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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spacecraft-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spacecraft subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explosive_hatch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explosive_hatch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Explosive hatch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explosive_hatch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Window" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Window"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Window</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Window-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controls" 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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballistic_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballistic_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ballistic flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballistic_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reentry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reentry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Reentry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reentry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Splashdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Splashdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Splashdown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Splashdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hatch_blows_open" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hatch_blows_open"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Hatch blows open</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hatch_blows_open-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failed_spacecraft_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_spacecraft_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Failed spacecraft recovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_spacecraft_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recovery_of_Liberty_Bell_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery_of_Liberty_Bell_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Recovery of <i>Liberty Bell 7</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recovery_of_Liberty_Bell_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dramatization_in_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dramatization_in_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dramatization in film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dramatization_in_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mercury-Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_4" title="ميركوري-ريدستون 4 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميركوري-ريدستون 4" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8_4" title="Мъркюри 4 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мъркюри 4" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mercury-Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mercury-Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mercury-Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Redstone_4" title="Mercury Redstone 4 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mercury Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mercury-Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mercury-Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A8%B8%ED%81%90%EB%A6%AC-%EB%A0%88%EB%93%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A4_4%ED%98%B8" title="머큐리-레드스톤 4호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="머큐리-레드스톤 4호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mercury-Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mercury-Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99-%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_4" title="מרקורי-רדסטון 4 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרקורי-רדסטון 4" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mercury-Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%E2%80%93Redstone%E2%80%934" title="Mercury–Redstone–4 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mercury–Redstone–4" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_MR-4" title="Mercury MR-4 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mercury MR-4" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B34%E5%8F%B7" title="マーキュリー・レッドストーン4号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーキュリー・レッドストーン4号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mercury-Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mercury-Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mercury-Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD-4" title="Меркурий-Редстоун-4 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Меркурий-Редстоун-4" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mercury-Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mercury-Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mercury-Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_4" title="Mercury 4 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mercury 4" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mercury-Redstone 4" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Mercury-Redstone 4</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Grissom_Climbs_into_Liberty_Bell_7_MSFC-6116423.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Grissom_Climbs_into_Liberty_Bell_7_MSFC-6116423.jpg/260px-Grissom_Climbs_into_Liberty_Bell_7_MSFC-6116423.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Grissom_Climbs_into_Liberty_Bell_7_MSFC-6116423.jpg/390px-Grissom_Climbs_into_Liberty_Bell_7_MSFC-6116423.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Grissom_Climbs_into_Liberty_Bell_7_MSFC-6116423.jpg/520px-Grissom_Climbs_into_Liberty_Bell_7_MSFC-6116423.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2385" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Astronaut Gus Grissom climbs into <i>Liberty Bell 7</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data">Test flight</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">15 minutes, 37 seconds<sup id="cite_ref-results_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-results-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Range</th><td class="infobox-data">262.50 nautical miles (486.15 km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Apogee</th><td class="infobox-data">102.76 nautical miles (190.31 km)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury#Spacecraft" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a> No.11</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Aircraft">McDonnell Aircraft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">2,835 pounds (1,286 kg)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Crew</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crew size</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Members</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Virgil I. Grissom</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Callsign</th><td class="infobox-data">Liberty Bell 7</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">July 21, 1961, 12:20:36<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1961-07-21UTC12:20:36Z</span>)</span> UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Redstone MRLV</a> MR-8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 5">LC-5</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recovered by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/USS_Randolph_(CV-15)" title="USS Randolph (CV-15)">USS <i>Randolph</i></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">July 21, 1961, 12:36:13<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1961-07-21UTC12:36:14Z</span>)</span> UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data">North Atlantic Ocean<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mercury-Redstone_4&params=27_32_9_N_75_45_57_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°32′9″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°45′57″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.53583°N 75.76583°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.53583; -75.76583</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberty_bell_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Liberty_bell_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="160" /></a></span><br />Spacecraft name as painted on capsule side, with a "crack"<br /> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Astronaut_Gus_Grissom_in_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Astronaut_Gus_Grissom_in_1960.jpg/220px-Astronaut_Gus_Grissom_in_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Astronaut_Gus_Grissom_in_1960.jpg/330px-Astronaut_Gus_Grissom_in_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Astronaut_Gus_Grissom_in_1960.jpg/440px-Astronaut_Gus_Grissom_in_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4537" data-file-height="5737" /></a></span><br />Virgil Ivan "Gus" Grissom<div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a><br /><small>Crewed missions</small></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury-Redstone 3</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mercury-Redstone 4</b> was the second <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a>, on July 21, 1961. The <a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a> <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a> flight was launched with a <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle</a>, MRLV-8. The spacecraft, Mercury <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">capsule</a> #11, was nicknamed <i><b>Liberty Bell 7</b></i>. It was piloted by <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a> <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Virgil "Gus" Grissom</a>. </p><p>The spaceflight lasted 15 minutes 30 seconds, reached an altitude of more than 102.8 nautical miles (190.4 km), and flew 262.5 nautical miles (486.2 km) downrange, landing in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. The flight went as expected until just after <a href="/wiki/Splashdown" title="Splashdown">splashdown</a>, when the hatch cover, designed to release explosively in the event of an emergency, accidentally blew. Grissom was at risk of drowning, but was recovered safely via a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a>. The spacecraft sank into the Atlantic and was not recovered until 1999. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_parameters">Mission parameters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mission parameters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Mass:</b> 1 286 kg</li> <li><b>Maximum altitude:</b> 190.39 km</li> <li><b>Range:</b> 486.15 km</li> <li><b>Launch vehicle:</b> <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Redstone rocket</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MR-4 spacecraft, Mercury capsule #11, was designated to fly the second crewed <a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital flight</a> in October 1960. It came off McDonnell's St. Louis production line in May 1960. Capsule #11 was the first Mercury operational spacecraft with a centerline window instead of two <a href="/wiki/Porthole" title="Porthole">portholes</a>. It was closer to the final orbital version than was Alan Shepard's <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom 7">Freedom 7</a></i>. Dubbed <i>Liberty Bell 7</i> by its pilot, it featured a white, diagonal, irregular paint stripe starting at the base of the capsule and extending about two-thirds toward the nose, emulating the crack in the famed <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explosive_hatch">Explosive hatch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Explosive hatch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_4_Hatch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mercury_4_Hatch.png/170px-Mercury_4_Hatch.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mercury_4_Hatch.png/255px-Mercury_4_Hatch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mercury_4_Hatch.png/340px-Mercury_4_Hatch.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>MR-4 Explosive Hatch Diagram (NASA)</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Liberty Bell 7</i> also had a new explosive hatch release. This would allow an astronaut to exit the spacecraft quickly in the event of an emergency. Emergency personnel could also trigger the explosive hatch from outside the spacecraft by pulling on an external lanyard. Both the pop-off hatch and the lanyard are standard features of <a href="/wiki/Ejection_seats" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejection seats">ejection seats</a> used in military aircraft, but in the Mercury design, the pilot still had to exit the craft himself, or be removed by emergency personnel. The original exit procedure was to climb out through the antenna compartment, after removing a small pressure bulkhead. This was a difficult and slow procedure. Removal of an injured or unconscious astronaut through the top hatch would be nearly impossible. The original side hatch was bolted shut with 70 bolts and covered with several spacecraft shingles, making it a slow process to open the original hatch. </p><p><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Aircraft">McDonnell Aircraft</a> engineers devised two different quick release hatches for the Mercury spacecraft. The first had a latch, and was used on <a href="/wiki/Ham_(chimpanzee)" title="Ham (chimpanzee)">Ham</a>'s (a <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzee</a>) MR-2 and Shepard's MR-3 missions. The second design was an explosive release hatch. The quick release latching hatch weighed 69 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lb</a> (31 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>), too much of a weight addition to use on the orbital version of the spacecraft. The explosive hatch design used the 70 bolts of the original design, but each quarter-inch (6.35 mm) titanium bolt had a 0.06 in (1.5 mm) hole bored into it to provide a weak point. A mild detonating fuse (MDF) was installed in a channel between the inner and outer seal around the periphery of the hatch. When the MDF was ignited, the resulting gas pressure between the inner and outer seal would cause the bolts to fail in tension. </p><p>There were two ways to fire the explosive hatch during recovery. On the inside of the hatch was a knobbed plunger. The pilot could remove a pin and press the plunger with a force of 5 or 6 <a href="/wiki/Pound-force" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound-force">lb<sub>f</sub></a> (25 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(units)" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton (units)">N</a>). This would detonate the explosive charge, which would shear off the 70 bolts and propel the hatch 25 ft (7.6 m) away in one second. If the pin was left in place, a force of 40 lb<sub>f</sub> (180 N) was required to detonate the bolts. An outside rescuer could blow open the hatch by removing a small panel near the hatch and pulling a lanyard. The explosive hatch weighed 23 lb (10 kg). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Window">Window</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Window"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new trapezoidal window on <i>Liberty Bell 7</i> replaced the two 10 in (250 mm) side portholes that were on Freedom 7. The <a href="/wiki/Corning_Glass_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Corning Glass Works">Corning Glass Works</a> of <a href="/wiki/Corning,_New_York" title="Corning, New York">Corning, New York</a> designed and developed the multilayered panes that comprised the new window. The outer pane was 0.35 in (8.9 mm) thick <a href="/wiki/Vycor" title="Vycor">Vycor</a> glass. It could withstand temperatures of 1,500 to 1,800 °F (820 to 980 °C). The inner pane was made of three inner glass panels bonded to form a single inner pane. One panel was a 0.17 in (4.3 mm) thick sheet of Vycor, while the others were tempered glass. This new window assembly was as strong as any part of the spacecraft pressure vessel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controls">Controls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The manual controls of <i>Liberty Bell 7</i> incorporated a new rate stabilization control system. This allowed fine <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft attitude control">control of spacecraft attitude</a> movements by small turns of the hand controller. Previously a lot of jockeying of the device was needed to maintain the desired attitude. This rate damping, or rate augmentation system, gave finer and easier handling qualities and a redundant means of firing the pitch, yaw, and roll thrusters. </p><p>Before the Mercury-Redstone 4 mission, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Research Center">Lewis Research Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> engineers had determined that firing the posigrade rockets into the booster-spacecraft adapter, rather than in the open, developed 78 percent greater thrust. This achieved a greater spacecraft-booster separation through a kind of "pop-gun" effect. By using this technique, the spacecraft separated at velocity of about 28.1 ft/s (8.6 m/s) rather than 15 ft/s (4.6 m/s) using the old procedure. The Mercury-Redstone 4/<i>Liberty Bell 7</i> mission would take advantage of this new procedure. </p><p>Additional hardware changes to <i>Liberty Bell 7</i> were a redesigned fairing for the spacecraft-Redstone adapter clamp-ring and additional foam padding added to the head area of the contour couch. The fairing changes and additional foam were used to reduce vibrations the pilot experienced during the boost phase of flight. The spacecraft instrument panel was rearranged to provide a better eye scan pattern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Captain Grissom dubbed his capsule "Liberty Bell 7", the seven in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">seven original astronauts selected for Mercury</a>, a tradition inadvertently started by prior Mercury pilot, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a>, who incorporated the seven in "Freedom 7" as his spacecraft was factory model no. 7. The other astronauts liked the symbolism, and so each appended 7 to their spacecraft names as well. Grissom chose "Liberty Bell" due to the capsule's resemblance to a bell, and because it evoked the iconic <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a>. Grissom went as far as having the Liberty Bell on the spacecraft complete with the crack that characterizes the real bell. This detail motivated a degree of teasing of Grissom after the spacecraft sank in the ocean at the end of its mission.<sup id="cite_ref-life_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_description">Mission description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mission description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1961, NASA's Director of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilruth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Gilruth">Robert Gilruth</a>, told <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a> that he would be the primary pilot for Mercury-Redstone 4. <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a> was the backup pilot for the mission. </p><p>Redstone launch vehicle MRLV-8 arrived at Cape Canaveral on June 8, 1961. A mission review on July 15, 1961, pronounced Redstone MRLV-8 and Mercury spacecraft #11 ready to go for the Mercury-Redstone 4 mission. </p><p>The Mercury 4 mission was planned as a repeat of <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">MR-3</a>. It was to reach an apogee of 116 mi (187 km). The planned range was 299 mi (481 km). Grissom would experience a maximum acceleration of 6.33 <i>g</i> (62 m/s<sup>2</sup>) and deceleration of 10.96 <i>g</i> (107 m/s<sup>2</sup>). </p><p>The launch of <i>Liberty Bell 7</i> was first planned for July 16. The cloud cover was too thick and the launch was postponed until July 18. On July 18, it was again postponed due to weather. Both times, the pilot had not yet boarded the spacecraft. On July 19, 1961, Grissom was on board when the flight was delayed again due to weather. At that point, it had just 10 minutes 30 seconds to go before launch. </p><p>On the morning of July 21, 1961, Gus Grissom entered the <i>Liberty Bell 7</i> at 8:58 UTC and the 70 hatch bolts were put in place. At 45 minutes prior to the scheduled launch, a pad technician discovered that one of the hatch bolts was misaligned. During a 30-minute hold that was called, McDonnell and NASA Space Task Group engineers decided that the 69 remaining bolts should be sufficient to hold the hatch in place and blow it at the appropriate time. The misaligned bolt was not replaced. </p><p><i>Liberty Bell 7</i> was launched at 12:20:36 UTC, July 21, 1961. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury-Redstone_4_Launch_MSFC-6414824.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mercury-Redstone_4_Launch_MSFC-6414824.jpg/170px-Mercury-Redstone_4_Launch_MSFC-6414824.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mercury-Redstone_4_Launch_MSFC-6414824.jpg/255px-Mercury-Redstone_4_Launch_MSFC-6414824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mercury-Redstone_4_Launch_MSFC-6414824.jpg/340px-Mercury-Redstone_4_Launch_MSFC-6414824.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption>Launch of Mercury-Redstone 4 at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 5">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 5</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Grissom later admitted at the postflight debriefing that he was "a bit scared" at liftoff, but he added that he soon gained confidence along with the acceleration increase. Hearing the engine roar at the pedestal, he thought that his elapsed-time clock had started late. Like Shepard, he was amazed at the smooth quality of the liftoff, but then he noticed gradually more severe vibrations. These were never violent enough to impair his vision. </p><p>Grissom's cabin pressure sealed off at the proper altitude, about 27,000 ft (8.2 km), and he felt elated that the environmental control system was in good working order. The cabin and suit temperatures, respectively about 57.5 and 97 °F (14.2 and 36.1 °C) were quite comfortable. Watching his instruments for the pitch rate of the Redstone, Grissom saw it follow directions as programmed, tilting over at about one deg/s. </p><p>During a 3 <i>g</i> (29 m/s<sup>2</sup>) acceleration on the up-leg of his flight, Grissom noticed a sudden change in the color of the horizon from light blue to jet black. His attention was distracted by the noise of the tower-jettison rocket firing on schedule. Grissom felt the separation, and he watched the tower through the window as it drifted off, trailing smoke, to his right. At two minutes and 22 seconds after launch, the Redstone's Rocketdyne engine cut off after building a speed of 6,561 ft/s (2,000 m/s). Grissom had a strong sensation of tumbling during the transition from high to zero acceleration, and, while he had become familiar with this sensation in centrifuge training, for a moment he lost his bearings. </p><p>The Redstone coasted for 10 seconds after its engine cut off; then a sharp report signaled that the posigrade rockets were popping the spacecraft loose from the booster. Although Grissom peered out his window throughout his ship's turnaround maneuver, he never caught sight of his booster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballistic_flight">Ballistic flight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ballistic flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With turnaround accomplished, the Air Force jet pilot for the first time became a space pilot, assuming manual-proportional control. A constant urge to look out the window made concentrating on his control tasks difficult. He told Shepard back in Mercury Control that the panorama of Earth's horizon, presenting an 800 mi (1,300 km) arc at peak altitude, was fascinating. His instruments rated a poor second to the spectacle below.<sup id="cite_ref-ocean_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocean-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turning reluctantly to his dials and control stick, Grissom made a pitch movement change, but was past his desired mark. He jockeyed the handcontroller stick for position, trying to damp out all oscillations, then made a yaw movement and went too far in that direction. By the time the proper attitude was attained, the short time allocated for these maneuvers had been used, so he omitted the roll movement altogether. Grissom found the manual controls very sluggish when compared to the Mercury procedures trainer. He then switched to the new rate command control system and found perfect response, although fuel consumption was high. </p><p>After the pitch and yaw maneuvers, Grissom made a roll-over movement so he could see the ground from his window. Some land beneath the clouds (later determined to be western Florida around the Apalachicola area) appeared in the hazy distance, but the pilot was unable to identify it. Suddenly Cape Canaveral came into view so clearly that Grissom found it hard to believe that his slant-range was over 150 mi (240 km).<sup id="cite_ref-ocean_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocean-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He saw Merritt Island, the Banana River, the Indian River, and what appeared to be a large airport runway. South of Cape Canaveral, he saw what he believed to be West Palm Beach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reentry">Reentry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reentry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With <i>Liberty Bell 7</i> at an altitude of 118.26 mi (190.32 km), it was now time to position the spacecraft in its reentry attitude. Grissom had initiated the retrorocket sequence and the spacecraft was arcing downward. His pulse reached 171 beats per minute. Retrofire gave him the distinct and peculiar feeling that he had reversed his backward flight through space and was actually moving face forward. As he plummeted downward, he saw what appeared to be two of the spent retrorockets pass across the periscope view after the retrorocket package had been jettisoned. </p><p>Pitching the spacecraft over into a reentry attitude of 14 degrees from Earth-vertical, the pilot tried to see the stars out his observation window. Instead the glare of sunlight filled his cabin, making it difficult to read the panel dials, particularly those with blue lights. Grissom thought that he would not have noticed the 0.05 <i>g</i> (0.5 m/s<sup>2</sup>) light if he had not known it was about to flash on. </p><p>Reentry presented no problem. Grissom could not feel the oscillations following the acceleration buildup; he could only read them on the rate indicators. Meanwhile, he continued to report to the Mercury Control Center on his electric current reading, fuel quantity, acceleration, and other instrument indications. Condensation and smoke trailed off the heatshield at about 65,000 ft (20 km) as <i>Liberty Bell 7</i> plunged back into the atmosphere. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">drogue parachute</a> deployed on schedule at 21,000 ft (6.4 km). Grissom said he saw the deployment and felt some resulting pulsating motion, but not enough to worry him. Main parachute deployment occurred at 12,300 ft (3.7 km), which was about 1,000 ft (300 m) higher than the design nominal altitude. Watching the main chute unfurl, Grissom spotted a 6 in (150 mm) L-shaped tear and another 2 in (51 mm) puncture in the canopy. Although he worried about them, the holes grew no bigger and his rate of descent soon slowed to about 28 ft/s (8.5 m/s). Dumping his peroxide control fuel, the pilot began transmitting his panel readings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Splashdown">Splashdown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Splashdown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A "clunk" confirmed that the landing bag had dropped in preparation for impact. Grissom then removed his oxygen hose and opened his visor, but deliberately left the suit ventilation hose attached. Impact was milder than he had expected, although the spacecraft heeled over in the water until Grissom was lying on his left side. He thought he was facing downward. The spacecraft gradually righted itself, and, as the window cleared the water, Grissom jettisoned the reserve parachute and activated the rescue aids switch. <i>Liberty Bell 7</i> still appeared to be watertight, although it was rolling badly with the swells. </p><p>Preparing for recovery, he disconnected his helmet and checked himself for debarkation. The neck dam did not unroll easily; Grissom tinkered with his suit collar to ensure his buoyancy in the event that he had to get out of the spacecraft quickly. When the recovery helicopters, which had taken to the air at launch time and visually followed the contrails and parachute descent, were still about 2 mi (3.2 km) from the impact point, which was only 3 mi (4.8 km) beyond the bullseye, Lieutenant James L. Lewis, the pilot of the primary recovery helicopter, radioed Grissom to ask if he was ready for pickup. He replied that he wanted them to wait five minutes while he recorded his cockpit panel data. Using a <a href="/wiki/Grease_pencil" title="Grease pencil">grease pencil</a> with the pressure suit gloves was awkward, and several times the suit ventilation caused the neck dam to balloon, but Grissom simply placed his finger between neck and dam to allow the air to escape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hatch_blows_open">Hatch blows open</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hatch blows open"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grissom_lifted_from_water_61-MR4-82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Grissom_lifted_from_water_61-MR4-82.jpg/170px-Grissom_lifted_from_water_61-MR4-82.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Grissom_lifted_from_water_61-MR4-82.jpg/255px-Grissom_lifted_from_water_61-MR4-82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Grissom_lifted_from_water_61-MR4-82.jpg/340px-Grissom_lifted_from_water_61-MR4-82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="2483" /></a><figcaption>Grissom is hoisted to safety following the sinking of <i>Liberty Bell 7</i></figcaption></figure> <p>After logging the panel data, Grissom asked the helicopters to begin the approach for pickup. He removed the pin from the hatch-cover detonator and lay back in the couch. "I was lying there, minding my own business," he said afterward, "when I heard a dull thud." The hatch cover blew away, and salt water splashed into the spacecraft as it bobbed in the ocean. The capsule began taking on water and started to sink. </p><p>Grissom had difficulty recollecting his actions at this point, but he was certain that he had not touched the hatch-activation plunger. He had earlier unbuckled himself from most of his harness; he now removed his helmet, grasped the instrument panel with his right hand, and climbed though the hatchway. </p><p>The copilot of the nearest recovery helicopter said that as he was preparing, per procedure, to cut off the spacecraft's antenna whip with a squib-actuated cutter at the end of a pole, the hatch cover flew off, struck the water about 5 ft (1.5 m) away, then skipped over the waves. Next he saw Grissom climb through the hatch and swim away. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Failed_spacecraft_recovery">Failed spacecraft recovery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Failed spacecraft recovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Failed_Attempt_to_Recover_Liberty_Bell_7_-_GPN-2002-000047.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Failed_Attempt_to_Recover_Liberty_Bell_7_-_GPN-2002-000047.jpg/220px-Failed_Attempt_to_Recover_Liberty_Bell_7_-_GPN-2002-000047.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Failed_Attempt_to_Recover_Liberty_Bell_7_-_GPN-2002-000047.jpg/330px-Failed_Attempt_to_Recover_Liberty_Bell_7_-_GPN-2002-000047.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Failed_Attempt_to_Recover_Liberty_Bell_7_-_GPN-2002-000047.jpg/440px-Failed_Attempt_to_Recover_Liberty_Bell_7_-_GPN-2002-000047.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="2190" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_H-34" title="Sikorsky H-34">HUS-1</a> helicopter attempting to recover the <i>Liberty Bell 7</i> spacecraft. The recovery ship <a href="/wiki/USS_Randolph_(CV-15)" title="USS Randolph (CV-15)">USS <i>Randolph</i></a> is visible in the distance.</figcaption></figure> <p>Leaving aside the swimming astronaut, Lewis completed his approach to the sinking spacecraft, as both he and co-pilot John Reinhard were intent on spacecraft recovery. This action was a conditioned reflex based on past training experience. While training off the Virginia beaches the helicopter pilots had noted that the astronauts seemed at home in and to enjoy the water. So Reinhard quickly cut the high-frequency antenna as soon as the helicopter reached <i>Liberty Bell 7</i>. Throwing aside the antenna cutting device, Reinhard picked up the shepherd's-hook recovery pole and carefully threaded the crook through the recovery loop on top of the spacecraft. By this time Lewis had lowered the helicopter to assist Reinhard in his task to a point that the helicopter's three wheels were in the water. The capsule sank out of sight, but the pickup pole tangled as the attached cable went taut, indicating to the helicopter pilots that they had made the catch. </p><p>Reinhard immediately prepared to pass the floating astronaut the personnel hoist, but at that moment Lewis called a warning that a detector light had flashed on the instrument panel, indicating that metal chips were in the oil sump because of engine strain. Considering the implication of impending engine failure, Lewis told Reinhard to retract the personnel hoist while he called the second helicopter to retrieve Grissom. </p><p>Meanwhile, Grissom, having made certain that he was not snared by any lines, noticed that the primary helicopter was having trouble raising the submerged spacecraft. He swam back to the spacecraft to see if he could assist, but found the cable properly attached. When he looked up for the personnel line, he saw the helicopter start to move away. </p><p>Suddenly, Grissom realized that he was not riding as high in the water as he had been. All the time he had been in the water he kept feeling air escape through the neck dam. The more air he lost, the less buoyancy he had. Moreover, he had forgotten to secure his suit inlet valve. Swimming was becoming difficult, and now with the second helicopter moving in he found the rotor wash between the two aircraft was making swimming more difficult. Bobbing under the waves, Grissom was scared, angry, and looking for a swimmer from one of the helicopters to help him tread water. Then he caught sight of a familiar face, that of George Cox, aboard the second helicopter. Cox was the copilot who had retrieved both the chimpanzee Ham and Shepard on the first Mercury flight. With his head barely above water, Grissom found the sight of Cox heartening. </p><p>Cox tossed the "horse-collar" lifeline straight to Grissom, who immediately wrapped himself into the sling backwards. Lack of orthodoxy mattered little to Grissom now, for he was on his way to the safety of the helicopter, even though swells dunked him twice more before he got aboard. His first thought was to get a life preserver on. Grissom had been either swimming or floating for a period of only four or five minutes, "although it seemed like an eternity to me," as he said afterward. </p><p>As the first helicopter moved away from Grissom, it struggled to raise the spacecraft high enough to drain the water from the impact bag. At one point the spacecraft was almost clear of the water, but like an anchor it prevented the helicopter from moving forward. The flooded capsule weighed over 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg), 1,000 lb (450 kg) beyond the helicopter's lifting capacity. The pilot, watching his insistent red warning light, decided not to chance losing two craft in one day. He finally cast loose, allowing the spacecraft to sink swiftly. Martin Byrnes, aboard the carrier, suggested that a marker be placed at the point so that the spacecraft might be recovered later. Rear Admiral J. E. Clark advised Byrnes that in that area the depth was about 2,800 <a href="/wiki/Fathom" title="Fathom">fathoms</a> (5.1 km; 16,800 ft; 3.2 mi). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Substantial controversy ensued, as Grissom reported that the hatch had blown prematurely without his authorization. An independent technical review of the incident between August and October 1961 raised doubts regarding the theory that Grissom had blown the hatch and was responsible for the loss of the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is strong evidence that the <a href="/wiki/Astronaut_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronaut Office">Astronaut Office</a> did not accept Grissom's guilt in the fact that he was maintained in the prime rotation spot for future flights, commanding the first <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> flight, and the first planned <a href="/wiki/Project_Apollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Apollo">Apollo</a> flight.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three Mercury flights later, Astronaut <a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a> manually blew <i><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_8" title="Mercury-Atlas 8">Sigma 7</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s hatch after recovery when his spacecraft was on the deck of the recovery ship, in a deliberate attempt to dispel the rumor that Grissom might have blown the capsule's hatch deliberately. As anticipated, the kickback from the manual trigger left Schirra with a visible injury to his right hand. Grissom was uninjured when he exited the spacecraft, as documented by his postflight physical. This strongly supports his assertion that he did not accidentally hit the trigger, since in that case he would have been even more likely to injure himself.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1965 interview, Grissom said that he believed the external release lanyard came loose, triggering the hatch release. On the <i>Liberty Bell 7</i>, this release lanyard was held in place by only one screw. This theory was accepted by <a href="/wiki/Guenter_Wendt" class="mw-redirect" title="Guenter Wendt">Guenter Wendt</a>, the Pad Leader for most early American crewed spaceflights.<sup id="cite_ref-BisneyPickering2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BisneyPickering2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a launch simulation on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> in 1967, the combination of a cabin fire and an inward-opening hatch contributed to the death of Grissom, as well as that of the astronauts <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee">Roger B. Chaffee</a> in a launch-pad fire. Use of an explosive hatch had been rejected following the discovery by engineers that, in fact, an explosive egress system on a spacecraft could inadvertently fire without being triggered. Following the Apollo fire, Block II Apollo spacecraft were equipped with rapid-opening systems. </p><p>In 2021, analysis of video of the recovery suggested that static electricity may have caused the premature detonation of the hatch bolts. Helicopters are known to build up a charge of static electricity due to the rotors moving through the air. Marine Corps Lt. John Reinhard, the crewman aboard the helicopter who used a set of shears containing explosive charges to snip off the antenna on the floating spacecraft (to allow the helicopter to go lower) reported that "when I touched the antenna there was an arc, and both cutters fired. At the same time, the hatch came off. It could be that some static charge set [the hatch] off."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recovery_of_Liberty_Bell_7">Recovery of <i>Liberty Bell 7</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recovery of Liberty Bell 7"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberty_Bell_7_1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Liberty_Bell_7_1999.jpg/170px-Liberty_Bell_7_1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Liberty_Bell_7_1999.jpg/255px-Liberty_Bell_7_1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Liberty_Bell_7_1999.jpg/340px-Liberty_Bell_7_1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="2617" /></a><figcaption><i>Liberty Bell 7</i> was recovered in 1999</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006LibertyBell7Display.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2006LibertyBell7Display.JPG/220px-2006LibertyBell7Display.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2006LibertyBell7Display.JPG/330px-2006LibertyBell7Display.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2006LibertyBell7Display.JPG/440px-2006LibertyBell7Display.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1441" /></a><figcaption>The restored spacecraft is currently displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Cosmosphere" title="Cosmosphere">Cosmosphere</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson,_Kansas" title="Hutchinson, Kansas">Hutchinson, Kansas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After several unsuccessful attempts in 1992 and 1993, <a href="/wiki/Oceaneering_International" title="Oceaneering International">Oceaneering International</a>, Inc. lifted the <i>Liberty Bell 7</i> off the floor of the Atlantic Ocean and onto the deck of a recovery ship on July 20, 1999, the 30th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> lunar landing and a day shy of the 38th anniversary of the loss of the Mercury capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-Angelo2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelo2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team was led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curt_Newport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curt Newport (page does not exist)">Curt Newport</a> and financed by the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a>. The spacecraft was found after a 14-year effort by Newport at a depth of nearly 16,000 ft (4,900 m),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 300 nmi (350 mi; 560 km) east-southeast of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral" title="Cape Canaveral">Cape Canaveral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the items found within were part of the flight gear and several <a href="/wiki/Mercury_dime" title="Mercury dime">Mercury dimes</a> which had been taken to space to be souvenirs of the flight.<sup id="cite_ref-Angelo2014_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelo2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <i>Liberty Bell 7</i> was secured on the deck of the recovery ship, the "Ocean Project", experts removed and disposed of an explosive device (<a href="/wiki/SOFAR_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="SOFAR bomb">SOFAR bomb</a>) that was supposed to detonate in the event of the spacecraft's sinking, but which failed to explode.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft was then placed in a container filled with seawater to prevent further corrosion. The <a href="/wiki/Cosmosphere" title="Cosmosphere">Cosmosphere</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson,_Kansas" title="Hutchinson, Kansas">Hutchinson, Kansas</a>, disassembled and cleaned the spacecraft,<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberger2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberger2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was released for a national tour through September 15, 2006. The spacecraft was then returned to the Cosmosphere where it is on permanent display. In 2016, it was temporarily lent to <a href="/wiki/The_Children%27s_Museum_of_Indianapolis" title="The Children's Museum of Indianapolis">The Children's Museum of Indianapolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UXB_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UXB-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dramatization_in_film">Dramatization in film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dramatization in film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kaufman" title="Philip Kaufman">Philip Kaufman</a>'s 1983 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)" title="The Right Stuff (film)">The Right Stuff</a></i> includes a dramatization of the <i>Liberty Bell 7</i> mission in which <a href="/wiki/Fred_Ward" title="Fred Ward">Fred Ward</a> played Gus Grissom.<sup id="cite_ref-Communications2000_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Communications2000-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional fictional representations also occur in HBO's 1998 <i><a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">From the Earth to the Moon</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rolston" title="Mark Rolston">Mark Rolston</a> as Gus Grissom and 2016's <i><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Figures" title="Hidden Figures">Hidden Figures</a></i> movie with Devin McGee as Gus Grissom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>T+ Time </th> <th>Event </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:00:00 </td> <td>Liftoff </td> <td>Mercury-Redstone lifts off, onboard clock starts. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:00:16 </td> <td>Pitch Program </td> <td>Redstone pitches over 2 deg/s from 90 deg to 45 deg. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:00:40 </td> <td>End Pitch Program </td> <td>Redstone reaches 45 deg pitch. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:01:24 </td> <td>Max Q </td> <td>Maximum dynamic pressure ~575 lb<sub>f</sub>/ft² (28 kPa). </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:02:20 </td> <td>BECO </td> <td>Redstone engine shutdown - Booster Engine Cutoff. Velocity 5,200 mph (2.3 km/s) </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:02:22 </td> <td>Tower Jettison </td> <td>Escape Tower Jettison, no longer needed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:02:24 </td> <td>Spacecraft Separation </td> <td>Posigrade rockets fire for 1 s giving 15 ft/s (4.6 m/s) separation. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:02:35 </td> <td>Turnaround Maneuver </td> <td>Spacecraft (ASCS Automatic Stabilization and Control System) system rotates spacecraft 180 deg, to heat shield forward attitude. Nose is pitched down 34 deg to retro fire position. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:05:00 </td> <td>Apogee </td> <td>Apogee of about 115 mi (185 km) reached at 150 mi (240 km) downrange from launch site. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:05:15 </td> <td>Retrofire </td> <td>Three retro rockets fire for 10 s each. They are started at 5 s intervals, firing overlaps. Delta-V of 550 ft/s (170 m/s) is taken off forward velocity. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:05:45 </td> <td>Retract Periscope </td> <td>Periscope is automatically retracted in preparation for reentry. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:06:15 </td> <td>Retro Pack Jettison </td> <td>One minute after retrofire retro pack is jettisoned, leaving heatshield clear. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:06:20 </td> <td>Retro Attitude Maneuver </td> <td>(ASCS) orients spacecraft in 34 deg nose down pitch, 0 deg roll, 0 deg yaw. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:07:15 </td> <td>.05 <i>g</i> Maneuver </td> <td>(ASCS) detects beginning of reentry and rolls spacecraft at 10 deg/s to stabilize spacecraft during reentry. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:09:38 </td> <td>Drogue Parachute Deploy </td> <td>Drogue parachute deployed at 22,000 ft (6.7 km) slowing descent to 365 ft/s (111 m/s) and stabilizing spacecraft. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:09:45 </td> <td>Snorkel Deploy </td> <td>Fresh air snorkel deploys at 20,000 ft (6.1 km). (ECS) switches to emergency oxygen rate to cool cabin. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:10:15 </td> <td>Main Parachute Deploy </td> <td>Main parachute deploys at 10,000 ft (3.0 km). Descent rate slows to 30 ft/s (9.1 m/s) </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:10:20 </td> <td>Landing Bag Deploy </td> <td>Landing Bag Deploys, dropping heat shield down 4 ft (1.2 m). </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:10:20 </td> <td>Fuel Dump </td> <td>Remaining hydrogen peroxide fuel automatically dumped. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:15:30 </td> <td>Splashdown </td> <td>Spacecraft lands in water about 300 mi (480 km) downrange from launch site. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T+00:15:30 </td> <td>Rescue Aids Deploy </td> <td>Rescue aid package deployed. The package includes green dye marker, recovery radio beacon and whip antenna. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guidelines">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-results-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-results_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/MR-4/chap02.htm">"Results Of The Second U.S. Manned Suborbital Spaceflight July 21, 1961 (NASA)"</a>. 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"Spacecraft Anonymous". <i>life</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">107–</span>116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=life&rft.atitle=Spacecraft+Anonymous&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=1968-10-11&rft.aulast=Hamblin&rft.aufirst=Dora+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury-Redstone+4" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocean-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ocean_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocean_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwenson_Jr.GrimwoodAlexander" class="citation book cs1">Swenson Jr., Loyd S.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. "Liberty Bell Tolls". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/ch11-8.htm"><i>This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury</i></a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liberty+Bell+Tolls&rft.btitle=This+New+Ocean%3A+A+History+of+Project+Mercury&rft.pub=NASA&rft.aulast=Swenson+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Loyd+S.&rft.au=Grimwood%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4201%2Fch11-8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury-Redstone+4" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans2010_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans2010_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2010" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Ben (April 2, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zCL6BoE2HU4C&pg=PA107"><i>Escaping the Bonds of Earth: The Fifties and the Sixties</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 107–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-79094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-79094-7"><bdi>978-0-387-79094-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escaping+the+Bonds+of+Earth%3A+The+Fifties+and+the+Sixties&rft.pages=107-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010-04-02&rft.isbn=978-0-387-79094-7&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzCL6BoE2HU4C%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury-Redstone+4" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French, F.; Burgess, C. (2007). <i>Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers of the Space Era, 1961-1965</i>, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1146-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1146-9">978-0-8032-1146-9</a>), 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BisneyPickering2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BisneyPickering2016_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisneyPickering2016" class="citation book cs1">Bisney, John; Pickering, J. L. (April 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_CBADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15"><i>Spaceshots and Snapshots of Projects Mercury and Gemini: A Rare Photographic History</i></a>. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 15–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-5263-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-5263-7"><bdi>978-0-8263-5263-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spaceshots+and+Snapshots+of+Projects+Mercury+and+Gemini%3A+A+Rare+Photographic+History&rft.pages=15-&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-5263-7&rft.aulast=Bisney&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Pickering%2C+J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_CBADAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury-Redstone+4" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astronomy.com/news/2021/07/did-static-electricity-blow-the-hatch-of-liberty-bell-7">"Did static electricity — not Gus Grissom — blow the hatch of the Liberty Bell 7 spacecraft?"</a>. <i>Astronomy.com</i>. July 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy.com&rft.atitle=Did+static+electricity+%E2%80%94+not+Gus+Grissom+%E2%80%94+blow+the+hatch+of+the+Liberty+Bell+7+spacecraft%3F&rft.date=2021-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastronomy.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F07%2Fdid-static-electricity-blow-the-hatch-of-liberty-bell-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury-Redstone+4" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angelo2014-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Angelo2014_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angelo2014_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelo2014" class="citation book cs1">Angelo, Joseph A. (May 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OGumSybNfFQC&pg=PA87"><i>Human Spaceflight</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 87–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0891-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0891-9"><bdi>978-1-4381-0891-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Spaceflight&rft.pages=87-&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0891-9&rft.aulast=Angelo&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOGumSybNfFQC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury-Redstone+4" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tHseAQAAIAAJ"><i>Ocean News & Technology</i></a>. Technology Systems Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ocean+News+%26+Technology&rft.pub=Technology+Systems+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtHseAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury-Redstone+4" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDBWAAAAMAAJ"><i>Air & Space Smithsonian</i></a>. Smithsonian Institution. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+%26+Space+Smithsonian&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTDBWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury-Redstone+4" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RPtVAAAAMAAJ"><i>Materials Performance</i></a>. National Association of Corrosion Engineers. July 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+Performance&rft.pub=National+Association+of+Corrosion+Engineers&rft.date=1999-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRPtVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury-Redstone+4" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenberger2003-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenberger2003_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberger2003" class="citation book cs1">Greenberger, Robert (October 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xAa6aHVpb9gC&pg=PA54"><i>Gus Grissom: The Tragedy of Apollo 1</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 54–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-4458-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-4458-3"><bdi>978-0-8239-4458-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gus+Grissom%3A+The+Tragedy+of+Apollo+1&rft.pages=54-&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-4458-3&rft.aulast=Greenberger&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxAa6aHVpb9gC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury-Redstone+4" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UXB-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UXB_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120619191922/http://www.uxb.com/pages/marine-services.html">"The Liberty Bell 7 Recovery"</a>. Blacksburg, Virginia: UXB. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uxb.com/pages/marine-services.html">the original</a> on June 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Liberty+Bell+7+Recovery&rft.place=Blacksburg%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=UXB&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uxb.com%2Fpages%2Fmarine-services.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury-Redstone+4" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Communications2000-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Communications2000_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eesCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA102"><i>Indianapolis Monthly</i></a>. Emmis Communications. October 2000. pp. 102–. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-0328">0899-0328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indianapolis+Monthly&rft.pages=102-&rft.pub=Emmis+Communications&rft.date=2000-10&rft.issn=0899-0328&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeesCAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury-Redstone+4" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mercury4.spacelog.org">Mercury-Redstone 4 transcripts on Spacelog</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200825011038/http://mercury4.spacelog.org/">Archived</a> August 25, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/cover.htm">This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury - NASA SP-4201</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617075825/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/cover.htm">Archived</a> June 17, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630043540_1963043540.pdf">NASA MR-4 News Conference July 22, 1961, Cocoa Beach, FL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/mission_trans/MR04_TEC.PDF">Results Of The Second U.S. Manned Suborbital Spaceflight July 21, 1961 (NASA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20000025483/downloads/20000025483.pdf"><i>Liberty Bell 7</i> Recovery Evaluation and Nondestructive Testing - NASA - December 1999 (PDF format)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/16991794/NASA-MercuryRedstone-4-Liberty-Bell-7-Press-Kit">NASA Mercury MR4 press kit - July 13, 1961</a></li></ul> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guidelines">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_4&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008214105/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mr-4/mr-4.htm">Field Guide to American Spacecraft</a> Pictures of <i>Liberty Bell 7</i> on display after recovery and restoration.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Project_Mercury" title="Template:Project Mercury"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Project_Mercury" title="Template talk:Project Mercury"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Project_Mercury" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Project Mercury"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Project_Mercury167" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Space flight</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-right:1.0em;"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Capsule2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury program capsule"><img alt="Mercury program capsule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mercury_Capsule2.png/70px-Mercury_Capsule2.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mercury_Capsule2.png/105px-Mercury_Capsule2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mercury_Capsule2.png/140px-Mercury_Capsule2.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Mercury program capsule</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Suborbit: <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3"><i>Freedom 7</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Liberty Bell 7</i></a></li> <li>Earth orbit: <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6"><i>Friendship 7</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_7" title="Mercury-Atlas 7"><i>Aurora 7</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_8" title="Mercury-Atlas 8"><i>Sigma 7</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_9" title="Mercury-Atlas 9"><i>Faith 7</i></a></li> <li>Cancelled: <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_10" title="Mercury-Atlas 10"><i>Freedom 7 II</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1" title="Little Joe 1">Little Joe 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_1" title="Big Joe 1">Big Joe 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_6" title="Little Joe 6">LJ-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1A" title="Little Joe 1A">LJ-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_2" title="Little Joe 2">LJ-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1B" title="Little Joe 1B">LJ-1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_Abort" title="Beach Abort">Beach Abort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_1" title="Mercury-Atlas 1">MA-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_5" title="Little Joe 5">Little Joe 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_1" title="Mercury-Redstone 1">MR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_1A" title="Mercury-Redstone 1A">MR-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_2" title="Mercury-Redstone 2">MR-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_2" title="Mercury-Atlas 2">MA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_5A" title="Little Joe 5A">LJ-5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_BD" title="Mercury-Redstone BD">MR-BD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_3" title="Mercury-Atlas 3">MA-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_5B" title="Little Joe 5B">LJ-5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_4" title="Mercury-Atlas 4">MA-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Scout_1" title="Mercury-Scout 1">MS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_5" title="Mercury-Atlas 5">MA-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Flown non-human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_2" title="Little Joe 2">Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1B" title="Little Joe 1B">Miss Sam</a></li> <li>Suborbit: <a href="/wiki/Ham_(chimpanzee)" title="Ham (chimpanzee)">Ham</a></li> <li>Earth orbit: <a href="/wiki/Enos_(chimpanzee)" title="Enos (chimpanzee)">Enos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronauts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury Seven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In order of flight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Suborbit: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a></li> <li>Earth orbit: <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a></li> <li>Did not fly: <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Mark_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Mark IV">Navy Mark IV</a> (space suit)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subprograms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas" title="Mercury-Atlas">Mercury-Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Mercury-Redstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Scout_1" title="Mercury-Scout 1">Mercury-Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury-Jupiter">Mercury-Jupiter</a> (canceled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contractors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Aircraft">McDonnell Aircraft Corporation</a> (spacecraft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair" title="Convair">Convair</a> (Atlas rocket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> (Redstone rocket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a> (Little Joe rocket)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rockets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Redstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-90_Blue_Scout_II" title="RM-90 Blue Scout II">Blue Scout II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_(rocket)" title="Little Joe (rocket)">Little Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">Jupiter</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch sites<br />and Control Center</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Island" title="Wallops Island">Wallops Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_5" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 5">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_14" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 14">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> (successor program)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> (lunar program)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Soviet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a> (rival in space race)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_spacesuit" title="Mercury spacesuit">Mercury spacesuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_Wives_Club" title="Astronaut Wives Club">Astronaut Wives Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_13" title="Mercury 13">Mercury 13</a> (non-NASA project inspired by Project Mercury)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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