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<a class="phw_more" href="phys_world/phys_world-0071.html">袛邪谢械械...</a></td> <td class="phw_img_block"><p class="phw_img"><img src="phys_world/img_phys_world/00071_small.jpg" alt="Laser TV"></p></td> </tr></table> </div> <div class="b_l-b"></div><div class="b_r-b"></div><div class="b_c-b"></div> </div>  <div class="ads_in_text_block"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </div>  <div class="article"> <h1><strong>锌械褉懈芯写懈褔械褋泻邪褟褋懈褋褌械屑邪褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁</strong></h1> <P> <strong><b>袩袝袪袠袨袛袠效袝小袣袗携小袠小孝袝袦袗协袥袝袦袝袧孝袨袙</strong> 袛. 袠. 袦械薪写械谢械械胁邪 - 褋懈褋褌械屑邪褏懈屑. 褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁, 芯褌褉邪卸邪褞褖邪褟锌械褉懈芯写懈褔. 蟹邪泻芯薪袦械薪写械谢械械胁邪 - 锌械褉懈芯写懈褔. 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜褎懈蟹. 懈褏懈屑. 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁芯褌懈褏邪褌. 胁械褋邪 (胁褋芯胁褉. 褎芯褉屑褍谢懈褉芯胁泻械 - 芯褌蟹邪褉褟写邪褟写褉邪褝谢械屑械薪褌邪, 褌. 械. 芯褌邪褌. 薪芯屑械褉邪胁袩. 褋. 褝.). 袩械褉胁褍褞袩. 褋. 褝. 袦械薪写械谢械械胁锌褉械写谢芯卸懈谢胁 1869, 邪胁 1871 褉邪蟹褉邪斜芯褌邪谢褌. 薪. 泻芯褉芯褌泻褍褞褎芯褉屑褍 (褋褏芯写薪褍褞褋褋芯胁褉. 袩. 褋. 褝.), 锌芯谢褍褔懈胁褕褍褞锌褉懈蟹薪邪薪懈械锌芯褋谢械褌芯谐芯, 泻邪泻斜褘谢懈芯褌泻褉褘褌褘褝谢械屑械薪褌褘, 写谢褟泻-褉褘褏袦械薪写械谢械械胁芯褋褌邪胁懈谢胁袩. 褋. 褝. 薪械蟹邪锌芯谢薪械薪薪褘械泻谢械褌泻懈. 袧芯胁芯械褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械袩. 褋. 褝. 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢邪锌芯褋谢械芯褌泻褉褘褌懈褟褉邪写懈芯邪泻褌懈胁薪芯褋褌懈 (1896), 懈蟹芯褌芯锌懈懈 [肖. 小芯写写懈 (F. Soddy), 1913] 懈 <em><a href="articles/part_1/2327.html">袦芯蟹谢懈蟹邪泻芯薪邪</a></em> (1913). 袩芯谢薪芯械薪邪褍褔薪芯械芯斜褗褟褋薪械薪懈械袩. 褋. 褝. 芯褋褍褖械褋褌胁谢械薪芯薪邪芯褋薪芯胁械泻胁邪薪褌芯胁芯泄屑械褏邪薪懈泻懈. <br> 袙褋械懈蟹胁械褋褌薪褘械褏懈屑. 褝谢械屑械薪褌褘芯斜褉邪蟹褍褞褌 8 胁械褉褌懈泻邪谢褜薪褘褏褋褌芯谢斜褑芯胁 - 谐褉褍锌锌 (褌邪斜谢.), 芯斜芯蟹薪邪褔邪械屑褘褏褉懈屑褋泻懈屑懈褑懈褎褉邪屑懈, 胁褋械谐褉褍锌锌褘褋芯褋褌芯褟褌懈蟹写胁褍褏锌芯写谐褉褍锌锌 - <em>邪</em> 懈 <em>斜</em> (薪邪锌褉., VII 谐褉褍锌锌邪写械谢懈褌褋褟薪邪锌芯写谐褉褍锌锌褍屑邪褉谐邪薪褑邪懈锌芯写谐褉褍锌锌褍谐邪谢芯谐械薪芯胁); 懈薪芯谐写邪锌芯写谐褉褍锌锌褘 <em>邪</em> 懈 <em>斜</em> 薪邪蟹. 谐谢邪胁薪芯泄懈锌芯斜芯褔薪芯泄褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁械薪薪芯. 袧芯屑械褉谐褉褍锌锌褘胁袩. 褋. 褝. 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍械褌胁褘褋褕械泄锌芯谢芯卸懈褌. 胁邪谢械薪褌薪芯褋褌懈褝谢械屑械薪褌邪. 小胁芯泄褋褌胁邪褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁胁锌芯写谐褉褍锌锌邪褏 <em>邪</em> 懈蟹屑械薪褟褞褌褋褟蟹邪泻芯薪芯屑械褉薪芯. 孝邪泻, 胁锌芯写谐褉褍锌锌械褖械谢芯褔薪褘褏屑械褌邪谢谢芯胁 (<em></i>I <i>a</em>)褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈械邪褌. 薪芯屑械褉邪 <em>Z</em> 褋芯锌褉芯胁芯卸写邪械褌褋褟锌芯胁褘褕械薪懈械屑褏懈屑懈褔械褋泻芯泄邪泻褌懈胁薪芯褋褌懈, 褌芯谐写邪泻邪泻胁锌芯写谐褉褍锌锌械谐邪谢芯谐械薪芯胁 (VII <em>邪</em>)薪邪斜谢褞写邪械褌褋褟芯斜褉邪褌薪邪褟蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜. <br>袚芯褉懈蟹芯薪褌邪谢褜薪褘械褉褟写褘袩. 褋. 褝. 薪邪蟹. 锌械褉懈芯写邪屑懈 (懈褏 7) 懈芯斜芯蟹薪邪褔邪褞褌褋褟邪褉邪斜. 褑懈褎褉邪屑懈. 袙薪褍褌褉懈泻邪卸写芯谐芯锌械褉懈芯写邪薪邪斜谢褞写邪械褌褋褟斜. 懈谢懈屑. 褉邪胁薪芯屑械褉薪褘泄锌械褉械褏芯写芯褌邪泻褌懈胁薪褘褏屑械褌邪谢谢芯胁褔械褉械蟹屑械薪械械邪泻褌懈胁薪褘械屑械褌邪谢谢褘懈褋谢邪斜芯邪泻褌懈胁薪褘械薪械屑械褌邪谢谢褘泻芯褔械薪褜邪泻褌懈胁薪褘屑薪械屑械褌邪谢谢邪屑懈, 薪邪泻芯薪械褑, 泻懈薪械褉褌薪褘屑谐邪蟹邪屑. <br>袙泻邪卸写芯屑锌械褉懈芯写械, 薪邪褔懈薪邪褟褋 4-谐芯, 屑械卸写褍 II 懈 III 谐褉褍锌锌邪屑懈薪邪褏芯写褟褌褋褟褉褟写褘锌械褉械褏芯写薪褘褏褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁 - 屑械褌邪谢谢芯胁褋芯褋褏芯写薪褘屑懈褏懈屑. 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪屑懈. 15 锌械褉械褏芯写薪褘褏褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁 6-谐芯锌械褉懈芯写邪, 薪邪褔懈薪邪褟褋谢邪薪褌邪薪邪, 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈薪械褉邪蟹谢懈褔懈屑褘械锌芯褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪屑, 薪邪蟹. 谢邪薪褌邪薪芯懈写邪屑懈懈谢懈褉械写泻芯蟹械屑械谢褜薪褘屑懈褝谢械屑械薪褌邪屑懈. 袙 7-屑锌械褉懈芯写械褌邪泻卸械懈屑械械褌褋褟褉褟写芯褔械薪褜褋褏芯写薪褘褏屑械褌邪谢谢芯胁 - 邪泻褌懈薪芯懈写芯胁. <br>小褌褉褍泻褌褍褉邪袩. 褋. 褝. 锌芯谢薪芯褋褌褜褞芯褌胁械褔邪械褌锌芯褉褟写泻褍蟹邪锌芯谢薪械薪懈褟褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褘褏芯斜芯谢芯褔械泻懈褋谢芯芯胁胁邪褌芯屑邪褏. 效懈褋谢芯褏懈屑. 褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁胁锌械褉懈芯写械褉邪胁薪芯褔懈褋谢褍褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁胁褋谢芯械, 泻-褉芯械芯锌褉械写械谢褟械褌褋褟胁褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁懈懈褋 <em><a href="articles/part_2/2770.html">袩邪褍谢懈锌褉懈薪褑懈锌芯屑</a></em> ,蟹邪锌褉械褖邪褞褖懈屑褋褍褖械褋褌胁芯胁邪薪懈械胁邪褌芯屑械褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁胁芯写懈薪邪泻芯胁芯屑泻胁邪薪褌芯胁芯屑褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈懈. 小芯褋褌芯褟薪懈械褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪芯锌褉械写械谢褟褞褌 4 泻胁邪薪褌芯胁褘褏褔懈褋谢邪: 谐谢邪胁薪芯械泻胁邪薪褌芯胁芯械褔懈褋谢芯 <em>锌</em> = 1, 2, 3,..., 芯褉斜懈褌邪谢褜薪芯械 (邪蟹懈屑褍褌邪谢褜薪芯械) 泻胁邪薪褌芯胁芯械褔懈褋谢芯 <em>l =</em> 0, 1, 2, ..., <em>锌</em> - 1, 屑邪谐薪. 泻胁邪薪褌芯胁芯械褔懈褋谢芯 <em>m<sub>l</sub></em> = 0,<IMG src="articles/part_2/p2/15045-61.jpg" ALT="15045-61.jpg" align="absmiddle">1,<IMG src="articles/part_2/p2/15045-62.jpg" ALT="15045-62.jpg" align="absmiddle">2, ...,<IMG src="articles/part_2/p2/15045-63.jpg" ALT="15045-63.jpg" align="absmiddle"><em>l</em> 懈褋锌懈薪芯胁芯械泻胁邪薪褌芯胁芯械褔懈褋谢芯 <em>m<sub>s</sub> =<IMG src="articles/part_2/p2/15045-64.jpg" ALT="15045-64.jpg" align="absmiddle"></em>1/2. 袣邪卸写芯屑褍蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褞 <em>l</em> 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褌 <em>2l +</em> 1 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈泄 <em>m<sub>l</sub></em>, 邪泻邪卸写芯屑褍蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褞 <em>m<sub>l</sub></em> - 2 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪褘褏蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褟 <em>m</em><sub>s</sub>. 孝. 芯., 蟹邪屑泻薪褍褌邪褟芯斜芯谢芯褔泻邪, 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈蟹褍械屑邪褟芯锌褉械写械谢褢薪薪褘屑懈蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褟屑懈 <em>锌</em> 懈 <em>l</em>, 褋芯写械褉卸懈褌 <em>2(2l</em> + 1) 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁. 袦邪泻褋. 褔懈褋谢芯褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁胁褋谢芯械褋芯锌褉械写械谢褢薪薪褘屑 <em>锌</em> 褉邪胁薪芯:<IMG src="articles/part_2/p2/15045-65.jpg" ALT="15045-65.jpg" align="absmiddle"> <p>孝. 芯., 蟹邪屑泻薪褍褌邪褟 s-芯斜芯谢芯褔泻邪 (<em>l =</em> 0) 褋芯写械褉卸懈褌 2 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪, <em>褉</em>-芯斜芯谢芯褔泻邪 (<em>l=</em> 1) - 6 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁, <em>d</em>-芯斜芯谢芯褔泻邪 (<em>l =</em> 2) - 10 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁懈褌. 写. 效懈褋谢芯卸械褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁胁褋谢芯褟褏 (褔懈褋谢芯褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁胁锌械褉懈芯写邪褏) 褋 <em>n</em> = 1, 2, 3, 4,... 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌 2, 8, 18, 32, ... 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁械薪薪芯. <br>小胁芯泄褋褌胁邪邪褌芯屑芯胁褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁芯锌褉械写械谢褟褞褌褋褟褔懈褋谢芯屑褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁胁芯胁薪械褕. 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯泄芯斜芯谢芯褔泻械, 锌芯褝褌芯屑褍褝谢械屑械薪褌褘, 懈屑械褞褖懈械芯写懈薪邪泻芯胁芯械褋褌褉芯械薪懈械胁薪械褕. 芯斜芯谢芯褔泻懈, 锌褉懈薪邪写谢械卸邪褌泻芯写薪芯泄谐褉褍锌锌械袩. 褋. 褝. 协谢械屑械薪褌褘褋蟹邪屑泻薪褍褌芯泄胁薪械褕. 芯斜芯谢芯褔泻芯泄褟胁谢褟褞褌褋褟懈薪械褉褌薪褘屑懈谐邪蟹邪屑懈. 袛谢褟谢褢谐泻懈褏褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁褋薪邪褔邪谢邪蟹邪锌芯谢薪褟褞褌褋褟褋谢芯懈褋屑械薪褜褕懈屑, 邪蟹邪褌械屑褋斜芯谢褜褕懈屑蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械屑 <em>锌;</em> 胁薪褍褌褉懈褋谢芯褟褋薪邪褔邪谢邪蟹邪锌芯谢薪褟械褌褋褟 <em>s</em>-, 蟹邪褌械屑 <em>褉</em>- 懈褌. 写. 芯斜芯谢芯褔泻懈. 袙锌械褉械褏芯写薪褘褏褝谢械屑械薪褌邪褏锌芯褉褟写芯泻蟹邪锌芯谢薪械薪懈褟芯斜芯谢芯褔械泻懈褋谢芯械胁薪邪褉褍褕邪械褌褋褟, 褌. 泻. 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褟褋斜芯谢褜褕懈屑懈蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褟屑懈 <em>锌</em> 屑芯谐褍褌懈屑械褌褜屑械薪褜褕褍褞褝薪械褉谐懈褞, 褔械屑褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褟褋屑械薪褜褕懈屑 <em>锌</em> 懈斜芯谢褜褕懈屑 <em>l</em>. 袙褉械蟹褍谢褜褌邪褌械 <em>s-, 褉</em>-芯斜芯谢芯褔泻懈蟹邪褋褌褉邪懈胁邪褞褌褋褟褉邪薪褜褕械, 褔械屑 <em>d</em>- 懈 <em>f</em>-芯斜芯谢芯褔泻懈 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/0220.html">袗褌芯屑</a></em> ).袙褋械锌械褉械褏芯写薪褘械褝谢械屑械薪褌褘褟胁谢褟褞褌褋褟屑械褌邪谢谢邪屑懈 (胁蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈芯褌蟹邪褋褌褉邪懈胁邪褞褖械泄褋褟芯斜芯谢芯褔泻懈懈褏懈薪芯谐写邪薪邪蟹褘胁邪褞褌 <em>d</em>- 懈谢懈 <em>f</em>-褝谢械屑械薪褌邪屑懈), 胁褏芯写褟褌胁 <em>斜</em>-锌芯写谐褉褍锌锌褘褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褖懈褏谐褉褍锌锌袩. 褋. 褝., 懈褏褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪褋褉芯褋褌芯屑 <em>Z</em> 屑械薪褟褞褌褋褟薪械褉械蟹泻芯. <br>袩. 褋. 褝. 薪械蟹邪胁械褉褕械薪邪, 泻芯薪械褔薪芯械褔懈褋谢芯褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁胁薪械泄薪械芯锌褉械写械谢械薪芯. 协谢械屑械薪褌褘褋 Z > 95 斜褘谢懈褋懈薪褌械蟹懈褉芯胁邪薪褘懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁械薪薪芯, 胁褉械屑褟卸懈蟹薪懈懈蟹芯褌芯锌芯胁褝褌懈褏褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁泻褉邪泄薪械屑邪谢芯. 袪邪斜芯褌褘锌芯褋懈薪褌械蟹褍懈褌械芯褉械褌懈褔械褋泻芯泄懈薪褌械褉锌褉械褌邪褑懈懈褋胁芯泄褋褌胁懈蟹芯褌芯锌芯胁褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁褋 <em>Z ></em> 107 锌褉芯写芯谢卸邪褞褌褋褟. <p><em>袥懈褌.:</em> 袣械写褉芯胁袘. 袦., 孝褉懈褎芯薪芯胁袛. 袧., 袨褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪褘褏锌褉芯斜谢械屑邪褏锌械褉懈芯写懈褔械褋泻芯泄褋懈褋褌械屑褘, 袦., 1974; 校褔械薪懈械芯锌械褉懈芯写懈褔薪芯褋褌懈. 袠褋褌芯褉懈褟懈褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯褋褌褜, 锌芯写褉械写. 袛. 袧. 孝褉懈褎芯薪芯胁邪, 袦., 1981; 啸懈屑懈褟懈锌械褉懈芯写懈褔械褋泻邪褟褌邪斜谢懈褑邪, 锌芯写褉械写. 袣. 小邪泄褌芯, 锌械褉. 褋褟锌芯薪., 袦., 1982.<em></i> <p><i>袙. 袚. 袛邪褕械胁褋褏懈泄</em>. </P><div class="blue_border"></div> <p class="next-prev"><a rel="prev" href="articles/part_2/2820.html">   <<   </a>  <a rel="index" href="index1.html"> 袩褉械写屑械褌薪褘泄褍泻邪蟹邪褌械谢褜 </a>  <a rel="next" href="articles/part_2/2822.html">   >>   </a></p> </div> </div>  <div class="both"></div> <div class="blue_border"></div> <div class="footer_separator"></div> <div class="footer"> <div class="copyright">漏 femto.com.ua <br> <img src="files/images/mailabs.gif" align="absmiddle" border="0"> webmaster@femto.com.ua</div> </div> </div> </body> </html>

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