.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rover_Boys_Southern_Waters_p243.jpg/310px-Rover_Boys_Southern_Waters_p243.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:331px;max-width:331px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:239px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dover_boys_triple_knockout.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dover_boys_triple_knockout.png/329px-Dover_boys_triple_knockout.png" decoding="async" width="329" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dover_boys_triple_knockout.png/494px-Dover_boys_triple_knockout.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dover_boys_triple_knockout.png/658px-Dover_boys_triple_knockout.png 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rover_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rover Boys">The Rover Boys</a></i> books (left) were parodied in the <a href="/wiki/Merrie_Melodies" title="Merrie Melodies">Merrie Melodies</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dover_Boys_at_Pimento_University" title="The Dover Boys at Pimento University">The Dover Boys at Pimento University</a></i> (right).</div></div></div></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre theorists</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Bakhtin" title="Bakhtin">Bakhtin</a>, see parody as a natural development in the life cycle of any <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>; this idea has proven especially fruitful for genre film theorists. Such theorists note that <a href="/wiki/Western_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Western movie">Western movies</a>, for example, after the classic stage defined the conventions of the genre, underwent a parody stage, in which those same conventions were ridiculed and critiqued. Because audiences had seen these classic Westerns, they had expectations for any new Westerns, and when these expectations were inverted, the audience laughed. </p><p>An early parody film was the 1922 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Mud_and_Sand" title="Mud and Sand">Mud and Sand</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel" title="Stan Laurel">Stan Laurel</a> film that made fun of <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino" title="Rudolph Valentino">Rudolph Valentino</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_Sand_(1922_film)" title="Blood and Sand (1922 film)">Blood and Sand</a></i>. Laurel specialized in parodies in the mid-1920s, writing and acting in a number of them. Some were send-ups of popular films, such as <a href="/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (disambiguation)"><span style="background-color:inherit; color:blue;">Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</span></a>—parodied in the comic <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Pyckle_and_Mr._Pryde" title="Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde">Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde</a></i> (1926). Others were spoofs of Broadway plays, such as <i><a href="/wiki/No,_No,_Nanette" title="No, No, Nanette">No, No, Nanette</a></i> (1925), parodied as <i><a href="/wiki/Yes,_Yes,_Nanette" title="Yes, Yes, Nanette">Yes, Yes, Nanette</a></i> (1925). In 1940 <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> created a satirical comedy about <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> with the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Dictator" title="The Great Dictator">The Great Dictator</a></i>, following the first-ever Hollywood parody of the Nazis, the <a href="/wiki/Three_Stooges" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Stooges">Three Stooges</a>' short subject <i><a href="/wiki/You_Nazty_Spy!" title="You Nazty Spy!">You Nazty Spy!</a></i>. </p><p>About 20 years later <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> started his career with a Hitler parody as well. After his 1967 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Producers_(1967_film)" title="The Producers (1967 film)">The Producers</a></i> won both an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers Guild of America Award">Writers Guild of America Award</a> for Best Original Screenplay,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooks became one of the most famous film parodists and created spoofs in multiple film genres. <i><a href="/wiki/Blazing_Saddles" title="Blazing Saddles">Blazing Saddles</a></i> (1974) is a parody of western films, <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World,_Part_I" title="History of the World, Part I">History of the World, Part I</a></i> (1981) is a historical parody, <i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_Men_in_Tights" class="mw-redirect" title="Robin Hood Men in Tights">Robin Hood Men in Tights</a></i> (1993) is Brooks' take on the classic Robin Hood tale, and his spoofs in the horror, sci-fi and adventure genres include <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein" title="Young Frankenstein">Young Frankenstein</a></i> (1974), and <i><a href="/wiki/Spaceballs" title="Spaceballs">Spaceballs</a></i> (1987, a <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> spoof). </p><p>The British comedy group <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a> is also famous for its parodies, for example, the <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> spoof <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a></i> (1974), and the <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> satire <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Brian" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Brian">Life of Brian</a></i> (1979). In the 1980s the team of <a href="/wiki/David_Zucker_(filmmaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Zucker (filmmaker)">David Zucker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Abrahams" title="Jim Abrahams">Jim Abrahams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Zucker_(film_director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Zucker (film director)">Jerry Zucker</a> parodied well-established genres such as disaster, war and police movies with the <i><a href="/wiki/Airplane!" title="Airplane!">Airplane!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Shots!" title="Hot Shots!">Hot Shots!</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Gun" title="The Naked Gun">Naked Gun</a></i> series respectively. There is a 1989 film parody from Spain of the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/The_A-Team" title="The A-Team">The A-Team</a></i> called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_equipo_Aahhgg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El equipo Aahhgg (page does not exist)">El equipo Aahhgg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Equipo_Aahhgg" class="extiw" title="cy:El Equipo Aahhgg">cy</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_equipo_Aahhgg" class="extiw" title="es:El equipo Aahhgg">es</a>]</span></i> directed by José Truchado. </p><p>More recently, parodies have taken on whole film genres at once. One of the first was <i><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Be_a_Menace_to_South_Central_While_Drinking_Your_Juice_in_the_Hood" title="Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood">Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Scary_Movie_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scary Movie (series)">Scary Movie</a></i> franchise. Other recent genre parodies include. <i><a href="/wiki/Shriek_If_You_Know_What_I_Did_Last_Friday_The_13th" class="mw-redirect" title="Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday The 13th">Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday The 13th</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Not_Another_Teen_Movie" title="Not Another Teen Movie">Not Another Teen Movie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Date_Movie" title="Date Movie">Date Movie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_Movie" title="Epic Movie">Epic Movie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Spartans" title="Meet the Spartans">Meet the Spartans</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Superhero_Movie" title="Superhero Movie">Superhero Movie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Disaster_Movie" title="Disaster Movie">Disaster Movie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vampires_Suck" title="Vampires Suck">Vampires Suck</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_41-Year-Old_Virgin_Who_Knocked_Up_Sarah_Marshall_and_Felt_Superbad_About_It" title="The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It">The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It</a></i>, all of which have been critically panned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright">Copyright</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Copyright"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many parody films have as their target out-of-copyright or non-copyrighted subjects (such as <i>Frankenstein</i> or Robin Hood) whilst others settle for imitation which does not infringe copyright, but is clearly aimed at a popular (and usually lucrative) subject. The spy film craze of the 1960s, fuelled by the popularity of <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> is such an example. In this genre a rare, and possibly unique, example of a parody film taking aim at a non-comedic subject over which it actually holds copyright is the 1967 James Bond spoof <i><a href="/wiki/Casino_Royale_(1967_film)" title="Casino Royale (1967 film)">Casino Royale</a></i>. In this case, producer <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Feldman" title="Charles K. Feldman">Charles K. Feldman</a> initially intended to make a serious film, but decided that it would not be able to compete with the established series of Bond films. Hence, he decided to parody the series.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetic_parodies">Poetic parodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Poetic parodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Kenneth Baker</a> considered poetic parody to take five main forms.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The first was to use parody to attack the author parodied, as in <a href="/wiki/J_K_Stephen" class="mw-redirect" title="J K Stephen">J K Stephen</a>'s mimicry of <a href="/wiki/Wordsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a>, "Two voices are there: one is of the deep....And one is of an old half-witted sheep."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second was to pastiche the author's style, as with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Reed_(poet)" title="Henry Reed (poet)">Henry Reed</a>'s parody of <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <i>Chard Whitlow</i>: "As we get older we do not get any younger...."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The third type reversed (and so undercut) the sentiments of the poem parodied, as with <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a>'s <i>All Things Dull and Ugly</i>.</li> <li>A fourth approach was to use the target poem as a matrix for inserting unrelated (generally humorous) material – "To have it out or not? That is the question....Thus dentists do make cowards of us all."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Finally, parody may be used to attack contemporary/topical targets by utilizing the format of a well-known piece of verse: "O <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Rushdie</a>, Rushdie, it's a vile world" (<a href="/wiki/Cat_Stevens" title="Cat Stevens">Cat Stevens</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>A further, more constructive form of poetic parody is one that links the contemporary poet with past forms and past masters through affectionate parodying – thus sharing poetic codes while avoiding some of the <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_of_influence" title="Anxiety of influence">anxiety of influence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More aggressive in tone are playground poetry parodies, often attacking authority, values and culture itself in a carnivalesque rebellion:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Twinkle, Twinkle little star,/ Who the hell do you think you are?"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Self-parody">Self-parody</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Self-parody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Self-parody" title="Self-parody">Self-parody</a></div> <p>A subset of parody is <i><a href="/wiki/Self-parody" title="Self-parody">self-parody</a></i> in which artists parody their own work (as in <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Gervais" title="Ricky Gervais">Ricky Gervais</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Extras_(TV_series)" title="Extras (TV series)">Extras</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_issues_and_other_legal_issues">Copyright issues and other legal issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Copyright issues and other legal issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></div> <p>Although a parody can be considered a <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative work</a> of a pre-existing, copyrighted work, some countries have ruled that parodies can fall under <a href="/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">copyright limitations</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a>, or otherwise have fair dealing laws that include parody in their scope. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parodies are protected under the <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> doctrine of <a href="/wiki/United_States_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States copyright law">United States copyright law</a>, but the defense is more successful if the usage of an existing copyrighted work is transformative in nature, such as being a critique or commentary upon it. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> ruled that a rap parody of "<a href="/wiki/Oh,_Pretty_Woman" title="Oh, Pretty Woman">Oh, Pretty Woman</a>" by <a href="/wiki/2_Live_Crew" title="2 Live Crew">2 Live Crew</a> was fair use, as the parody was a distinctive, transformative work designed to ridicule the original song, and that "even if 2 Live Crew's copying of the original's first line of lyrics and characteristic opening bass riff may be said to go to the original's 'heart,' that heart is what most readily conjures up the song for parody, and it is the heart at which parody takes aim." </p><p>In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Suntrust_v._Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin">Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin</a></i>, upheld the right of <a href="/wiki/Alice_Randall" title="Alice Randall">Alice Randall</a> to publish a parody of <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)" title="Gone with the Wind (novel)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_Done_Gone" title="The Wind Done Gone">The Wind Done Gone</a></i>, which told the same story from the point of view of <a href="/wiki/Scarlett_O%27Hara" title="Scarlett O'Hara">Scarlett O'Hara</a>'s slaves, who were glad to be rid of her. </p><p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> denied a fair use defense in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss_Enters.,_L.P._v._Penguin_Books_USA,_Inc." title="Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.">Dr. Seuss Enterprises v. Penguin Books</a></i> case. Citing the <i>Campbell v. Acuff-Rose</i> decision, they found that a <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> of the <a href="/wiki/O._J._Simpson_murder_case" class="mw-redirect" title="O. J. Simpson murder case">O.J. Simpson murder trial</a> and parody of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cat_in_the_Hat" title="The Cat in the Hat">The Cat in the Hat</a></i> had infringed upon the children's book because it did not provide a commentary function upon that work.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/120px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Parts of this article (those related to Changes from the Copyright Modernization Act, 2012) need to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Canadian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian law">Canadian law</a>, although there is protection for <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing#Canada" title="Fair dealing">Fair Dealing</a>, there is no explicit protection for parody and satire. In <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canwest_v._Horizon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canwest v. Horizon (page does not exist)">Canwest v. Horizon</a></i>, the publisher of the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Sun" title="Vancouver Sun">Vancouver Sun</a> launched a <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> against a group which had published a pro-<a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">Palestinian</a> parody of the paper. Alan Donaldson, the judge in the case, <a href="/wiki/Court_ruling" class="mw-redirect" title="Court ruling">ruled</a> that parody is not a <a href="/wiki/Legal_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal defence">defence</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian copyright law">copyright</a> claim.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of the implementation of the Copyright Modernization Act 2012, "Fair dealing for the purpose of research, private study, education, parody or satire does not infringe copyright."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006 the <i><a href="/wiki/Gowers_Review_of_Intellectual_Property" title="Gowers Review of Intellectual Property">Gowers Review of Intellectual Property</a></i> recommended that the UK should "create an exception to copyright for the purpose of caricature, parody or pastiche by 2008".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the first stage of a two-part public consultation, the Intellectual Property Office reported that the information received "was not sufficient to persuade us that the advantages of a new parody exception were sufficient to override the disadvantages to the creators and owners of the underlying work. There is therefore no proposal to change the current approach to parody, caricature and pastiche in the UK."<sup id="cite_ref-Gowers_Second_Stage_Consultation_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gowers_Second_Stage_Consultation-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, following the Hargreaves Review in May 2011 (which made similar proposals to the Gowers Review) the Government broadly accepted these proposals. The current law (effective from 1 October 2014), namely Section 30A<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a>, now provides an exception to infringement where there is fair dealing of the original work for the purpose of parody (or alternatively for the purpose of caricature or pastiche). The legislation does not define what is meant by "parody", but the UK IPO – the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)">Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)</a> – suggests<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that a "parody" is something that imitates a work for humorous or satirical effect. See also <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing_in_United_Kingdom_law" title="Fair dealing in United Kingdom law">Fair dealing in United Kingdom law</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jail">Jail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Jail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some countries do not like parodies and the parodies can be considered insulting. The person who makes the parody can be fined or even jailed. For instance in the UAE<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and North Korea,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is not allowed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet_culture">Internet culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Internet culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parody is a prominent genre in online culture, thanks in part to the ease with which digital texts may be altered, appropriated, and shared. Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kuso" title="Kuso">kuso</a> and Chinese <a href="/wiki/E%27gao" class="mw-redirect" title="E'gao">e'gao</a> are emblematic of the importance of parody in online cultures in Asia. Video mash-ups and other parodic <a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">memes</a>, such as humorously altered Chinese characters, have been particularly popular as a tool for political protest in the People's Republic of China, the government of which maintains an extensive censorship apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese internet slang makes extensive use of puns and parodies on how Chinese characters are pronounced or written, as illustrated in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinadigitaltimes.net/space/Grass-Mud_Horse_Lexicon:_Browse_by_Topic">Grass-Mud Horse Lexicon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer-generated_parodies">Computer-generated parodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Computer-generated parodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Parody_generator" title="Parody generator">Parody generator</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parody_generator&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Parody_generator" title="Parody generator">Parody generators</a> are computer programs which generate text that is <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactically correct</a>, but usually <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">meaningless</a>, often in the <a href="/wiki/Style_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (fiction)">style</a> of a technical paper or a particular writer. They are also called travesty generators and random text generators. </p><p>Their purpose is often <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a>, intending to show that there is little difference between the generated text and real examples. </p><p>Many work by using techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Markov_chain" title="Markov chain">Markov chains</a> to reprocess real text examples; alternatively, they may be hand-coded. Generated texts can vary from <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essay</a> length to paragraphs and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">tweets</a>. (The term "quote generator" can also be used for software that randomly selects real quotations.) </p> Further to its esoteric interest, a discussion of parody generation as a useful technique for measuring the success of grammatical inferencing systems is included, along with suggestions for its practical application in areas of language modeling and text compression.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_political_uses">Social and political uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Social and political uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_did_not_raise_my_girl_to_be_a_voter3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/I_did_not_raise_my_girl_to_be_a_voter3.jpg/250px-I_did_not_raise_my_girl_to_be_a_voter3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/I_did_not_raise_my_girl_to_be_a_voter3.jpg/330px-I_did_not_raise_my_girl_to_be_a_voter3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/I_did_not_raise_my_girl_to_be_a_voter3.jpg/500px-I_did_not_raise_my_girl_to_be_a_voter3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1399" /></a><figcaption>Satirical political cartoon that appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a></i> magazine, October 9, 1915. Caption "I did not raise my girl to be a voter" parodies the anti-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> song "<a href="/wiki/I_Didn%27t_Raise_My_Boy_To_Be_A_Soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="I Didn't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier">I Didn't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier</a>". A chorus of disreputable men support a lone anti-suffrage woman.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reggie_Brown_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Reggie_Brown_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/220px-Reggie_Brown_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Reggie_Brown_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/330px-Reggie_Brown_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Reggie_Brown_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/440px-Reggie_Brown_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reggie_Brown_(impersonator)" title="Reggie Brown (impersonator)">Reggie Brown</a>, a voice actor and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> impersonator</figcaption></figure> <p>Parody is often used to make a social or political statement. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal" title="A Modest Proposal">A Modest Proposal</a>", which satirized English neglect of Ireland by parodying emotionally disengaged political tracts; and, recently, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Larry_Sanders_Show" title="The Larry Sanders Show">The Larry Sanders Show</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a></i>, which parody a news broadcast and a talk show to satirize political and social trends and events. </p><p>On the other hand, the writer and frequent parodist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a> made a distinction: "Satire is a lesson, parody is a game."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some events, such as a national tragedy, can be difficult to handle. Chet Clem, Editorial Manager of the news parody publication <i><a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></i>, told <i><a href="/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a></i> in an interview the questions that are raised when addressing difficult topics: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I know the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11</a> issue was an obviously very large challenge to approach. Do we even put out an issue? What is funny at this time in American history? Where are the jokes? Do people want jokes right now? Is the nation ready to laugh again? Who knows. There will always be some level of division in the back room. It's also what keeps us on our toes.<sup id="cite_ref-DS_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Parody is by no means necessarily satirical, and may sometimes be done with respect and appreciation of the subject involved, without being a heedless sarcastic attack. </p><p>Parody has also been used to facilitate dialogue between cultures or subcultures. Sociolinguist <a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Pratt" title="Mary Louise Pratt">Mary Louise Pratt</a> identifies parody as one of the "arts of the contact zone", through which marginalized or oppressed groups "selectively appropriate", or imitate and take over, aspects of more empowered cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shakespeare often uses a series of parodies to convey his meaning. In the social context of his era, an example can be seen in <i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i> where the <a href="/wiki/Jester" title="Jester">fool</a> is introduced with his <a href="/wiki/Comb_(anatomy)#Other" title="Comb (anatomy)">coxcomb</a> to be a parody of the king. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_examples">Historic examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Historic examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaucer%27s_Tale_of_Sir_Topas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer's Tale of Sir Topas">Sir Thopas</a></i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury Tales">Canterbury Tales</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morgante" title="Morgante">Morgante</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pulci" title="Luigi Pulci">Luigi Pulci</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nymph%27s_Reply_to_the_Shepherd" title="The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd">The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd</a></i> by Sir Walter Raleigh</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_secchia_rapita" title="La secchia rapita">La secchia rapita</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Tassoni" title="Alessandro Tassoni">Alessandro Tassoni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beware_the_Cat" title="Beware the Cat">Beware the Cat</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Baldwin_(author)" title="William Baldwin (author)">William Baldwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Knight_of_the_Burning_Pestle" title="The Knight of the Burning Pestle">The Knight of the Burning Pestle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Beaumont" title="Francis Beaumont">Francis Beaumont</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Fletcher_(playwright)" title="John Fletcher (playwright)">John Fletcher</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_of_Wantley" title="Dragon of Wantley">Dragon of Wantley</a></i>, an anonymous 17th century ballad</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudibras" title="Hudibras">Hudibras</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(poet)" title="Samuel Butler (poet)">Samuel Butler</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/MacFlecknoe" class="mw-redirect" title="MacFlecknoe">MacFlecknoe</a>", by <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_a_Tub" title="A Tale of a Tub">A Tale of a Tub</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Lock" title="The Rape of the Lock">The Rape of the Lock</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Namby_Pamby" class="mw-redirect" title="Namby Pamby">Namby Pamby</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Carey_(writer)" title="Henry Carey (writer)">Henry Carey</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northanger_Abbey" title="Northanger Abbey">Northanger Abbey</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dunciad" title="The Dunciad">The Dunciad</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_Martinus_Scriblerus" title="Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus">Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Gay" title="John Gay">John Gay</a>, Alexander Pope, <a href="/wiki/John_Arbuthnot" title="John Arbuthnot">John Arbuthnot</a>, <i>et al.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Musical_Joke" title="A Musical Joke">A Musical Joke</a></i> (<i>Ein musikalischer Spaß</i>), K.522 (1787) – parody of incompetent contemporaries of Mozart, as assumed by some theorists</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Resartus" title="Sartor Resartus">Sartor Resartus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ways_and_Means_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ways and Means (poem)">Ways and Means</a></i>, or <i>The aged, aged man</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>. Much of <i><a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice in Wonderland">Alice in Wonderland</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a></i> is parodic of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> schooling.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batrachomyomachia" title="Batrachomyomachia">Batrachomyomachia</a></i> (battle between frogs and mice), an <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> parody by an unknown ancient Greek author</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64229">A Century of Parody and Imitation</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Jerrold" title="Walter Jerrold">Walter Jerrold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard_Leonard" title="Robert Maynard Leonard">R. Maynard Leonard</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_examples">Internet examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Internet examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punt_nua" title="Punt nua">Punt nua</a>, a parody currency and internet meme (2011)</li> <li>"After Ever After" <a href="/wiki/A_capella" class="mw-redirect" title="A capella">a capella</a> series by <a href="/wiki/YouTube_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube personality">YouTube personality</a> <a href="/wiki/Jon_Cozart" title="Jon Cozart">Jon Cozart</a>, parody of various Disney songs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_television_examples">Modern television examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Modern television examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Sarah_Palin" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Sarah Palin"><i>Saturday Night Live</i> parodies of Sarah Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Donald_Trump" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump"><i>Saturday Night Live</i> parodies of Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_One_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Square One TV">Square One TV</a> <a href="/wiki/Mathnet" title="Mathnet">parodies</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Dragnet_(franchise)" title="Dragnet (franchise)">Dragnet</a></i></li> <li><i>Southpaw Regional Wrestling,</i> <a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">WWE</a>'s parody of 80s territory-style <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Cinema" title="On Cinema">On Cinema</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Spin-off_(media)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-off (media)">spin-off</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Decker_(TV_series)" title="Decker (TV series)">Decker</a></i> parody <a href="/wiki/Film_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Film review">film review</a> shows and <a href="/wiki/Political_cinema" title="Political cinema">political</a> <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a> <a href="/wiki/Thriller_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Thriller films">thrillers</a>, respectively.</li> <li>"Handyman Corner" and "Handyman Tip" segments on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Green_Show" title="The Red Green Show">The Red Green Show</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Smith_(comedian)" title="Steve Smith (comedian)">Steve Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rick_Green_(comedian)" title="Rick Green (comedian)">Rick Green</a>, parodying <a href="/wiki/Home_improvement" title="Home improvement">home improvement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Do-it-yourself" class="mw-redirect" title="Do-it-yourself">do-it-yourself</a> shows</li> <li>The "Get the Belt" sketch on <i><a href="/wiki/A_Black_Lady_Sketch_Show" title="A Black Lady Sketch Show">A Black Lady Sketch Show</a></i> parodies the genre of dance movies like <i><a href="/wiki/Step_Up_(franchise)" title="Step Up (franchise)">Step Up</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Save_the_Last_Dance" title="Save the Last Dance">Save the Last Dance</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anime_and_manga">Anime and manga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Anime and manga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Titan:_Junior_High" title="Attack on Titan: Junior High">Attack on Titan: Junior High</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/KonoSuba" title="KonoSuba">KonoSuba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Punch_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="One Punch Man">One Punch Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panty_%26_Stocking_with_Garterbelt" title="Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt">Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abridgement" title="Abridgement">Abridgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Barney_Humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Barney Humor">Anti-Barney Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tournement" title="Détournement">Détournement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawn_Together" title="Drawn Together">Drawn Together</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Internet meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertextuality" title="Intertextuality">Intertextuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary technique">Literary technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaparody" title="Metaparody">Metaparody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_advertisement" title="Parody advertisement">Parody advertisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_in_popular_music" title="Parody in popular music">Parody in popular music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">Parody religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_science" title="Parody science">Parody science</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/persiflage" class="extiw" title="wikt:persiflage">Persiflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._D._Q._Bach" title="P. D. Q. Bach">P. D. Q. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subvertising" title="Subvertising">Subvertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Lehrer" title="Tom Lehrer">Tom Lehrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic" title=""Weird Al" Yankovic">"Weird Al" Yankovic</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dentith (2000) p.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ.M.W._Thompson2010" class="citation magazine cs1">J.M.W. Thompson (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416224155/http://standpointmag.co.uk/books-may-10-close-to-the-bone-oxford-book-of-parodies-john-gross">"Close to the Bone"</a>. <i>Standpoint magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standpointmag.co.uk/books-may-10-close-to-the-bone-oxford-book-of-parodies-john-gross">the original</a> on 2016-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Standpoint+magazine&rft.atitle=Close+to+the+Bone&rft.date=2010-05&rft.au=J.M.W.+Thompson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandpointmag.co.uk%2Fbooks-may-10-close-to-the-bone-oxford-book-of-parodies-john-gross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0000.811">"Parody"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project</i>. June 2007. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.did2222.0000.811">2027/spo.did2222.0000.811</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Diderot+%26+d%27Alembert+-+Collaborative+Translation+Project&rft.atitle=Parody&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.did2222.0000.811&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fspo.did2222.0000.811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balducci2011p231-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balducci2011p231_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalducci2011" class="citation book cs1">Balducci, Anthony (28 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pSa-fqnL7iIC&pg=PA231"><i>The Funny Parts: A History of Film Comedy Routines and Gags</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8893-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8893-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-8893-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Funny+Parts%3A+A+History+of+Film+Comedy+Routines+and+Gags&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8893-3&rft.aulast=Balducci&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpSa-fqnL7iIC%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Denith, 10)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Hutcheon, 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Hutcheon, 32)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFain2010201-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFain2010201_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFain2010">Fain 2010</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavisNace2019" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Evan R.; Nace, Nicholas D. (2019). "Introduction". <i>Teaching Modern British and American Satire</i>. New York: Modern Language Association of America. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Teaching+Modern+British+and+American+Satire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Evan+R.&rft.au=Nace%2C+Nicholas+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevens2019" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, Anne H. (2019). "Parody". In Evan R. Davis; Nicholas D. Nace (eds.). <i>Teaching Modern British and American Satire</i>. New York: Modern Language Association of America. pp. <span class="nowrap">44–</span>49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parody&rft.btitle=Teaching+Modern+British+and+American+Satire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Anne+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2019" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Jonathan (2019). <i>The Cambridge Introduction to Satire</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-68205-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-68205-4"><bdi>978-1-107-68205-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Introduction+to+Satire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-107-68205-4&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1994" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Dustin (1994). <i>Satire: A Critical Reintroduction</i>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-1844-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-1844-1"><bdi>0-8131-1844-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satire%3A+A+Critical+Reintroduction&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8131-1844-1&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Dustin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDentith2000" class="citation book cs1">Dentith, Simon (2000). <i>Parody: The New Critical Idiom</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-18221-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-18221-2"><bdi>0-415-18221-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parody%3A+The+New+Critical+Idiom&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-18221-2&rft.aulast=Dentith&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJameson1983" class="citation book cs1">Jameson, Fredric (1983). "Postmodernism and Consumer Society". In Hal Foster (ed.). <i>The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture</i>. Bay Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postmodernism+and+Consumer+Society&rft.btitle=The+Anti-Aesthetic%3A+Essays+on+Postmodern+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=Bay+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Jameson&rft.aufirst=Fredric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tilmouth, Michael and Richard Sherr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/20937">"Parody (i)"</a>' Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online, accessed 19 February 2012 <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkholder, J. Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/52918pg8">"Borrowing"</a>, Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online, accessed 19 February. 2012 <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheinberg_2000p141-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheinberg_2000p141_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheinberg_2000p141_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheinberg (2000) pp.141, 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stavans1997p37-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stavans1997p37_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stavans (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ro6a1EyaS2AC&pg=PA37">p.37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradbury, Malcolm <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUtOMoCNHyIC"><i>No, not Bloomsbury</i></a> p.53, quoting <a href="/wiki/Boris_Eikhenbaum" title="Boris Eikhenbaum">Boris Eikhenbaum</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nearly all periods of artistic innovation have had a strong parodic impulse, advancing generic change. As the Russian formalist Boris Eichenbaum once put it: "In the evolution of each genre, there are times when its use for entirely serious or elevated objectives degenerates and produces a comic or parodic form....And thus is produced the regeneration of the genre: it finds new possibilities and new forms."</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutcheon85p28-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hutcheon85p28_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutcheon (1985) pp.28, 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Eikhenbaum" title="Boris Eikhenbaum">Boris Eikhenbaum</a> <i>Theory of the "Formal Method"</i> (1925) and <i>O. Henry and the Theory of the Short Story</i> (1925)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.ubc.ca/persons/christopher-rea/">"Christopher Rea"</a>. <i>Department of Asian Studies, The University of British Columbia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803041342/https://asia.ubc.ca/persons/christopher-rea/">Archived</a> from the original on Aug 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Asian+Studies%2C+The+University+of+British+Columbia&rft.atitle=Christopher+Rea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.ubc.ca%2Fpersons%2Fchristopher-rea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRea2016" class="citation web cs1">Rea, Christopher (2 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411022019/https://www.thechinastory.org/2016/03/from-the-year-of-the-ape-to-the-year-of-the-monkey/">"From the Year of the Ape to the Year of the Monkey"</a>. <i>The China Story</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thechinastory.org/2016/03/from-the-year-of-the-ape-to-the-year-of-the-monkey/">the original</a> on 2020-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+China+Story&rft.atitle=From+the+Year+of+the+Ape+to+the+Year+of+the+Monkey&rft.date=2016-03-02&rft.aulast=Rea&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thechinastory.org%2F2016%2F03%2Ffrom-the-year-of-the-ape-to-the-year-of-the-monkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Rea, <i>The Age of Irreverence: A New History of Laughter in China</i> (Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2015), pp. 52, 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stavans1997p31-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stavans1997p31_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stavans (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ro6a1EyaS2AC&pg=PA31">p.31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Bellalouna, Michael L. LaBlanc, Ira Mark Milne (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CecJAQAAMAAJ"><i>Literature of Developing Nations for Students: L-Z</i></a> p.50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elices2004p90-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elices2004p90_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elices2004p90_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elices (2004) p.90 quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From these words, it can be inferred that Genette's conceptualisation does not diverge from Hutcheon's, in the sense that he does not mention the component of ridicule that is suggested by the prefix <i>paros</i>. Genette alludes to the re-interpretative capacity of parodists in order to confer an artistic autonomy to their works.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutcheon85p50-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hutcheon85p50_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutcheon85p50_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutcheon (1985) p.50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutcheon85p52-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hutcheon85p52_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutcheon85p52_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutcheon85p52_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutcheon (1985) p.52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yunck 1963</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutcheon (1985)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Genette" title="Gérard Genette">Gérard Genette</a> (1982) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KbYzNp94C9oC&pg=PA16"><i>Palimpsests: literature in the second degree</i></a> p.16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sangsue2006p72-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sangsue2006p72_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sangsue (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5MWFcIEE7EC&pg=PA72">p.72</a> quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Genette individua la forma "piú rigorosa" di parodia nella "parodia minimale", consistente nella ripresa letterale di un testo conosciuto e nella sua applicazione a un nuovo contesto, come nella citazione deviata dal suo senso</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pink-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pink_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillett2017" class="citation news cs1">Willett, Bec (17 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perform.ink/review-trapped-netflix-io/">"Trapped in the Netflix at iO"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Performink" title="Performink">Performink</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trapped+in+the+Netflix+at+iO&rft.date=2017-12-17&rft.aulast=Willett&rft.aufirst=Bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperform.ink%2Freview-trapped-netflix-io%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayers-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ayers_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyers2014" class="citation news cs1">Ayers, Mike (24 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/07/24/weird-al-interview-mandatory-fun/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Weird Al' Yankovic Explains His Secret Formula for Going Viral and Hitting No. 1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-18221-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-18221-2"><bdi>0-415-18221-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parody+%28The+New+Critical+Idiom%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-18221-2&rft.aulast=Dentith&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Elices Agudo, Juan Francisco (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510122903/http://books.google.com/books?id=IIllAAAAMAAJ"><i>Historical and theoretical approaches to English satire</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHutcheon1985" class="citation book cs1">Hutcheon, Linda (1985). "3. The Pragmatic Range of Parody". <i>A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth-Century Art Forms</i>. New York: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06938-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06938-2"><bdi>0-252-06938-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+The+Pragmatic+Range+of+Parody&rft.btitle=A+Theory+of+Parody%3A+The+Teachings+of+Twentieth-Century+Art+Forms&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-252-06938-2&rft.aulast=Hutcheon&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMary_Louise_Pratt1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Pratt" title="Mary Louise Pratt">Mary Louise Pratt</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026203249/http://www.nwe.ufl.edu/~stripp/2504/pratt.html">"Arts of the Contact Zone"</a>. <i>Profession</i>. <b>91</b>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">MLA</a>: <span class="nowrap">33–</span>40. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.class.uidaho.edu/thomas/English_506/Arts_of_the_Contact_Zone.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-10-26. <q>archived at University of Idaho, English 506, Rhetoric and Composition: History, Theory, and Research</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Profession&rft.atitle=Arts+of+the+Contact+Zone&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Mary+Louise+Pratt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.class.uidaho.edu%2Fthomas%2FEnglish_506%2FArts_of_the_Contact_Zone.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span>. From Ways of Reading, 5th edition, ed. David Bartholomae and Anthony Petroksky (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999</li> <li>Sangsue, Daniel (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5MWFcIEE7EC"><i>La parodia</i></a></li> <li>Sheinberg, Esti (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z14IAQAAMAAJ"><i>Irony, Satire, Parody and the Grotesque in the Music of Shostakovich</i></a></li> <li>Stavans, Ilan and Jesse H. Lytle, Jennifer A. Mattson (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ro6a1EyaS2AC"><i>Antiheroes: Mexico and its detective novel</i></a></li> <li>Ore, Johnathan (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/yourcommunity/2014/12/youtuber-shane-dawsons-fans-revolt-after-sony-pulls-his-taylor-swift-parody-video.html">Youtuber Shane Dawsons fans revolt after Sony pulls his Taylor Swift parody video</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Parody" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Parody">Parody</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lampoon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lampoon">Lampoon</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBakhtin1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Bakhtin, Mikhail</a> (1981). Michael Holquist (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dialogicimaginat0000bakh"><i>The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays</i></a></span>. Translated by Caryl Emerson. Austin and London: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71527-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71527-7"><bdi>0-292-71527-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dialogic+Imagination%3A+Four+Essays&rft.place=Austin+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-292-71527-7&rft.aulast=Bakhtin&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdialogicimaginat0000bakh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGates1988" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (1988). <i>The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503463-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503463-5"><bdi>0-19-503463-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Signifying+Monkey%3A+A+Theory+of+Afro-American+Literary+Criticism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-503463-5&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_BartholomaeAnthony_Petroksky1999" class="citation book cs1">David Bartholomae; Anthony Petroksky, eds. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waysofreadingant0008bart"><i>Ways of Reading</i></a></span> (5th ed.). New York: Bedford/St. Martin's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-45413-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-45413-5"><bdi>978-0-312-45413-5</bdi></a>. <q>An anthology including <i>Arts of the Contact Zone</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ways+of+Reading&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-312-45413-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaysofreadingant0008bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRose1993" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Margaret (1993). <i>Parody: Ancient, Modern and Post-Modern</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-41860-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-41860-7"><bdi>0-521-41860-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parody%3A+Ancient%2C+Modern+and+Post-Modern&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-521-41860-7&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaponi1999" class="citation book cs1">Caponi, Gena Dagel (1999). <i>Signifyin(g), Sanctifyin', & Slam Dunking: A Reader in African American Expressive Culture</i>. University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55849-183-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55849-183-X"><bdi>1-55849-183-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signifyin%28g%29%2C+Sanctifyin%27%2C+%26+Slam+Dunking%3A+A+Reader+in+African+American+Expressive+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-55849-183-X&rft.aulast=Caponi&rft.aufirst=Gena+Dagel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarries2000" class="citation book cs1">Harries, Dan (2000). <i>Film Parody</i>. London: BFI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85170-802-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85170-802-1"><bdi>0-85170-802-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Parody&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BFI&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-85170-802-1&rft.aulast=Harries&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPueo2002" class="citation book cs1">Pueo, Juan Carlos (2002). <i>Los reflejos en juego (Una teoría de la parodia)</i>. Valencia (Spain): Tirant lo Blanch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8442-559-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-8442-559-2"><bdi>84-8442-559-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+reflejos+en+juego+%28Una+teor%C3%ADa+de+la+parodia%29&rft.place=Valencia+%28Spain%29&rft.pub=Tirant+lo+Blanch&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=84-8442-559-2&rft.aulast=Pueo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGray2006" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Jonathan (2006). <i>Watching with The Simpsons: Television, Parody, and Intertextuality</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-36202-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-36202-4"><bdi>0-415-36202-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watching+with+The+Simpsons%3A+Television%2C+Parody%2C+and+Intertextuality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-36202-4&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Gross2010" class="citation book cs1">John Gross, ed. (2010). <i>The Oxford Book of Parodies</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954882-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954882-8"><bdi>978-0-19-954882-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Book+of+Parodies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954882-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFain2010" class="citation book cs1">Fain, Gordon L. (2010). <i>Ancient Greek Epigrams: Major Poets in Verse Translation</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26579-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26579-0"><bdi>978-0-520-26579-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Epigrams%3A+Major+Poets+in+Verse+Translation&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26579-0&rft.aulast=Fain&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParody" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parody&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parody" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Parody">Parody</a> at Wikimedia Commons <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/parody" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/parody"><i>parody</i></a> at Wiktionary </p> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Appropriation_in_the_arts" title="Template talk:Appropriation in the arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Appropriation_in_the_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Appropriation in the arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Appropriation_in_the_arts526" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a> in the arts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">By field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrafact" title="Contrafact">Contrafact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_contrafacts" title="List of jazz contrafacts">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrafactum" title="Contrafactum">Contrafactum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mix" title="DJ mix">DJ mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)" title="Interpolation (popular music)">Interpolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medley_(music)" title="Medley (music)">Medley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">Music mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_plagiarism" title="Music plagiarism">Music plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_quotation" title="Musical quotation">Musical quotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcore" title="Nightcore">Nightcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasticcio" title="Pasticcio">Pasticcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunderphonics" title="Plunderphonics">Plunderphonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potpourri_(music)" title="Potpourri (music)">Potpourri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quodlibet" title="Quodlibet">Quodlibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddim" title="Riddim">Riddim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">Sound collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_(music)" title="Standard (music)">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribute_act" title="Tribute act">Tribute act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(music)" title="Trope (music)">Trope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_(music)" title="Variation (music)">Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Literature / theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(composition)" title="Assemblage (composition)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">Cut-up technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_poetry" title="Found poetry">Found poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbatim_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbatim theatre">Verbatim theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Visual arts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combine_painting" title="Combine painting">Combine painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_mosaic" title="Photographic mosaic">Photographic mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readymades_of_Marcel_Duchamp" title="Readymades of Marcel Duchamp">Readymades of Marcel Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swipe_(comics)" title="Swipe (comics)">Swipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;">By source material</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_replicas_and_reinterpretations" title="Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations">Mona Lisa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_Michelangelo%27s_David" title="Replicas of Michelangelo's David">Michelangelo's <i>David</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_Michelangelo%27s_Piet%C3%A0" title="Replicas of Michelangelo's Pietà">Michelangelo's <i>Pietà</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Replicas of the Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Cinema / television / video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abridged_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Abridged series">Abridged series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(appropriation)" title="Found footage (appropriation)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literal_music_video" title="Literal music video">Literal music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-cut_trailer" title="Re-cut trailer">Re-cut trailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remake" title="Remake">Remake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shot-for-shot" title="Shot-for-shot">Shot-for-shot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercut" title="Supercut">Supercut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_format" title="TV format">TV format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidding" title="Vidding">Vidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(video)" title="Mashup (video)">Video mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_poop" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube poop">YouTube poop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-joke" title="In-joke">In-joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Internet meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke_theft" title="Joke theft">Joke theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_advertisement" title="Parody advertisement">Parody advertisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Video game modding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">General <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Intertextuality" title="Intertextuality">Intertextual figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">Allusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">Calque</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">Pastiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quotation" title="Quotation">Quotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(arts)" title="Adaptation (arts)">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_adaptation" title="Film adaptation">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_adaptation" title="Literary adaptation">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_adaptation" title="Theatrical adaptation">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After_(art)" title="After (art)">After (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">Bricolage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tournement" title="Détournement">Détournement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homage_(arts)" title="Homage (arts)">Homage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation_(art)" title="Imitation (art)">Imitation in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reprise" title="Reprise">Reprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism#Source_criticism_in_the_arts" title="Source criticism">Source criticism in the arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related artistic<br />concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Aesthetic interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archetypal_literary_criticism" title="Archetypal literary criticism">Archetypal literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Artistic inspiration</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Author" title="The Death of the Author">The Death of the Author</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_inspiration" title="Divine inspiration">Divine inspiration</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afflatus" title="Afflatus">Afflatus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)" title="Genius (literature)">Genius (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">Fan labor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_studies" title="Genre studies">Genre studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Originality" title="Originality">Originality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulacrum" title="Simulacrum">Simulacrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard blocks<br />and forms</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">Archetype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_fiction" title="Formula fiction">Formula fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">Jazz standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_structure" title="Story structure">Story structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Epoch-marking<br />works</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L.H.O.O.Q." title="L.H.O.O.Q.">L.H.O.O.Q.</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Menard,_Author_of_the_Quixote" title="Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote">Pierre Menard, Author of the <i>Quixote</i></a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reality_Hunger" title="Reality Hunger">Reality Hunger: A Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">Theorization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copia:_Foundations_of_the_Abundant_Style" title="Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style">De Copia Rerum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_imitatio" title="Dionysian imitatio">Dionysian <i>imitatio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann#Critical_response_and_influence" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Nachahmung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palimpsests:_Literature_in_the_Second_Degree" title="Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree">Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pictures_Generation" title="The Pictures Generation">The Pictures Generation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_formalism" title="Russian formalism">Russian formalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related non-<br />artistic concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dishonesty" title="Academic dishonesty">Academic dishonesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(sociology)" title="Appropriation (sociology)">Appropriation in sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(sociology)" title="Articulation (sociology)">Articulation in sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">Information society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">Derivative work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recontextualisation" title="Recontextualisation">Recontextualisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044719-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Parody"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85098254">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Parodies et pastiches"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120729732">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Parodies et pastiches"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120729732">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="parodie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph175738&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007565505605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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