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justify-content: space-between; } .MuiGrid-justify-content-xs-space-around { justify-content: space-around; } .MuiGrid-justify-content-xs-space-evenly { justify-content: space-evenly; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-0 { width: calc(100% + 0rem); margin: -0rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-0 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 0rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-1 { width: calc(100% + 0.5rem); margin: -0.25rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-1 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 0.25rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-2 { width: calc(100% + 1rem); margin: -0.5rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-2 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 0.5rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-3 { width: calc(100% + 1.5rem); margin: -0.75rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-3 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 0.75rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-4 { width: calc(100% + 2rem); margin: -1rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-4 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 1rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-5 { width: calc(100% + 2.5rem); margin: -1.25rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-5 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 1.25rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-6 { width: calc(100% + 3rem); margin: -1.5rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-6 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 1.5rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-7 { width: calc(100% + 3.5rem); margin: -1.75rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-7 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 1.75rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-8 { width: calc(100% + 4rem); margin: -2rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-8 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 2rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-9 { width: calc(100% + 4.5rem); margin: -2.25rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-9 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 2.25rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-10 { width: calc(100% + 5rem); margin: -2.5rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-10 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 2.5rem; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-auto { flex-grow: 0; max-width: none; flex-basis: auto; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-true { flex-grow: 1; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 0; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-1 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 8.333333%; flex-basis: 8.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-2 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 16.666667%; flex-basis: 16.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-3 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 25%; flex-basis: 25%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-4 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 33.333333%; flex-basis: 33.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-5 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 41.666667%; flex-basis: 41.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-6 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 50%; flex-basis: 50%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-7 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 58.333333%; flex-basis: 58.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-8 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 66.666667%; flex-basis: 66.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-9 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 75%; flex-basis: 75%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-10 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 83.333333%; flex-basis: 83.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-11 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 91.666667%; flex-basis: 91.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-12 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; } @media (min-width:600px) { .MuiGrid-grid-sm-auto { flex-grow: 0; max-width: none; flex-basis: auto; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-true { flex-grow: 1; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 0; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-1 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 8.333333%; flex-basis: 8.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-2 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 16.666667%; flex-basis: 16.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-3 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 25%; flex-basis: 25%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-4 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 33.333333%; flex-basis: 33.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-5 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 41.666667%; flex-basis: 41.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-6 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 50%; flex-basis: 50%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-7 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 58.333333%; flex-basis: 58.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-8 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 66.666667%; flex-basis: 66.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-9 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 75%; flex-basis: 75%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-10 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 83.333333%; flex-basis: 83.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-11 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 91.666667%; flex-basis: 91.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-12 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; } } @media (min-width:960px) { .MuiGrid-grid-md-auto { flex-grow: 0; max-width: none; flex-basis: auto; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-true { flex-grow: 1; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 0; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-1 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 8.333333%; flex-basis: 8.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-2 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 16.666667%; flex-basis: 16.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-3 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 25%; flex-basis: 25%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-4 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 33.333333%; flex-basis: 33.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-5 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 41.666667%; flex-basis: 41.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-6 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 50%; flex-basis: 50%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-7 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 58.333333%; flex-basis: 58.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-8 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 66.666667%; flex-basis: 66.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-9 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 75%; flex-basis: 75%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-10 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 83.333333%; flex-basis: 83.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-11 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 91.666667%; flex-basis: 91.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-12 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; } } @media (min-width:1280px) { .MuiGrid-grid-lg-auto { flex-grow: 0; max-width: none; flex-basis: auto; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-true { flex-grow: 1; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 0; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-1 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 8.333333%; flex-basis: 8.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-2 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 16.666667%; flex-basis: 16.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-3 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 25%; flex-basis: 25%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-4 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 33.333333%; flex-basis: 33.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-5 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 41.666667%; flex-basis: 41.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-6 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 50%; flex-basis: 50%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-7 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 58.333333%; flex-basis: 58.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-8 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 66.666667%; flex-basis: 66.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-9 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 75%; flex-basis: 75%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-10 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 83.333333%; flex-basis: 83.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-11 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 91.666667%; flex-basis: 91.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-12 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; } } @media (min-width:1920px) { .MuiGrid-grid-xl-auto { flex-grow: 0; max-width: none; flex-basis: auto; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-true { flex-grow: 1; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 0; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-1 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 8.333333%; flex-basis: 8.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-2 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 16.666667%; flex-basis: 16.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-3 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 25%; flex-basis: 25%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-4 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 33.333333%; flex-basis: 33.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-5 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 41.666667%; flex-basis: 41.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-6 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 50%; flex-basis: 50%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-7 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 58.333333%; flex-basis: 58.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-8 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 66.666667%; flex-basis: 66.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-9 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 75%; flex-basis: 75%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-10 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 83.333333%; flex-basis: 83.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-11 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 91.666667%; flex-basis: 91.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-12 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; } } .jss2 { color: #fff; z-index: 1300; position: relative; padding-top: 1.5rem; padding-bottom: 1.5rem; background-color: #0d224c; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss3 { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss3 { flex-shrink: 0; } } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss4 { margin-top: 1.5rem; flex-shrink: 0; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss5 { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss6 { margin-right: 1.5rem; } } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss7 { margin-top: 1.5rem; flex-shrink: 0; margin-right: 1rem; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss7 { margin-right: 1.5rem; } } .jss8 { margin-top: 1rem; } .jss1 { clip: rect(0 0 0 0); color: #000; width: 1px; height: 1px; display: block; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; clip-path: inset(50%); padding-top: 0.5rem; white-space: nowrap; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; text-decoration: unset; background-color: #fd6; } .jss1:focus { clip: unset; width: unset; height: unset; outline: .25rem solid transparent; overflow: unset; position: unset; clip-path: unset; white-space: unset; } .jss34 > * { box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; } .jss35 { padding-top: 1.5rem; padding-bottom: 2.5rem; } .jss36 { padding-top: 2.5rem; padding-bottom: 2.5rem; } .jss37 { padding-top: 1.5rem; padding-bottom: 2.5rem; } .jss38 { color: #fff; } .jss39 { background-color: #4c4c4c; } .jss40 { background-color: #404040; } .jss41 { background-color: #333; } .jss42 { display: inline; } .jss43:link { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .jss43:visited { color: #fff; } .jss43:focus { color: #000; outline: .25rem solid transparent; box-shadow: 0 .25rem 0 0 #fd6, 0 -.25rem 0 0 #fd6; text-decoration: none; background-color: #fd6; } .jss43:hover { color: #d9d9d9; transition: color .2s ease; text-decoration: underline; } .jss43:focus:hover { color: #000; outline: .25rem solid transparent; box-shadow: 0 .25rem 0 0 #fd6, 0 -.25rem 0 0 #fd6; text-decoration: none; background-color: #fd6; } .jss43:active { color: #fff; } .jss43:focus:active { color: #fff; outline: none; box-shadow: none; text-decoration: underline; background-color: transparent; } .jss44 { margin: 0; display: inline; padding: 0; list-style: none; } .jss45 { display: inline-block; font-size: .875rem; margin-top: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.428571428571429rem; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } .jss45 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss45 strong { font-weight: bolder; } .jss45:not(:last-child) { margin-right: 1rem; } .jss46::before { content: ">"; margin-right: 1rem; } .jss47 { width: calc(100% + 1.5rem); margin-left: -0.75rem; margin-right: -0.75rem; } .jss47 .MuiGrid-item { padding-left: 0.75rem; padding-right: 0.75rem; } @media (max-width:959.95px) { .jss47 { width: calc(100% + 1rem); margin-left: -0.5rem; margin-right: -0.5rem; } .jss47 .MuiGrid-item { padding-left: 0.5rem; padding-right: 0.5rem; } } .jss48 { padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } .jss49 { font-size: .875rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.428571428571429rem; padding-top: 1rem; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } .jss49 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss49 strong { font-weight: bolder; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss49 { border-top: .0625rem solid #707070; padding-top: 1.5rem; } } .jss50 { list-style: none; margin-top: 1.5rem; padding-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss51 { margin-top: 3rem; } } .jss52 { font-size: 1rem; font-family: "Roboto", "Helvetica", "Arial", sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.5rem; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } @media (min-width:960px) { .jss52 { font-size: 1.25rem; line-height: 2rem; } } .jss52 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss52 strong { font-weight: bolder; } .jss53 { font-size: .875rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.428571428571429rem; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } .jss53 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss53 strong { font-weight: bolder; } .jss53:not(:first-child) { margin-top: 1rem; } .jss54 { margin-right: 0.5rem; } .jss55 { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; list-style: none; margin-top: 0; padding-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0; } .jss56 { margin-bottom: 0; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss56 { margin-bottom: 1.5rem; } } .jss57 { font-size: .875rem; margin-top: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.428571428571429rem; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } .jss57 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss57 strong { font-weight: bolder; } .jss57:not(:last-child) { margin-right: 1.5rem; } .jss58 { font-size: .875rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.428571428571429rem; padding-top: 1.5rem; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } .jss58 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss58 strong { font-weight: bolder; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss58 { border-top: .0625rem solid #707070; } } .jss59:link { color: #fff; text-decoration: underline; } .jss59:visited { color: #d9d9d9; } .jss59:focus { color: #000; outline: .25rem solid transparent; box-shadow: 0 .25rem 0 0 #fd6, 0 -.25rem 0 0 #fd6; text-decoration: none; background-color: #fd6; } .jss59:hover { color: #d9d9d9; transition: color .2s ease; text-decoration: underline; } .jss59:focus:hover { color: #000; outline: .25rem solid transparent; box-shadow: 0 .25rem 0 0 #fd6, 0 -.25rem 0 0 #fd6; text-decoration: none; background-color: #fd6; } .jss59:active { color: #fff; } .jss59:focus:active { color: #fff; outline: none; box-shadow: none; text-decoration: underline; background-color: transparent; } .jss23 { display: none; align-items: center; margin-left: auto; justify-content: center; } @media (max-width: 757px) { .jss23 { gap: 8px; display: flex; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss23 { margin-top: 0.5rem; } } .jss24 { color: #069; width: 36px; border: none; height: 36px; justify-content: center; background-color: #e4e9ec; } .jss24:hover { color: #fff; cursor: pointer; background-color: #069; } .jss24:focus { color: #fff; outline: .25rem solid #fd6; outline-offset: -2px; background-color: #069; } .jss25 { display: flex; position: relative; align-items: center; margin-left: auto; } @media (max-width: 757px) { .jss25 { top: 100%; right: 0; display: none; padding: 1.8rem; position: absolute; border-top: 1px solid #ccc; box-shadow: 0px 5px 4px rgb(0 0 0 / 20%); -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.2); background-color: #fff; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 4px rgb(0 0 0 / 20%); } } @media (max-width: 400px) { .jss25 { left: 0; } } @media (max-width: 757px) { .jss25.visible { display: block; } } .jss26 { color: #666; display: block; font-size: 18px; text-decoration: unset; } .jss26:hover { color: #004777; text-decoration: underline; } .jss26:focus { color: #000; outline: transparent solid 0.25rem; box-shadow: rgb(255 221 102) 0px 0.25rem 0px 0px, rgb(255 221 102) 0px -0.25rem 0px 0px; text-decoration: none; background-color: rgb(255, 221, 102); } .jss27 { top: 100%; right: 0; width: 600px; display: none; padding: 20px 30px; position: absolute; border-top: 2px solid #00557f; box-shadow: 0px 5px 4px rgb(0 0 0 / 20%); text-align: center; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.2); background-color: #fff; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 4px rgb(0 0 0 / 20%); } @media (max-width: 757px) { .jss27 { display: none; } } .jss28 { top: 50%; color: #2c3841; right: 1.8rem; width: 32px; border: none; bottom: 0; cursor: pointer; height: 32px; display: flex; position: absolute; transform: translateY(-50%); align-items: center; justify-content: center; background-color: transparent; } @media (min-width: 757px) { .jss28 { right: 10px; } } .jss28:hover { opacity: 0.5; } .jss28:focus { outline: .25rem solid #fd6; background-color: #fff; } @media (max-width: 757px) { .jss29 { width: 100%; } } @media (min-width: 757px) { .jss29:focus-within #predictive-results.visible { display: block; } } @media (min-width: 757px) { .jss30 { padding: 10px 10px; position: relative; margin-right: -10px; } .jss30.has-search-term:focus-within { box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgb(0 0 0 / 20%); -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.2); background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom,#e4e9ec 0%,#fff 100%); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgb(0 0 0 / 20%); } } .jss31 { width: 210px; border: 2px solid #E4E9EC; display: block; padding: 5px 32px 4px 9px; min-height: 31px; background-color: #fff; } .jss31:focus { outline: .25rem solid #fd6; background-color: #fff; } .jss31::-webkit-search-cancel-button, .jss31::-webkit-search-decoration, .jss31 -webkit-search-results-button, .jss31 -webkit-search-results-decoration { display: none; } .jss31::-ms-clear { width: 0; height: 0; display: none; } .jss31::-ms-reveal { width: 0; height: 0; display: none; } .jss31:-webkit-autofill, .jss31:-webkit-autofill:hover, .jss31:-webkit-autofill:active, .jss31:-webkit-autofill:focus { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0px 1000px #fff inset; } @media (max-width: 757px) { .jss31 { width: 100%; } } .jss32 span { clip: rect(0 0 0 0); width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; clip-path: inset(50%); white-space: nowrap; } .jss9 { z-index: 1100; position: relative; } .jss10 { color: #666; background-color: #fff; } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss10 { padding-top: 0.5rem; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; } } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss11::before { content: ''; display: table; } .jss11::after { clear: both; content: ''; display: table; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss11 { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; } } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss12 { float: left; } } .jss13 { display: flex; } .jss14 { line-height: 0; } .jss15 { margin-left: 16px; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss15 { margin-top: 1rem; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss15 { margin-top: .625rem; } } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss16 { font-size: 1rem; font-family: "Roboto", "Helvetica", "Arial", sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5rem; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } .jss16 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss16 strong { font-weight: bolder; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss16 { font-size: 1.25rem; font-family: "Roboto", "Helvetica", "Arial", sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2rem; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } .jss16 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss16 strong { font-weight: bolder; } } .jss17 { margin-right: 3px; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss18 { display: none; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss18 { font-size: 1.25rem; font-family: "Roboto", "Helvetica", "Arial", sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2rem; margin-left: 3px; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } .jss18 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss18 strong { font-weight: bolder; } } .jss19:link { color: #666; text-decoration: unset; } .jss19:visited { color: #666; } .jss19:focus { color: #000; outline: .25rem solid transparent; box-shadow: 0 .25rem 0 0 #fd6, 0 -.25rem 0 0 #fd6; text-decoration: none; background-color: #fd6; } .jss19:focus:not(:focus-visible) { outline: .25rem solid transparent; box-shadow: unset; text-decoration: underline; background-color: unset; } .jss19:hover { color: #004777; text-decoration: underline; } .jss19:active { color: #000; text-decoration: underline; } @media (hover: none) { .jss19:hover { color: #666; } } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss20 { width: 2.5rem; height: 2.5rem; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss20 { width: 3.25rem; height: 3.25rem; } } .jss21 { display: inline-block; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss21 { margin-top: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; } } .jss21:focus { outline: .25rem solid #fd6; } .jss21:focus:not(:focus-visible) { outline: none; } .jss21:hover { opacity: 0.7; } .jss21:active { opacity: 1; } @media (hover: none) { .jss21:hover { opacity: 1; } } .jss22 { margin-left: 8px; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss22 { float: right; margin-top: .625rem; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; } }</style><style data-href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,500;0,700;0,900;1,300;1,400;1,500&display=swap">@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:300;font-display:swap;src:url(http://web.archive.org/web/20240415215647im_/https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v30/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TjARc-.woff) 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continuity event</h1></div><p class="my-4 font-sans text-[1rem] font-normal antialiased ">Last updated: <time datetime="2020-04-24T01:00:00Z">24 April 2020</time></p><p class="mt-6 mb-[unset] font-sans text-[1.25rem] font-light antialiased leading-[2rem] sm:w-1/2 sm:min-w-full sm:mt-[unset]">How to make sure your remote users can access services during business continuity events.</p></div></div></div></header><div class=" clearfix pt-10 pb-10 bg-jiscWhite " data-testid="content-area"><div class="box-border block max-w-screen-md px-4 mx-auto md:px-6" data-testclass="container"><div class="sm:box-border sm:flex sm:w-[calc(100%+1rem)] sm:-mx-2"><div class="hidden sm:box-border sm:px-2 sm:block sm:w-1/12" data-testid="replace-material-ui-hidden--1/12@sm"></div><div class="sm:box-border sm:px-2 sm:w-10/12"><div class=" clearfix | prose | antialiased | font-sans | max-w-full | prose-h2:text-[2rem] prose-h2:font-normal prose-h2:leading-[3.0rem] prose-h2:sm:text-[2.25rem] 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first:prose-p:mt-[unset] last:prose-p:mb-[unset] empty:first:prose-p:-mt-6 prose-blockquote:my-[unset] prose-blockquote:ml-6 prose-blockquote:text-[1rem] prose-blockquote:not-italic prose-blockquote:font-normal prose-blockquote:leading-[1.5rem] prose-blockquote:border-solid prose-blockquote:border-0 prose-blockquote:border-l-[.0625rem] prose-p:prose-blockquote:py-3 before:prose-p:prose-blockquote:content-[unset] after:prose-p:prose-blockquote:content-[unset] prose-li:text-[1rem] prose-li:font-normal prose-li:leading-[1.5rem] | first:prose-li:mt-2 prose-li:pl-2 | first:prose-ol:mt-0 last:prose-ol:mb-0 prose-ol:my-6 prose-ol:pl-8 prose-ol:leading-[1.5rem] | first:prose-ul:mt-0 last:prose-ul:mb-0 prose-ul:my-6 prose-ul:pl-8 prose-ul:leading-[1.5rem] | prose-table:leading-[1.5rem] | prose-table:mt-[unset] prose-table:mb-[unset] | prose-table:border-collapse | prose-p:prose-td:text-[0.875rem] | prose-p:prose-th:text-[0.875rem] | prose-li:prose-th:text-[0.875rem] | prose-li:prose-td:text-[0.875rem] | prose-td:border-solid prose-td:border-l-[0rem] prose-td:border-r-[0rem] prose-td:border-jiscAlto | prose-td:border-b-[0.0625rem] prose-td:border-t-[0.0625rem] | prose-td:p-4 prose-td:align-middle prose-td:leading-[1.5rem]| prose-th:border-solid prose-th:border-l-[0rem] prose-th:border-r-[0rem] prose-th:border-jiscAlto | prose-th:border-b-[0.0625rem] prose-th:border-t-[0.0625rem] prose-th:border-b-jiscAlto prose-th:border-t-jiscAlto | prose-th:p-4 prose-th:align-middle prose-th:leading-[1.5rem] | prose-th:font-medium | prose-tr:border-b-jiscAlto prose-tr:border-t-jiscAlto | prose-img:block prose-img:max-w-full prose-img:h-auto prose-img:my-6 prose-img:leading-none | prose-a:font-normal prose-a:text-jiscBahamaBlue prose-a:underline | visited:prose-a:text-jiscPurple | focus:prose-a:text-jiscBlack focus:prose-a:bg-jiscDandelion focus:prose-a:outline focus:prose-a:outline-4 focus:prose-a:outline-transparent focus:prose-a:no-underline focus:prose-a:shadow-[0_.25rem_0_0_#fd6,_0_-.25rem_0_0_#fd6] | hover:prose-a:text-jiscRegalBlue | active:prose-a:text-jiscBlack | focus:active:prose-a:underline focus:active:prose-a:bg-transparent focus:active:prose-a:shadow-none | prose-strong:prose-a:text-jiscBahamaBlue | prose-strong:visited:prose-a:text-jiscPurple | prose-strong:focus:prose-a:text-jiscBlack | prose-strong:hover:prose-a:text-jiscRegalBlue | prose-strong:active:prose-a:text-jiscBlack || prose-blockquote:border-l-jiscAlto || marker:text-jiscMineShaft | prose-blockquote:text-jiscDoveGrey | prose-headings:text-jiscMineShaft | prose-li:text-jiscMineShaft | prose-ol:text-jiscMineShaft | prose-p:text-jiscMineShaft | prose-strong:text-jiscMineShaft | prose-table:text-jiscMineShaft | prose-ul:text-jiscMineShaft | | |"><p data-block-key="mh42p">Business continuity events place pressure on service providers. Some organisations struggle to keep services accessible to remote users during these times.</p><p data-block-key="4gect">Aside from scaling an existing virtual private network (VPN), or buying a new service for rapid deployment, here are some options that could relieve the pressure on these services in other ways:</p><h2 id="change-user-behaviour-e0fu2" data-block-key="e0fu2">Change user behaviour</h2><p data-block-key="ao4ok">Changing how users access systems is a powerful way to ensure resources are used as efficiently as possible, without the need for configuration changes or additional licenses.</p><ul><li data-block-key="5rpj8">Small changes to timetables can spread out some of the load</li><li data-block-key="4ev3v">Encouraging flexible working hours can help to flatten spikes in demand</li></ul><h2 id="make-effective-use-of-current-vpn-resources-5n1bi" data-block-key="5n1bi">Make effective use of current VPN resources</h2><p data-block-key="c4t8v">The two limits organisations are most likely to hit are concurrent sessions and throughput, so it's important that each user takes up a <strong>minimal amount of resource</strong> for a <strong>minimal amount of time</strong>.</p><h3 data-block-key="3h0ab">Ensure there are no idle users</h3><p data-block-key="b8v6k">Although it's nice for a user to return to their workstation after a four-hour break and find they're still connected, with a fixed number of seats they will have unnecessarily been occupying a licence that whole time.</p><p data-block-key="55v1n">Make sure that your VPN service has appropriate <strong>session length</strong> and <strong>idle timers</strong> set to ensure that idle resources are freed up.</p><h3 data-block-key="8gvio">Speak with vendors</h3><p data-block-key="4cepf">Some may offer additional seats at reduced cost during times of crisis and can advise on how to drive maximum performance out of their products.</p><h3 data-block-key="6tvn5">Conserve bandwidth</h3><p data-block-key="roq">Switch full tunnel VPN's to <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240415215647/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_tunneling">split tunnelling</a> if possible (and if there are no constraints around traffic inspection). Only advertise internal subnets so that traffic can be offloaded at the user’s workstation.</p><p data-block-key="1u92c">If split tunnelling is not possible, look at inserting <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240415215647/https://openvpn.net/community-resources/reference-manual-for-openvpn-2-4/">net_gateway routes</a>, or configuring <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240415215647/https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/security/asa-5500-x-series-next-generation-firewalls/70847-local-lan-pix-asa.html#anc6">Local LAN Access</a> for high bandwidth services such as Netflix, iPlayer and YouTube.</p><p data-block-key="2fq0k">Most large service providers publish their IP ranges, including <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240415215647/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/enterprise/urls-and-ip-address-ranges">Microsoft</a> and <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240415215647/https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201362683-Network-Firewall-or-Proxy-Server-Settings-for-Zoom">Zoom</a>. By loading these into the VPN server as routes to break out at the client, it’s possible to dramatically reduce the bandwidth each user consumes.</p><h2 id="allow-access-to-internal-services-without-a-vpn-55ijg" data-block-key="55ijg">Allow access to internal services without a VPN</h2><p data-block-key="dd571">By opening up services to direct access where appropriate, the number of users that need to access a VPN at any given moment can be reduced.</p><p data-block-key="brva5">This doesn’t have to be an ‘all or nothing’ approach. An effective application layer firewall allows individual urls to be filtered. VPN access would be required for admin console access and privileged tasks, but regular users could be permitted access without. Network address translation (NAT) can make this difficult, or impossible, but there are other ways to securely deliver services behind an IPv4 NAT without the use of a VPN.</p><h3 data-block-key="160s1">What about security?</h3><p data-block-key="2d1sl">Although VPNs are an easy way to add encryption and authentication to services, many modern applications operate over some form of built-in strong encryption and now support strong authentication mechanisms out of the box (SAML, OIDC, OAUTH, Kerberos, LDAP) enhanced with multi-factor access.</p><ul><li data-block-key="cunf9">Jisc offers a <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240415215647/https://www.jisc.ac.uk/critical-services-protection">critical services protection service</a> that can help mitigate potential attacks</li><li data-block-key="efk4q">Major cloud providers such as Cloudflare, Microsoft, Amazon and Google offer products that can act as drop-in solutions</li></ul><h2 id="explore-alternative-service-designs-49cf4" data-block-key="49cf4">Explore alternative service designs</h2><p data-block-key="54vsr">If your services are delivered over HTTP, investigate the use of a <strong>reverse proxy</strong> or <strong>load balancer</strong>. This can add strong encryption, strong authentication, and isolation from the internet without the use of a VPN.</p><p data-block-key="594d2">There are a large selection of:</p><ul><li data-block-key="9tltd">Open source reverse proxies (Apache, NGinx, Pound, Varnish, HAProxy, Træfɪk, Caddy, Squid)</li><li data-block-key="b8ahi">Products from major cloud vendors(Cloudflare, Microsoft, Amazon and Google)</li><li data-block-key="1k9t4">Physical and virtual appliances (F5, A10, Citrix)</li></ul><p data-block-key="du3r4">Some options go a step further and enable the build out of a <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240415215647/https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/security/glossary/what-is-zero-trust/">zero trust security model</a> with ease.</p><p data-block-key="5v2kd">Switching over to this kind of design is application-dependent, but can allow access to systems to scale better.</p><p data-block-key="eidoi">This doesn't have to be an 'all or nothing' approach. It’s possible to start from a single service and have it delivered both via VPN and via reverse proxy simultaneously.</p><h2 id="migrate-services-to-the-cloud-ai8si" data-block-key="ai8si">Migrate services to the cloud</h2><p data-block-key="7nf6c">A common reason for deploying a VPN is to access services that are based on private addressing. A quicker way to make these accessible is to migrate these to a public cloud.</p><p data-block-key="bibmi">The difficulty of migration is dependent on the application itself, but once they're in the cloud there are additional options for making them accessible, including:</p><ul><li data-block-key="5s6gt">Network virtual appliances (to provide dial-in VPN services)</li><li data-block-key="eg490">Built-in load balancing</li><li data-block-key="efl9q">Reverse proxying capabilities</li></ul><h2 id="deploy-ipv6-b8bh3" data-block-key="b8bh3">Deploy IPv6</h2><p data-block-key="aplgn">As a longer-term activity, IPv6 provides sufficient addressing so that any site can offer end-to-end connectivity for all users and services.</p><p data-block-key="2i2ek">For sites with a limited pool of available IPv4 addresses, this would allow the delivery of on-premise services without the use of a VPN to some users during continuity events.</p></div><div class="p-10 my-10 font-sans text-sm antialiased 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type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"path":["guides","maintaining-access-to-internal-services-during-a-continuity-event"],"pageData":{"id":494,"meta":{"type":"base.GuidePage","detail_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240415215647/http://backend:8000/api/v2/pages/494/","html_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240415215647/https://www.jisc.ac.uk/guides/maintaining-access-to-internal-services-during-a-continuity-event/","slug":"maintaining-access-to-internal-services-during-a-continuity-event","show_in_menus":false,"seo_title":"Maintaining access to internal services during a continuity event","search_description":"How to make sure your remote users can access services during business continuity events.","first_published_at":"2020-04-24T00:00:00Z","alias_of":null,"parent":{"id":241,"meta":{"type":"base.GuideListingPage","detail_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240415215647/http://backend:8000/api/v2/pages/241/","html_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240415215647/https://www.jisc.ac.uk/guides/"},"title":"Guides"}},"title":"Maintaining access to internal services during a continuity event","categories":[{"id":2,"name":"Cloud"}],"archived":false,"archived_on_date":null,"archived_text":"","authors":[{"id":16,"meta":{"type":"base.GuideAuthorsOrderable"},"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Tysom","job_title":"Senior product manager, core cyber services","bio_link":null,"summary":"","image":{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240415215647/https://jisc-ac-uk-static-assets-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/media/original_images/mark-tysom-staff-square-300x300_WgURub2.jpg","title":"Mark Tysom","id":431},"image_alt_text":null}],"breadcrumbs":[{"id":1,"name":"Root","url":null},{"id":3,"name":"Jisc","url":"/"},{"id":241,"name":"Guides","url":"/guides/"},{"id":494,"name":"Maintaining access to internal services during a continuity event","url":"/guides/maintaining-access-to-internal-services-during-a-continuity-event/"}],"copyright_banner":true,"last_published_at":"2023-05-10T16:30:37.377792Z","open_graph_image":null,"open_graph_image_alt":"","override_last_published_at":"2020-04-24T01:00:00Z","page_body":[{"type":"content_block","value":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"mh42p\"\u003eBusiness continuity events place pressure on service providers. Some organisations struggle to keep services accessible to remote users during these times.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4gect\"\u003eAside from scaling an existing virtual private network (VPN), or buying a new service for rapid deployment, here are some options that could relieve the pressure on these services in other ways:\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"change-user-behaviour-e0fu2\" data-block-key=\"e0fu2\"\u003eChange user behaviour\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ao4ok\"\u003eChanging how users access systems is a powerful way to ensure resources are used as efficiently as possible, without the need for configuration changes or additional licenses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli data-block-key=\"5rpj8\"\u003eSmall changes to timetables can spread out some of the load\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli data-block-key=\"4ev3v\"\u003eEncouraging flexible working hours can help to flatten spikes in demand\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"make-effective-use-of-current-vpn-resources-5n1bi\" data-block-key=\"5n1bi\"\u003eMake effective use of current VPN resources\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c4t8v\"\u003eThe two limits organisations are most likely to hit are concurrent sessions and throughput, so it\u0026#x27;s important that each user takes up a \u003cstrong\u003eminimal amount of resource\u003c/strong\u003e for a \u003cstrong\u003eminimal amount of time\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 data-block-key=\"3h0ab\"\u003eEnsure there are no idle users\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b8v6k\"\u003eAlthough it\u0026#x27;s nice for a user to return to their workstation after a four-hour break and find they\u0026#x27;re still connected, with a fixed number of seats they will have unnecessarily been occupying a licence that whole time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"55v1n\"\u003eMake sure that your VPN service has appropriate \u003cstrong\u003esession length\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eidle timers\u003c/strong\u003e set to ensure that idle resources are freed up.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 data-block-key=\"8gvio\"\u003eSpeak with vendors\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4cepf\"\u003eSome may offer additional seats at reduced cost during times of crisis and can advise on how to drive maximum performance out of their products.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 data-block-key=\"6tvn5\"\u003eConserve bandwidth\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"roq\"\u003eSwitch full tunnel VPN\u0026#x27;s to \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_tunneling\"\u003esplit tunnelling\u003c/a\u003e if possible (and if there are no constraints around traffic inspection). Only advertise internal subnets so that traffic can be offloaded at the user’s workstation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1u92c\"\u003eIf split tunnelling is not possible, look at inserting \u003ca href=\"https://openvpn.net/community-resources/reference-manual-for-openvpn-2-4/\"\u003enet_gateway routes\u003c/a\u003e, or configuring \u003ca href=\"https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/security/asa-5500-x-series-next-generation-firewalls/70847-local-lan-pix-asa.html#anc6\"\u003eLocal LAN Access\u003c/a\u003e for high bandwidth services such as Netflix, iPlayer and YouTube.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2fq0k\"\u003eMost large service providers publish their IP ranges, including \u003ca href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/enterprise/urls-and-ip-address-ranges\"\u003eMicrosoft\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201362683-Network-Firewall-or-Proxy-Server-Settings-for-Zoom\"\u003eZoom\u003c/a\u003e. By loading these into the VPN server as routes to break out at the client, it’s possible to dramatically reduce the bandwidth each user consumes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"allow-access-to-internal-services-without-a-vpn-55ijg\" data-block-key=\"55ijg\"\u003eAllow access to internal services without a VPN\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dd571\"\u003eBy opening up services to direct access where appropriate, the number of users that need to access a VPN at any given moment can be reduced.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"brva5\"\u003eThis doesn’t have to be an ‘all or nothing’ approach. An effective application layer firewall allows individual urls to be filtered. VPN access would be required for admin console access and privileged tasks, but regular users could be permitted access without. Network address translation (NAT) can make this difficult, or impossible, but there are other ways to securely deliver services behind an IPv4 NAT without the use of a VPN.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 data-block-key=\"160s1\"\u003eWhat about security?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2d1sl\"\u003eAlthough VPNs are an easy way to add encryption and authentication to services, many modern applications operate over some form of built-in strong encryption and now support strong authentication mechanisms out of the box (SAML, OIDC, OAUTH, Kerberos, LDAP) enhanced with multi-factor access.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli data-block-key=\"cunf9\"\u003eJisc offers a \u003ca href=\"https://www.jisc.ac.uk/critical-services-protection\"\u003ecritical services protection service\u003c/a\u003e that can help mitigate potential attacks\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli data-block-key=\"efk4q\"\u003eMajor cloud providers such as Cloudflare, Microsoft, Amazon and Google offer products that can act as drop-in solutions\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"explore-alternative-service-designs-49cf4\" data-block-key=\"49cf4\"\u003eExplore alternative service designs\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"54vsr\"\u003eIf your services are delivered over HTTP, investigate the use of a \u003cstrong\u003ereverse proxy\u003c/strong\u003e or \u003cstrong\u003eload balancer\u003c/strong\u003e. This can add strong encryption, strong authentication, and isolation from the internet without the use of a VPN.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"594d2\"\u003eThere are a large selection of:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli data-block-key=\"9tltd\"\u003eOpen source reverse proxies (Apache, NGinx, Pound, Varnish, HAProxy, Træfɪk, Caddy, Squid)\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli data-block-key=\"b8ahi\"\u003eProducts from major cloud vendors(Cloudflare, Microsoft, Amazon and Google)\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli data-block-key=\"1k9t4\"\u003ePhysical and virtual appliances (F5, A10, Citrix)\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"du3r4\"\u003eSome options go a step further and enable the build out of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/security/glossary/what-is-zero-trust/\"\u003ezero trust security model\u003c/a\u003e with ease.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5v2kd\"\u003eSwitching over to this kind of design is application-dependent, but can allow access to systems to scale better.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"eidoi\"\u003eThis doesn\u0026#x27;t have to be an \u0026#x27;all or nothing\u0026#x27; approach. It’s possible to start from a single service and have it delivered both via VPN and via reverse proxy simultaneously.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"migrate-services-to-the-cloud-ai8si\" data-block-key=\"ai8si\"\u003eMigrate services to the cloud\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7nf6c\"\u003eA common reason for deploying a VPN is to access services that are based on private addressing. A quicker way to make these accessible is to migrate these to a public cloud.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bibmi\"\u003eThe difficulty of migration is dependent on the application itself, but once they\u0026#x27;re in the cloud there are additional options for making them accessible, including:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli data-block-key=\"5s6gt\"\u003eNetwork virtual appliances (to provide dial-in VPN services)\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli data-block-key=\"eg490\"\u003eBuilt-in load balancing\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli data-block-key=\"efl9q\"\u003eReverse proxying capabilities\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"deploy-ipv6-b8bh3\" data-block-key=\"b8bh3\"\u003eDeploy IPv6\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"aplgn\"\u003eAs a longer-term activity, IPv6 provides sufficient addressing so that any site can offer end-to-end connectivity for all users and services.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2i2ek\"\u003eFor sites with a limited pool of available IPv4 addresses, this would allow the delivery of on-premise services without the use of a VPN to some users during continuity events.\u003c/p\u003e","id":"e1edb89b-85c2-4b76-b435-17aaea7f83ed"}],"redirect_url":"","secondary_page_type":"quick_guide","summary":"How to make sure your remote users can access services during business continuity events.","table_of_contents":"none","topics":[{"id":16,"name":"Infrastructure and systems"},{"id":6,"name":"Security, access and identity management"}]}},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/[...path]","query":{"path":["guides","maintaining-access-to-internal-services-during-a-continuity-event"]},"buildId":"xx_QiHckg3_1c5ZZF_g2t","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>