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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norse_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norse_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Norse settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norse_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Norman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_appanage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_appanage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>French appanage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_appanage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rulers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rulers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dukes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dukes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dukes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dukes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Governors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Duchy of Normandy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دوقية نرمندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوقية نرمندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="نورماندی دوکلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نورماندی دوکلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Герцагства Нармандыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Герцагства Нармандыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Херцогство Нормандия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Херцогство Нормандия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugelezh_Normandi" title="Dugelezh Normandi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dugelezh Normandi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat_de_Normandia" title="Ducat de Normandia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ducat de Normandia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandsk%C3%A9_v%C3%A9vodstv%C3%AD" title="Normandské vévodství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Normandské vévodství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertugd%C3%B8mmet_Normandiet" title="Hertugdømmet Normandiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hertugdømmet Normandiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzogtum_Normandie" title="Herzogtum Normandie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herzogtum Normandie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia_hertsogkond" title="Normandia hertsogkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Normandia hertsogkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Δουκάτο της Νορμανδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δουκάτο της Νορμανδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_de_Normand%C3%ADa" title="Ducado de Normandía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ducado de Normandía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duklando_Normandio" title="Duklando Normandio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Duklando Normandio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandiako_Dukerria" title="Normandiako Dukerria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Normandiako Dukerria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="دوک‌نشین نورماندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوک‌نشین نورماندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_de_Normandie" title="Duché de Normandie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Duché de Normandie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_de_Normand%C3%ADa" title="Ducado de Normandía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ducado de Normandía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%9D%EB%94%94_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B5%AD" title="노르망디 공국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노르망디 공국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Normandija" title="Vojvodstvo Normandija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vojvodstvo Normandija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadipaten_Normandia" title="Kadipaten Normandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kadipaten Normandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducato_di_Normandia" title="Ducato di Normandia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ducato di Normandia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="דוכסות נורמנדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוכסות נורמנדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D" title="ნორმანდიის საჰერცოგო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნორმანდიის საჰერცოგო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandijos_hercogyst%C4%97" title="Normandijos hercogystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Normandijos hercogystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Војводство Нормандија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Војводство Нормандија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duci_Normandy" title="Duci Normandy – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Duci Normandy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertogdom_Normandi%C3%AB" title="Hertogdom Normandië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hertogdom Normandië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="ノルマンディー公国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノルマンディー公国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertugd%C3%B8mmet_Normandie" title="Hertugdømmet Normandie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hertugdømmet Normandie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchie_de_Normaundie" title="Duchie de Normaundie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Duchie de Normaundie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99stwo_Normandii" title="Księstwo Normandii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księstwo Normandii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_da_Normandia" title="Ducado da Normandia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ducado da Normandia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Нормандия (герцогство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нормандия (герцогство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normansk%C3%A9_vojvodstvo" title="Normanské vojvodstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Normanské vojvodstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Војводство Нормандија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Војводство Нормандија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Normandija" title="Vojvodstvo Normandija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vojvodstvo Normandija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukado_ng_Normandia" title="Dukado ng Normandia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dukado ng Normandia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Duchy_of_Normandy&params=49_9_N_0_6_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°9′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°6′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.150°N 0.100°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.150; 0.100</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medieval duchy in northern France</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Duchy of Normandy</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">Duchie de Normaundie</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>)</span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ducatus Normanniae</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">911–1204</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Normandie.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Normandy"><img alt="Flag of Normandy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Normandie.svg/125px-Flag_of_Normandie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Normandie.svg/188px-Flag_of_Normandie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Normandie.svg/250px-Flag_of_Normandie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div>Heraldic <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Normandy">flag of Normandy</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_(1066-1087).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Normandy"><img alt="Coat of arms of Normandy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg/85px-Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg/128px-Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg/170px-Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Normandy"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartenormandie2.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Normandy's historical[when?] borders in the northwest of France and the Channel Islands"><img alt="Normandy's historical[when?] borders in the northwest of France and the Channel Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cartenormandie2.PNG/250px-Cartenormandie2.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cartenormandie2.PNG/375px-Cartenormandie2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Cartenormandie2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="348" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Normandy's historical<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> borders in the northwest of France and the Channel Islands</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> (911–987)<br />Vassal state of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> (987–1204)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> (until the early-mid 11th century)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Norse_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse religion">Norse religion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Normandy" title="Politics of Normandy">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Feudal Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 911–927 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1035–1087 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1144–1150 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey Plantagenet</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1199–1204 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Clair-sur-Epte" title="Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte">Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">911</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1066</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Geoffrey Plantagenet conquers the Duchy of Normandy </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1144</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Continental <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy_by_Philip_II_of_France" title="Invasion of Normandy by Philip II of France">conquered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1204</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_denier" title="French denier">Denier</a> (Rouen penny)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brittany" title="Kingdom of Brittany">Kingdom of Brittany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Banner_of_England.svg/20px-Royal_Banner_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Banner_of_England.svg/30px-Royal_Banner_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Banner_of_England.svg/40px-Royal_Banner_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="861" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British Islands</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Duchy of Normandy</b> grew out of the 911 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Clair-sur-Epte" title="Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte">Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte</a> between <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">King Charles III</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a>. The duchy was named for its inhabitants, the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>. </p><p>From 1066 until 1204, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Normandy">dukes of Normandy</a> were usually also <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of England">kings of England</a>, the only exceptions being Dukes <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert Curthose</a> (1087–1106), <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey Plantagenet</a> (1144–1150), and <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> (1150–1152), who became <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">king of England</a> in 1154. </p><p>In 1202, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> forfeit to him and <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy_by_Philip_II_of_France" title="Invasion of Normandy by Philip II of France">seized it by force of arms in 1204</a>. It remained <a href="/wiki/Disputed_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed territory">disputed territory</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)" title="Treaty of Paris (1259)">Treaty of Paris of 1259</a>, when the English sovereign ceded his claim except for the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>; i.e., the Bailiwicks of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, and their dependencies (including <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>, the duchy was occasionally set apart as an <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanage</a> to be ruled by a member of the royal family. After 1469, however, it was permanently united to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_domain_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal domain of France">royal domain</a>, although the title was occasionally conferred as an <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> upon junior members of the royal family. The last French duke of Normandy in this sense was <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVII of France">Louis-Charles</a>, duke from 1785 to 1792. </p><p>The title "Duke of Normandy" continues to be used in an informal manner in the Channel Islands, to refer to the monarch of the United Kingdom. There is no definite end as to when the Duchy of Normandy (with its remnants in the Channel Islands) as a vassal of the English monarch became 'part' of the United Kingdom, with history blending the link between the two gradually. In official documents in <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, the British monarch is entitled "Duke of Normandy", while in official documents in <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, the British monarch is ambiguously titled <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">Sovereign</a>. </p><p>In 1204, Normandy was transferred from England to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, which were never incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>. As such, although no form of the Duchy or its structure exists, there has never been a formal end to Norman state rule over the islands. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> attack up the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> river took place in 820. By 911, the area had been raided many times and there were even small Viking settlements on the lower Seine. The text of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Clair-sur-Epte" title="Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte">Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte</a> has not survived. It is only known through the historian <a href="/wiki/Dudo_of_Saint-Quentin" title="Dudo of Saint-Quentin">Dudo of Saint-Quentin</a>, who was writing a century after the event. The exact date of the treaty is unknown, but it was likely in the autumn of 911. By the agreement, <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles III</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/West_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="West Franks">West Franks</a>, granted to the Viking leader <a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a> some lands along the lower Seine that were apparently already under <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> control. Whether Rollo himself was a Dane or a <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> is not known. For his part, Rollo agreed to defend the territory from other Vikings and that he and his men would convert to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Renaud_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renaud-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rollo's decision to convert and come to terms with the Franks came in the aftermath of his defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chartres_(911)" title="Siege of Chartres (911)">battle of Chartres</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_the_Justiciar" title="Richard the Justiciar">Richard of Burgundy</a> and Robert of Neustria (the future <a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_France" title="Robert I of France">Robert I of France</a>) earlier in 911.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The territory ceded to Rollo comprised the <i><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">pagi</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Caux" title="Pays de Caux">Caux</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vrecin" class="mw-redirect" title="Évrecin">Évrecin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roumois" title="Roumois">Roumois</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talou (page does not exist)">Talou</a>. This was territory formerly known as the county of Rouen, and which would become <a href="/wiki/Upper_Normandy" title="Upper Normandy">Upper Normandy</a>. A royal diploma of 918 confirms the donation of 911, using the verb <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adnuo" class="extiw" title="wikt:adnuo">adnuo</a></i> ("I grant"). There is no evidence that Rollo owed any service or oath to the king for his lands, nor that there were any legal means for the king to take them back: they were granted outright.<sup id="cite_ref-Renaud_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renaud-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, Rollo does not seem to have been created a count or given comital authority, but later <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a> refer to him as <i>Rúðujarl</i> (earl of Rouen).<sup id="cite_ref-Helmerichs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helmerichs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Norman polity had to contend with the Frankish and Breton systems of power that already existed in Normandy. In the early 10th century, Normandy was not a political or monetary unit. According to many academics, "the formation of a new aristocracy, monastic reform, episcopal revival, written bureaucracy, saints’ cults – with necessarily different timelines" were as important if not more than the ducal narrative espoused by Dudo. The formation of the Norman state also coincided with the creation of an origin myth for the Norman ducal family through Dudo, such as Rollo being compared to a "good pagan" like the Trojan hero Aeneas. Through this narrative, the Normans were assimilated closer to the Frankish core as they moved away from their pagan Scandinavian origins.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norse_settlement">Norse settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Norse settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were two distinct patterns of Norse settlement in the duchy. In the Danish area in the <a href="/wiki/Roumois" title="Roumois">Roumois</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Caux" title="Pays de Caux">Caux</a>, settlers intermingled with the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Romance">Gallo-Romance</a>-speaking population. Rollo shared out the large estates with his companions and gave agricultural land to his other followers. Danish settlers cleared their own land to farm it, and there was no segregation of populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Renaud_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renaud-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the northern <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin</a> on the other hand, the population was purely Norwegian. Coastal features bore Norse names as did the three <i>pagi</i> of Haga, Sarnes and Helganes (as late as 1027). The Norwegians may even have set up a <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eing" class="mw-redirect" title="Þing">þing</a></i>, an assembly of all free men, whose meeting place may be preserved in the name of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Tingland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Tingland (page does not exist)">Le Tingland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Renaud_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renaud-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within a few generations of the founding of Normandy in 911, however, the Scandinavian settlers had intermarried with the natives and adopted much of their culture. But in 911, Normandy was not a political nor monetary unit. Frankish culture remained dominant and according to some scholars, 10th century Normandy was characterized by a diverse Scandinavian population interacting with the "local Frankish matrix" that existed in the region. In the end, the Normans stressed assimilation with the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 11th century, the anonymous author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Wulfram_of_Sens" title="Wulfram of Sens">Miracles of Saint Wulfram</a></i> referred to the formation of a Norman identity as "shaping [of] all races into one single people".<sup id="cite_ref-Renaud_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renaud-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some historians, the idea of "Norman" as a political identity was a deliberate creation of the court of Richard I in the 960s as a way to "create a powerful if rather incoherent sense of group solidarity to galvanize the duchy's disparate elites around the duke".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norman_rule">Norman rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Norman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rollo_statue_in_falaise.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Rollo_statue_in_falaise.JPG/170px-Rollo_statue_in_falaise.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Rollo_statue_in_falaise.JPG/255px-Rollo_statue_in_falaise.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Rollo_statue_in_falaise.JPG/340px-Rollo_statue_in_falaise.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Rollo_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rollo of Normandy">Rollo</a>, founder of the fiefdom of Normandy, standing in <a href="/wiki/Falaise,_Calvados" title="Falaise, Calvados">Falaise, Calvados</a>, birthplace of his descendant <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William the Conqueror</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a> who became <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Starting with <a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a>, Normandy was ruled by an enduring and long-lived Viking dynasty. Illegitimacy was not a bar to succession and three of the first six rulers of Normandy were illegitimate sons of concubines. Rollo's successor, William Longsword, managed in expanding his domain and came into conflict with <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Arnulf I, Count of Flanders">Arnulf of Flanders</a>, who had him assassinated in 942.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to a crisis in Normandy, with a minor succeeding as <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_Normandy" title="Richard I of Normandy">Richard I</a>, and also led to a temporary revival of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse paganism</a> in Normandy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard I's son, <a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Richard II</a>, was the first to be styled <i>duke</i> of Normandy, the ducal title becoming established between 987 and 1006.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 924, King <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">Radulf</a> extended Rollo's county westward up to the <a href="/wiki/River_Vire" class="mw-redirect" title="River Vire">river Vire</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Bessin" title="Bessin">Bessin</a>, where some Danes from England had settled not long before. In 933, King Radulf granted the <a href="/wiki/Avranchin" title="Avranchin">Avranchin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotentin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotentin">Cotentin</a> to Rollo's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/William_Longsword" title="William Longsword">William Longsword</a>. These areas had been previously under <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Breton</a> rule. The northern Cotentin had been settled by Norwegians coming from the region of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>. There was initially much hostility between these Norwegian settlers and their new Danish overlords. These expansions brought the boundaries of Normandy roughly in line with those of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Rouen" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rouen">ecclesiastical province of Rouen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Renaud_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renaud-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Norman dukes created the most powerful, consolidated duchy in Western Europe between the years 980, when the dukes helped place <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a> on the French throne, and 1050.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholarly churchmen were brought into Normandy from the Rhineland, and they built and endowed monasteries and supported monastic schools, thus helping to integrate distant territories into a wider framework.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dukes imposed heavy feudal burdens on the ecclesiastical <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a>, which supplied the armed knights that enabled the dukes to control the restive lay lords but whose bastards could not inherit. By the mid-11th century the Duke of Normandy could count on more than 300 armed and mounted knights from his ecclesiastical vassals alone.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1020s the dukes were able to impose <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassalage</a> on the lay nobility as well. Until Richard II, the Norman rulers did not hesitate to call Viking mercenaries for help to get rid of their enemies around Normandy, such as the king of the Franks himself. <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf Haraldsson</a> crossed the Channel in such circumstances to support Richard II in the conflict against the count of <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a> and was baptized in Rouen in 1014.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1066, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">Duke William</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Harold_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold II of England">Harold II of England</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a> and was subsequently crowned King of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman</a> and French relations became complicated after the Norman Conquest. The Norman dukes retained control of their holdings in Normandy as <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> owing <a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">fealty</a> to the King of France, but they were his equals as kings of England. Serfdom was outlawed around 1100.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1154 until 1214, with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin kings of England</a> controlled half of France and all of England, dwarfing the power of the French king, yet the Angevins were still <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> French vassals.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Duchy remained part of the Angevin Empire until 1204,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy_by_Philip_II_of_France" title="Invasion of Normandy by Philip II of France">conquered</a> the continental lands of the Duchy, which became part of the royal domain. The English sovereigns continued to claim them until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)" title="Treaty of Paris (1259)">Treaty of Paris (1259)</a> but in fact kept only the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having little confidence in the loyalty of the Normans, Philip installed French administrators and built a powerful fortress, the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Rouen">Château de Rouen</a>, as a symbol of royal power.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_appanage">French appanage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French appanage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></div> <p>Although within the royal demesne, Normandy retained some specificity. <a href="/wiki/Norman_law" title="Norman law">Norman law</a> continued to serve as the basis for court decisions. In 1315, faced with the constant encroachments of royal power on the liberties of Normandy, the barons and towns pressed the Norman Charter on the king. This document did not provide autonomy to the province but protected it against arbitrary royal acts. The judgments of the <a href="/wiki/Exchequer_of_Normandy" title="Exchequer of Normandy">Exchequer, the main court of Normandy</a>, were declared final. This meant that Paris could not reverse a judgment of Rouen.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important concession was that the King of France could not raise a new tax without the consent of the Normans. However the charter, granted at a time when royal authority was faltering, was violated several times thereafter when the monarchy had regained its power.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Duchy of Normandy survived mainly by the intermittent installation of a duke. In practice, the King of France sometimes gave that portion of his kingdom to a close member of his family, who then did homage to the king. <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a> made <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">Jean</a>, his eldest son and heir to his throne, the Duke of Normandy. In turn, Jean II appointed his heir, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1465, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XI of France">Louis XI</a> was forced by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Public_Weal" class="mw-redirect" title="League of the Public Weal">League of the Public Weal</a> to cede the duchy to his eighteen-year-old brother, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Valois,_Duc_de_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Valois, Duc de Berry">Charles de Valois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concession was a problem for the king since Charles was the puppet of the king's enemies. Normandy could thus serve as a basis for rebellion against the royal power. In 1469, therefore, Louis XI convinced his brother under duress to exchange Normandy for the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Duchy of Guyenne</a> (Aquitaine).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, at the request of the cowed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estates_of_Normandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estates of Normandy (page does not exist)">Estates of Normandy</a> and to signify that the duchy would not be ceded again, at a session of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Exchequer" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Exchequer">Norman Exchequer</a> on 9 November 1469 the ducal ring was placed on an anvil and smashed.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Commynes" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe de Commynes">Philippe de Commynes</a> expressed what was probably a common Norman thought of the time: "It has always seemed good to the Normans and still does that their great duchy really should require a duke" (<i>A tousjours bien semblé aux Normands et faict encores que si grand duchié comme la leur requiert bien un duc</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEContamine1994233_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContamine1994233-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVII of France">Dauphin Louis Charles</a>, the second son of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a>, was again given the nominal title of 'Duke of Normandy' before the death of his elder brother in 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Reine_Notre_Duc_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/La_Reine_Notre_Duc_2012.jpg/170px-La_Reine_Notre_Duc_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/La_Reine_Notre_Duc_2012.jpg/255px-La_Reine_Notre_Duc_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/La_Reine_Notre_Duc_2012.jpg/340px-La_Reine_Notre_Duc_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="3487" /></a><figcaption>"La Reine, Notre Duc": title of a Diamond Jubilee exhibition at the Jersey Arts Centre</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarch">British monarch</a> is known informally as the "Duke of Normandy", irrespective of whether or not the holder is male (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> who was known by this title).<sup id="cite_ref-cds_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cds-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Channel Islands are the last remaining part of the former Duchy of Normandy to remain under the rule of the British monarch. Although the English monarchy relinquished claims to continental Normandy and other French claims in 1259 (in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)" title="Treaty of Paris (1259)">Treaty of Paris</a>), the Channel Islands (except for <a href="/wiki/Chausey" title="Chausey">Chausey</a> under French sovereignty) remain Crown dependencies of the British throne. </p><p>In the islanders' loyal toast, they say, "The Duke of Normandy, our King", or "The King, our Duke", "<i>L'Rouai, nouotre Duc</i>" or "<i>L'Roué, note Du</i>" in <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a> respectively), or "<i>Le Roi, notre Duc</i>" in <a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard French</a>, rather than simply "The King", as is the practice in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChannelIslandsbook_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChannelIslandsbook-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Queen Elizabeth II is often referred to by her traditional and conventional title of Duke of Normandy. However ... she is not the Duke in a constitutional capacity and instead governs in her right as Queen ... This notwithstanding, it is a matter of local pride for monarchists to treat the situation otherwise: the Loyal Toast at formal dinners is to "The Queen, our Duke" rather than "Her Majesty, the Queen" as in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-ChannelIslandsbook_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChannelIslandsbook-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The title 'Duke of Normandy' is not used in formal government publications, and, as a matter of Channel Islands law, does not exist.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChannelIslandsbook_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChannelIslandsbook-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British historian <a href="/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" title="Ben Pimlott">Ben Pimlott</a> noted that while Queen Elizabeth II was on a visit to mainland Normandy in May 1967, French locals began to doff their hats and shout <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"Vive la Duchesse!"</i></span>, to which the Queen supposedly replied "Well, I <i>am</i> the Duke of Normandy!"<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dukes">Dukes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dukes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governors">Governors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Governors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Normandy&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Below is a list of the <a href="/wiki/Seneschal" title="Seneschal">seneschals</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sénéchal de Normandie</i></span>) and governors of Normandy (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">gouverneur de Normandie</i></span>) during its time as a French province.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_Crespin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillaume Crespin (page does not exist)">Guillaume Crespin</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_du_Bec-Crespin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillaume du Bec-Crespin (page does not exist)">du Bec-Crespin</a>, lord of Bec and Mauny</li> <li>1451–1460: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Br%C3%A9z%C3%A9" title="Pierre de Brézé">Pierre de Brézé</a>, lord of the Varenne and Brissac, count of Maulévrier</li> <li>1460–1464: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_d%27Estouteville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis d'Estouteville (page does not exist)">Louis d'Estouteville</a></li> <li>1475–1494: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_de_Br%C3%A9z%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques de Brézé (page does not exist)">Jacques de Brézé</a>, lord of Bec-Crespin and Mauny, count of Maulévier</li> <li>1494–1499: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Br%C3%A9z%C3%A9" title="Louis de Brézé">Louis de Brézé</a>, lord of Bec-Crespin, Mauny, and Anet, count of Maulévrier</li></ul> <ul><li>9 May 1661 – 1726: Charles François Frédéric de Montmorency, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Piney" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Piney">Duke of Piney</a></li> <li>1726 – 18 May 1764: <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</a> Charles François Frédéric de Montmorency II, Duke of Piney</li> <li>15 June 1764 – 1775: Marshal of France <a href="/wiki/Anne_Pierre_d%27Harcourt" title="Anne Pierre d'Harcourt">Anne-Pierre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Harcourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Harcourt">Duke of Harcourt</a></li> <li>17 September 1775 – 1 January 1791: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_d%27Harcourt" title="François-Henri d'Harcourt">François Henri</a>, Duke of Harcourt</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norman_law" title="Norman law">Norman law</a></div> <p>There are traces of Scandinavian law in the customary laws of Normandy, which were first written down in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A charter of 1050, listing several pleas before Duke <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William II</a>, refers to the penalty of banishment as <i>ullac</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i>útlagr</i>). The word was still current in the 12th century, when it was used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Rou" title="Roman de Rou">Roman de Rou</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marriage <i><a href="/wiki/More_danico" title="More danico">more danico</a></i> ("in the Danish manner"), that is, without any ecclesiastical ceremony in accordance with old Norse custom, was recognised as legal in Normandy and in the Norman church. The first three dukes of Normandy all practised it.<sup id="cite_ref-Renaud_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renaud-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scandinavian influence is especially apparent in laws relating to waters. The duke possessed the <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_naufragii" title="Jus naufragii">droit de varech</a></i> (from <a href="/wiki/Old_Danish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Danish">Old Danish</a> <i>vrek</i>), the right to all shipwrecks.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had a monopoly on whale and sturgeon. A similar monopoly belonged to the Danish king in the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jutland" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Jutland">Jutlandic law</a> of 1241. Remarkably, whale (including dolphins) and sturgeon still belong to the monarch in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in the twenty-first century, as <a href="/wiki/Royal_fish" title="Royal fish">royal fish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Norman Latin terms for whalers (<i>valmanni</i>, from <i>hvalmenn</i>) and whaling station (<i>valseta</i>, from <i>hvalmannasetr</i>) both derive from Old Norse. Likewise, fishing in Normandy seems to have come under Scandinavian rules. A charter of 1030 uses the term <i>fisigardum</i> (from Old Norse <i>fiskigarðr</i>) for "fisheries", a term also found in the <a href="/wiki/Scanian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanian law">Scanian law</a> of <i>c</i>. 1210.<sup id="cite_ref-Renaud_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renaud-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no surviving reference to the <i><a href="/wiki/Hir%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirð">hirð</a></i> or the <i><a href="/wiki/Lei%C3%B0angr" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiðangr">leiðangr</a></i> in Normandy, but the latter probably existed. The surname Huscaille, first attested in 1263, probably derives from <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAskarl" class="mw-redirect" title="Húskarl">húskarl</a></i>, but is late evidence for the existence of a <i>hirð</i> in the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Renaud_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renaud-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman England">Norman England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_of_Normandy_into_the_royal_domain_of_the_Kingdom_of_France" title="Integration of Normandy into the royal domain of the Kingdom of France">Integration of Normandy into the royal domain of the Kingdom of France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill2021" class="citation web cs1">Trudgill, Peter (15 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/brexit-news-the-story-of-the-channel-islands-norman-dialect-7954236/">"The slow death of Channel Islands Norman"</a>. <i>The New European</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+European&rft.atitle=The+slow+death+of+Channel+Islands+Norman&rft.date=2021-05-15&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theneweuropean.co.uk%2Fbrexit-news-the-story-of-the-channel-islands-norman-dialect-7954236%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renaud-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Renaud_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renaud_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renaud_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renaud_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renaud_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renaud_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renaud_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renaud_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renaud_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenaud2008" class="citation book cs1">Renaud, Jean (2008). Brink, Stefan (ed.). <i>The Duchy of Normandy</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">453–</span>457.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duchy+of+Normandy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E457&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Renaud&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLake2013" class="citation book cs1">Lake, Justin (2013). <i>Richer of Saint-Rémi: The Methods and Mentality of a Tenth-Century Historian</i>. Catholic University of America Press. p. 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richer+of+Saint-R%C3%A9mi%3A+The+Methods+and+Mentality+of+a+Tenth-Century+Historian&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helmerichs-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Helmerichs_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmerichs1997" class="citation journal cs1">Helmerichs, Robert (1997). "<i>Princeps, Comes, Dux Normannorum</i>: Early Rollonid Designators and Their Significance"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Haskins Society Journal</i>. <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">57–</span>77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Haskins+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Princeps%2C+Comes%2C+Dux+Normannorum%3A+Early+Rollonid+Designators+and+Their+Significance%22&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Helmerichs&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrams-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2013" class="citation journal cs1">Abrams, Lesley (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4872363">"Early Normandy"</a>. <i>Anglo-Norman Studies</i>: <span class="nowrap">45–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781782041085.005">10.1017/9781782041085.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782041085" title="Special:BookSources/9781782041085"><bdi>9781782041085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglo-Norman+Studies&rft.atitle=Early+Normandy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781782041085.005&rft.isbn=9781782041085&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4872363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Aron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=hist_etds">"Scandinavian Origins through Christian Eyes: A Comparative Study of the History of the Normans and the Russian Primary Chronicle"</a>. <i>repository.stcloudstate.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=repository.stcloudstate.edu&rft.atitle=Scandinavian+Origins+through+Christian+Eyes%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+the+History+of+the+Normans+and+the+Russian+Primary+Chronicle&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Aron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.stcloudstate.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1019%26context%3Dhist_etds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNair2015" class="citation journal cs1">McNair, Fraser (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/146271/1/McNair-2015_The%20Politics%20of%20being%20Norman.pdf">"The politics of being Norman in the reign of Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy (r. 942–996)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Early Medieval Europe</i>. <b>23</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">308–</span>328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Femed.12106">10.1111/emed.12106</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0254">1468-0254</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218032037/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/146271/1/McNair-2015_The%20Politics%20of%20being%20Norman.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Medieval+Europe&rft.atitle=The+politics+of+being+Norman+in+the+reign+of+Richard+the+Fearless%2C+Duke+of+Normandy+%28r.+942%E2%80%93996%29&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E308-%3C%2Fspan%3E328&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Femed.12106&rft.issn=1468-0254&rft.aulast=McNair&rft.aufirst=Fraser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F146271%2F1%2FMcNair-2015_The%2520Politics%2520of%2520being%2520Norman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe1857" class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Benjamin (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXxZtDxXiwgC&q=vassal"><i>A History of England Under the Norman Kings: Or, from the Battle of Hastings to the Accession of the House of Plantagenet: To Which Is Prefixed an Epitome of the Early History of Normandy</i></a>. London: John Russel Smith. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730064945/https://books.google.com/books?id=QXxZtDxXiwgC&q=vassal#v=snippet&q=vassal&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+England+Under+the+Norman+Kings%3A+Or%2C+from+the+Battle+of+Hastings+to+the+Accession+of+the+House+of+Plantagenet%3A+To+Which+Is+Prefixed+an+Epitome+of+the+Early+History+of+Normandy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=John+Russel+Smith&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXxZtDxXiwgC%26q%3Dvassal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradbury2007" class="citation book cs1">Bradbury, Jim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mAgDwx4pS0QC&q=royal+diploma+of+918+normandy&pg=PA55"><i>The Capetians: Kings of France 987-1328</i></a>. London and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826435149" title="Special:BookSources/9780826435149"><bdi>9780826435149</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730064941/https://books.google.com/books?id=mAgDwx4pS0QC&q=royal+diploma+of+918+normandy&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q=royal%20diploma%20of%20918%20normandy&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Capetians%3A+Kings+of+France+987-1328&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780826435149&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmAgDwx4pS0QC%26q%3Droyal%2Bdiploma%2Bof%2B918%2Bnormandy%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowley2009" class="citation book cs1">Rowley, Trevor (20 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Af4-DQAAQBAJ&q=Richard+II+the+first+to+be+styled+as+duke+of+normandy&pg=PP30"><i>Normans</i></a>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750951357" title="Special:BookSources/9780750951357"><bdi>9780750951357</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730064944/https://books.google.com/books?id=Af4-DQAAQBAJ&q=Richard+II+the+first+to+be+styled+as+duke+of+normandy&pg=PP30">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normans&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft.isbn=9780750951357&rft.aulast=Rowley&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAf4-DQAAQBAJ%26q%3DRichard%2BII%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bstyled%2Bas%2Bduke%2Bof%2Bnormandy%26pg%3DPP30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantor1993" class="citation book cs1">Cantor, Norman F. (1993) [1963]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilizationofmi00cant"><i>The Civilization of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History</i></a></span>. New York: HarperCollins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilizationofmi00cant/page/206">206</a>–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060170332" title="Special:BookSources/9780060170332"><bdi>9780060170332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilization+of+the+Middle+Ages%3A+A+Completely+Revised+and+Expanded+Edition+of+Medieval+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=206-210&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780060170332&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=Norman+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilizationofmi00cant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts1997" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Cassandra (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V7OQtJRN9IsC&q=normandy+built+monasteries&pg=PA71"><i>Monastic Revival and Regional Identity in Early Normandy</i></a>. Suffolk, UK & Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851157023" title="Special:BookSources/9780851157023"><bdi>9780851157023</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730064942/https://books.google.com/books?id=V7OQtJRN9IsC&q=normandy+built+monasteries&pg=PA71#v=snippet&q=normandy%20built%20monasteries&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monastic+Revival+and+Regional+Identity+in+Early+Normandy&rft.place=Suffolk%2C+UK+%26+Rochester%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780851157023&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Cassandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV7OQtJRN9IsC%26q%3Dnormandy%2Bbuilt%2Bmonasteries%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viking.no/the-viking-kings-and-earls/olav-haraldsson-olav-the-stout-olav-the-sain/">"Olav Haraldsson – Olav the Stout – Olav the Saint"</a>. <i>The Viking Network</i>. 25 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Viking+Network&rft.atitle=Olav+Haraldsson+%E2%80%93+Olav+the+Stout+%E2%80%93+Olav+the+Saint&rft.date=2015-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viking.no%2Fthe-viking-kings-and-earls%2Folav-haraldsson-olav-the-stout-olav-the-sain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRex2012" class="citation book cs1">Rex, Peter (2012) [2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AgOqdrxubaYC"><i>1066: A New History of the Norman Conquest</i></a>. Stroud, UK: Amberley Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445608839" title="Special:BookSources/9781445608839"><bdi>9781445608839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1066%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Norman+Conquest&rft.place=Stroud%2C+UK&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781445608839&rft.aulast=Rex&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAgOqdrxubaYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sept essais sur des Aspects de la société et de l'économie dans la Normandie médiévale (Xe – XIIIe siècles) Lucien Musset, Jean-Michel Bouvris, Véronique Gazeau -Cahier des Annales de Normandie- 1988, Volume 22, Issue 22, pp. 3–140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1995" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Ralph V. (1 February 1995). "The Problem of Survival for the Angevin "Empire": Henry II's and His Sons' Vision versus Late Twelfth-Century Realities". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>100</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">78–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F100.1.78">10.1086/ahr/100.1.78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Survival+for+the+Angevin+%22Empire%22%3A+Henry+II%27s+and+His+Sons%27+Vision+versus+Late+Twelfth-Century+Realities&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1995-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr%2F100.1.78&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper-BillHouts2007" class="citation book cs1">Harper-Bill, Christopher; Houts, Elisabeth Van (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EeBxpPmDh9QC&q=The+Duchy+of+Normandy+remained+part+of+the+Anglo-Norman+realm+until+1204&pg=PA63"><i>A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World</i></a>. Suffolk, UK & Rochester, New York: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843833413" title="Special:BookSources/9781843833413"><bdi>9781843833413</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730064942/https://books.google.com/books?id=EeBxpPmDh9QC&q=The+Duchy+of+Normandy+remained+part+of+the+Anglo-Norman+realm+until+1204&pg=PA63#v=snippet&q=The%20Duchy%20of%20Normandy%20remained%20part%20of%20the%20Anglo-Norman%20realm%20until%201204&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Anglo-Norman+World&rft.place=Suffolk%2C+UK+%26+Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781843833413&rft.aulast=Harper-Bill&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Houts%2C+Elisabeth+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEeBxpPmDh9QC%26q%3DThe%2BDuchy%2Bof%2BNormandy%2Bremained%2Bpart%2Bof%2Bthe%2BAnglo-Norman%2Brealm%2Buntil%2B1204%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowicke1999" class="citation book cs1">Powicke, Frederick Maurice (1999) [1913]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNRRAQAAIAAJ&q=treaty+of+paris+1259"><i>The Loss of Normandy, 1189-1204: Studies in the History of the Angevin Empire</i></a>. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719057403" title="Special:BookSources/9780719057403"><bdi>9780719057403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Loss+of+Normandy%2C+1189-1204%3A+Studies+in+the+History+of+the+Angevin+Empire&rft.place=Manchester%2C+UK&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780719057403&rft.aulast=Powicke&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhNRRAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dtreaty%2Bof%2Bparis%2B1259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1986" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, John W. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3IojohYAe4EC"><i>The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">220–</span>230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520911116" title="Special:BookSources/9780520911116"><bdi>9780520911116</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114051721/https://books.google.com/books?id=3IojohYAe4EC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+of+Philip+Augustus%3A+Foundations+of+French+Royal+Power+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E220-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780520911116&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3IojohYAe4EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.castles.nl/joan-tower">"Castles.nl - Joan of Arc Tower"</a>. <i>www.castles.nl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.castles.nl&rft.atitle=Castles.nl+-+Joan+of+Arc+Tower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.castles.nl%2Fjoan-tower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2015" class="citation journal cs1">Vincent, Nicholas (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/PDF%20Documents/JLR1506_ShorterVincent.pdf">"Magna Carta (1215) and the Charte aux Normands (1315): Some Anglo-Norman Connections and Correspondences"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Jersey and Guernsey Law Review</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">189–</span>197. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042136/https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/PDF%20Documents/JLR1506_ShorterVincent.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jersey+and+Guernsey+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Magna+Carta+%281215%29+and+the+Charte+aux+Normands+%281315%29%3A+Some+Anglo-Norman+Connections+and+Correspondences&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerseylaw.je%2Fpublications%2Fjglr%2FPDF%2520Documents%2FJLR1506_ShorterVincent.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContamine1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Commynes" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe de Commynes">Contamine, Philippe</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-4OxAwAAQBAJ&q=Norman+Charter+1315&pg=PA224">"The Norman "Nation" and the French "Nation" in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries"</a>. In Bates, David; Curry, Anne (eds.). <i>England and Normandy in the Middle Ages</i>. London, UK & Rio Grand, OH: A&C Black. pp. <span class="nowrap">224–</span>225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826443090" title="Special:BookSources/9780826443090"><bdi>9780826443090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Norman+%22Nation%22+and+the+French+%22Nation%22+in+the+Fourteenth+and+Fifteenth+Centuries&rft.btitle=England+and+Normandy+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London%2C+UK+%26+Rio+Grand%2C+OH&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780826443090&rft.aulast=Contamine&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-4OxAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DNorman%2BCharter%2B1315%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuter2000" class="citation book cs1">Reuter, Timothy (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LOS1c0w91AcC&q=john+the+good+1332+duke+of+normandy&pg=PA409"><i>The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415</i></a>. Vol. VI. Cambridge, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 409. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521362900" title="Special:BookSources/9780521362900"><bdi>9780521362900</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730071005/https://books.google.com/books?id=LOS1c0w91AcC&q=john+the+good+1332+duke+of+normandy&pg=PA409#v=snippet&q=john%20the%20good%201332%20duke%20of%20normandy&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+6%2C+C.1300-c.1415&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York+and+Melbourne&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521362900&rft.aulast=Reuter&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLOS1c0w91AcC%26q%3Djohn%2Bthe%2Bgood%2B1332%2Bduke%2Bof%2Bnormandy%26pg%3DPA409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/fr-norm.html">"Normandy (Traditional province, France)"</a>. <i>www.crwflags.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crwflags.com&rft.atitle=Normandy+%28Traditional+province%2C+France%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Ffr-norm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGueneeGuenée1991" class="citation book cs1">Guenee, Bernard; Guenée, Bernard (1991) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D9Qwkh0DKxwC&q=League+of+the+Public+Weal+normandy&pg=PA333"><i>Between Church and State: The Lives of Four French Prelates in the Late Middle Ages</i></a>. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">332–</span>333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226310329" title="Special:BookSources/9780226310329"><bdi>9780226310329</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730071000/https://books.google.com/books?id=D9Qwkh0DKxwC&q=League+of+the+Public+Weal+normandy&pg=PA333#v=snippet&q=League%20of%20the%20Public%20Weal%20normandy&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Church+and+State%3A+The+Lives+of+Four+French+Prelates+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E332-%3C%2Fspan%3E333&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780226310329&rft.aulast=Guenee&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Guen%C3%A9e%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD9Qwkh0DKxwC%26q%3DLeague%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPublic%2BWeal%2Bnormandy%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmedley1836" class="citation book cs1">Smedley, Edward (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c-ZAAAAAYAAJ&q=conflans&pg=PA380"><i>The History of France: From the Final Partition of the Empire of Charlemagne, A.D. 843, to the Peace of Cambray, A.D. 1529</i></a>. London: Baldwin. pp. <span class="nowrap">388–</span>389. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730071003/https://books.google.com/books?id=c-ZAAAAAYAAJ&q=conflans&pg=PA380#v=snippet&q=conflans&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+France%3A+From+the+Final+Partition+of+the+Empire+of+Charlemagne%2C+A.D.+843%2C+to+the+Peace+of+Cambray%2C+A.D.+1529&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E388-%3C%2Fspan%3E389&rft.pub=Baldwin&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Smedley&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc-ZAAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dconflans%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrove1742" class="citation book cs1">Grove, Joseph (1742). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fVk9AAAAYAAJ&q=Treaty+of+Conflans+normandy&pg=PA57"><i>The History of the Life and Times of Cardinal Wolsey, Prime Minister to King Henry VIII, Vol. 1: I. Of His Birth, and the Various Steps He Took to Attain Preferment, Connected With Affairs, Both Foreign and Domestick, From the Death of Edward IV. To He End of the Reign of Henry VII</i></a>. London: J. Purser. p. 57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730071005/https://books.google.com/books?id=fVk9AAAAYAAJ&q=Treaty+of+Conflans+normandy&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Life+and+Times+of+Cardinal+Wolsey%2C+Prime+Minister+to+King+Henry+VIII%2C+Vol.+1%3A+I.+Of+His+Birth%2C+and+the+Various+Steps+He+Took+to+Attain+Preferment%2C+Connected+With+Affairs%2C+Both+Foreign+and+Domestick%2C+From+the+Death+of+Edward+IV.+To+He+End+of+the+Reign+of+Henry+VII&rft.place=London&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=J.+Purser&rft.date=1742&rft.aulast=Grove&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfVk9AAAAYAAJ%26q%3DTreaty%2Bof%2BConflans%2Bnormandy%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelet1845" class="citation book cs1">Michelet, Jules (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1RmxrUg9EysC&q=9+November+1469+jules+michelet&pg=RA1-PA309"><i>History of France</i></a>. Translated by Smith, G. H. London: Whittaker and Co. p. 309. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730071006/https://books.google.com/books?id=1RmxrUg9EysC&q=9+November+1469+jules+michelet&pg=RA1-PA309#v=snippet&q=9%20November%201469%20jules%20michelet&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+France&rft.place=London&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Whittaker+and+Co.&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Michelet&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1RmxrUg9EysC%26q%3D9%2BNovember%2B1469%2Bjules%2Bmichelet%26pg%3DRA1-PA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEContamine1994233-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEContamine1994233_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFContamine1994">Contamine (1994)</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Reviewed Works: <i>Louis XVII.: sa Vie, son Agonie, sa Mort; Captivité de la Famille Royale au Temple; Ouvrage enrichi d'Autographes, de Portraits, et de Plans. 2 vols. 8vo</i> by M. A. de Beauchesne; <i>Filia Dolorosa : Memoirs of MARIE THÉRÈSE CHARLOTTE, Duchess of Angoulême, the Last of the Dauphines. 2 vols. 8vo</i> by Mrs. Romer; <i>An Abridged Account of the Misfortunes of the Dauphin, followed by some Documents in Support of the Facts related by the Prince; with a Supplement</i> by C. G. Percival". <i>The North American Review</i>. <b>78</b> (162): <span class="nowrap">105–</span>150. January 1854. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40794680">40794680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Works%3A+Louis+XVII.%3A+sa+Vie%2C+son+Agonie%2C+sa+Mort%3B+Captivit%C3%A9+de+la+Famille+Royale+au+Temple%3B+Ouvrage+enrichi+d%27Autographes%2C+de+Portraits%2C+et+de+Plans.+2+vols.+8vo+by+M.+A.+de+Beauchesne%3B+Filia+Dolorosa+%3A+Memoirs+of+MARIE+TH%C3%89R%C3%88SE+CHARLOTTE%2C+Duchess+of+Angoul%C3%AAme%2C+the+Last+of+the+Dauphines.+2+vols.+8vo+by+Mrs.+Romer%3B+An+Abridged+Account+of+the+Misfortunes+of+the+Dauphin%2C+followed+by+some+Documents+in+Support+of+the+Facts+related+by+the+Prince%3B+with+a+Supplement+by+C.+G.+Percival&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=162&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=1854-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40794680%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cds-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cds_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/crown-dependencies">"Crown Dependencies"</a>. <i>The Royal Household</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711004012/https://www.royal.uk/crown-dependencies">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Household&rft.atitle=Crown+Dependencies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fcrown-dependencies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307234624/http://www.debretts.com/forms-address/hierarchies/official-functions/loyal-toast">"The Loyal Toast"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Debrett%27s" title="Debrett's">Debrett's</a></i>. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debretts.com/forms-address/hierarchies/official-functions/loyal-toast">the original</a> on 7 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2016</span>. <q>In Jersey the toast of 'The Queen, our Duke' (i.e. Duke of Normandy) is local and unofficial, and used when only islanders are present. This toast is not used in the other Channel Islands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Debrett%27s&rft.atitle=The+Loyal+Toast&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debretts.com%2Fforms-address%2Fhierarchies%2Fofficial-functions%2Floyal-toast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChannelIslandsbook-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChannelIslandsbook_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChannelIslandsbook_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChannelIslandsbook_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlY6unhtCEAC&pg=PA11">The Channel Islands</a></i>, p. 11, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1999" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Paul (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/PDF%20Documents/JLR9906_le_rouai.pdf">"Lé Rouai, Nouot' Duc"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Jersey and Guernsey Law Review</i>. <b>1999</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jersey+and+Guernsey+Law+Review&rft.atitle=L%C3%A9+Rouai%2C+Nouot%27+Duc&rft.volume=1999&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerseylaw.je%2Fpublications%2Fjglr%2FPDF%2520Documents%2FJLR9906_le_rouai.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNHriNq-89QC&pg=PA314">The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy</a></i>, p. 314, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldstatesmen.org/France_prov.html#Normandy">"Provinces of France to 1791"</a>. <i>www.worldstatesmen.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldstatesmen.org&rft.atitle=Provinces+of+France+to+1791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstatesmen.org%2FFrance_prov.html%23Normandy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattailBattail1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Battail, Marianne; Battail, Jean-François (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-ms4C6zYs4C&q=Roman+de+Rou+ullac&pg=PA61"><i>Une amitié millénaire: les relations entre la France et la Suède à travers les âges</i></a> (in French). Paris: Editions Beauchesne. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782701012810" title="Special:BookSources/9782701012810"><bdi>9782701012810</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730072026/https://books.google.com/books?id=w-ms4C6zYs4C&q=Roman+de+Rou+ullac&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+amiti%C3%A9+mill%C3%A9naire%3A+les+relations+entre+la+France+et+la+Su%C3%A8de+%C3%A0+travers+les+%C3%A2ges&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Editions+Beauchesne&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9782701012810&rft.aulast=Battail&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft.au=Battail%2C+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-ms4C6zYs4C%26q%3DRoman%2Bde%2BRou%2Bullac%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.le-petit-manchot.fr/varech-coutume-de-normandie/le-monde-rural-normand/articles/1488/">"Varech coutume de Normandie | Varech en Manche|"</a>. <i>Le Petit Manchot - histoire patrimoine personnage</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Petit+Manchot+-+histoire+patrimoine+personnage&rft.atitle=Varech+coutume+de+Normandie+%7C+Varech+en+Manche%7C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.le-petit-manchot.fr%2Fvarech-coutume-de-normandie%2Fle-monde-rural-normand%2Farticles%2F1488%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2014" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Dennis (21 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/may/21/fish-royal-family-queen-sturgeon-archive">"Palace prevails on a 'fish royal' supper: from the archive, 21 May 1980"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730072027/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/may/21/fish-royal-family-queen-sturgeon-archive">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Palace+prevails+on+a+%27fish+royal%27+supper%3A+from+the+archive%2C+21+May+1980&rft.date=2014-05-21&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2014%2Fmay%2F21%2Ffish-royal-family-queen-sturgeon-archive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viking.no/e/maps/ekart-frankrike.htm">The Vikings in Normandy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viking.no/e/france/place_name_map.html">Density of Scandinavian place names (map)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kingdom_of_France&#124;link=Kingdom_of_France_Historical_provinces_of_France290" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historic_provinces_of_France" title="Template:Historic provinces of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historic_provinces_of_France" title="Template talk:Historic provinces of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historic_provinces_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historic provinces of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kingdom_of_France&#124;link=Kingdom_of_France_Historical_provinces_of_France290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_France" title="Provinces of France">Historical provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Alsace" title="Province of Alsace">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angoumois" title="Angoumois">Angoumois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou#Province_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunis" title="Aunis">Aunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry,_France" title="Berry, France">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais" title="Bourbonnais">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Foix" title="County of Foix">Foix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franche-Comté (province)">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Hainaut" title="French Hainaut">Hainaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="History of Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_(province)" title="Limousin (province)">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_and_Barrois" title="Lorraine and Barrois">Lorraine and Barrois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonnais" title="Lyonnais">Lyonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_(province)" title="Maine (province)">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_La_Marche" title="County of La Marche">Marche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Navarre" title="Lower Navarre">Lower Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivernais" title="Nivernais">Nivernais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais" title="Orléanais">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perche" title="Perche">Perche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Saintonge" title="County of Saintonge">Saintonge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touraine" title="Touraine">Touraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Trois-Évêchés</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_of_France_(numered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Provinces of France before the revolution"><img alt="Provinces of France before the revolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/80px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/120px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/160px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor provinces and regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenais" title="Agenais">Agenais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Armagnac" title="County of Armagnac">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaujolais_(province)" title="Beaujolais (province)">Beaujolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigorre" title="Bigorre">Bigorre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bresse" title="Bresse">Bresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugey" title="Bugey">Bugey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Cambrésis">Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9vennes" title="Cévennes">Cévennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comminges" title="Comminges">Comminges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couserans" title="Couserans">Couserans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombes" title="Dombes">Dombes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forez" title="Forez">Forez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2tinais" title="Gâtinais">Gâtinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9vaudan" title="Gévaudan">Gévaudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Gex" class="mw-redirect" title="Pays de Gex">Gex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labourd" title="Labourd">Labourd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9bouzan" title="Nébouzan">Nébouzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigord" title="Périgord">Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponthieu" title="Ponthieu">Ponthieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercy" title="Quercy">Quercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouergue" title="Rouergue">Rouergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soule" title="Soule">Soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valromey" class="mw-redirect" title="Valromey">Valromey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velay" title="Velay">Velay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermandois" title="Vermandois">Vermandois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarais" title="Vivarais">Vivarais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign territories in 1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Kriechingen" title="County of Kriechingen">Créhange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Dagsburg" title="County of Dagsburg">Dabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cities_of_Menton_and_Roquebrune" title="Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune">Menton and Roquebrune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Montb%C3%A9liard" title="County of Montbéliard">Montbéliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mulhouse" title="Republic of Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm-Salm" title="Salm-Salm">Salm-Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Saarwerden" title="County of Saarwerden">Sarrewerden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">Tende</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_de_Tende" class="extiw" title="fr:Comté de Tende">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin">Comtat Venaissin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples436" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sippe" title="Sippe">Sippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842091#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata898" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842091#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata898" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842091#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132859230">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119451694">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119451694">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5092294">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007554913005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027401677">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Duchy_of_Normandy&params=49_9_N_0_6_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°9′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°6′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.150°N 0.100°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.150; 0.100</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    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