CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Frog - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8df4db88-7348-4632-89ac-203236769f64","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Frog","wgTitle":"Frog","wgCurRevisionId":1280280923,"wgRevisionId":1280280923,"wgArticleId":38498,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Cite IUCN without doi","Pages containing links to subscription-only content","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use British English from October 2024","Use mdy dates from October 2024","Articles with 'species' microformats","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Norwegian-language text","Articles containing Icelandic-language text","Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text","Articles containing Proto-Indo-European-language text","Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text","Commons category link is locally defined","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs","Featured articles","Articles containing video clips","Frogs","Extant Hettangian first appearances"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Frog","wgRelevantArticleId":38498,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q53636","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.23"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anoures.jpg/1200px-Anoures.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1742"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anoures.jpg/800px-Anoures.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1162"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anoures.jpg/640px-Anoures.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="929"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Frog - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Frog rootpage-Frog skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Frog" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Frog" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Frog" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Frog" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology and taxonomy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology_and_taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Etymology and taxonomy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Taxonomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Evolution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Evolution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Phylogeny </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology_and_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology_and_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Morphology and physiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology_and_physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Morphology and physiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feet_and_legs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feet_and_legs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Feet and legs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feet_and_legs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Skin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiration_and_circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiration_and_circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Respiration and circulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiration_and_circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestion_and_excretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestion_and_excretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Digestion and excretion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestion_and_excretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Reproductive system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Nervous system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Sight </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Hearing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Call" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Call"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Call </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Call-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torpor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torpor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Torpor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torpor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Locomotion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Locomotion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Locomotion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Locomotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jumping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jumping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Jumping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jumping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walking_and_running" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walking_and_running"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Walking and running </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walking_and_running-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swimming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swimming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Swimming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swimming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burrowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burrowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Burrowing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burrowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climbing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climbing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Climbing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climbing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gliding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gliding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Gliding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gliding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Life history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Reproduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Life cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eggs_/_frogspawn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eggs_/_frogspawn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Eggs / frogspawn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eggs_/_frogspawn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tadpoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tadpoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Tadpoles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tadpoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metamorphosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metamorphosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Metamorphosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metamorphosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Adults </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parental_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parental_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Parental care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parental_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Defence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Human uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Culinary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Scientific research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmaceutical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmaceutical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Pharmaceutical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmaceutical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Cultural significance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Frog</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 171 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-171" aria-hidden="true" > 171 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canggu%C3%ABk" title="Cangguëk – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Cangguëk" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padda" title="Padda – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Padda" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froschlurche" title="Froschlurche – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Froschlurche" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%93%E1%8C%89%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B8%E1%88%AD" title="ጓጉንቸር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጓጉንቸር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogga" title="Frogga – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Frogga" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B9" title="ضفدع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضفدع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura" title="Anura – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broaticu" title="Broaticu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Broaticu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuros" title="Anuros – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Anuros" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="ভেকুলী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভেকুলী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura" title="Anura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Anura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%E2%80%99i" title="Ju’i – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ju’i" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyruqsuzlar" title="Quyruqsuzlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quyruqsuzlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قویروقسوزلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قویروقسوزلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katak" title="Katak – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Katak" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99" title="ব্যাঙ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাঙ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi-ke" title="Chúi-ke – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi-ke" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%A1%D2%BB%D0%BE%D2%99%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҡойроҡһоҙҙар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡойроҡһоҙҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Бясхвостыя земнаводныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бясхвостыя земнаводныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Бясхвостыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бясхвостыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE" title="मेघा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मेघा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talapang" title="Talapang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Talapang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Безопашати земноводни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Безопашати земноводни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froschlurche" title="Froschlurche – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Froschlurche" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDaba" title="Žaba – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Žaba" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura" title="Anura – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anura" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anurs" title="Anurs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anurs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%C4%95%D1%80_%C3%A7%C4%95%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8-%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Хӳресĕр çĕрти-шыврисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хӳресĕр çĕрти-шыврисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baki" title="Baki – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Baki" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C3%A1by" title="Žáby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žáby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datya" title="Datya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Datya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyffant" title="Llyffant – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llyffant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%94%C5%8B" title="Lɔŋ – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Lɔŋ" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springpadder" title="Springpadder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Springpadder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frosch" title="Frosch – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Frosch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froschlurche" title="Froschlurche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Froschlurche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCa%C5%82" title="Chʼał – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼał" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="भेगुतो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भेगुतो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4riskonnalised" title="Päriskonnalised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Päriskonnalised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βάτραχος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βάτραχος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura" title="Anura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuroj" title="Anuroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anuroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura" title="Anura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%87" title="قورباغه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قورباغه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medhak" title="Medhak – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Medhak" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padda" title="Padda – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Padda" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoures" title="Anoures – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anoures" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog" title="Frog – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Frog" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rannag" title="Rannag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rannag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losgann" title="Losgann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Losgann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuro" title="Anuro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anuro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87" title="Пхьидарч – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Пхьидарч" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%A6%E8%9F%86" title="蝦蟆 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="蝦蟆" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%A9%C5%A9ra" title="Kĩũra – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kĩũra" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9" title="شوبوک – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="شوبوک" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A1i-%C3%A9" title="Koái-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Koái-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C%EA%B5%AC%EB%A6%AC%EB%AA%A9" title="개구리목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개구리목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwa%C9%97o" title="Kwaɗo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwaɗo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%B9_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Անպոչ երկկենցաղներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անպոչ երկկենցաղներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%95" title="मेंढक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेंढक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDabe" title="Žabe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Žabe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbihe" title="Tumbihe – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Tumbihe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukak" title="Tukak – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tukak" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura" title="Anura – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura" title="Anura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Anura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%88%E1%95%8C%E1%94%A9%E1%96%85" title="ᓈᕌᔩᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓈᕌᔩᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naa%C4%A1aayiq" title="Naaġaayiq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Naaġaayiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C3%A6%D1%84%D1%81" title="Хæфс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хæфс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iselesele" title="Iselesele – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Iselesele" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froskar" title="Froskar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Froskar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura" title="Anura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%91" title="חסרי זנב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חסרי זנב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodhok" title="Kodhok – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kodhok" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಪ್ಪೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಪ್ಪೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugak" title="Tugak – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tugak" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="უკუდო ამფიბიები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უკუდო ამფიბიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%90%D9%86%DB%81%D9%90" title="مِنہِ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مِنہِ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Құйрықсыз қосмекенділер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құйрықсыз қосмекенділер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwilkyn" title="Kwilkyn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kwilkyn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chura" title="Chura – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chura" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krapo" title="Krapo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Krapo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beq" title="Beq – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Beq" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бака – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бака" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Пачдымывлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Пачдымывлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura" title="Anura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezastainie_abinieki" title="Bezastainie abinieki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bezastainie abinieki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beuodegiai_varliagyviai" title="Beuodegiai varliagyviai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Beuodegiai varliagyviai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakkers_en_kr%C3%B3ddele" title="Kwakkers en króddele – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kwakkers en króddele" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A1k" title="Békák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Békák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Жаба – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жаба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3" title="തവള – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തവള" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95" title="बेडूक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेडूक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B9" title="ضفدع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ضفدع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9" title="وک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katak" title="Katak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Katak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncek" title="Koncek – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Koncek" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%B2ng-b%C4%AD" title="Uòng-bĭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Uòng-bĭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88" title="Ватракш – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ватракш" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Мэлхий – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мэлхий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဖား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkers" title="Kikkers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kikkers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikvors" title="Kikvors – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kikvors" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="भ्यागुतो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भ्यागुतो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्यांचा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्यांचा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB" title="カエル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カエル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Пхьидарчий – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пхьидарчий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobelfasker_an_Poden" title="Hobelfasker an Poden – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hobelfasker an Poden" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springpadder" title="Springpadder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Springpadder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halelause_padder" title="Halelause padder – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Halelause padder" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%AEnotte" title="Raînotte – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Raînotte" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura" title="Anura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97" title="ବେଙ୍ଗ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବେଙ୍ଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurbaqa" title="Qurbaqa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qurbaqa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%82" title="ਡੱਡੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੱਡੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DA%88%D9%88" title="ڈڈو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈڈو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%9A%D9%87" title="چونگښه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چونگښه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%94" title="កង្កែប – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កង្កែប" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran-a" title="Ran-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ran-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82azy_bezogonowe" title="Płazy bezogonowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płazy bezogonowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura" title="Anura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broasc%C4%83" title="Broască – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Broască" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27ayra" title="K'ayra – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'ayra" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Жаба – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Жаба" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Бесхвостые земноводные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бесхвостые земноводные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%95%D0%B0" title="Баҕа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Баҕа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/apap" title="apap – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="apap" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%AE" title="ᱨᱚᱴᱮ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱚᱴᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog" title="Frog – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Frog" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segwagwa" title="Segwagwa – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Segwagwa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretkosa" title="Bretkosa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bretkosa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura" title="Anura – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anura" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8F%D9%8A%DA%8F%D8%B1" title="ڏيڏر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڏيڏر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDabotvar%C3%A9" title="Žabotvaré – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žabotvaré" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezrepe_dvo%C5%BEivke" title="Brezrepe dvoživke – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brezrepe dvoživke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rah" title="Rah – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rah" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%82" title="بۆق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Жабе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жабе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDaba" title="Žaba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Žaba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkong" title="Bangkong – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bangkong" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammakot" title="Sammakot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sammakot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%A4rtl%C3%B6sa_groddjur" title="Stjärtlösa groddjur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stjärtlösa groddjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaka" title="Palaka – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Palaka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88" title="தவளை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தவளை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agru" title="Agru – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agru" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraj%C3%B2ttole" title="Marajòttole – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Marajòttole" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Койрыксызлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Койрыксызлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qpatung" title="Qpatung – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Qpatung" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA" title="కప్ప – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కప్ప" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A" title="อันดับกบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อันดับกบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguek" title="Aguek – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Aguek" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D2%9B%D0%B0" title="Қурбоқа – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қурбоқа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A9%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%8F" title="ᏩᎶᏏ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏩᎶᏏ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಪ್ಪೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕಪ್ಪೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurba%C4%9Fa" title="Kurbağa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kurbağa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Безхвості – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Безхвості" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%DA%A9" title="مینڈک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مینڈک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7" title="پاقا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پاقا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goep" title="Goep – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Goep" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_Kh%C3%B4ng_%C4%91u%C3%B4i" title="Bộ Không đuôi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Không đuôi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunn" title="Kunn – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kunn" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinne_(biesse)" title="Rinne (biesse) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rinne (biesse)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eper%C3%BC%27%C3%BCi" title="Eperü'üi – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Eperü'üi" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%A4" title="蛤 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蛤" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puutn" title="Puutn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Puutn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakla" title="Pakla – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pakla" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E9%B8%A1" title="田鸡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="田鸡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2" title="זשאבע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זשאבע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%8D%CC%80nk%E1%BB%8D%CC%80" title="Kọ̀nkọ̀ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kọ̀nkọ̀" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%A4%F0%A7%8A%85" title="蛤𧊅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蛤𧊅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puut%27n" title="Puut'n – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Puut'n" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%B0%BE%E7%9B%AE" title="无尾目 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="无尾目" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q53636#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Frog" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Frog" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Frog">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frog&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frog&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Frog">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frog&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frog&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Frog" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Frog" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frog&oldid=1280280923" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frog&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Frog&id=1280280923&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFrog">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFrog">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Frog&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frog&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Frog" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anura" hreflang="en">Wikispecies</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Frogs" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Frogs" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q53636" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Order of amphibians</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the group of amphibians. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Frog_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Frog (disambiguation)">Frog (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Frogs <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</a>, 200–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:152.30769230769px; width:67.692307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:152.30769230769px; width:67.692307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:153.30769230769px; width:65.692307692308px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Anoures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anoures.jpg/220px-Anoures.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anoures.jpg/330px-Anoures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anoures.jpg/440px-Anoures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2066" data-file-height="3000" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Various types of frog </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Anura" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salientia" title="Salientia">Salientia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anura</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marie_Constant_Dum%C3%A9ril" title="André Marie Constant Duméril">Duméril</a>, 1806 (as Anoures) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subgroups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> See text </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution.anura.1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Distribution.anura.1.png/220px-Distribution.anura.1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Distribution.anura.1.png/330px-Distribution.anura.1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Distribution.anura.1.png/440px-Distribution.anura.1.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Native distribution of frogs (in green) </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> A frog is any member of a diverse and largely <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a> group of short-bodied, tailless <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> composing the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> Anura<a href="#cite_note-AOTW-1">[1]</a> (coming from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> ἀνούρα, literally 'without tail'). The oldest fossil "proto-frog" <a href="/wiki/Triadobatrachus" title="Triadobatrachus">Triadobatrachus</a> is known from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> (250 <a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>), but <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">molecular clock dating</a> suggests their split from other amphibians may extend further back to the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>, 265 million years ago. Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a> to <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> regions, but the greatest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Species_diversity" title="Species diversity">species diversity</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a>. Frogs account for around 88% of extant amphibian species. They are also one of the five most diverse <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> orders. Warty frog species tend to be called <a href="/wiki/Toad" title="Toad">toads</a>, but the distinction between frogs and toads is informal, not from <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> or evolutionary history. An adult frog has a stout body, protruding <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eyes</a>, anteriorly-attached <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>, limbs folded underneath, and no <a href="/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">tail</a> (the tail of <a href="/wiki/Tailed_frog" title="Tailed frog">tailed frogs</a> is an extension of the male cloaca). Frogs have <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glandular</a> skin, with secretions ranging from distasteful to toxic. Their skin varies in colour from well-<a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflaged</a> dappled brown, grey and green to vivid patterns of bright red or yellow and black to show toxicity and <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">ward off predators</a>. Adult frogs live in fresh water and on dry land; some species are adapted for living underground or in trees. Frogs typically lay their <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">eggs</a> in the water. The eggs hatch into aquatic <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> called <a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpoles</a> that have tails and internal <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>. They have highly specialised rasping mouth parts suitable for <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivorous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivorous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Planktivore" title="Planktivore">planktivorous</a> diets. The <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a> is completed when they <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphose</a> into adults. A few species deposit eggs on land or bypass the tadpole stage. Adult frogs generally have a carnivorous diet consisting of small <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a>, but omnivorous species exist and a few feed on plant matter. Frog skin has a rich <a href="/wiki/Skin_flora" title="Skin flora">microbiome</a> which is important to their health. Frogs are extremely efficient at converting what they eat into body mass. They are an important food source for <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a> dynamics of many of the world's <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. The skin is <a href="/wiki/Semi-permeable" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-permeable">semi-permeable</a>, making them susceptible to dehydration, so they either live in moist places or have special adaptations to deal with dry habitats. Frogs produce a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">vocalisations</a>, particularly in their <a href="/wiki/Breeding_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Breeding season">breeding season</a>, and exhibit many different kinds of complex <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">behaviors</a> to attract mates, to fend off predators and to generally survive. Frogs are valued as food by humans and also have many cultural roles in literature, symbolism and religion. They are also seen as <a href="/wiki/Bioindicator" title="Bioindicator">environmental bellwethers</a>, with declines in frog populations often viewed as early warning signs of environmental damage. Frog populations have declined significantly since the 1950s. More than one third of species are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened</a> with <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinction</a> and over 120 are believed to have become extinct since the 1980s. The number of malformations among frogs is on the rise and an emerging <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungal</a> disease, <a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycosis" title="Chytridiomycosis">chytridiomycosis</a>, has spread around the world. <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biologists</a> are working to understand the causes of these problems and to resolve them. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_taxonomy">Etymology and taxonomy</h2></div> The use of the common names frog and <a href="/wiki/Toad" title="Toad">toad</a> has no taxonomic justification. From a classification perspective, all members of the order Anura are frogs, but only members of the family <a href="/wiki/Bufonidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bufonidae">Bufonidae</a> are considered "true toads". The use of the term frog in common names usually refers to species that are aquatic or semi-aquatic and have smooth, moist skins; the term toad generally refers to species that are terrestrial with dry, warty skins.<a href="#cite_note-Salientia-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> There are numerous exceptions to this rule. The <a href="/wiki/European_fire-bellied_toad" title="European fire-bellied toad">European fire-bellied toad</a> (Bombina bombina) has a slightly warty skin and prefers a watery habitat<a href="#cite_note-Bb-4">[4]</a> whereas the <a href="/wiki/Panamanian_golden_frog" title="Panamanian golden frog">Panamanian golden frog</a> (Atelopus zeteki) is in the toad family Bufonidae and has a smooth skin.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> The origin of the order name Anura—and its original spelling Anoures—is the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Alpha_privative" title="Alpha privative">alpha privative</a> prefix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%BD-#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀν-">ἀν-</a> (an- from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80-#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀ-">ἀ-</a> before a vowel) 'without',<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BF%E1%BD%90%CF%81%CE%AC#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:οὐρά">οὐρά</a> (ourá) 'animal tail'.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> meaning "tailless". It refers to the tailless character of these amphibians.<a href="#cite_note-BaillyBook-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-BaillyWeb-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The origins of the word frog are uncertain and debated.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> The word is first attested in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> as frogga, but the usual Old English word for the frog was frosc (with variants such as frox and forsc), and it is agreed that the word frog is somehow related to this. Old English frosc remained in dialectal use in English as frosh and frosk into the nineteenth century,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and is paralleled widely in other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, with examples in the modern languages including <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> Frosch, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> frosk, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> froskur, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (kik)vors.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> These words allow reconstruction of a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Common Germanic</a> ancestor *froskaz.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The third edition of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> finds that the etymology of *froskaz is uncertain, but agrees with arguments that it could plausibly derive from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> base along the lines of *preu, meaning 'jump'.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> How Old English frosc gave rise to frogga is, however, uncertain, as the development does not involve a regular <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound-change</a>. Instead, it seems that there was a trend in Old English to coin nicknames for animals ending in -g, with examples—themselves all of uncertain etymology—including dog, hog, pig, stag, and (ear)wig. Frog appears to have been adapted from frosc as part of this trend.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> Meanwhile, the word toad, first attested as Old English tādige, is unique to English and is likewise of uncertain etymology.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> It is the basis for the word tadpole, first attested as <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> taddepol, apparently meaning 'toad-head'.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3></div> About 88% of <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibian</a> species are <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">classified</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> Anura.<a href="#cite_note-Pou92-16">[16]</a> These include over 7,700 species<a href="#cite_note-AOTW-1">[1]</a> in 59 <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>, of which the <a href="/wiki/Hylidae" title="Hylidae">Hylidae</a> (1062 spp.), <a href="/wiki/Strabomantidae" title="Strabomantidae">Strabomantidae</a> (807 spp.), <a href="/wiki/Microhylidae" title="Microhylidae">Microhylidae</a> (758 spp.), and <a href="/wiki/True_toad" title="True toad">Bufonidae</a> (657 spp.) are the <a href="/wiki/Species_richness" title="Species richness">richest in species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-amdb-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombina_bombina_1_(Marek_Szczepanek)_tight_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dark-coloured toad facing left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bombina_bombina_1_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29_tight_crop.jpg/220px-Bombina_bombina_1_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29_tight_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bombina_bombina_1_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29_tight_crop.jpg/330px-Bombina_bombina_1_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29_tight_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bombina_bombina_1_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29_tight_crop.jpg/440px-Bombina_bombina_1_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29_tight_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_fire-bellied_toad" title="European fire-bellied toad">European fire-bellied toad</a> (Bombina bombina)</figcaption></figure> The Anura include all modern frogs and any <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> species that fit within the anuran definition. The characteristics of anuran adults include: 9 or fewer presacral vertebrae, the presence of a urostyle formed of fused vertebrae, no tail, a long and forward-sloping ilium, shorter fore limbs than hind limbs, <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> fused, <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a> fused, elongated <a href="/wiki/Ankle_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle bone">ankle bones</a>, absence of a prefrontal bone, presence of a <a href="/wiki/Hyoid_bone" title="Hyoid bone">hyoid plate</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">lower jaw</a> without teeth (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Gastrotheca_guentheri" title="Gastrotheca guentheri">Gastrotheca guentheri</a>) consisting of three pairs of bones (angulosplenial, dentary, and mentomeckelian, with the last pair being absent in <a href="/wiki/Pipoidea" title="Pipoidea">Pipoidea</a>),<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> an unsupported tongue, <a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">lymph</a> spaces underneath the skin, and a muscle, the protractor lentis, attached to the <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">lens of the eye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ToLAnura-19">[19]</a> The anuran larva or tadpole has a single central respiratory <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(vertebrates)" title="Spiracle (vertebrates)">spiracle</a> and mouthparts consisting of <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratinous</a> beaks and <a href="/wiki/Denticle_(tooth_feature)" title="Denticle (tooth feature)">denticles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ToLAnura-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atelopus_zeteki1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Panamanian golden frog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Atelopus_zeteki1.jpg/250px-Atelopus_zeteki1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Atelopus_zeteki1.jpg/330px-Atelopus_zeteki1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Atelopus_zeteki1.jpg/500px-Atelopus_zeteki1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_golden_frog" title="Panamanian golden frog">Panamanian golden frog</a> (Atelopus zeteki)</figcaption></figure> Frogs and toads are broadly classified into three suborders: <a href="/wiki/Archaeobatrachia" title="Archaeobatrachia">Archaeobatrachia</a>, which includes four families of primitive frogs; <a href="/wiki/Mesobatrachia" title="Mesobatrachia">Mesobatrachia</a>, which includes five families of more evolutionary intermediate frogs; and <a href="/wiki/Neobatrachia" title="Neobatrachia">Neobatrachia</a>, by far the largest group, which contains the remaining families of modern frogs, including most common species throughout the world. The suborder Neobatrachia is further divided into the two superfamilies <a href="/wiki/Hyloidea" title="Hyloidea">Hyloidea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranoidea" title="Ranoidea">Ranoidea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> This classification is based on such <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> features as the number of vertebrae, the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_girdle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral girdle">pectoral girdle</a>, and the morphology of tadpoles. While this classification is largely accepted, relationships among families of frogs are still debated.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Some species of anurans <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridise</a> readily. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Edible_frog" title="Edible frog">edible frog</a> (Pelophylax esculentus) is a hybrid between the <a href="/wiki/Pool_frog" title="Pool frog">pool frog</a> (P. lessonae) and the <a href="/wiki/Marsh_frog" title="Marsh frog">marsh frog</a> (P. ridibundus).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The fire-bellied toads Bombina bombina and <a href="/wiki/Yellow-bellied_toad" title="Yellow-bellied toad">B. variegata</a> are similar in forming hybrids. These are less fertile than their parents, giving rise to a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_zone" title="Hybrid zone">hybrid zone</a> where the hybrids are prevalent.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> The origins and evolutionary relationships between the three main groups of amphibians are hotly debated. A <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogeny">molecular phylogeny</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_DNA" title="Ribosomal DNA">rDNA</a> analysis dating from 2005 suggests that <a href="/wiki/Salamanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanders">salamanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caecilian" title="Caecilian">caecilians</a> are more closely related to each other than they are to frogs and the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">divergence</a> of the three groups took place in the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> or early <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> before the break-up of the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> and soon after their divergence from the <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">lobe-finned fishes</a>. This would help account for the relative scarcity of amphibian fossils from the period before the groups split.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Another molecular phylogenetic analysis conducted about the same time concluded that <a href="/wiki/Lissamphibian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lissamphibian">lissamphibians</a> first appeared about 330 million years ago and that the <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyli" title="Temnospondyli">temnospondyl-origin</a> hypothesis is more credible than other theories. The <a href="/wiki/Neobatrachia" title="Neobatrachia">neobatrachians</a> seemed to have originated in Africa/India, the salamanders in East Asia and the caecilians in tropical Pangaea.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Other researchers, while agreeing with the main thrust of this study, questioned the choice of calibration points used to synchronise the data. They proposed that the date of lissamphibian diversification should be placed in the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>, rather less than 300 million years ago, a date in better agreement with the palaeontological data.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> A further study in 2011 using both extinct and living taxa sampled for morphological, as well as molecular data, came to the conclusion that Lissamphibia is <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a> and that it should be nested within <a href="/wiki/Lepospondyli" title="Lepospondyli">Lepospondyli</a> rather than within <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyli" title="Temnospondyli">Temnospondyli</a>. The study postulated that Lissamphibia originated no earlier than the late <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>, some 290 to 305 million years ago. The split between Anura and <a href="/wiki/Caudata" title="Caudata">Caudata</a> was estimated as taking place 292 million years ago, rather later than most molecular studies suggest, with the caecilians splitting off 239 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossilised_frog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fossilised_frog.jpg/250px-Fossilised_frog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fossilised_frog.jpg/330px-Fossilised_frog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fossilised_frog.jpg/500px-Fossilised_frog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption>A fossilised frog from the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, possibly <a href="/wiki/Palaeobatrachus_gigas" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeobatrachus gigas">Palaeobatrachus gigas</a></figcaption></figure> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Gerobatrachus_hottoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerobatrachus hottoni">Gerobatrachus hottoni</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyli" title="Temnospondyli">temnospondyl</a> with many frog- and salamander-like characteristics, was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. It dated back 290 million years and was hailed as a <a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">missing link</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Stem_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem group">stem</a> batrachian close to the <a href="/wiki/Common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Common ancestor">common ancestor</a> of frogs and salamanders, consistent with the widely accepted hypothesis that frogs and salamanders are more closely related to each other (forming a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> called Batrachia) than they are to caecilians.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> However, others have suggested that Gerobatrachus hottoni was only a <a href="/wiki/Dissorophoidea" title="Dissorophoidea">dissorophoid</a> temnospondyl unrelated to extant amphibians.<a href="#cite_note-M&L09-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salientia" title="Salientia">Salientia</a> (Latin salire (salio), "to jump") is the name of the total group that includes modern frogs in the order Anura as well as their close fossil relatives, the "proto-frogs" or "stem-frogs". The common features possessed by these proto-frogs include 14 <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">presacral vertebrae</a> (modern frogs have eight or 9), a long and forward-sloping <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilium</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a>, the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">frontoparietal bone</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">lower jaw</a> without teeth. The earliest known amphibians that were more closely related to frogs than to salamanders are <a href="/wiki/Triadobatrachus_massinoti" class="mw-redirect" title="Triadobatrachus massinoti">Triadobatrachus massinoti</a>, from the early <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> period of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> (about 250 million years ago), and <a href="/wiki/Czatkobatrachus_polonicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Czatkobatrachus polonicus">Czatkobatrachus polonicus</a>, from the Early Triassic of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (about the same age as Triadobatrachus).<a href="#cite_note-TOLweb-31">[31]</a> The skull of Triadobatrachus is frog-like, being broad with large eye sockets, but the fossil has features diverging from modern frogs. These include a longer body with more <a href="/wiki/Vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae">vertebrae</a>. The tail has separate vertebrae unlike the fused urostyle or coccyx in modern frogs. The tibia and fibula bones are also separate, making it probable that Triadobatrachus was not an efficient leaper.<a href="#cite_note-TOLweb-31">[31]</a> A 2019 study has noted the presence of Salientia from the <a href="/wiki/Chinle_Formation" title="Chinle Formation">Chinle Formation</a>, and suggested that anurans might have first appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> On the basis of fossil evidence, the earliest known "true frogs" that fall into the anuran lineage proper all lived in the early <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-Salientia-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heatwole00-33">[33]</a> One such early frog species, <a href="/wiki/Prosalirus_bitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosalirus bitis">Prosalirus bitis</a>, was discovered in <a href="/wiki/1995_in_paleontology" title="1995 in paleontology">1995</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kayenta_Formation" title="Kayenta Formation">Kayenta Formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a> epoch (199.6 to 175 million years ago), making Prosalirus somewhat more recent than Triadobatrachus.<a href="#cite_note-jurassicdistribution-34">[34]</a> Like the latter, Prosalirus did not have greatly enlarged legs, but had the typical three-pronged <a href="/wiki/Pelvic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic">pelvic</a> structure of modern frogs. Unlike Triadobatrachus, Prosalirus had already lost nearly all of its tail<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and was well adapted for jumping.<a href="#cite_note-foster-anura-36">[36]</a> Another Early Jurassic frog is <a href="/wiki/Vieraella_herbsti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vieraella herbsti">Vieraella herbsti</a>, which is known only from <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (biology)">dorsal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">ventral</a> impressions of a single animal and was estimated to be <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>33 mm (1+1⁄4 in) from snout to vent. <a href="/wiki/Notobatrachus_degiustoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Notobatrachus degiustoi">Notobatrachus degiustoi</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">middle Jurassic</a> is slightly younger, about 155–170 million years old. The main evolutionary changes in this species involved the shortening of the body and the loss of the tail. Tadpoles of N. degiustoi constitute the oldest tadpoles found as of 2024, dating back to 168–161 million years ago. These tadpoles also showed adaptations for <a href="/wiki/Filter-feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter-feeding">filter-feeding</a>, implying residence in temporary pools by filter-feeding larvae was already commonplace.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The evolution of modern Anura likely was complete by the Jurassic period. Since then, evolutionary changes in <a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">chromosome numbers</a> have taken place about 20 times faster in mammals than in frogs, which means <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a> is occurring more rapidly in mammals.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> According to genetic studies, the families <a href="/wiki/Hyloidea" title="Hyloidea">Hyloidea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microhylidae" title="Microhylidae">Microhylidae</a>, and the clade <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatanura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natatanura (page does not exist)">Natatanura</a> (comprising about 88% of living frogs) diversified simultaneously some 66 million years ago, soon after the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Chicxulub_impactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicxulub impactor">Chicxulub impactor</a>. All origins of arboreality (e.g. in Hyloidea and Natatanura) follow from that time and the resurgence of forest that occurred afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Frog fossils have been found on all of the Earth's continents.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 2020, it was announced that 40 million year old <a href="/wiki/Calyptocephalellidae" title="Calyptocephalellidae">helmeted frog</a> fossils had been discovered by a team of vertebrate palaeontologists in <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Island" title="Seymour Island">Seymour Island</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a>, indicating that this region was once home to frogs related to those now living in South American <a href="/wiki/Valdivian_temperate_rain_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdivian temperate rain forest">Nothofagus forest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div> A <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> showing the relationships of the different <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a> of frogs in the clade Anura can be seen in the table below. This diagram, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">tree</a>, shows how each frog family is related to other families, with each node representing a point of common ancestry. It is based on Frost et al. (2006),<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Heinicke et al. (2009)<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and Pyron and Wiens (2011).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Anura </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Leiopelmatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiopelmatidae">Leiopelmatidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ascaphidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascaphidae">Ascaphidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombianura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombianura (page does not exist)">Bombianura</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Costata (page does not exist)">Costata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Bombinatoridae" title="Bombinatoridae">Bombinatoridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Alytidae" title="Alytidae">Alytidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Discoglossidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoglossidae">Discoglossidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipanura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pipanura (page does not exist)">Pipanura</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Xenoanura" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenoanura">Xenoanura</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pipidae" title="Pipidae">Pipidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Rhinophrynidae" title="Rhinophrynidae">Rhinophrynidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acosmanura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acosmanura (page does not exist)">Acosmanura</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomocoela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anomocoela (page does not exist)">Anomocoela</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Scaphiopodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaphiopodidae">Scaphiopodidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pelodytidae" title="Pelodytidae">Pelodytidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Pelobatoidea" title="Pelobatoidea">Pelobatoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pelobatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelobatidae">Pelobatidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Megophryidae" title="Megophryidae">Megophryidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neobatrachia" title="Neobatrachia">Neobatrachia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Heleophrynidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heleophrynidae">Heleophrynidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthanobatrachia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phthanobatrachia (page does not exist)">Phthanobatrachia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Sooglossoidea" title="Sooglossoidea">Sooglossoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Sooglossidae" title="Sooglossidae">Sooglossidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Nasikabatrachidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasikabatrachidae">Nasikabatrachidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notogaeanura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notogaeanura (page does not exist)">Notogaeanura</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Australobatrachia" title="Australobatrachia">Australobatrachia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Calyptocephalellidae" title="Calyptocephalellidae">Calyptocephalellidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Myobatrachidae" title="Myobatrachidae">Myobatrachidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Limnodynastidae" title="Limnodynastidae">Limnodynastidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobleoanura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nobleoanura (page does not exist)">Nobleoanura</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Brachycephaloidea" title="Brachycephaloidea">Brachycephaloidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ceuthomantidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceuthomantidae">Ceuthomantidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Brachycephalidae" title="Brachycephalidae">Brachycephalidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Eleutherodactylidae" title="Eleutherodactylidae">Eleutherodactylidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Craugastoridae" title="Craugastoridae">Craugastoridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(<a href="/wiki/Terrarana" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrarana">Terrarana</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Hemiphractidae" title="Hemiphractidae">Hemiphractidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athesphatanura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athesphatanura (page does not exist)">Athesphatanura</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Hylidae" title="Hylidae">Hylidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptodactyliformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leptodactyliformes (page does not exist)">Leptodactyliformes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agastorophrynia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agastorophrynia (page does not exist)">Agastorophrynia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Bufonidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bufonidae">Bufonidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Aromobatidae" title="Aromobatidae">Aromobatidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Dendrobatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendrobatidae">Dendrobatidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diphyabatracea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diphyabatracea (page does not exist)">Diphyabatracea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Leptodactylidae" title="Leptodactylidae">Leptodactylidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Allophrynidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophrynidae">Allophrynidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Centrolenidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrolenidae">Centrolenidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ceratophryidae" title="Ceratophryidae">Ceratophryidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Odontophrynidae" title="Odontophrynidae">Odontophrynidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Cycloramphidae" title="Cycloramphidae">Cycloramphidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Alsodidae" title="Alsodidae">Alsodidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Hylodidae" title="Hylodidae">Hylodidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Telmatobiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Telmatobiidae">Telmatobiidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Batrachylidae" title="Batrachylidae">Batrachylidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Rhinodermatidae" title="Rhinodermatidae">Rhinodermatidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ranoidea" title="Ranoidea">Ranoides</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allodapanura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allodapanura (page does not exist)">Allodapanura</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Microhylidae" title="Microhylidae">Microhylidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Afrobatrachia </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenosyneunitanura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenosyneunitanura (page does not exist)">Xenosyneunitanura</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Brevicipitidae" title="Brevicipitidae">Brevicipitidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Hemisotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemisotidae">Hemisotidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentobatrachia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurentobatrachia (page does not exist)">Laurentobatrachia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Hyperoliidae" title="Hyperoliidae">Hyperoliidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Arthroleptidae" title="Arthroleptidae">Arthroleptidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatanura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natatanura (page does not exist)">Natatanura</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ptychadenidae" title="Ptychadenidae">Ptychadenidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoranura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victoranura (page does not exist)">Victoranura</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Micrixalidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrixalidae">Micrixalidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Phrynobatrachidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrynobatrachidae">Phrynobatrachidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Conrauidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrauidae">Conrauidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyxicephaloidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyxicephaloidea (page does not exist)">Pyxicephaloidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Petropedetidae" title="Petropedetidae">Petropedetidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pyxicephalidae" title="Pyxicephalidae">Pyxicephalidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Nyctibatrachidae" title="Nyctibatrachidae">Nyctibatrachidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ceratobatrachidae" title="Ceratobatrachidae">Ceratobatrachidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saukrobatrachia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saukrobatrachia (page does not exist)">Saukrobatrachia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ranixalidae" title="Ranixalidae">Ranixalidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Dicroglossidae" title="Dicroglossidae">Dicroglossidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aglaioanura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aglaioanura (page does not exist)">Aglaioanura</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Rhacophoridae" title="Rhacophoridae">Rhacophoridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Mantellidae" title="Mantellidae">Mantellidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ranidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranidae">Ranidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology_and_physiology">Morphology and physiology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frog_limbs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Frog_limbs.jpg/250px-Frog_limbs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Frog_limbs.jpg/330px-Frog_limbs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Frog_limbs.jpg/500px-Frog_limbs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/American_bullfrog" title="American bullfrog">bullfrog</a> skeleton, showing elongated limb bones and extra joints. Red marks indicate bones which have been substantially elongated in frogs and joints which have become mobile. Blue indicates joints and bones which have not been modified or only somewhat elongated.</figcaption></figure> Frogs have no tail, except as larvae, and most have long hind legs, elongated ankle bones, webbed toes, no claws, large eyes, and a smooth or warty skin. They have short vertebral columns, with no more than 10 free vertebrae and fused tailbones (urostyle or coccyx).<a href="#cite_note-Flam-47">[47]</a> Frogs range in size from <a href="/wiki/Paedophryne_amauensis" title="Paedophryne amauensis">Paedophryne amauensis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> that is 7.7 mm (0.30 in) in <a href="/wiki/Snout%E2%80%93vent_length" title="Snout–vent length">snout–vent length</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> to the up to about 35 cm (14 in) and 3.3 kg (7.3 lb) <a href="/wiki/Goliath_frog" title="Goliath frog">goliath frog</a> (Conraua goliath) of central Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Colgan1982-49">[49]</a> There are prehistoric, extinct species that reached even larger sizes.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feet_and_legs">Feet and legs</h3></div> The structure of the feet and legs varies greatly among frog species, depending in part on whether they live primarily on the ground, in water, in trees, or in burrows. Adult anurans have four fingers on the hands and five toes on the feet,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> but the smallest species often have hands and feet where some of the digits are vestigial.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Frogs must be able to move quickly through their environment to catch prey and escape predators, and numerous adaptations help them to do so. Most frogs are either proficient at jumping or are descended from ancestors that were, with much of the <a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculoskeletal">musculoskeletal</a> <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> modified for this purpose. The tibia, fibula, and <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">tarsals</a> have been fused into a single strong <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>, as have the radius and ulna in the fore limbs (which must absorb the impact on landing). The <a href="/wiki/Metatarsals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsals">metatarsals</a> have become elongated to add to the leg length and allow frogs to push against the ground for a longer period on take-off. The <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilium</a> has elongated and formed a mobile joint with the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a> which, in specialist jumpers such as ranids and hylids, functions as an additional limb joint to further power the leaps. The tail vertebrae have fused into a urostyle which is retracted inside the pelvis. This enables the force to be transferred from the legs to the body during a leap.<a href="#cite_note-Flam-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rana_temporaria_04_by-dpc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Webbed foot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rana_temporaria_04_by-dpc.jpg/220px-Rana_temporaria_04_by-dpc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rana_temporaria_04_by-dpc.jpg/330px-Rana_temporaria_04_by-dpc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rana_temporaria_04_by-dpc.jpg/440px-Rana_temporaria_04_by-dpc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1926" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption>Webbed hind foot of <a href="/wiki/Common_frog" title="Common frog">common frog</a> (Rana temporaria)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Litoria_tyleri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Litoria_tyleri.jpg/250px-Litoria_tyleri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Litoria_tyleri.jpg/330px-Litoria_tyleri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Litoria_tyleri.jpg/500px-Litoria_tyleri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tyler%27s_tree_frog" title="Tyler's tree frog">Tyler's tree frog</a> (Litoria tyleri) has large toe pads and webbed feet.</figcaption></figure> The muscular system has been similarly modified. The hind limbs of ancestral frogs presumably contained pairs of muscles which would act in opposition (one muscle to flex the knee, a different muscle to extend it), as is seen in most other limbed animals. However, in modern frogs, almost all muscles have been modified to contribute to the action of jumping, with only a few small muscles remaining to bring the limb back to the starting position and maintain posture. The muscles have also been greatly enlarged, with the main leg muscles accounting for over 17% of the total mass of frogs.<a href="#cite_note-Frogjump-53">[53]</a> Many frogs have webbed feet and the degree of webbing is directly proportional to the amount of time the species spends in the water.<a href="#cite_note-Exploratorium-54">[54]</a> The completely aquatic <a href="/wiki/African_dwarf_frog" title="African dwarf frog">African dwarf frog</a> (Hymenochirus sp.) has fully webbed toes, whereas those of <a href="/wiki/White%27s_tree_frog" class="mw-redirect" title="White's tree frog">White's tree frog</a> (Litoria caerulea), an arboreal species, are only a quarter or half webbed.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Exceptions include <a href="/wiki/Flying_frog" title="Flying frog">flying frogs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hylidae" title="Hylidae">Hylidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhacophoridae" title="Rhacophoridae">Rhacophoridae</a>, which also have fully webbed toes used in gliding. <a href="/wiki/Tree_frog" title="Tree frog">Arboreal frogs</a> have pads located on the ends of their toes to help grip vertical surfaces. These are not suction pads, the surface consisting instead of columnar cells with flat tops with small gaps between them lubricated by mucous glands. When the frog applies pressure, the cells adhere to irregularities on the surface and the grip is maintained through <a href="/wiki/Capillarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillarity">surface tension</a>. This allows the frog to climb on smooth surfaces, but the system does not function efficiently when the pads are excessively wet.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In many arboreal frogs, a small "intercalary structure" on each toe increases the surface area touching the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrate</a>. Furthermore, many arboreal frogs have hip joints that allow both hopping and walking. Some frogs that live high in trees even possess an elaborate degree of webbing between their toes. This allows the frogs to "parachute" or make a controlled glide from one position in the canopy to another.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Ground-dwelling frogs generally lack the adaptations of aquatic and arboreal frogs. Most have smaller toe pads, if any, and little webbing. Some burrowing frogs such as <a href="/wiki/Couch%27s_Spadefoot_Toad" class="mw-redirect" title="Couch's Spadefoot Toad">Couch's spadefoot</a> (Scaphiopus couchii) have a flap-like toe extension on the hind feet, a <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratinised</a> <a href="/wiki/Tubercle" title="Tubercle">tubercle</a> often referred to as a spade, that helps them to burrow.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Sometimes during the tadpole stage, one of the developing rear legs is eaten by a predator such as a <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_nymph" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragonfly nymph">dragonfly nymph</a>. In some cases, the full leg still grows, but in others it does not, although the frog may still live out its normal lifespan with only three limbs. Occasionally, a parasitic <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ribeiroia_ondatrae" title="Ribeiroia ondatrae">Ribeiroia ondatrae</a>) digs into the rear of a tadpole, causing a rearrangement of the limb bud cells and the frog develops one or more extra legs.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranapipiensmoulting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ranapipiensmoulting.jpg/250px-Ranapipiensmoulting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ranapipiensmoulting.jpg/330px-Ranapipiensmoulting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ranapipiensmoulting.jpg/500px-Ranapipiensmoulting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Northern_leopard_frog" title="Northern leopard frog">Northern leopard frog</a> (Rana pipiens) moulting and eating its skin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin">Skin</h3></div> A frog's skin is protective, has a respiratory function, can absorb water, and helps control body temperature. It has many glands, particularly on the head and back, which often exude distasteful and toxic substances (<a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">granular glands</a>). The secretion is often sticky and helps keep the skin moist, protects against the entry of moulds and bacteria, and makes the animal slippery and more able to escape from predators.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The skin is shed every few weeks. It usually splits down the middle of the back and across the belly, and the frog pulls its arms and legs free. The sloughed skin is then worked towards the head where it is quickly eaten.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Being cold-blooded, frogs have to adopt suitable behaviour patterns to regulate their temperature. To warm up, they can move into the sun or onto a warm surface; if they overheat, they can move into the shade or adopt a stance that exposes the minimum area of skin to the air. This posture is also used to prevent water loss and involves the frog squatting close to the substrate with its hands and feet tucked under its chin and body.<a href="#cite_note-BandN-62">[62]</a> The colour of a frog's skin is used for thermoregulation. In cool damp conditions, the colour will be darker than on a hot dry day. The <a href="/wiki/Grey_Foam-nest_Treefrog" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey Foam-nest Treefrog">grey foam-nest tree frog</a> (Chiromantis xerampelina) is even able to turn white to minimise the chance of overheating.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Many frogs are able to absorb water and oxygen directly through the skin, especially around the pelvic area, but the permeability of a frog's skin can also result in water loss. Glands located all over the body exude mucus which helps keep the skin moist and reduces evaporation. Some glands on the hands and chest of males are specialised to produce sticky secretions to aid in <a href="/wiki/Amplexus" title="Amplexus">amplexus</a>. Similar glands in tree frogs produce a glue-like substance on the adhesive discs of the feet. Some arboreal frogs reduce water loss by having a waterproof layer of skin, and several South American species coat their skin with a waxy secretion. Other frogs have adopted behaviours to conserve water, including becoming <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> and resting in a water-conserving position. Some frogs may also rest in large groups with each frog pressed against its neighbours. This reduces the amount of skin exposed to the air or a dry surface, and thus reduces water loss.<a href="#cite_note-BandN-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodhouse%27s_toad" title="Woodhouse's toad">Woodhouse's toad</a> (Bufo woodhousii), if given access to water after confinement in a dry location, sits in the shallows to rehydrate.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The male <a href="/wiki/Hairy_frog" title="Hairy frog">hairy frog</a> (Trichobatrachus robustus) has <a href="/wiki/Dermal_papillae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermal papillae">dermal papillae</a> projecting from its lower back and thighs, giving it a bristly appearance. These contain blood vessels and are thought to increase the area of the skin available for respiration.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hip-pocket_Frog_-_Assa_darlingtoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Frog barely recognisable against brown decaying leaf litter." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hip-pocket_Frog_-_Assa_darlingtoni.jpg/250px-Hip-pocket_Frog_-_Assa_darlingtoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hip-pocket_Frog_-_Assa_darlingtoni.jpg/330px-Hip-pocket_Frog_-_Assa_darlingtoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hip-pocket_Frog_-_Assa_darlingtoni.jpg/500px-Hip-pocket_Frog_-_Assa_darlingtoni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pouched_frog" title="Pouched frog">Pouched frog</a> (Assa darlingtoni) camouflaged against leaf litter</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WoodFrog_DarienLakesStatePark_2020-06-16_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/WoodFrog_DarienLakesStatePark_2020-06-16_%2802%29.jpg/250px-WoodFrog_DarienLakesStatePark_2020-06-16_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/WoodFrog_DarienLakesStatePark_2020-06-16_%2802%29.jpg/330px-WoodFrog_DarienLakesStatePark_2020-06-16_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/WoodFrog_DarienLakesStatePark_2020-06-16_%2802%29.jpg/500px-WoodFrog_DarienLakesStatePark_2020-06-16_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1889" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wood_frog" title="Wood frog">Wood frog</a> (Lithobates sylvaticus) uses <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">disruptive coloration</a>.</figcaption></figure> Some species have <a href="/wiki/Osteoderm" title="Osteoderm">bony plates</a> embedded in the skin, a trait that appears to have evolved independently several times.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In certain other species, the skin at the top of the head is compacted and the connective tissue of the dermis is co-ossified with the bones of the skull (<a href="/wiki/Exostosis" title="Exostosis">exostosis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a> is a common defensive mechanism in frogs. Features such as warts and <a href="/wiki/Skin_fold" title="Skin fold">skin folds</a> are usually on ground-dwelling frogs, for whom smooth skin would not provide such effective camouflage. Certain frogs change colour between night and day, as light and moisture stimulate the pigment cells and cause them to expand or contract.<a href="#cite_note-Observer-69">[69]</a> Some are even able to control their skin texture.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_tree_frog" title="Pacific tree frog">Pacific tree frog</a> (Pseudacris regilla) has green and brown morphs, plain or spotted, and changes colour depending on the time of year and general background colour.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wood_frog" title="Wood frog">Wood frog</a> (Lithobates sylvaticus) uses <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">disruptive coloration</a> including black eye markings similar to voids between leaves, bands of the dorsal skin (dorsolateral dermal plica) similar to a leaf <a href="/wiki/Midrib" class="mw-redirect" title="Midrib">midrib</a> as well as stains, spots and leg stripes similar to fallen leaf features. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiration_and_circulation">Respiration and circulation</h3></div> Like other amphibians, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> can pass through their highly permeable skins. This unique feature allows them to remain in places without access to the air, respiring through their skins. Ribs are generally absent, so the lungs are filled by <a href="/wiki/Buccal_pumping" title="Buccal pumping">buccal pumping</a> and a frog deprived of its lungs can maintain its body functions without them.<a href="#cite_note-Observer-69">[69]</a> The fully aquatic <a href="/wiki/Bornean_flat-headed_frog" title="Bornean flat-headed frog">Bornean flat-headed frog</a> (Barbourula kalimantanensis) is the first frog known to lack lungs entirely.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Frogs have three-chambered <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">hearts</a>, a feature they share with <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>. Oxygenated blood from the lungs and de-oxygenated blood from the <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiring</a> tissues enter the heart through separate <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrium (anatomy)">atria</a>. When these chambers contract, the two blood streams pass into a common <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricle</a> before being pumped via a spiral valve to the appropriate vessel, the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> for oxygenated blood and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> for deoxygenated blood.<a href="#cite_note-Kimball-73">[73]</a> Some species of frog have adaptations that allow them to survive in oxygen deficient water. The <a href="/wiki/Titicaca_water_frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Titicaca water frog">Titicaca water frog</a> (Telmatobius culeus) is one such species and has wrinkly skin that increases its surface area to enhance gas exchange. It normally makes no use of its rudimentary lungs but will sometimes raise and lower its body rhythmically while on the lake bed to increase the flow of water around it.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frog_anatomy_tags.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dissected frog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Frog_anatomy_tags.PNG/220px-Frog_anatomy_tags.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Frog_anatomy_tags.PNG/330px-Frog_anatomy_tags.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Frog_anatomy_tags.PNG/440px-Frog_anatomy_tags.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1668" /></a><figcaption>Anatomical model of a dissected frog: 1 Right atrium, 2 Lungs, 3 Aorta, 4 Egg mass, 5 Colon, 6 Left atrium, 7 Ventricle, 8 Stomach, 9 Liver, 10 Gallbladder, 11 Small intestine, 12 Cloaca</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestion_and_excretion">Digestion and excretion</h3></div> Frogs have maxillary teeth along their upper jaw which are used to hold food before it is swallowed. These teeth are very weak, and cannot be used to chew or catch and harm agile prey. Instead, the frog uses its sticky, cleft tongue to catch insects and other small moving prey. The tongue normally lies coiled in the mouth, free at the back and attached to the mandible at the front. It can be shot out and retracted at great speed.<a href="#cite_note-Exploratorium-54">[54]</a> In amphibians there are salvary glands on the tongue, which in frogs produce what is called a two-phase viscoelastic fluid. When exposed to pressure, like when the tongue is wrapping around a prey, it becomes runny and covers the prey's body. As the pressure drops, it returns to a thick and elastic state, which gives the tongue an extra grip.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Some frogs have no tongue and just stuff food into their mouths with their hands.<a href="#cite_note-Exploratorium-54">[54]</a> The African bullfrog (<a href="/wiki/Pyxicephalus" title="Pyxicephalus">Pyxicephalus</a>), which preys on relatively large animals such as mice and other frogs, has cone shaped bony projections called odontoid processes at the front of the lower jaw which function like teeth.<a href="#cite_note-Pou92-16">[16]</a> The eyes assist in the swallowing of food as they can be retracted through holes in the skull and help push food down the throat.<a href="#cite_note-Exploratorium-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The food then moves through the oesophagus into the stomach where digestive enzymes are added and it is churned up. It then proceeds to the small intestine (duodenum and ileum) where most digestion occurs. Pancreatic juice from the pancreas, and bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, are secreted into the small intestine, where the fluids digest the food and the nutrients are absorbed. The food residue passes into the large intestine where excess water is removed and the wastes are passed out through the <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Although adapted to terrestrial life, frogs resemble freshwater fish in their inability to conserve body water effectively. When they are on land, much water is lost by evaporation from the skin. The excretory system is similar to that of mammals and there are two <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> that remove nitrogenous products from the blood. Frogs produce large quantities of dilute urine in order to flush out toxic products from the kidney tubules.<a href="#cite_note-Doritexcretion-78">[78]</a> The nitrogen is excreted as <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> by tadpoles and aquatic frogs but mainly as <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, a less toxic product, by most terrestrial adults. A few species of tree frog with little access to water excrete the even less toxic <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Doritexcretion-78">[78]</a> The urine passes along paired <a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">ureters</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">urinary bladder</a> from which it is vented periodically into the cloaca. All bodily wastes exit the body through the cloaca which terminates in a cloacal vent.<a href="#cite_note-TutorVista-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproductive_system">Reproductive system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_amphibians" title="Sexual selection in amphibians">Sexual selection in amphibians</a></div> In the male frog, the two <a href="/wiki/Testis" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis">testes</a> are attached to the kidneys and <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> passes into the kidneys through fine tubes called <a href="/wiki/Efferent_ducts" title="Efferent ducts">efferent ducts</a>. It then travels on through the ureters, which are consequently known as urinogenital ducts. There is no penis, and sperm is ejected from the cloaca directly onto the eggs as the female lays them. The ovaries of the female frog are beside the kidneys and the eggs pass down a pair of oviducts and through the cloaca to the exterior.<a href="#cite_note-TutorVista-79">[79]</a> When frogs mate, the male climbs on the back of the female and wraps his fore limbs round her body, either behind the front legs or just in front of the hind legs. This position is called <a href="/wiki/Amplexus" title="Amplexus">amplexus</a> and may be held for several days.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The male frog has certain hormone-dependent <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sexual_characteristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sexual characteristic">secondary sexual characteristics</a>. These include the development of special pads on his thumbs in the breeding season, to give him a firm hold.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The grip of the male frog during amplexus stimulates the female to release eggs, usually wrapped in jelly, as spawn. In many species the male is smaller and slimmer than the female. Males have vocal cords and make a range of croaks, particularly in the breeding season, and in some species they also have <a href="/wiki/Vocal_sac" title="Vocal sac">vocal sacs</a> to amplify the sound.<a href="#cite_note-TutorVista-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nervous_system">Nervous system</h3></div> Frogs have a highly developed nervous system that consists of a brain, spinal cord and nerves. Many parts of frog brains correspond with those of humans. It consists of two olfactory lobes, two cerebral hemispheres, a pineal body, two optic lobes, a cerebellum and a medulla oblongata. Muscular coordination and posture are controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a> regulates respiration, digestion and other automatic functions. The relative size of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a> in frogs is much smaller than it is in humans. Frogs have ten pairs of <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a> which pass information from the outside directly to the brain, and ten pairs of <a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal nerves">spinal nerves</a> which pass information from the extremities to the brain through the spinal cord.<a href="#cite_note-TutorVista-79">[79]</a> By contrast, all <a href="/wiki/Amniotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniotes">amniotes</a> (mammals, birds and reptiles) have twelve pairs of cranial nerves.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groene_kikker_achter_Bekaert-draad-detail_oog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Groene_kikker_achter_Bekaert-draad-detail_oog.jpg/220px-Groene_kikker_achter_Bekaert-draad-detail_oog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Groene_kikker_achter_Bekaert-draad-detail_oog.jpg/330px-Groene_kikker_achter_Bekaert-draad-detail_oog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Groene_kikker_achter_Bekaert-draad-detail_oog.jpg/440px-Groene_kikker_achter_Bekaert-draad-detail_oog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of frog's head showing eye, nostril, mouth, and tympanum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sight">Sight</h3></div> The eyes of most frogs are located on either side of the head near the top and project outwards as hemispherical bulges. They provide <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a> over a field of 100° to the front and a total visual field of almost 360°.<a href="#cite_note-Howard-83">[83]</a> They may be the only part of an otherwise submerged frog to protrude from the water. Each eye has closable upper and lower lids and a <a href="/wiki/Nictitating_membrane" title="Nictitating membrane">nictitating membrane</a> which provides further protection, especially when the frog is swimming.<a href="#cite_note-Badger-84">[84]</a> Members of the aquatic family <a href="/wiki/Pipidae" title="Pipidae">Pipidae</a> have the eyes located at the top of the head, a position better suited for detecting prey in the water above.<a href="#cite_note-Howard-83">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">irises</a> come in a range of colours and the pupils in a range of shapes. The <a href="/wiki/Common_toad" title="Common toad">common toad</a> (Bufo bufo) has golden irises and horizontal slit-like pupils, the <a href="/wiki/Agalychnis_callidryas" title="Agalychnis callidryas">red-eyed tree frog</a> (Agalychnis callidryas) has vertical slit pupils, the <a href="/wiki/Poison_dart_frog" title="Poison dart frog">poison dart frog</a> has dark irises, the <a href="/wiki/Fire-bellied_toad" title="Fire-bellied toad">fire-bellied toad</a> (Bombina spp.) has triangular pupils and the <a href="/wiki/Dyscophus_antongilii" title="Dyscophus antongilii">tomato frog</a> (Dyscophus spp.) has circular ones. The irises of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_toad" title="Southern toad">southern toad</a> (Anaxyrus terrestris) are patterned so as to blend in with the surrounding camouflaged skin.<a href="#cite_note-Badger-84">[84]</a> The distant vision of a frog is better than its near vision. Calling frogs will quickly become silent when they see an intruder or even a moving shadow but the closer an object is, the less well it is seen.<a href="#cite_note-Badger-84">[84]</a> When a frog shoots out its tongue to catch an insect it is reacting to a small moving object that it cannot see well and must line it up precisely beforehand because it shuts its eyes as the tongue is extended.<a href="#cite_note-Exploratorium-54">[54]</a> Although it was formerly debated,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> more recent research has shown that frogs can see in colour, even in very low light.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hearing">Hearing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Synchrotron_microtomography_of_Atelopus_franciscus_head_-_pone.0022080.s003.ogv/220px--Synchrotron_microtomography_of_Atelopus_franciscus_head_-_pone.0022080.s003.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="139" data-durationhint="41" data-mwtitle="Synchrotron_microtomography_of_Atelopus_franciscus_head_-_pone.0022080.s003.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Synchrotron_microtomography_of_Atelopus_franciscus_head_-_pone.0022080.s003.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Synchrotron_microtomography_of_Atelopus_franciscus_head_-_pone.0022080.s003.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="696" data-height="440" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Synchrotron_microtomography_of_Atelopus_franciscus_head_-_pone.0022080.s003.ogv/Synchrotron_microtomography_of_Atelopus_franciscus_head_-_pone.0022080.s003.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="380" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Synchrotron_microtomography_of_Atelopus_franciscus_head_-_pone.0022080.s003.ogv/Synchrotron_microtomography_of_Atelopus_franciscus_head_-_pone.0022080.s003.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="570" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Synchrotron_microtomography_of_Atelopus_franciscus_head_-_pone.0022080.s003.ogv/Synchrotron_microtomography_of_Atelopus_franciscus_head_-_pone.0022080.s003.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="570" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Surface rendering of the head of the frog <a href="/wiki/Atelopus_franciscus" title="Atelopus franciscus">Atelopus franciscus</a>, with ear parts highlighted</figcaption></figure> Frogs can hear both in the air and below water. They do not have <a href="/wiki/Pinna_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinna (anatomy)">external ears</a>; the eardrums (<a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(anatomy)" title="Tympanum (anatomy)">tympanic membranes</a>) are directly exposed or may be covered by a layer of skin and are visible as a circular area just behind the eye. The size and distance apart of the eardrums is related to the frequency and wavelength at which the frog calls. In some species such as the bullfrog, the size of the tympanum indicates the sex of the frog; males have tympani that are larger than their eyes while in females, the eyes and tympani are much the same size.<a href="#cite_note-Neth38-87">[87]</a> A noise causes the tympanum to vibrate and the sound is transmitted to the middle and inner ear. The middle ear contains semicircular canals which help control balance and orientation. In the inner ear, the auditory hair cells are arranged in two areas of the cochlea, the basilar papilla and the amphibian papilla. The former detects high frequencies and the latter low frequencies.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-88">[88]</a> Because the cochlea is short, frogs use <a href="/wiki/Electrical_tuning" title="Electrical tuning">electrical tuning</a> to extend their range of audible frequencies and help discriminate different sounds.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> This arrangement enables detection of the territorial and breeding calls of their <a href="/wiki/Conspecificity" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecificity">conspecifics</a>. In some species that inhabit arid regions, the sound of thunder or heavy rain may arouse them from a dormant state.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-88">[88]</a> A frog may be startled by an unexpected noise but it will not usually take any action until it has located the source of the sound by sight.<a href="#cite_note-Neth38-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Call">Call</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_frogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual selection in frogs">Sexual selection in frogs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dendropsophus_microcephalus_-_calling_male_(Cope,_1886).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dendropsophus_microcephalus_-_calling_male_%28Cope%2C_1886%29.jpg/250px-Dendropsophus_microcephalus_-_calling_male_%28Cope%2C_1886%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dendropsophus_microcephalus_-_calling_male_%28Cope%2C_1886%29.jpg/330px-Dendropsophus_microcephalus_-_calling_male_%28Cope%2C_1886%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dendropsophus_microcephalus_-_calling_male_%28Cope%2C_1886%29.jpg/500px-Dendropsophus_microcephalus_-_calling_male_%28Cope%2C_1886%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A male <a href="/wiki/Dendropsophus_microcephalus" title="Dendropsophus microcephalus">Dendropsophus microcephalus</a> displaying its vocal sac during its call</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="95" data-mwtitle="Atelopus_franciscus_male_territorial_call_-_pone.0022080.s002.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Atelopus_franciscus_male_territorial_call_-_pone.0022080.s002.oga"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Atelopus_franciscus_male_territorial_call_-_pone.0022080.s002.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7e/Atelopus_franciscus_male_territorial_call_-_pone.0022080.s002.oga/Atelopus_franciscus_male_territorial_call_-_pone.0022080.s002.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Advertisement call of male <a href="/wiki/Atelopus_franciscus" title="Atelopus franciscus">Atelopus franciscus</a></figcaption></figure> The call or croak of a frog is unique to its species. Frogs create this sound by passing air through the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> in the throat. In most calling frogs, the sound is amplified by one or more vocal sacs, membranes of skin under the throat or on the corner of the mouth, that distend during the amplification of the call. Some frog calls are so loud that they can be heard up to a mile (1.6 km) away.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Additionally, some species have been found to use man-made structures such as drain pipes for artificial amplification of their call.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ascaphus_truei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascaphus truei">coastal tailed frog</a> (Ascaphus truei) lives in mountain streams in North America and does not vocalise.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The main function of calling is for male frogs to attract mates. Males may call individually or there may be a chorus of sound where numerous males have converged on breeding sites. In many frog species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Common_Tree_Frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Tree Frog">common tree frog</a> (Polypedates leucomystax), females reply to males' calls, which acts to reinforce reproductive activity in a breeding colony.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Female frogs prefer males that produce sounds of greater intensity and lower frequency, attributes that stand out in a crowd. The rationale for this is thought to be that by demonstrating his prowess, the male shows his fitness to produce superior offspring.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> A different call is emitted by a male frog or unreceptive female when mounted by another male. This is a distinct chirruping sound and is accompanied by a vibration of the body.<a href="#cite_note-Badger3-95">[95]</a> Tree frogs and some non-aquatic species have a rain call that they make on the basis of humidity cues prior to a shower.<a href="#cite_note-Badger3-95">[95]</a> Many species also have a territorial call that is used to drive away other males. All of these calls are emitted with the mouth of the frog closed.<a href="#cite_note-Badger3-95">[95]</a> A distress call, emitted by some frogs when they are in danger, is produced with the mouth open resulting in a higher-pitched call. It is typically used when the frog has been grabbed by a predator and may serve to distract or disorient the attacker so that it releases the frog.<a href="#cite_note-Badger3-95">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="45" data-mwtitle="Banded_Bull_Frog_Call.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Banded_Bull_Frog_Call.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Banded_Bull_Frog_Call.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Banded_Bull_Frog_Call.ogg/Banded_Bull_Frog_Call.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Distinctive low "jug-o-rum" sound of <a href="/wiki/Banded_bullfrog" title="Banded bullfrog">banded bullfrog</a></figcaption></figure> Many species of frog have deep calls. The croak of the <a href="/wiki/American_bullfrog" title="American bullfrog">American bullfrog</a> (Rana catesbiana) is sometimes written as "jug o' rum".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Tree_Frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Tree Frog">Pacific tree frog</a> (Pseudacris regilla) produces the <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeic</a> "ribbit" often heard in films.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Other renderings of frog calls into speech include "brekekekex koax koax", the call of the marsh frog (<a href="/wiki/Pelophylax_ridibundus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelophylax ridibundus">Pelophylax ridibundus</a>) in The Frogs, an Ancient Greek comic drama by <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The calls of the <a href="/wiki/Concave-eared_torrent_frog" title="Concave-eared torrent frog">Concave-eared torrent frog</a> (Amolops tormotus) are unusual in many aspects. The males are notable for their varieties of calls where upward and downward frequency modulations take place. When they communicate, they produce calls that fall in the <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> frequency range. The last aspect that makes this species of frog's calls unusual is that nonlinear acoustic phenomena are important components in their acoustic signals.<a href="#cite_note-ultrasonic-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torpor">Torpor</h3></div> During extreme conditions, some frogs enter a state of <a href="/wiki/Torpor" title="Torpor">torpor</a> and remain inactive for months. In colder regions, many species of frog <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernate</a> in winter. Those that live on land such as the <a href="/wiki/American_toad" title="American toad">American toad</a> (Bufo americanus) dig a burrow and make a <a href="/wiki/Hibernaculum_(zoology)" title="Hibernaculum (zoology)">hibernaculum</a> in which to lie <a href="/wiki/Dormancy" title="Dormancy">dormant</a>. Others, less proficient at digging, find a crevice or bury themselves in dead leaves. Aquatic species such as the <a href="/wiki/American_bullfrog" title="American bullfrog">American bullfrog</a> (Rana catesbeiana) normally sink to the bottom of the pond where they lie, semi-immersed in mud but still able to access the oxygen dissolved in the water. Their metabolism slows down and they live on their energy reserves. Some frogs such as the <a href="/wiki/Wood_frog" title="Wood frog">wood frog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moor_frog" title="Moor frog">moor frog</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Spring_peeper" title="Spring peeper">spring peeper</a> can even survive being frozen. Ice crystals form under the skin and in the body cavity but the essential organs are protected from freezing by a high concentration of glucose. An apparently lifeless, frozen frog can resume respiration and its heartbeat can restart when conditions warm up.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> At the other extreme, the <a href="/wiki/Striped_burrowing_frog" title="Striped burrowing frog">striped burrowing frog</a> (Cyclorana alboguttata) regularly <a href="/wiki/Aestivation" title="Aestivation">aestivates</a> during the hot, dry season in Australia, surviving in a dormant state without access to food and water for nine or ten months of the year. It burrows underground and curls up inside a protective <a href="/wiki/Cocoon_(silk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoon (silk)">cocoon</a> formed by its shed skin. Researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland" title="University of Queensland">University of Queensland</a> have found that during aestivation, the <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> of the frog is altered and the operational efficiency of the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> is increased. This means that the limited amount of energy available to the comatose frog is used in a more efficient manner. This survival mechanism is only useful to animals that remain completely unconscious for an extended period of time and whose energy requirements are low because they are cold-blooded and have no need to generate heat.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Other research showed that, to provide these energy requirements, muscles atrophy, but hind limb muscles are preferentially unaffected.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Frogs have been found to have upper critical temperatures of around 41 degrees Celsius.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locomotion">Locomotion</h2></div> Different species of frog use a number of methods of moving around including <a href="/wiki/Jumping" title="Jumping">jumping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">running</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_locomotion" title="Aquatic locomotion">swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burrow" title="Burrow">burrowing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">climbing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_frog" title="Flying frog">gliding</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colostethus_flotator_jumping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Colostethus_flotator_jumping.jpg/250px-Colostethus_flotator_jumping.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Colostethus_flotator_jumping.jpg/330px-Colostethus_flotator_jumping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Colostethus_flotator_jumping.jpg/500px-Colostethus_flotator_jumping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1887" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_rocket_frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainforest rocket frog">Rainforest rocket frog</a> jumping</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jumping">Jumping</h3></div> Frogs are generally recognised as exceptional jumpers and, relative to their size, the best jumpers of all vertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Striped_rocket_frog" title="Striped rocket frog">striped rocket frog</a>, Litoria nasuta, can leap over <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />two metres (6+1⁄2 feet), a distance that is more than fifty times its body length of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />55 mm (2+1⁄4 in).<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> There are tremendous differences between species in jumping capability. Within a species, jump distance increases with increasing size, but relative jumping distance (body-lengths jumped) decreases. The <a href="/wiki/Euphlyctis_cyanophlyctis" title="Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis">Indian skipper frog</a> (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis) has the ability to leap out of the water from a position floating on the surface.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The tiny <a href="/wiki/Northern_cricket_frog" title="Northern cricket frog">northern cricket frog</a> (Acris crepitans) can "skitter" across the surface of a pond with a series of short rapid jumps.<a href="#cite_note-Badger2-107">[107]</a> Slow-motion photography shows that the muscles have passive flexibility. They are first stretched while the frog is still in the crouched position, then they are contracted before being stretched again to launch the frog into the air. The fore legs are folded against the chest and the hind legs remain in the extended, streamlined position for the duration of the jump.<a href="#cite_note-Frogjump-53">[53]</a> In some extremely capable jumpers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_tree_frog" title="Cuban tree frog">Cuban tree frog</a> (Osteopilus septentrionalis) and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_leopard_frog" title="Northern leopard frog">northern leopard frog</a> (Lithobates pipiens), the peak power exerted during a jump can exceed that which the muscle is theoretically capable of producing. When the muscles contract, the energy is first transferred into the stretched tendon which is wrapped around the ankle bone. Then the muscles stretch again at the same time as the tendon releases its energy like a <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapult</a> to produce a powerful acceleration beyond the limits of muscle-powered acceleration.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> A similar mechanism has been documented in <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Early hatching of froglets can have negative effects on frog jumping performance and overall locomotion.<a href="#cite_note-:1-110">[110]</a> The hindlimbs are unable to completely form, which results in them being shorter and much weaker relative to a normal hatching froglet.<a href="#cite_note-:1-110">[110]</a> Early hatching froglets may tend to depend on other forms of locomotion more often, such as swimming and walking.<a href="#cite_note-:1-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walking_and_running">Walking and running</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phrynosequence_bodyFoR2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Phrynosequence_bodyFoR2.gif/250px-Phrynosequence_bodyFoR2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Phrynosequence_bodyFoR2.gif/330px-Phrynosequence_bodyFoR2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Phrynosequence_bodyFoR2.gif/500px-Phrynosequence_bodyFoR2.gif 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phrynomantis_bifasciatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrynomantis bifasciatus">Phrynomantis bifasciatus</a> walking on a level surface</figcaption></figure> Frogs in the families Bufonidae, <a href="/wiki/Rhinophrynidae" title="Rhinophrynidae">Rhinophrynidae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microhylidae" title="Microhylidae">Microhylidae</a> have short back legs and tend to walk rather than jump.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-111">[111]</a> When they try to move rapidly, they speed up the rate of movement of their limbs or resort to an ungainly hopping gait. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_narrow-mouthed_toad" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad">Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad</a> (Gastrophryne olivacea) has been described as having a gait that is "a combination of running and short hops that are usually only an inch or two in length".<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In an experiment, <a href="/wiki/Bufo_fowleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Bufo fowleri">Fowler's toad</a> (Anaxyrus fowleri) was placed on a treadmill which was turned at varying speeds. By measuring the toad's uptake of oxygen it was found that hopping was an inefficient use of resources during sustained locomotion but was a useful strategy during short bursts of high-intensity activity.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kassina_maculata" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassina maculata">red-legged running frog</a> (Kassina maculata) has short, slim hind limbs unsuited to jumping. It can move fast by using a running gait in which the two hind legs are used alternately. Slow-motion photography shows, unlike a horse that can trot or gallop, the frog's gait remained similar at slow, medium, and fast speeds.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> This species can also climb trees and shrubs, and does so at night to catch insects.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The Indian skipper frog (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis) has broad feet and can run across the surface of the water for several metres (yards).<a href="#cite_note-Badger2-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swimming">Swimming</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frog_%C5%BE%C3%A1ba.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Common toad swimming" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Frog_%C5%BE%C3%A1ba.gif/250px-Frog_%C5%BE%C3%A1ba.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Frog_%C5%BE%C3%A1ba.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Common_toad" title="Common toad">Common toad</a> (Bufo bufo) swimming</figcaption></figure> Frogs that live in or visit water have adaptations that improve their swimming abilities. The hind limbs are heavily muscled and strong. The webbing between the toes of the hind feet increases the area of the foot and helps propel the frog powerfully through the water. Members of the family <a href="/wiki/Pipidae" title="Pipidae">Pipidae</a> are wholly aquatic and show the most marked specialisation. They have inflexible vertebral columns, flattened, streamlined bodies, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">lateral line</a> systems, and powerful hind limbs with large webbed feet.<a href="#cite_note-Pipidae-116">[116]</a> Tadpoles mostly have large tail fins which provide thrust when the tail is moved from side to side.<a href="#cite_note-Duellman-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burrowing">Burrowing</h3></div> Some frogs have become adapted for burrowing and a life underground. They tend to have rounded bodies, short limbs, small heads with bulging eyes, and hind feet adapted for excavation. An extreme example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Purple_frog" title="Purple frog">purple frog</a> (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis) from southern India which feeds on <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a> and spends almost its whole life underground. It emerges briefly during the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> to mate and breed in temporary pools. It has a tiny head with a pointed snout and a plump, rounded body. Because of this <a href="/wiki/Fossorial" title="Fossorial">fossorial</a> existence, it was <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">first described</a> in 2003, being new to the scientific community at that time, although previously known to local people.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasikabatrachus_sahyadrensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Purple frog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nasikabatrachus_sahyadrensis.jpg/250px-Nasikabatrachus_sahyadrensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nasikabatrachus_sahyadrensis.jpg/330px-Nasikabatrachus_sahyadrensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nasikabatrachus_sahyadrensis.jpg/500px-Nasikabatrachus_sahyadrensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Purple_frog" title="Purple frog">Purple frog</a> (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis)</figcaption></figure> The spadefoot toads of North America are also adapted to underground life. The <a href="/wiki/Plains_spadefoot_toad" title="Plains spadefoot toad">Plains spadefoot toad</a> (Spea bombifrons) is typical and has a flap of keratinised bone attached to one of the <a href="/wiki/Metatarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsus">metatarsals</a> of the hind feet which it uses to dig itself backwards into the ground. As it digs, the toad wriggles its hips from side to side to sink into the loose soil. It has a shallow burrow in the summer from which it emerges at night to forage. In winter, it digs much deeper and has been recorded at a depth of 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in).<a href="#cite_note-Farrar-119">[119]</a> The tunnel is filled with soil and the toad hibernates in a small chamber at the end. During this time, urea accumulates in its tissues and water is drawn in from the surrounding damp soil by <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmosis</a> to supply the toad's needs.<a href="#cite_note-Farrar-119">[119]</a> Spadefoot toads are "explosive breeders", all emerging from their burrows at the same time and converging on temporary pools, attracted to one of these by the calling of the first male to find a suitable breeding location.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The burrowing frogs of Australia have a rather different lifestyle. The <a href="/wiki/Western_spotted_frog" title="Western spotted frog">western spotted frog</a> (Heleioporus albopunctatus) digs a burrow beside a river or in the bed of an ephemeral stream and regularly emerges to forage. Mating takes place and eggs are laid in a foam nest inside the burrow. The eggs partially develop there, but do not hatch until they are submerged following heavy rainfall. The tadpoles then swim out into the open water and rapidly complete their development.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Madagascan burrowing frogs are less fossorial and mostly bury themselves in leaf litter. One of these, the <a href="/wiki/Scaphiophryne_marmorata" title="Scaphiophryne marmorata">green burrowing frog</a> (Scaphiophryne marmorata), has a flattened head with a short snout and well-developed metatarsal tubercles on its hind feet to help with excavation. It also has greatly enlarged terminal discs on its fore feet that help it to clamber around in bushes.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> It breeds in temporary pools that form after rains.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climbing">Climbing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phyllomedusa_burmeisteri01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Frog climbing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Phyllomedusa_burmeisteri01.jpg/220px-Phyllomedusa_burmeisteri01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Phyllomedusa_burmeisteri01.jpg/330px-Phyllomedusa_burmeisteri01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Phyllomedusa_burmeisteri01.jpg/440px-Phyllomedusa_burmeisteri01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phyllomedusa_burmeisteri" title="Phyllomedusa burmeisteri">Burmeister's leaf frog</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_frogs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Glass_frogs.jpg/220px-Glass_frogs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Glass_frogs.jpg/330px-Glass_frogs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Glass_frogs.jpg/440px-Glass_frogs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4397" data-file-height="2931" /></a><figcaption>Group of <a href="/wiki/Glass_frog" title="Glass frog">glass frogs</a></figcaption></figure> Tree frogs live high in the <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">canopy</a>, where they scramble around on the branches, twigs, and leaves, sometimes never coming down to earth. The "true" tree frogs belong to the family Hylidae, but members of other frog families have independently adopted an arboreal habit, a case of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>. These include the <a href="/wiki/Glass_frogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass frogs">glass frogs</a> (Centrolenidae), the <a href="/wiki/Hyperoliidae" title="Hyperoliidae">bush frogs</a> (Hyperoliidae), some of the narrow-mouthed frogs (Microhylidae), and the <a href="/wiki/Rhacophoridae" title="Rhacophoridae">shrub frogs</a> (Rhacophoridae).<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-111">[111]</a> Most tree frogs are under 10 cm (4 in) in length, with long legs and long toes with adhesive pads on the tips. The surface of the toe pads is formed from a closely packed layer of flat-topped, hexagonal <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermal</a> cells separated by grooves into which glands secrete <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a>. These toe pads, moistened by the mucus, provide the grip on any wet or dry surface, including glass. The forces involved include <a href="/wiki/Boundary_friction" title="Boundary friction">boundary friction</a> of the toe pad epidermis on the surface and also <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Tree frogs are very acrobatic and can catch insects while hanging by one toe from a twig or clutching onto the blade of a windswept reed.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Some members of the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Phyllomedusinae" title="Phyllomedusinae">Phyllomedusinae</a> have <a href="/wiki/Opposable_thumb#Opposition_and_apposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposable thumb">opposable toes</a> on their feet. The <a href="/wiki/Phyllomedusa_ayeaye" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllomedusa ayeaye">reticulated leaf frog</a> (Phyllomedusa ayeaye) has a single opposed <a href="/wiki/Digit_(anatomy)" title="Digit (anatomy)">digit</a> on each fore foot and two opposed digits on its hind feet. This allows it to grasp the stems of bushes as it clambers around in its riverside habitat.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gliding">Gliding</h3></div> During the evolutionary history of frogs, several different groups have independently taken to the air.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Some frogs in the tropical rainforest are specially adapted for gliding from tree to tree or parachuting to the forest floor. Typical of them is <a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_nigropalmatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhacophorus nigropalmatus">Wallace's flying frog</a> (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus) from Malaysia and Borneo. It has large feet with the fingertips expanded into flat adhesive discs and the digits fully webbed. Flaps of skin occur on the lateral margins of the limbs and across the tail region. With the digits splayed, the limbs outstretched, and these flaps spread, it can glide considerable distances, but is unable to undertake powered flight.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> It can alter its direction of travel and navigate distances of up to 15 m (50 ft) between trees.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_history">Life history</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenfrog_life_stages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Greenfrog_life_stages.svg/250px-Greenfrog_life_stages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Greenfrog_life_stages.svg/330px-Greenfrog_life_stages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Greenfrog_life_stages.svg/500px-Greenfrog_life_stages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Life cycle of the <a href="/wiki/Rana_clamitans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rana clamitans">green frog</a> (Rana clamitans)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3></div> Two main types of reproduction occur in frogs, prolonged breeding and explosive breeding. In the former, adopted by the majority of species, adult frogs at certain times of year assemble at a pond, lake or stream to breed. Many frogs return to the bodies of water in which they developed as larvae. This often results in annual migrations involving thousands of individuals. In explosive breeders, mature adult frogs arrive at breeding sites in response to certain trigger factors such as rainfall occurring in an arid area. In these frogs, mating and spawning take place promptly and the speed of larval growth is rapid in order to make use of the ephemeral pools before they dry up.<a href="#cite_note-Stebbins-130">[130]</a> Among prolonged breeders, males usually arrive at the breeding site first and remain there for some time whereas females tend to arrive later and depart soon after they have spawned. This means that males outnumber females at the water's edge and defend territories from which they expel other males. They advertise their presence by calling, often alternating their croaks with neighbouring frogs. Larger, stronger males tend to have deeper calls and maintain higher quality territories. Females select their mates at least partly on the basis of the depth of their voice.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In some species there are satellite males who have no territory and do not call. They may intercept females that are approaching a calling male or take over a vacated territory. Calling is an energy-sapping activity. Sometimes the two roles are reversed and a calling male gives up its territory and becomes a satellite.<a href="#cite_note-Stebbins-130">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bufo_bufo_couple_during_migration(2005).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bufo_bufo_couple_during_migration%282005%29.jpg/250px-Bufo_bufo_couple_during_migration%282005%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bufo_bufo_couple_during_migration%282005%29.jpg/330px-Bufo_bufo_couple_during_migration%282005%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bufo_bufo_couple_during_migration%282005%29.jpg/500px-Bufo_bufo_couple_during_migration%282005%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Male and female <a href="/wiki/Common_toad" title="Common toad">common toads</a> (Bufo bufo) in <a href="/wiki/Amplexus" title="Amplexus">amplexus</a></figcaption></figure> In explosive breeders, the first male that finds a suitable breeding location, such as a temporary pool, calls loudly and other frogs of both sexes converge on the pool. Explosive breeders tend to call in unison creating a chorus that can be heard from far away. The spadefoot toads (<a href="/wiki/Scaphiopus" title="Scaphiopus">Scaphiopus</a> spp.) of North America fall into this category. Mate selection and courtship is not as important as speed in reproduction. In some years, suitable conditions may not occur and the frogs may go for two or more years without breeding.<a href="#cite_note-Stebbins-130">[130]</a> Some female <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Spadefoot_Toad" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexico Spadefoot Toad">New Mexico spadefoot toads</a> (Spea multiplicata) only spawn half of the available eggs at a time, perhaps retaining some in case a better reproductive opportunity arises later.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> At the breeding site, the male mounts the female and grips her tightly round the body. Typically, <a href="/wiki/Amplexus" title="Amplexus">amplexus</a> takes place in the water, the female releases her eggs and the male covers them with sperm; fertilisation is <a href="/wiki/External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">external</a>. In many species such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_toad" title="Great Plains toad">Great Plains toad</a> (Bufo cognatus), the male restrains the eggs with his back feet, holding them in place for about three minutes.<a href="#cite_note-Stebbins-130">[130]</a> Members of the West African genus <a href="/wiki/Nimbaphrynoides" title="Nimbaphrynoides">Nimbaphrynoides</a> are unique among frogs in that they are <a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">viviparous</a>; <a href="/wiki/Limnonectes_larvaepartus" title="Limnonectes larvaepartus">Limnonectes larvaepartus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleutherodactylus_jasperi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleutherodactylus jasperi">Eleutherodactylus jasperi</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzanian</a> genus <a href="/wiki/Nectophrynoides" title="Nectophrynoides">Nectophrynoides</a> are the only frogs known to be <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparity" title="Ovoviviparity">ovoviviparous</a>. In these species, fertilisation is <a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">internal</a> and females give birth to fully developed juvenile frogs, except L. larvaepartus, which give birth to tadpoles.<a href="#cite_note-Iskandar2014-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eggs_/_frogspawn">Eggs / frogspawn </h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frogspawn_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Frogspawn_closeup.jpg/250px-Frogspawn_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Frogspawn_closeup.jpg/330px-Frogspawn_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Frogspawn_closeup.jpg/500px-Frogspawn_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Frogspawn</figcaption></figure> Frogs may lay their eggs as clumps, surface films, strings, or individually. Around half of species deposit eggs in water, others lay eggs in vegetation, on the ground or in excavations.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The tiny <a href="/wiki/Yellow-Striped_Pygmy_Eleuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow-Striped Pygmy Eleuth">yellow-striped pygmy eleuth</a> (Eleutherodactylus limbatus) lays eggs singly, burying them in moist soil.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Smoky_Jungle_Frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoky Jungle Frog">smoky jungle frog</a> (Leptodactylus pentadactylus) makes a nest of foam in a hollow. The eggs hatch when the nest is flooded, or the tadpoles may complete their development in the foam if flooding does not occur.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The red-eyed treefrog (Agalychnis callidryas) deposits its eggs on a leaf above a pool and when they hatch, the larvae fall into the water below.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In certain species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wood_frog" title="Wood frog">wood frog</a> (Rana sylvatica), <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> unicellular green algae are present in the gelatinous material. It is thought that these may benefit the developing larvae by providing them with extra oxygen through <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The interior of globular egg clusters of the <a href="/wiki/Wood_Frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood Frog">wood frog</a> has also been found to be up to 6 °C (11 °F) warmer than the surrounding water and this speeds up the development of the larvae.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The larvae developing in the eggs can detect vibrations caused by nearby predatory wasps or snakes, and will hatch early to avoid being eaten.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In general, the length of the egg stage depends on the species and the environmental conditions. Aquatic eggs normally hatch within one week when the capsule splits as a result of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> released by the developing larvae.<a href="#cite_note-Stebbins2-145">[145]</a> Direct development, where eggs hatch into juveniles like small adults, is also known in many frogs, for example, <a href="/wiki/Ischnocnema_henselii" title="Ischnocnema henselii">Ischnocnema henselii</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_coqu%C3%AD" title="Common coquí">Eleutherodactylus coqui</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raorchestes_ochlandrae" title="Raorchestes ochlandrae">Raorchestes ochlandrae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raorchestes_chalazodes" title="Raorchestes chalazodes">Raorchestes chalazodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tadpoles">Tadpoles</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frog_spawn_time-lapse.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Frog_spawn_time-lapse.gif/220px-Frog_spawn_time-lapse.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Frog_spawn_time-lapse.gif/330px-Frog_spawn_time-lapse.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Frog_spawn_time-lapse.gif/440px-Frog_spawn_time-lapse.gif 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Frogspawn development</figcaption></figure> The larvae that emerge from the eggs are known as tadpoles (or occasionally polliwogs). Tadpoles lack eyelids and limbs, and have cartilaginous skeletons, gills for respiration (external gills at first, internal gills later), and tails they use for swimming.<a href="#cite_note-Duellman-117">[117]</a> As a general rule, free-living larvae are fully aquatic, but at least one species (<a href="/wiki/Nannophrys_ceylonensis" title="Nannophrys ceylonensis">Nannophrys ceylonensis</a>) has semiterrestrial tadpoles which live among wet rocks.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> From early in its development, a gill pouch covers the tadpole's gills and front legs. The lungs soon start to develop and are used as an accessory breathing organ. Some species go through metamorphosis while still inside the egg and hatch directly into small frogs. Tadpoles lack true teeth, but the jaws in most species have two elongated, parallel rows of small, <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratinized</a> structures called keradonts in their upper jaws. Their lower jaws usually have three rows of keradonts surrounded by a horny beak, but the number of rows can vary and the exact arrangements of mouth parts provide a means for species identification.<a href="#cite_note-Stebbins2-145">[145]</a> In the Pipidae, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Hymenochirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymenochirus">Hymenochirus</a>, the tadpoles have paired anterior barbels, which make them resemble small <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pipidae-116">[116]</a> Their tails are stiffened by a <a href="/wiki/Notochord" title="Notochord">notochord</a>, but does not contain any bony or cartilaginous elements except for a few vertebrae at the base which forms the urostyle during metamorphosis. This has been suggested as an adaptation to their lifestyles; because the transformation into frogs happens very fast, the tail is made of soft tissue only, as bone and cartilage take a much longer time to be broken down and absorbed. The tail fin and tip is fragile and will easily tear, which is seen as an adaptation to escape from predators which try to grasp them by the tail.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Tadpoles are typically <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivorous</a>, feeding mostly on <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">algae</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a> filtered from the water through the <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>. Some species are carnivorous at the tadpole stage, eating insects, smaller tadpoles, and fish. The Cuban tree frog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) is one of a number of species in which the tadpoles can be <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">cannibalistic</a>. Tadpoles that develop legs early may be eaten by the others, so late developers may have better long-term survival prospects.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Tadpoles are highly vulnerable to being eaten by fish, <a href="/wiki/Newt" title="Newt">newts</a>, predatory <a href="/wiki/Diving_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving beetle">diving beetles</a>, and birds, particularly <a href="/wiki/Water_bird" title="Water bird">water birds</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">storks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_duck" title="Domestic duck">domestic ducks</a>. Some tadpoles, including those of the <a href="/wiki/Cane_toad" title="Cane toad">cane toad</a> (Rhinella marina), are poisonous. The tadpole stage may be as short as a week in explosive breeders or it may last through one or more winters followed by metamorphosis in the spring.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metamorphosis">Metamorphosis</h4></div> At the end of the tadpole stage, a frog undergoes metamorphosis in which its body makes a sudden transition into the adult form. This metamorphosis typically lasts only 24 hours, and is initiated by production of the <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> <a href="/wiki/Thyroxine" title="Thyroxine">thyroxine</a>. This causes different tissues to develop in different ways. The principal changes that take place include the development of the lungs and the disappearance of the gills and gill pouch, making the front legs visible. The lower jaw transforms into the big mandible of the carnivorous adult, and the long, spiral gut of the herbivorous tadpole is replaced by the typical short gut of a predator.<a href="#cite_note-Stebbins2-145">[145]</a> Homeostatic feedback control of food intake is largely absent, making tadpoles eat constantly when food is present. But shortly before and during metamorphosis the sensation of hunger is suppressed, and they stop eating while their gut and internal organs are reorganised and prepared for a different diet.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Also the <a href="/wiki/Gut_microbiota" title="Gut microbiota">gut microbiota</a> changes, from being similar to that of fish to resembling that of amniotes.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Exceptions are carnivorous tadpoles like <a href="/wiki/Lepidobatrachus_laevis" title="Lepidobatrachus laevis">Lepidobatrachus laevis</a>, which has a gut already adapted to a diet similar to that of adults. These continue to eat during metamorphosis.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The nervous system becomes adapted for hearing and stereoscopic vision, and for new methods of locomotion and feeding.<a href="#cite_note-Stebbins2-145">[145]</a> The eyes are repositioned higher up on the head and the eyelids and associated glands are formed. The eardrum, middle ear, and inner ear are developed. The skin becomes thicker and tougher, the lateral line system is lost, and skin glands are developed.<a href="#cite_note-Stebbins2-145">[145]</a> The final stage is the disappearance of the tail, but this takes place rather later, the tissue being used to produce a spurt of growth in the limbs.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Frogs are at their most vulnerable to predators when they are undergoing metamorphosis. At this time, the tail is being lost and locomotion by means of limbs is only just becoming established.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-111">[111]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RanaTemporariaLarva2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Larva of the common frog Rana temporaria a day before metamorphosis"><img alt="Larva of the common frog Rana temporaria a day before metamorphosis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/RanaTemporariaLarva2.jpg/250px-RanaTemporariaLarva2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/RanaTemporariaLarva2.jpg/330px-RanaTemporariaLarva2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/RanaTemporariaLarva2.jpg/500px-RanaTemporariaLarva2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Larva of the common frog Rana temporaria a day before metamorphosis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rana_Temporaria_-_Larva_Final_Stage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metamorphosis stage with deforming jaws, large eyes, and remains of gill pouch"><img alt="Metamorphosis stage with deforming jaws, large eyes, and remains of gill pouch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Rana_Temporaria_-_Larva_Final_Stage.jpg/250px-Rana_Temporaria_-_Larva_Final_Stage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Rana_Temporaria_-_Larva_Final_Stage.jpg/330px-Rana_Temporaria_-_Larva_Final_Stage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Rana_Temporaria_-_Larva_Final_Stage.jpg/500px-Rana_Temporaria_-_Larva_Final_Stage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="1168" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Metamorphosis stage with deforming jaws, large eyes, and remains of gill pouch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Juvenile_Frog_with_tail_top_view_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Young frog with a stumpy tail, metamorphosis nearly complete"><img alt="Young frog with a stumpy tail, metamorphosis nearly complete" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Juvenile_Frog_with_tail_top_view_%281%29.JPG/220px-Juvenile_Frog_with_tail_top_view_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Juvenile_Frog_with_tail_top_view_%281%29.JPG/330px-Juvenile_Frog_with_tail_top_view_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Juvenile_Frog_with_tail_top_view_%281%29.JPG/440px-Juvenile_Frog_with_tail_top_view_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="547" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young frog with a stumpy tail, metamorphosis nearly complete</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adults">Adults</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Xenopus_laevis_froglet_swimming_-1749-8104-7-13-S10.ogv/220px--Xenopus_laevis_froglet_swimming_-1749-8104-7-13-S10.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Xenopus_laevis_froglet_swimming_-1749-8104-7-13-S10.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Xenopus_laevis_froglet_swimming_-1749-8104-7-13-S10.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Xenopus_laevis_froglet_swimming_-1749-8104-7-13-S10.ogv/Xenopus_laevis_froglet_swimming_-1749-8104-7-13-S10.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Xenopus_laevis_froglet_swimming_-1749-8104-7-13-S10.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Xenopus_laevis_froglet_swimming_-1749-8104-7-13-S10.ogv/Xenopus_laevis_froglet_swimming_-1749-8104-7-13-S10.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Xenopus_laevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenopus laevis">Xenopus laevis</a> froglet after metamorphosis</figcaption></figure> Adult frogs may live in or near water, but few are fully aquatic.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Almost all frog species are <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a> as adults, preying on invertebrates, including <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">worms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snails" class="mw-redirect" title="Snails">snails</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a>. A few of the larger ones may eat other frogs, small <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> and reptiles, and <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> A few species also eat plant matter; the tree frog <a href="/wiki/Xenohyla_truncata" title="Xenohyla truncata">Xenohyla truncata</a> is partly herbivorous, its diet including a large proportion of fruit, floral structures and nectar.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leptodactylus_mystaceus" title="Leptodactylus mystaceus">Leptodactylus mystaceus</a> has been found to eat plants,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Folivory">folivory</a> occurs in <a href="/wiki/Euphlyctis_hexadactylus" title="Euphlyctis hexadactylus">Euphlyctis hexadactylus</a>, with plants constituting 79.5% of its diet by volume.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Many frogs use their sticky tongues to catch prey, while others simply grab them with their mouths.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Adult frogs are themselves attacked by many predators. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_leopard_frog" title="Northern leopard frog">northern leopard frog</a> (Rana pipiens) is eaten by <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a>, fish, large <a href="/wiki/Salamanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanders">salamanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mink" title="Mink">mink</a>, bullfrogs, and other animals.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TrophicWeb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/TrophicWeb.jpg/250px-TrophicWeb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/TrophicWeb.jpg/330px-TrophicWeb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/TrophicWeb.jpg/500px-TrophicWeb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3260" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>A trophic pyramid showing frogs as primary predators</figcaption></figure> Frogs are primary predators and an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a>. Being <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">cold-blooded</a>, they make efficient use of the food they eat with little energy being used for metabolic processes, while the rest is transformed into <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a>. They are themselves eaten by secondary predators and are the primary terrestrial consumers of invertebrates, most of which feed on plants. By reducing herbivory, they play a part in increasing the growth of plants and are thus part of a delicately balanced ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Little is known about the longevity of frogs and toads in the wild, but some can live for many years. <a href="/wiki/Skeletochronology" title="Skeletochronology">Skeletochronology</a> is a method of examining bones to determine age. Using this method, the ages of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_yellow-legged_frog" title="Mountain yellow-legged frog">mountain yellow-legged frogs</a> (Rana muscosa) were studied, the phalanges of the toes showing seasonal lines where growth slows in winter. The oldest frogs had ten bands, so their age was believed to be 14 years, including the four-year tadpole stage.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Captive frogs and toads have been recorded as living for up to 40 years, an age achieved by a European common toad (Bufo bufo). The cane toad (Rhinella marina) has been known to survive 24 years in captivity, and the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) 14 years.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Frogs from temperate climates hibernate during the winter, and four species are known to be able to withstand freezing during this time, including the wood frog (Rana sylvatica).<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parental_care">Parental care</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlytesObstetricansMaleWithEggs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/AlytesObstetricansMaleWithEggs.jpg/250px-AlytesObstetricansMaleWithEggs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/AlytesObstetricansMaleWithEggs.jpg/330px-AlytesObstetricansMaleWithEggs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/AlytesObstetricansMaleWithEggs.jpg/500px-AlytesObstetricansMaleWithEggs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Male <a href="/wiki/Common_midwife_toad" title="Common midwife toad">common midwife toad</a> (Alytes obstetricans) with eggs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assa_darlingtoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Assa_darlingtoni.jpg/250px-Assa_darlingtoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Assa_darlingtoni.jpg/330px-Assa_darlingtoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Assa_darlingtoni.jpg/500px-Assa_darlingtoni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pouched_frog" title="Pouched frog">Pouched frog</a> (Assa darlingtoni)</figcaption></figure> Although care of offspring is poorly understood in frogs, up to an estimated 20% of amphibian species may care for their young in some way.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_biparental_care_in_tropical_frogs" title="Evolution of biparental care in tropical frogs">evolution of parental care</a> in frogs is driven primarily by the size of the water body in which they breed. Those that breed in smaller water bodies tend to have greater and more complex parental care behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-Brown1-174">[174]</a> Because predation of eggs and larvae is high in large water bodies, some frog species started to lay their eggs on land. Once this happened, the desiccating terrestrial environment demands that one or both parents keep them moist to ensure their survival.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The subsequent need to transport hatched tadpoles to a water body required an even more intense form of parental care.<a href="#cite_note-Brown1-174">[174]</a> In small pools, predators are mostly absent and competition between tadpoles becomes the variable that constrains their survival. Certain frog species avoid this competition by making use of smaller <a href="/wiki/Phytotelma" title="Phytotelma">phytotelmata</a> (water-filled leaf <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/axil" class="extiw" title="wikt:axil">axils</a> or small woody cavities) as sites for depositing a few tadpoles.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> While these smaller rearing sites are free from competition, they also lack sufficient nutrients to support a tadpole without parental assistance. Frog species that changed from the use of larger to smaller phytotelmata have evolved a strategy of providing their offspring with nutritive but unfertilised eggs.<a href="#cite_note-Brown1-174">[174]</a> The female <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_poison-dart_frog" title="Strawberry poison-dart frog">strawberry poison-dart frog</a> (Oophaga pumilio) lays her eggs on the forest floor. The male frog guards them from predation and carries water in his cloaca to keep them moist. When they hatch, the female moves the tadpoles on her back to a water-holding <a href="/wiki/Bromeliad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromeliad">bromeliad</a> or other similar water body, depositing just one in each location. She visits them regularly and feeds them by laying one or two unfertilised eggs in the phytotelma, continuing to do this until the young are large enough to undergo metamorphosis.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Granular_poison_frog" title="Granular poison frog">granular poison frog</a> (Oophaga granulifera) looks after its tadpoles in a similar way.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Many other diverse forms of parental care are seen in frogs. The tiny male <a href="/wiki/Colostethus_subpunctatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Colostethus subpunctatus">Colostethus subpunctatus</a> stands guard over his egg cluster, laid under a stone or log. When the eggs hatch, he transports the tadpoles on his back to a temporary pool, where he partially immerses himself in the water and one or more tadpoles drop off. He then moves on to another pool.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The male <a href="/wiki/Common_midwife_toad" title="Common midwife toad">common midwife toad</a> (Alytes obstetricans) carries the eggs around with him attached to his hind legs. He keeps them damp in dry weather by immersing himself in a pond, and prevents them from getting too wet in soggy vegetation by raising his hindquarters. After three to six weeks, he travels to a pond and the eggs hatch into tadpoles.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tungara_frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungara frog">tungara frog</a> (Physalaemus pustulosus) builds a floating nest from foam to protect its eggs from predation. The foam is made from <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lectin" title="Lectin">lectins</a>, and seems to have antimicrobial properties.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Several pairs of frogs may form a colonial nest on a previously built raft. The eggs are laid in the centre, followed by alternate layers of foam and eggs, finishing with a foam capping.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Some frogs protect their offspring inside their own bodies. Both male and female <a href="/wiki/Pouched_frog" title="Pouched frog">pouched frogs</a> (Assa darlingtoni) guard their eggs, which are laid on the ground. When the eggs hatch, the male lubricates his body with the jelly surrounding them and immerses himself in the egg mass. The tadpoles wriggle into skin pouches on his side, where they develop until they metamorphose into juvenile frogs.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The female <a href="/wiki/Gastric-brooding_frog" title="Gastric-brooding frog">gastric-brooding frog</a> (Rheobatrachus sp.) from <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, now probably extinct, swallows her fertilised eggs, which then develop inside her stomach. She ceases to feed and stops secreting <a href="/wiki/Stomach_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach acid">stomach acid</a>. The tadpoles rely on the yolks of the eggs for nourishment. After six or seven weeks, they are ready for metamorphosis. The mother regurgitates the tiny frogs, which hop away from her mouth.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> The female <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_frog" title="Darwin's frog">Darwin's frog</a> (Rhinoderma darwinii) from <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> lays up to 40 eggs on the ground, where they are guarded by the male. When the tadpoles are about to hatch, they are engulfed by the male, which carries them around inside his much-enlarged vocal sac. Here they are immersed in a frothy, viscous liquid that contains some nourishment to supplement what they obtain from the yolks of the eggs. They remain in the sac for seven to ten weeks before undergoing metamorphosis, after which they move into the male's mouth and emerge.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defence">Defence</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R._imitator_Chazuta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/R._imitator_Chazuta.jpg/220px-R._imitator_Chazuta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/R._imitator_Chazuta.jpg/330px-R._imitator_Chazuta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/R._imitator_Chazuta.jpg/440px-R._imitator_Chazuta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption>The mildly toxic <a href="/wiki/Ranitomeya_imitator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranitomeya imitator">Ranitomeya imitator</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dendrobates_pumilio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Dendrobates_pumilio.jpg/250px-Dendrobates_pumilio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Dendrobates_pumilio.jpg/330px-Dendrobates_pumilio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Dendrobates_pumilio.jpg/500px-Dendrobates_pumilio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_poison-dart_frog" title="Strawberry poison-dart frog">Strawberry poison-dart frog</a> contains numerous alkaloids which deter predators.</figcaption></figure> At first sight, frogs seem rather defenceless because of their small size, slow movement, thin skin, and lack of defensive structures, such as spines, claws or teeth. Many use camouflage to avoid detection, the skin often being spotted or streaked in neutral colours that allow a stationary frog to merge into its surroundings. Some can make prodigious leaps, often into water, that help them to evade potential attackers, while many have other defensive adaptations and strategies.<a href="#cite_note-Stebbins-130">[130]</a> The skin of many frogs contains mild toxic substances called <a href="/wiki/Bufotoxin" title="Bufotoxin">bufotoxins</a> to make them unpalatable to potential predators. Most toads and some frogs have large poison glands, the <a href="/wiki/Parotoid_gland" title="Parotoid gland">parotoid glands</a>, located on the sides of their heads behind the eyes and other glands elsewhere on their bodies. These glands secrete mucus and a range of toxins that make frogs slippery to hold and distasteful or poisonous. If the noxious effect is immediate, the predator may cease its action and the frog may escape. If the effect develops more slowly, the predator may learn to avoid that species in future.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Poisonous frogs tend to advertise their toxicity with bright colours, an adaptive strategy known as <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Poison_dart_frog" title="Poison dart frog">poison dart frogs</a> in the family Dendrobatidae do this. They are typically red, orange, or yellow, often with contrasting black markings on their bodies. <a href="/wiki/Allobates_zaparo" title="Allobates zaparo">Allobates zaparo</a> is not poisonous, but mimics the appearance of two different toxic species with which it shares a common range in an effort to deceive predators.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Other species, such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Fire-bellied_Toad" class="mw-redirect" title="European Fire-bellied Toad">European fire-bellied toad</a> (Bombina bombina), have their warning colour underneath. They "flash" this when attacked, adopting a pose that exposes the vivid colouring on their bellies.<a href="#cite_note-Bb-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bufo_bufo-defensive_reaction1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bufo_bufo-defensive_reaction1.JPG/250px-Bufo_bufo-defensive_reaction1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bufo_bufo-defensive_reaction1.JPG/330px-Bufo_bufo-defensive_reaction1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bufo_bufo-defensive_reaction1.JPG/500px-Bufo_bufo-defensive_reaction1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A common toad adopting a defensive stance</figcaption></figure> Some frogs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Poison_dart_frog" title="Poison dart frog">poison dart frogs</a>, are especially toxic. The native peoples of South America extract poison from these frogs to apply to their <a href="/wiki/Dart_(missile)" title="Dart (missile)">weapons</a> for hunting,<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> although few species are toxic enough to be used for this purpose. At least two non-poisonous frog species in tropical America (<a href="/wiki/Eleutherodactylus" title="Eleutherodactylus">Eleutherodactylus gaigei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithodytes_lineatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithodytes lineatus">Lithodytes lineatus</a>) <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">mimic</a> the colouration of dart poison frogs for self-protection.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Some frogs obtain poisons from the ants and other arthropods they eat.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Others, such as the Australian <a href="/wiki/Corroboree_frog" title="Corroboree frog">corroboree frogs</a> (Pseudophryne corroboree and Pseudophryne pengilleyi), can synthesize the <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a> themselves.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> The chemicals involved may be irritants, <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">convulsants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">nerve poisons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstrictor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasoconstrictor">vasoconstrictors</a>. Many predators of frogs have become adapted to tolerate high levels of these poisons, but other creatures, including humans who handle the frogs, may be severely affected.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Some frogs use bluff or deception. The European common toad (Bufo bufo) adopts a characteristic stance when attacked, inflating its body and standing with its hindquarters raised and its head lowered.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> The bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) crouches down with eyes closed and head tipped forward when threatened. This places the parotoid glands in the most effective position, the other glands on its back begin to ooze noxious secretions and the most vulnerable parts of its body are protected.<a href="#cite_note-Stebbins-130">[130]</a> Another tactic used by some frogs is to "scream", the sudden loud noise tending to startle the predator. The grey tree frog (<a href="/wiki/Hyla_versicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyla versicolor">Hyla versicolor</a>) makes an explosive sound that sometimes repels the shrew <a href="/wiki/Blarina_brevicauda" class="mw-redirect" title="Blarina brevicauda">Blarina brevicauda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stebbins-130">[130]</a> Although toads are avoided by many predators, the <a href="/wiki/Common_Garter_Snake" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Garter Snake">common garter snake</a> (Thamnophis sirtalis) regularly feeds on them. The strategy employed by juvenile American toads (<a href="/wiki/Bufo_americanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bufo americanus">Bufo americanus</a>) on being approached by a snake is to crouch down and remain immobile. This is usually successful, with the snake passing by and the toad remaining undetected. If it is encountered by the snake's head, however, the toad hops away before crouching defensively.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_Frog_(Rana_sylvatica)_(25234151669).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wood_Frog_%28Rana_sylvatica%29_%2825234151669%29.jpg/220px-Wood_Frog_%28Rana_sylvatica%29_%2825234151669%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wood_Frog_%28Rana_sylvatica%29_%2825234151669%29.jpg/330px-Wood_Frog_%28Rana_sylvatica%29_%2825234151669%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wood_Frog_%28Rana_sylvatica%29_%2825234151669%29.jpg/440px-Wood_Frog_%28Rana_sylvatica%29_%2825234151669%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2820" /></a><figcaption>Although frogs are most diverse in warm regions, a few species like the <a href="/wiki/Wood_frog" title="Wood frog">wood frog</a> live at the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>.</figcaption></figure> Frogs live on every continent except Antarctica, but they are not present on certain islands, especially those far away from continental land masses.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Many species are isolated in restricted ranges by changes of climate or inhospitable territory, such as stretches of sea, mountain ridges, deserts, forest clearance, road construction, or other human-made barriers.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Usually, a greater diversity of frogs occurs in tropical areas than in temperate regions, such as Europe.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Some frogs inhabit arid areas, such as deserts, and rely on specific adaptations to survive. Members of the Australian genus <a href="/wiki/Cyclorana" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclorana">Cyclorana</a> bury themselves underground where they create a water-impervious cocoon in which to <a href="/wiki/Aestivation" title="Aestivation">aestivate</a> during dry periods. Once it rains, they emerge, find a temporary pool, and breed. Egg and tadpole development is very fast compared with those of most other frogs, so breeding can be completed before the pond dries up.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Some frog species are adapted to a cold environment. The <a href="/wiki/Wood_frog" title="Wood frog">wood frog</a> (Rana sylvatica), whose habitat extends into the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>, buries itself in the ground during winter. Although much of its body freezes during this time, it maintains a high concentration of glucose in its vital organs, which protects them from damage.<a href="#cite_note-Exploratorium-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bufo_periglenes2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bufo_periglenes2.jpg/250px-Bufo_periglenes2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bufo_periglenes2.jpg/330px-Bufo_periglenes2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bufo_periglenes2.jpg/500px-Bufo_periglenes2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3576" data-file-height="2385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Golden_toad" title="Golden toad">Golden toad</a> (Bufo periglenes) – last seen in 1989</figcaption></figure> In 2006, of 4,035 species of amphibians that depend on water during some lifecycle stage, 1,356 (33.6%) were considered to be threatened. This is likely to be an underestimate because it excludes 1,427 species for which evidence was insufficient to assess their status.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Frog populations have declined dramatically since the 1950s. More than one-third of frog species are considered to be threatened with <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>, and more than 120 species are believed to have become extinct since the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Stuart-202">[202]</a> Among these species are the gastric-brooding frogs of Australia and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_toad" title="Golden toad">golden toad</a> of Costa Rica. The latter is of particular concern to scientists because it inhabited the pristine <a href="/wiki/Monteverde_Cloud_Forest_Reserve" title="Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve">Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve</a> and its population crashed in 1987, along with about 20 other frog species in the area. This could not be linked directly to human activities, such as deforestation, and was outside the range of normal fluctuations in population size.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Elsewhere, habitat loss is a significant cause of frog population decline, as are pollutants, climate change, increased <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UVB</a> radiation, and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">non-native</a> predators and competitors.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> A Canadian study conducted in 2006 suggested heavy traffic in their environment was a larger threat to frog populations than was habitat loss.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Emerging infectious diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycosis" title="Chytridiomycosis">chytridiomycosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranavirus" title="Ranavirus">ranavirus</a>, are also devastating populations.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Many environmental scientists believe amphibians, including frogs, are good biological <a href="/wiki/Indicator_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicator species">indicators</a> of broader <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> health because of their intermediate positions in food chains, their permeable skins, and typically biphasic lives (aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults).<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> It appears that species with both aquatic eggs and larvae are most affected by the decline, while those with direct development are the most resistant.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deformed_Frog.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Deformed_Frog.gif/250px-Deformed_Frog.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Deformed_Frog.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Deformed <a href="/wiki/Mink_frog" title="Mink frog">mink frog</a> with an extra left leg</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Frog_mutations_and_genetic_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Frog mutations and genetic defects">Frog mutations and genetic defects</a> have increased since the 1990s. These often include missing legs or extra legs. Various causes have been identified or hypothesized, including an increase in <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet radiation</a> affecting the spawn on the surface of ponds, chemical contamination from pesticides and fertilizers, and parasites such as the <a href="/wiki/Trematode" class="mw-redirect" title="Trematode">trematode</a> <a href="/wiki/Ribeiroia_ondatrae" title="Ribeiroia ondatrae">Ribeiroia ondatrae</a>. Probably all these are involved in a complex way as <a href="/wiki/Stressor" title="Stressor">stressors</a>, environmental factors contributing to rates of disease, and vulnerability to attack by parasites. Malformations impair mobility and the individuals may not survive to adulthood. An increase in the number of frogs eaten by birds may actually increase the likelihood of parasitism of other frogs, because the trematode's complex lifecycle includes the <a href="/wiki/Planorbidae" title="Planorbidae">ramshorn snail</a> and several intermediate hosts such as birds.<a href="#cite_note-Blaustein-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> In a few cases, captive breeding programs have been established and have largely been successful.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums" title="World Association of Zoos and Aquariums">World Association of Zoos and Aquariums</a> named 2008 as the "Year of the Frog" in order to draw attention to the conservation issues faced by them.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cane_toad" title="Cane toad">cane toad</a> (Rhinella marina) is a very adaptable species native to South and Central America. In the 1930s, it was introduced into Puerto Rico, and later various other islands in the Pacific and Caribbean region, as a <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological pest control</a> agent.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> In 1935, 3000 toads were liberated in the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> fields of Queensland, Australia, in an attempt to control <a href="/wiki/Cane_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cane beetle">cane beetles</a> such as Dermolepida albohirtum, the larvae of which damage and kill the canes. Initial results in many of these countries were positive, but it later became apparent that the toads upset the ecological balance in their new environments. They bred freely, competed with native frog species, ate bees and other harmless native invertebrates, had few predators in their adopted habitats, and poisoned pets, carnivorous birds, and mammals. In many of these countries, they are now regarded both as pests and <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, and scientists are looking for a biological method to control them.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_uses">Human uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/120px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Frog" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Frog"> Frog</a></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog legs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_Froschschenkel_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/2012_Froschschenkel_anagoria.JPG/220px-2012_Froschschenkel_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/2012_Froschschenkel_anagoria.JPG/330px-2012_Froschschenkel_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/2012_Froschschenkel_anagoria.JPG/440px-2012_Froschschenkel_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>French cuisses de grenouille</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog legs</a> are eaten by humans in many parts of the world. Indonesia is the world's largest exporter of frog meat, exporting more than 5,000 tonnes of frog meat each year, mostly to France, Belgium and Luxembourg.<a href="#cite_note-abc_news-217">[217]</a> Originally, they were supplied from local wild populations, but overexploitation led to a diminution in the supply. This resulted in the development of <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">frog farming</a> and a global trade in frogs. The main importing countries are France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the United States, while the chief exporting nations are Indonesia and China.<a href="#cite_note-Warkentin-218">[218]</a> The annual global trade in the <a href="/wiki/American_bullfrog" title="American bullfrog">American bullfrog</a> (Rana catesbeiana), mostly farmed in China, varies between 1200 and 2400 tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Leptodactylus_fallax" title="Leptodactylus fallax">mountain chicken frog</a>, so-called as it tastes of chicken, is now endangered, in part due to human consumption, and was a major food choice of the <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominicans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">opossum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Partridges">partridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater prairie chicken">prairie chicken</a>, and frogs were among the fare <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> recorded as part of American cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-TwainWarner1904-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_research">Scientific research</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_frogs" title="Animal testing on frogs">Animal testing on frogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frogs_in_captivity" title="Frogs in captivity">Frogs in captivity</a></div> In November 1970, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> sent two bullfrogs into space for six days during the <a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Frog_Otolith" title="Orbiting Frog Otolith">Orbiting Frog Otolith</a> mission to test weightlessness. Frogs are used for <a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">dissections</a> in high school and university anatomy classes, often first being injected with coloured substances to enhance contrasts among the <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">biological systems</a>. This practice is declining due to <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a> concerns, and "digital frogs" are now available for virtual dissection.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Frogs have served as <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">experimental animals</a> throughout the history of science. Eighteenth-century biologist <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> discovered the link between <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> by studying frogs. He created <a href="/wiki/Frog_galvanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Frog galvanometer">one of the first tools</a> for measuring <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> out of a frog leg.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> In 1852, H. F. Stannius used a frog's heart in a procedure called a <a href="/wiki/Stannius_ligature" title="Stannius ligature">Stannius ligature</a> to demonstrate the ventricle and atria beat independently of each other and at different rates.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> The <a href="/wiki/African_clawed_frog" title="African clawed frog">African clawed frog</a> or platanna (Xenopus laevis) was first widely used in laboratories in pregnancy tests in the first half of the 20th century. A sample of urine from a pregnant woman injected into a female frog induces it to lay <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">eggs</a>, a discovery made by English zoologist <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Hogben" title="Lancelot Hogben">Lancelot Hogben</a>. This is because a hormone, <a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">human chorionic gonadotropin</a>, is present in substantial quantities in the urine of women during pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> In 1952, <a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Briggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Briggs">Robert Briggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._King" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. King">Thomas J. King</a> cloned a frog by <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer" title="Somatic cell nuclear transfer">somatic cell nuclear transfer</a>. This same technique was later used to create <a href="/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)" title="Dolly (sheep)">Dolly the sheep</a>, and their experiment was the first time a successful nuclear transplantation had been accomplished in higher animals.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Frogs are used in cloning research and other branches of <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryology</a>. Although alternative pregnancy tests have been developed, biologists continue to use Xenopus as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">developmental biology</a> because their embryos are large and easy to manipulate, they are readily obtainable, and can easily be kept in the laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Xenopus laevis is increasingly being displaced by its smaller relative, <a href="/wiki/Xenopus_tropicalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenopus tropicalis">Xenopus tropicalis</a>, which reaches its reproductive age in five months rather than the one to two years for X. laevis,<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> thus facilitating faster studies across generations. Genomes of Xenopus laevis, X. tropicalis, Rana catesbeiana, Rhinella marina, and Nanorana parkeri have been sequenced and deposited in the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a> Genome database.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmaceutical">Pharmaceutical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schrecklicherpfeilgiftfrosch-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Schrecklicherpfeilgiftfrosch-01.jpg/250px-Schrecklicherpfeilgiftfrosch-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Schrecklicherpfeilgiftfrosch-01.jpg/330px-Schrecklicherpfeilgiftfrosch-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Schrecklicherpfeilgiftfrosch-01.jpg/500px-Schrecklicherpfeilgiftfrosch-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Golden_poison_frog" title="Golden poison frog">Golden poison frog</a> (Phyllobates terribilis)</figcaption></figure> Because frog toxins are extraordinarily diverse, they have raised the interest of biochemists as a "natural pharmacy". The alkaloid <a href="/wiki/Epibatidine" title="Epibatidine">epibatidine</a>, a painkiller 200 times more potent than <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, is made by some species of <a href="/wiki/Poison_dart_frog" title="Poison dart frog">poison dart frogs</a>. Other chemicals isolated from the skins of frogs may offer resistance to <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> infection.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Dart poisons are under active investigation for their potential as therapeutic drugs.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> It has long been suspected that pre-Columbian <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamericans</a> used a toxic secretion produced by the cane toad as a <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogen</a>, but more likely they used substances secreted by the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Colorado River toad</a> (Bufo alvarius). These contain <a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">bufotenin</a> (5-MeO-DMT), a <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive compound</a> that has been used in modern times as a <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational drug">recreational drug</a>. Typically, the skin secretions are dried and then smoked.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Illicit drug use by licking the skin of a toad has been reported in the media, but this may be an <a href="/wiki/Urban_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban myth">urban myth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Exudations from the skin of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_poison_frog" title="Golden poison frog">golden poison frog</a> (Phyllobates terribilis) are traditionally used by native Colombians to poison the darts they use for hunting. The tip of the projectile is rubbed over the back of the frog and the dart is launched from a <a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">blowgun</a>. The combination of the two alkaloid toxins <a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">batrachotoxin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homobatrachotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Homobatrachotoxin">homobatrachotoxin</a> is so powerful, one frog contains enough poison to kill an estimated 22,000 mice.<a href="#cite_note-dartpoison-234">[234]</a> Two other species, the <a href="/wiki/Kokoe_poison_dart_frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokoe poison dart frog">Kokoe poison dart frog</a> (Phyllobates aurotaenia) and the <a href="/wiki/Black-legged_dart_frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-legged dart frog">black-legged dart frog</a> (Phyllobates bicolor) are also used for this purpose. These are less toxic and less abundant than the golden poison frog. They are impaled on pointed sticks and may be heated over a fire to maximise the quantity of poison that can be transferred to the dart.<a href="#cite_note-dartpoison-234">[234]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toadlarcomuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Toadlarcomuseum.jpg/170px-Toadlarcomuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Toadlarcomuseum.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a> frog sculpture</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frogs_in_culture" title="Frogs in culture">Frogs in culture</a></div> Frogs have been featured in mythology, <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a> and popular culture. In traditional Chinese myths, the world rests on a giant frog, who would try to swallow the moon, causing the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a>. Frogs have been featured in religion, folklore, and popular culture. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">ancient Egyptians</a> depicted the god <a href="/wiki/Heqet" title="Heqet">Heqet</a>, protector of newborns, with the head of a frog. For the <a href="/wiki/Mayan_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayan civilization">Mayans</a>, frogs represented water, crops, fertility and birth and were associated with the god <a href="/wiki/Chaac" title="Chaac">Chaac</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> unleashes a <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">plague of frogs</a> on the Egyptians. Medieval Europeans associated frogs and toads with evil and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-culture-235">[235]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> fairy tale <a href="/wiki/The_Frog_Prince" title="The Frog Prince">The Frog Prince</a> features a princess taking in a frog and it turning into a handsome prince.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> In modern culture, frogs may take a comedic or hapless role, such as <a href="/wiki/Mr._Toad" title="Mr. Toad">Mr. Toad</a> of the 1908 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Wind_in_the_Willows" title="The Wind in the Willows">The Wind in the Willows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_J._Frog" title="Michigan J. Frog">Michigan J. Frog</a> of <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Cartoons" title="Warner Bros. Cartoons">Warner Bros. Cartoons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muppet" class="mw-redirect" title="Muppet">Muppet</a> <a href="/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog" title="Kermit the Frog">Kermit the Frog</a> and in the game <a href="/wiki/Frogger" title="Frogger">Frogger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AOTW-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AOTW_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOTW_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrost2021" class="citation web cs1">Frost, Darrel R. (2021) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura">"Anura"</a>. Amphibian Species of the World. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved November 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amphibian+Species+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Anura&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Darrel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org%2FAmphibia%2FAnura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salientia-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salientia_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salientia_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCannatella,_David_C.1997" class="citation web cs1">Cannatella, David C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Salientia/">"Salientia"</a>. Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved August 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tree+of+Life+Web+Project&rft.atitle=Salientia&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Cannatella%2C+David+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftolweb.org%2FSalientia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBadgerNetherton,_J.1995" class="citation book cs1">Badger, D.; Netherton, J. (1995). Frogs. Airlife Publishing. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85310-740-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85310-740-5"><bdi>978-1-85310-740-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frogs&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Airlife+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85310-740-5&rft.aulast=Badger&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Netherton%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bb-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bb_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bb_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuzmin,_Sergius_L.1999" class="citation web cs1">Kuzmin, Sergius L. (September 29, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Bombina&where-species=bombina">"Bombina bombina"</a>. AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved June 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AmphibiaWeb&rft.atitle=Bombina+bombina&rft.date=1999-09-29&rft.au=Kuzmin%2C+Sergius+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famphibiaweb.org%2Fcgi%2Famphib_query%3Fwhere-genus%3DBombina%26where-species%3Dbombina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLips,_KSolís,_F.Ibáñez,_R.Jaramillo,_C.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lips, K; Solís, F.; Ibáñez, R.; Jaramillo, C.; Fuenmayor, Q. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54563/54341110">"Atelopus zeteki"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Atelopus+zeteki&rft.volume=2010&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Lips%2C+K&rft.au=Sol%C3%ADs%2C+F.&rft.au=Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez%2C+R.&rft.au=Jaramillo%2C+C.&rft.au=Fuenmayor%2C+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F54563%2F54341110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation web cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)1">"ἀ"</a>. A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.atitle=%E1%BC%80&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation web cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ou)ra/">"οὐρά"</a>. A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.atitle=%CE%BF%E1%BD%90%CF%81%CE%AC&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dou%29ra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaillyBook-8"><a href="#cite_ref-BaillyBook_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBailly1981" class="citation book cs1">Bailly, Anatole (1981). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2010035289" title="Special:BookSources/978-2010035289"><bdi>978-2010035289</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/461974285">461974285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abr%C3%A9g%C3%A9+du+dictionnaire+grec+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F461974285&rft.isbn=978-2010035289&rft.aulast=Bailly&rft.aufirst=Anatole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaillyWeb-9"><a href="#cite_ref-BaillyWeb_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBailly" class="citation web cs1">Bailly, Anatole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabularium.be/bailly/">"Greek-french dictionary online"</a>. www.tabularium.be. Retrieved December 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tabularium.be&rft.atitle=Greek-french+dictionary+online&rft.aulast=Bailly&rft.aufirst=Anatole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabularium.be%2Fbailly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-anuran,_n._and_adj." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=anuran%2C+n.+and+adj.">"anuran, n. and adj."</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=anuran%2C+n.+and+adj.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Danuran%252C%2Bn.%2Band%2Badj.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-frog,_n.1_and_adj." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=frog%2C+n.1+and+adj.">"frog, n.1 and adj."</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=frog%2C+n.1+and+adj.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dfrog%252C%2Bn.1%2Band%2Badj.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-frosh_|_frosk,_n.1." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=frosh+%7C+frosk%2C+n.1.">"frosh | frosk, n.1."</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=frosh+%7C+frosk%2C+n.1.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dfrosh%2B%257C%2Bfrosk%252C%2Bn.1.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Jerzy Wełna, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/bitstream/10593/18454/1/31welna.pdf">Metathetic and Non-Metathetic Form Selection in Middle English</a>', Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 30 (2002), 501–18 (p. 504). </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-toad,_n." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=toad%2C+n.">"toad, n."</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=toad%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dtoad%252C%2Bn.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-tadpole,_n.1." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=tadpole%2C+n.1.">"tadpole, n.1."</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=tadpole%2C+n.1.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dtadpole%252C%2Bn.1.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pou92-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pou92_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pou92_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoughAndrewsCadleCrump2003" class="citation book cs1">Pough, F. H.; Andrews, R. M.; Cadle, J. E.; Crump, M. L.; Savitsky, A. H.; Wells, K. D. (2003). Herpetology (third ed.). Benjamin Cummings. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-100849-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-100849-6"><bdi>978-0-13-100849-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herpetology&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-100849-6&rft.aulast=Pough&rft.aufirst=F.+H.&rft.au=Andrews%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Cadle%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Crump%2C+M.+L.&rft.au=Savitsky%2C+A.+H.&rft.au=Wells%2C+K.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amdb-17"><a href="#cite_ref-amdb_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrost2023" class="citation web cs1">Frost, Darrel R. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura">"Anura Fischer von Waldheim, 1813"</a>. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.2. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved November 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amphibian+Species+of+the+World%3A+an+Online+Reference.+Version+6.2&rft.atitle=Anura+Fischer+von+Waldheim%2C+1813&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Darrel+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.amnh.org%2Fvz%2Fherpetology%2Famphibia%2FAmphibia%2FAnura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Duellman, William E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CzxVvKmrtIgC&pg=PA319">Biology of Amphibians</a>, p. 319, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ToLAnura-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ToLAnura_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ToLAnura_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCannatella,_David2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_C._Cannatella" title="David C. Cannatella">Cannatella, David</a> (January 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolweb.org/Anura/16963">"Anura"</a>. Tree of Life web project. Retrieved August 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anura&rft.pub=Tree+of+Life+web+project&rft.date=2008-01-11&rft.au=Cannatella%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolweb.org%2FAnura%2F16963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFordCannatella,_D._C.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ford, L.S.; Cannatella, D. C. (1993). "The major clades of frogs". Herpetological Monographs. 7: 94–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1466954">10.2307/1466954</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1466954">1466954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herpetological+Monographs&rft.atitle=The+major+clades+of+frogs&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1466954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1466954%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=L.S.&rft.au=Cannatella%2C+D.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaivovichHaddad,_C._F._B.Garcia,_P._C._A.Frost,_D._R.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Faivovich, J.; Haddad, C. F. B.; Garcia, P. C. A.; Frost, D. R.; Campbell, J. A.; Wheeler, W. C. (2005). "Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: Phylogenetic analysis and revision". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 294: 1–240. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.470.2967">10.1.1.470.2967</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1206%2F0003-0090%282005%29294%5B0001%3ASROTFF%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1206/0003-0090(2005)294[0001:SROTFF]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83925199">83925199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Systematic+review+of+the+frog+family+Hylidae%2C+with+special+reference+to+Hylinae%3A+Phylogenetic+analysis+and+revision&rft.volume=294&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.470.2967%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83925199%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1206%2F0003-0090%282005%29294%5B0001%3ASROTFF%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Faivovich&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Haddad%2C+C.+F.+B.&rft.au=Garcia%2C+P.+C.+A.&rft.au=Frost%2C+D.+R.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+W.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuzmin,_S._L.1999" class="citation web cs1">Kuzmin, S. L. (November 10, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Pelophylax&where-species=esculentus">"Pelophylax esculentus"</a>. Retrieved October 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pelophylax+esculentus&rft.date=1999-11-10&rft.au=Kuzmin%2C+S.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famphibiaweb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Famphib_query%3Fwhere-genus%3DPelophylax%26where-species%3Desculentus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKöhler2003" class="citation web cs1">Köhler, Sonja (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1521/1/Koehler_Sonja.pdf">"Mechanisms for partial reproductive isolation in a Bombina hybrid zone in Romania"</a> (PDF). Dissertation for thesis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1521/1/Koehler_Sonja.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dissertation+for+thesis&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+for+partial+reproductive+isolation+in+a+Bombina+hybrid+zone+in+Romania&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6hler&rft.aufirst=Sonja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F1521%2F1%2FKoehler_Sonja.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSan_Mauro,_DiegoVences,_MiguelAlcobendas,_MarinaZardoya,_Rafael2005" class="citation journal cs1">San Mauro, Diego; Vences, Miguel; Alcobendas, Marina; Zardoya, Rafael; Meyer, Axel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-33053">"Initial Diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea"</a>. The American Naturalist. 165 (5): 590–599. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F429523">10.1086/429523</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/429523">429523</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15795855">15795855</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17021360">17021360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Initial+Diversification+of+living+amphibians+predated+the+breakup+of+Pangaea&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E590-%3C%2Fspan%3E599&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15795855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17021360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F429523%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F429523&rft.au=San+Mauro%2C+Diego&rft.au=Vences%2C+Miguel&rft.au=Alcobendas%2C+Marina&rft.au=Zardoya%2C+Rafael&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Axel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Absz%3A352-opus-33053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhang,_PengZhou,_HuiChen,_Yue-QinLiu,_Yi-Fei2005" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Peng; Zhou, Hui; Chen, Yue-Qin; Liu, Yi-Fei; Qu, Liang-Hu (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150590945278">"Mitogenomic perspectives on the origin and phylogeny of living amphibians"</a>. Systematic Biology. 54 (3): 391–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150590945278">10.1080/10635150590945278</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16012106">16012106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&rft.atitle=Mitogenomic+perspectives+on+the+origin+and+phylogeny+of+living+amphibians&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E400&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10635150590945278&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16012106&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Peng&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Hui&rft.au=Chen%2C+Yue-Qin&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yi-Fei&rft.au=Qu%2C+Liang-Hu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10635150590945278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarjanović,_DavidLaurin,_Michel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Marjanović, David; Laurin, Michel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150701397635">"Fossils, molecules, divergence times, and the origin of lissamphibians"</a>. Systematic Biology. 56 (3): 369–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150701397635">10.1080/10635150701397635</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17520502">17520502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&rft.atitle=Fossils%2C+molecules%2C+divergence+times%2C+and+the+origin+of+lissamphibians&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E388&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10635150701397635&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17520502&rft.au=Marjanovi%C4%87%2C+David&rft.au=Laurin%2C+Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10635150701397635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPyron,_R._Alexander2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pyron, R. Alexander (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/889970">"Divergence time estimation using fossils as terminal taxa and the origins of Lissamphibia"</a>. Systematic Biology. 60 (4): 466–481. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsyr047">10.1093/sysbio/syr047</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21540408">21540408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&rft.atitle=Divergence+time+estimation+using+fossils+as+terminal+taxa+and+the+origins+of+Lissamphibia&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E466-%3C%2Fspan%3E481&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsyr047&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21540408&rft.au=Pyron%2C+R.+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F889970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCasselman,_Anne2008" class="citation news cs1">Casselman, Anne (May 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080525210713/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080521-frog-fossil.html">""Frog-amander" fossil may be amphibian missing link"</a>. National Geographic News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080521-frog-fossil.html">the original</a> on May 25, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=%22Frog-amander%22+fossil+may+be+amphibian+missing+link&rft.date=2008-05-21&rft.au=Casselman%2C+Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F05%2F080521-frog-fossil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Jason_S.Reisz,_Robert_R.Scott,_DianeFröbisch,_Nadia_B.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Jason S.; Reisz, Robert R.; Scott, Diane; Fröbisch, Nadia B.; Sumida, Stuart S. (2008). "A stem batrachian from the Early Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders". Nature. 453 (7194): 515–518. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.453..515A">2008Natur.453..515A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06865">10.1038/nature06865</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18497824">18497824</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205212809">205212809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+stem+batrachian+from+the+Early+Permian+of+Texas+and+the+origin+of+frogs+and+salamanders&rft.volume=453&rft.issue=7194&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E515-%3C%2Fspan%3E518&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205212809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18497824&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.453..515A&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Jason+S.&rft.au=Reisz%2C+Robert+R.&rft.au=Scott%2C+Diane&rft.au=Fr%C3%B6bisch%2C+Nadia+B.&rft.au=Sumida%2C+Stuart+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-M&L09-30"><a href="#cite_ref-M&L09_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarjanovićLaurin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Marjanović, D.; Laurin, M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00549002/file/MARJANOVIC_David.pdf">"The origin(s) of modern amphibians: a commentary"</a> (PDF). Evolutionary Biology. 36 (3): 336–338. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EvBio..36..336M">2009EvBio..36..336M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11692-009-9065-8">10.1007/s11692-009-9065-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12023942">12023942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=The+origin%28s%29+of+modern+amphibians%3A+a+commentary&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E336-%3C%2Fspan%3E338&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12023942%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11692-009-9065-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009EvBio..36..336M&rft.aulast=Marjanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Laurin%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00549002%2Ffile%2FMARJANOVIC_David.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TOLweb-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TOLweb_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TOLweb_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCannatella1995" class="citation web cs1">Cannatella, David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolweb.org/Triadobatrachus_massinoti/16962">"Triadobatrachus massinoti"</a>. Tree of Life. Retrieved June 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tree+of+Life&rft.atitle=Triadobatrachus+massinoti&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Cannatella&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolweb.org%2FTriadobatrachus_massinoti%2F16962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichelle_R._StockerSterling_J._NesbittBen_T._KligmanDaniel_J._Paluh2019" class="citation journal cs1">Michelle R. Stocker; Sterling J. Nesbitt; Ben T. Kligman; Daniel J. Paluh; Adam D. Marsh; David C. Blackburn; William G. Parker (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6405462">"The earliest equatorial record of frogs from the Late Triassic of Arizona"</a>. Biology Letters. 15 (2): Article ID 20180922. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2018.0922">10.1098/rsbl.2018.0922</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10919%2F87931">10919/87931</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6405462">6405462</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30958136">30958136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=The+earliest+equatorial+record+of+frogs+from+the+Late+Triassic+of+Arizona&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=Article+ID+20180922&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6405462%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30958136&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10919%2F87931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2018.0922&rft.au=Michelle+R.+Stocker&rft.au=Sterling+J.+Nesbitt&rft.au=Ben+T.+Kligman&rft.au=Daniel+J.+Paluh&rft.au=Adam+D.+Marsh&rft.au=David+C.+Blackburn&rft.au=William+G.+Parker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6405462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heatwole00-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Heatwole00_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoček2000" class="citation book cs1">Roček, Z. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rocek.gli.cas.cz/Reprints/AmphBiol3.pdf">"14. Mesozoic Amphibians"</a> (PDF). In Heatwole, H.; Carroll, R. L. (eds.). Amphibian Biology: Paleontology: The Evolutionary History of Amphibians. Vol. 4. Surrey Beatty & Sons. pp. 1295–1331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-949324-87-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-949324-87-0"><bdi>978-0-949324-87-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://rocek.gli.cas.cz/Reprints/AmphBiol3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14.+Mesozoic+Amphibians&rft.btitle=Amphibian+Biology%3A+Paleontology%3A+The+Evolutionary+History+of+Amphibians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1295-%3C%2Fspan%3E1331&rft.pub=Surrey+Beatty+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-949324-87-0&rft.aulast=Ro%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frocek.gli.cas.cz%2FReprints%2FAmphBiol3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jurassicdistribution-34"><a href="#cite_ref-jurassicdistribution_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeishampelDodsonOsmólska2004" class="citation book cs1">Weishampel, D. B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H., eds. (2004). Dinosaur distribution (Early Jurassic, North America): The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 530–532. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24209-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24209-8"><bdi>978-0-520-24209-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dinosaur+distribution+%28Early+Jurassic%2C+North+America%29%3A+The+Dinosauria&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E530-%3C%2Fspan%3E532&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24209-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShubin,_N._H.Jenkins,_F._A._Jr1995" class="citation journal cs1">Shubin, N. H.; Jenkins, F. A. Jr (1995). "An Early Jurassic jumping frog". Nature. 377 (6544): 49–52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Natur.377...49S">1995Natur.377...49S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F377049a0">10.1038/377049a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4308225">4308225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=An+Early+Jurassic+jumping+frog&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=6544&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4308225%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F377049a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Natur.377...49S&rft.au=Shubin%2C+N.+H.&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+F.+A.+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foster-anura-36"><a href="#cite_ref-foster-anura_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoster2007" class="citation book cs1">Foster, J. (2007). "Anura (Frogs)". Jurassic west: the dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and their world. Indiana University Press. pp. 135–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34870-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34870-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34870-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anura+%28Frogs%29&rft.btitle=Jurassic+west%3A+the+dinosaurs+of+the+Morrison+Formation+and+their+world&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34870-8&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChuliverAgnolínScanferlaAranciaga_Rolando2024" class="citation journal cs1">Chuliver, Mariana; Agnolín, Federico L.; Scanferla, Agustín; Aranciaga Rolando, Mauro; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Novas, Fernando E.; Xu, Xing (October 30, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08055-y">"The oldest tadpole reveals evolutionary stability of the anuran life cycle"</a>. Nature: 1–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08055-y">10.1038/s41586-024-08055-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+oldest+tadpole+reveals+evolutionary+stability+of+the+anuran+life+cycle&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2024-10-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08055-y&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.aulast=Chuliver&rft.aufirst=Mariana&rft.au=Agnol%C3%ADn%2C+Federico+L.&rft.au=Scanferla%2C+Agust%C3%ADn&rft.au=Aranciaga+Rolando%2C+Mauro&rft.au=Ezcurra%2C+Mart%C3%ADn+D.&rft.au=Novas%2C+Fernando+E.&rft.au=Xu%2C+Xing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-024-08055-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_A._C.Sarich,_V._M.Maxson,_L._R.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, A. C.; Sarich, V. M.; Maxson, L. R. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC388613">"The importance of gene rearrangement in evolution: evidence from studies on rates of chromosomal, protein, and anatomical evolution"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 71 (8): 3028–3030. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974PNAS...71.3028W">1974PNAS...71.3028W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.71.8.3028">10.1073/pnas.71.8.3028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC388613">388613</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4528784">4528784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+gene+rearrangement+in+evolution%3A+evidence+from+studies+on+rates+of+chromosomal%2C+protein%2C+and+anatomical+evolution&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3028-%3C%2Fspan%3E3030&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC388613%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4528784&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.71.8.3028&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974PNAS...71.3028W&rft.au=Wilson%2C+A.+C.&rft.au=Sarich%2C+V.+M.&rft.au=Maxson%2C+L.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC388613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40482039">"Frog evolution linked to dinosaur asteroid strike"</a>. BBC News. July 3, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Frog+evolution+linked+to+dinosaur+asteroid+strike&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-40482039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeng,_Yan-JieBlackburn,_David_C.Liang,_DanHillis,_David_M.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Feng, Yan-Jie; Blackburn, David C.; Liang, Dan; Hillis, David M.; Wake, David B.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Peng (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5530686">"Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (29): E5864 – E5870. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114E5864F">2017PNAS..114E5864F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1704632114">10.1073/pnas.1704632114</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5530686">5530686</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28673970">28673970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Phylogenomics+reveals+rapid%2C+simultaneous+diversification+of+three+major+clades+of+Gondwanan+frogs+at+the+Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene+boundary&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EE5864+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EE5870%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5530686%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28673970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1704632114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PNAS..114E5864F&rft.au=Feng%2C+Yan-Jie&rft.au=Blackburn%2C+David+C.&rft.au=Liang%2C+Dan&rft.au=Hillis%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Wake%2C+David+B.&rft.au=Cannatella%2C+David+C.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Peng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5530686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvansJonesKrause2008" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, S. E.; Jones, M. E. H.; Krause, D. W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2268566">"A giant frog with South American affinities from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (8): 2951–2956. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..105.2951E">2008PNAS..105.2951E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0707599105">10.1073/pnas.0707599105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2268566">2268566</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18287076">18287076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+giant+frog+with+South+American+affinities+from+the+Late+Cretaceous+of+Madagascar&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2951-%3C%2Fspan%3E2956&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2268566%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18287076&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0707599105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PNAS..105.2951E&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=S.+E.&rft.au=Jones%2C+M.+E.+H.&rft.au=Krause%2C+D.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2268566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMörsRegueroVasilyan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mörs, Thomas; Reguero, Marcelo; Vasilyan, Davit (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7181706">"First fossil frog from Antarctica: implications for Eocene high latitude climate conditions and Gondwanan cosmopolitanism of Australobatrachia"</a>. Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 5051. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..10.5051M">2020NatSR..10.5051M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-61973-5">10.1038/s41598-020-61973-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7181706">7181706</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32327670">32327670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=First+fossil+frog+from+Antarctica%3A+implications+for+Eocene+high+latitude+climate+conditions+and+Gondwanan+cosmopolitanism+of+Australobatrachia&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5051&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7181706%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32327670&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-020-61973-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..10.5051M&rft.aulast=M%C3%B6rs&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Reguero%2C+Marcelo&rft.au=Vasilyan%2C+Davit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7181706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoel2020" class="citation news cs1">Joel, Lucas (April 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/science/frog-antarctica-fossil.html">"Fossil Shows Cold-Blooded Frogs Lived on Warm Antarctica"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423151008/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/science/frog-antarctica-fossil.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fossil+Shows+Cold-Blooded+Frogs+Lived+on+Warm+Antarctica&rft.date=2020-04-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Joel&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F04%2F23%2Fscience%2Ffrog-antarctica-fossil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrostGrantFaivovichBain2006" class="citation journal cs1">Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. L. F. B.; De Sá, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M.; Donnellan, S. C.; Raxworthy, C. J.; Campbell, J. A.; Blotto, B. L.; Moler, P.; Drewes, R. C.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Lynch, J. D.; Green, D. M.; Wheeler, W. C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1206%2F0003-0090%282006%29297%5B0001%3ATATOL%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"The Amphibian Tree of Life"</a>. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 297: 1–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1206%2F0003-0090%282006%29297%5B0001%3ATATOL%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F5781">2246/5781</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86140137">86140137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=The+Amphibian+Tree+of+Life&rft.volume=297&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2246%2F5781&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86140137%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1206%2F0003-0090%282006%29297%5B0001%3ATATOL%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft.au=Grant%2C+T.&rft.au=Faivovich%2C+J.+N.&rft.au=Bain%2C+R.+H.&rft.au=Haas%2C+A.&rft.au=Haddad%2C+C.+L.+F.+B.&rft.au=De+S%C3%A1%2C+R.+O.&rft.au=Channing%2C+A.&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+M.&rft.au=Donnellan%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Raxworthy%2C+C.+J.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Blotto%2C+B.+L.&rft.au=Moler%2C+P.&rft.au=Drewes%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Nussbaum%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Lynch%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Green%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+W.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1206%252F0003-0090%25282006%2529297%255B0001%253ATATOL%255D2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeinicke_M._P.Duellman,_W._E.Trueb,_L.Means,_D._B.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Heinicke M. P.; Duellman, W. E.; <a href="/wiki/Linda_Trueb" title="Linda Trueb">Trueb, L.</a>; Means, D. B.; MacCulloch, R. D.; Hedges, S. B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02211p035f.pdf">"A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny"</a> (PDF). Zootaxa. 2211: 1–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.2211.1.1">10.11646/zootaxa.2211.1.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=A+new+frog+family+%28Anura%3A+Terrarana%29+from+South+America+and+an+expanded+direct-developing+clade+revealed+by+molecular+phylogeny&rft.volume=2211&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.2211.1.1&rft.au=Heinicke+M.+P.&rft.au=Duellman%2C+W.+E.&rft.au=Trueb%2C+L.&rft.au=Means%2C+D.+B.&rft.au=MacCulloch%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Hedges%2C+S.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapress.com%2Fzootaxa%2F2009%2Ff%2Fz02211p035f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR._Alexander_PyronJohn_J._Wiens2011" class="citation journal cs1">R. Alexander Pyron; John J. Wiens (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2011.06.012">"A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians"</a>. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (2): 543–583. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MolPE..61..543A">2011MolPE..61..543A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2011.06.012">10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21723399">21723399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=A+large-scale+phylogeny+of+Amphibia+including+over+2800+species%2C+and+a+revised+classification+of+extant+frogs%2C+salamanders%2C+and+caecilians&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E543-%3C%2Fspan%3E583&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21723399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2011.06.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011MolPE..61..543A&rft.au=R.+Alexander+Pyron&rft.au=John+J.+Wiens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ympev.2011.06.012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flam-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flam_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flam_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlam,_F.1995" class="citation web cs1">Flam, F. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513111921/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17454183.html">"Finding earliest true frog will help paleontologists understand how frog evolved its jumping ability"</a>. Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17454183.html">the original</a> on May 13, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finding+earliest+true+frog+will+help+paleontologists+understand+how+frog+evolved+its+jumping+ability&rft.pub=Knight+Ridder%2FTribune+News+Service&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Flam%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-17454183.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jan/12/world-smallest-frog">"Tiny frog claimed as world's smallest vertebrate"</a>. The Guardian. January 12, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tiny+frog+claimed+as+world%27s+smallest+vertebrate&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2012%2Fjan%2F12%2Fworld-smallest-frog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colgan1982-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Colgan1982_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColgan1982" class="citation book cs1">Colgan, P.V (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan00wood/">The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats</a> (3 ed.). Guinness Superlatives. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851122359" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851122359"><bdi>978-0851122359</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guinness+Book+of+Animal+Facts+and+Feats&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Guinness+Superlatives&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0851122359&rft.aulast=Colgan&rft.aufirst=P.V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguinnessbookofan00wood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOtero,_R.A.P._Jimenez-HuidobroS._Soto-AcuñaR.E.Yury-Yáñez2014" class="citation journal cs1">Otero, R.A.; P. Jimenez-Huidobro; S. Soto-Acuña; R.E.Yury-Yáñez (2014). "Evidence of a giant helmeted frog (Australobatrachia, Calyptocephalellidae) from Eocene levels of the Magallanes Basin, southernmost Chile". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 55: 133–140. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JSAES..55..133O">2014JSAES..55..133O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsames.2014.06.010">10.1016/j.jsames.2014.06.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+South+American+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+a+giant+helmeted+frog+%28Australobatrachia%2C+Calyptocephalellidae%29+from+Eocene+levels+of+the+Magallanes+Basin%2C+southernmost+Chile&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsames.2014.06.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JSAES..55..133O&rft.au=Otero%2C+R.A.&rft.au=P.+Jimenez-Huidobro&rft.au=S.+Soto-Acu%C3%B1a&rft.au=R.E.Yury-Y%C3%A1%C3%B1ez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28597591/">Morphological Variation in Anuran Limbs: Constraints and Novelties</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0213314">Morphological and ecological convergence at the lower size limit for vertebrates highlighted by five new miniaturised microhylid frog species from three different Madagascan genera</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frogjump-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frogjump_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frogjump_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinott,_Kevin2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Minott, Kevin (May 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104045512/http://www.komverse.com/2010/05/15/how-frogs-jump-nationalgeographic/">"How frogs jump"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.komverse.com/2010/05/15/how-frogs-jump-nationalgeographic/">the original</a> on November 4, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=How+frogs+jump&rft.date=2010-05-15&rft.au=Minott%2C+Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.komverse.com%2F2010%2F05%2F15%2Fhow-frogs-jump-nationalgeographic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exploratorium-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Exploratorium_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exploratorium_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exploratorium_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exploratorium_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exploratorium_54-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exploratorium_54-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTesler,_P.1999" class="citation web cs1">Tesler, P. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploratorium.edu/frogs/mainstory/">"The amazing adaptable frog"</a>. Exploratorium:: The museum of science, art and human perception. Retrieved June 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+amazing+adaptable+frog&rft.pub=Exploratorium%3A%3A+The+museum+of+science%2C+art+and+human+perception&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Tesler%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploratorium.edu%2Ffrogs%2Fmainstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVincent,_L.2001" class="citation web cs1">Vincent, L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040422212337/http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/tbiol/zoology/herp/Litoriacaerulea.PDF">"Litoria caerulea"</a> (PDF). James Cook University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/tbiol/zoology/herp/Litoriacaerulea.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on April 22, 2004. Retrieved August 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Litoria+caerulea&rft.pub=James+Cook+University&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Vincent%2C+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcu.edu.au%2Fschool%2Ftbiol%2Fzoology%2Fherp%2FLitoriacaerulea.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmersonDiehl,_D.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Emerson, S. B.; Diehl, D. (1980). "Toe pad morphology and mechanisms of sticking in frogs". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 13 (3): 199–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.1980.tb00082.x">10.1111/j.1095-8312.1980.tb00082.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Toe+pad+morphology+and+mechanisms+of+sticking+in+frogs&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.1980.tb00082.x&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=S.+B.&rft.au=Diehl%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarveyPemberton,_A._J.Smith,_E._N.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Harvey, M. B.; Pemberton, A. J.; Smith, E. N. (2002). "New and poorly known parachuting frogs (Rhacophoridae : Rhacophorus) from Sumatra and Java". Herpetological Monographs. 16: 46–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1655%2F0733-1347%282002%29016%5B0046%3ANAPKPF%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1655/0733-1347(2002)016[0046:NAPKPF]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86616385">86616385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herpetological+Monographs&rft.atitle=New+and+poorly+known+parachuting+frogs+%28Rhacophoridae+%3A+Rhacophorus%29+from+Sumatra+and+Java&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1655%2F0733-1347%282002%29016%5B0046%3ANAPKPF%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86616385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rft.au=Pemberton%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+E.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_spadefoot.php">"Couch's spadefoot (Scaphiopus couchi)"</a>. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Retrieved August 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Couch%27s+spadefoot+%28Scaphiopus+couchi%29&rft.pub=Arizona-Sonora+Desert+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desertmuseum.org%2Fbooks%2Fnhsd_spadefoot.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2009" class="citation news cs1">Walker, M. (June 25, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8116000/8116692.stm">"Legless frogs mystery solved"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Legless+frogs+mystery+solved&rft.date=2009-06-25&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fearth%2Fhi%2Fearth_news%2Fnewsid_8116000%2F8116692.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStebbinsCohen,_Nathan_W.1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Stebbins" title="Robert C. Stebbins">Stebbins, Robert C.</a>; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995). A Natural History of Amphibians. Princeton University Press. pp. 10–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03281-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03281-8"><bdi>978-0-691-03281-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Amphibians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03281-8&rft.aulast=Stebbins&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Nathan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrost1932" class="citation journal cs1">Frost, S. W. (1932). "Notes on feeding and molting in frogs". The American Naturalist. 66 (707): 530–540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F280458">10.1086/280458</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2456779">2456779</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84796411">84796411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Notes+on+feeding+and+molting+in+frogs&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=707&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E530-%3C%2Fspan%3E540&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84796411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2456779%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F280458&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BandN-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BandN_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BandN_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBadgerNetherton,_J.1995" class="citation book cs1">Badger, D.; Netherton, J. (1995). Frogs. Airlife Publishing. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85310-740-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85310-740-5"><bdi>978-1-85310-740-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frogs&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Airlife+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85310-740-5&rft.aulast=Badger&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Netherton%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1962" class="citation book cs1">Smyth, H. R. (1962). Amphibians and Their Ways. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-612190-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-612190-3"><bdi>978-0-02-612190-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amphibians+and+Their+Ways&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-02-612190-3&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickerson1969" class="citation book cs1">Dickerson, M. C. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frogbooknorthame00dick_0">The Frog Book: North American Frogs and Toads</a>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21973-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21973-8"><bdi>978-0-486-21973-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frog+Book%3A+North+American+Frogs+and+Toads&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-486-21973-8&rft.aulast=Dickerson&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrogbooknorthame00dick_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn,_D._C.2002" class="citation web cs1">Blackburn, D. C. (November 14, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Trichobatrachus">"Trichobatrachus robustus"</a>. AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved August 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trichobatrachus+robustus&rft.pub=AmphibiaWeb&rft.date=2002-11-14&rft.au=Blackburn%2C+D.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famphibiaweb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Famphib_query%3Fwhere-genus%3DTrichobatrachus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuibal,_RodolfoShoemaker,_Vaughan1985" class="citation journal cs1">Ruibal, Rodolfo; Shoemaker, Vaughan (1985). "Osteoderms in Anurans". Journal of Herpetology. 18 (3): 313–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1564085">10.2307/1564085</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1564085">1564085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Herpetology&rft.atitle=Osteoderms+in+Anurans&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E328&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1564085&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1564085%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Ruibal%2C+Rodolfo&rft.au=Shoemaker%2C+Vaughan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVittCaldwell2013" class="citation book cs1">Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gay9N_ry79kC&pg=PA50">Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles</a>. Academic Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123869203" title="Special:BookSources/9780123869203"><bdi>9780123869203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herpetology%3A+An+Introductory+Biology+of+Amphibians+and+Reptiles&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780123869203&rft.aulast=Vitt&rft.aufirst=Laurie+J.&rft.au=Caldwell%2C+Janalee+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGay9N_ry79kC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJared,_C.Antoniazzi,_M._M.Navas,_C._A.Katchburian,_E.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jared, C.; Antoniazzi, M. M.; Navas, C. A.; Katchburian, E.; Freymüller, E.; Tambourgi, D. V.; Rodrigues, M. T. (2005). "Head co-ossification, phragmosis and defence in the casque-headed tree frog Corythomantis greeningi". Journal of Zoology. 265 (1): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952836904005953">10.1017/S0952836904005953</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59449901">59449901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Head+co-ossification%2C+phragmosis+and+defence+in+the+casque-headed+tree+frog+Corythomantis+greeningi&rft.volume=265&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0952836904005953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59449901%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Jared%2C+C.&rft.au=Antoniazzi%2C+M.+M.&rft.au=Navas%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Katchburian%2C+E.&rft.au=Freym%C3%BCller%2C+E.&rft.au=Tambourgi%2C+D.+V.&rft.au=Rodrigues%2C+M.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Observer-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Observer_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Observer_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurton1972" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Maurice (1972). The Observer's Book of British Wild Animals. Frederick Warne & Co. pp. 204–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7232-1503-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7232-1503-5"><bdi>978-0-7232-1503-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Observer%27s+Book+of+British+Wild+Animals&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.pub=Frederick+Warne+%26+Co&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7232-1503-5&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuayasaminKrynakKrynakCulebras2015" class="citation journal cs1">Guayasamin, Juan M.; Krynak, Tim; Krynak, Katherine; Culebras, Jaime; Hutter, Carl R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzoj.12222">"Phenotypic plasticity raises questions for taxonomically important traits: a remarkable new Andean rainfrog ( Pristimantis ) with the ability to change skin texture: Phenotypic plasticity in Andean rainfrog"</a>. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 173 (4): 913–928. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzoj.12222">10.1111/zoj.12222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Phenotypic+plasticity+raises+questions+for+taxonomically+important+traits%3A+a+remarkable+new+Andean+rainfrog+%28+Pristimantis+%29+with+the+ability+to+change+skin+texture%3A+Phenotypic+plasticity+in+Andean+rainfrog&rft.volume=173&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E913-%3C%2Fspan%3E928&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fzoj.12222&rft.aulast=Guayasamin&rft.aufirst=Juan+M.&rft.au=Krynak%2C+Tim&rft.au=Krynak%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Culebras%2C+Jaime&rft.au=Hutter%2C+Carl+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fzoj.12222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWente,_W._H.Phillips,_J._B.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wente, W. H.; Phillips, J. B. (2003). "Fixed green and brown color morphs and a novel color-changing morph of the Pacific tree frog Hyla regilla". The American Naturalist. 162 (4): 461–473. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F378253">10.1086/378253</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/378253">10.1086/378253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14582008">14582008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25692966">25692966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Fixed+green+and+brown+color+morphs+and+a+novel+color-changing+morph+of+the+Pacific+tree+frog+Hyla+regilla&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E461-%3C%2Fspan%3E473&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14582008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25692966%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F378253%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F378253&rft.au=Wente%2C+W.+H.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoisvert,_Adam2007" class="citation web cs1">Boisvert, Adam (October 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Barbourula&where-species=kalimantanensis">"Barbourula kalimantanensis"</a>. AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved July 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AmphibiaWeb&rft.atitle=Barbourula+kalimantanensis&rft.date=2007-10-23&rft.au=Boisvert%2C+Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famphibiaweb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Famphib_query%3Fwhere-genus%3DBarbourula%26where-species%3Dkalimantanensis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kimball-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimball,_John2010" class="citation web cs1">Kimball, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511032359/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AnimalHearts.html">"Animal Circulatory Systems: Three Chambers: The Frog and Lizard"</a>. Kimball's Biology Pages. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AnimalHearts.html">the original</a> on May 11, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kimball%27s+Biology+Pages&rft.atitle=Animal+Circulatory+Systems%3A+Three+Chambers%3A+The+Frog+and+Lizard&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Kimball%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.rcn.com%2Fjkimball.ma.ultranet%2FBiologyPages%2FA%2FAnimalHearts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee,_Deborah2010" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Deborah (April 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Telmatobius&where-species=culeus">"Telmatobius culeus"</a>. AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved July 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AmphibiaWeb&rft.atitle=Telmatobius+culeus&rft.date=2010-04-23&rft.au=Lee%2C+Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famphibiaweb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Famphib_query%3Fwhere-genus%3DTelmatobius%26where-species%3Dculeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stao.ca/the-secret-to-the-stickiness-of-frog-spit/">The Secret to the Stickiness of Frog Spit | STAO</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevineMonroyBrainerd2004" class="citation journal cs1">Levine, R. P.; Monroy, J. A.; Brainerd, E. L. (March 15, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.00885">"Contribution of eye retraction to swallowing performance in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens"</a>. Journal of Experimental Biology. 207 (Pt 8): 1361–1368. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.00885">10.1242/jeb.00885</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15010487">15010487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Contribution+of+eye+retraction+to+swallowing+performance+in+the+northern+leopard+frog%2C+Rana+pipiens&rft.volume=207&rft.issue=Pt+8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1361-%3C%2Fspan%3E1368&rft.date=2004-03-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.00885&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15010487&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rft.au=Monroy%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Brainerd%2C+E.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.00885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100603080405/http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/frog-digestive-system-diagram">"Frog Digestive System"</a>. TutorVista.com. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/frog-digestive-system-diagram">the original</a> on June 3, 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frog+Digestive+System&rft.pub=TutorVista.com&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tutorvista.com%2Fbiology%2Ffrog-digestive-system-diagram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doritexcretion-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doritexcretion_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doritexcretion_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoritWalker,_W._F.Barnes,_R._D.1991" class="citation book cs1">Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zoology0000dori">Zoology</a>. Saunders College Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zoology0000dori/page/849">849</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-030504-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-030504-7"><bdi>978-0-03-030504-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoology&rft.pages=849&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-03-030504-7&rft.aulast=Dorit&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft.au=Walker%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzoology0000dori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TutorVista-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TutorVista_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TutorVista_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TutorVista_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TutorVista_79-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080121101351/http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/animal-morphology/respiratory-excretory-nervous-reproductive-system-frog.php">"Frog's internal systems"</a>. TutorVista.com. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/animal-morphology/respiratory-excretory-nervous-reproductive-system-frog.php">the original</a> on January 21, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frog%27s+internal+systems&rft.pub=TutorVista.com&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tutorvista.com%2Fcontent%2Fbiology%2Fbiology-iii%2Fanimal-morphology%2Frespiratory-excretory-nervous-reproductive-system-frog.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuellmanTrueb1986" class="citation book cs1">Duellman, William E.; <a href="/wiki/Linda_Trueb" title="Linda Trueb">Trueb, Linda</a> (1986). Biology of Amphibians. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+Amphibians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Duellman&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft.au=Trueb%2C+Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSever,_David_M.Staub,_Nancy_L." class="citation web cs1">Sever, David M.; Staub, Nancy L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/dsever/SeverandStaub.pdf">"Hormones, sex accessory structures, and secondary sexual characteristics in amphibians"</a> (PDF). Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates – Vol 2: Amphibians. pp. 83–98. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/dsever/SeverandStaub.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hormones+and+Reproduction+of+Vertebrates+%E2%80%93+Vol+2%3A+Amphibians&rft.atitle=Hormones%2C+sex+accessory+structures%2C+and+secondary+sexual+characteristics+in+amphibians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.au=Sever%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Staub%2C+Nancy+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.southeastern.edu%2FAcademics%2FFaculty%2Fdsever%2FSeverandStaub.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaurin,_MichelGauthier,_Jacques_A.2012" class="citation web cs1">Laurin, Michel; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Amniota">"Amniota"</a>. Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved August 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amniota&rft.pub=Tree+of+Life+Web+Project&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Laurin%2C+Michel&rft.au=Gauthier%2C+Jacques+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftolweb.org%2FAmniota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowardRogers1995" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Ian P.; Rogers, Brian J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I8vqITdETe0C&pg=PA651">Binocular Vision and Stereopsis</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 651. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195084764" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195084764"><bdi>978-0195084764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Binocular+Vision+and+Stereopsis&rft.pages=651&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0195084764&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Ian+P.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI8vqITdETe0C%26pg%3DPA651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badger-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badger_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badger_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badger_84-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBadgerNetherton,_John1995" class="citation book cs1">Badger, David; Netherton, John (1995). Frogs. Airlife Publishing Ltd. pp. 31–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85310-740-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85310-740-5"><bdi>978-1-85310-740-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frogs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Airlife+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85310-740-5&rft.aulast=Badger&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Netherton%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuntzScientific_American_Offprints1964" class="citation journal cs1">Muntz, W. R. A.; Scientific American Offprints (1964). "Vision in frogs". Scientific American. 210 (3). W. H. Freeman: 110–9. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006RENBO">B0006RENBO</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964SciAm.210c.110M">1964SciAm.210c.110M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0364-110">10.1038/scientificamerican0364-110</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15304238">15304238</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14133069">14133069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Vision+in+frogs&rft.volume=210&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964SciAm.210c.110M&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15304238&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14133069&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0364-110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006RENBO%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Muntz&rft.aufirst=W.+R.+A.&rft.au=Scientific+American+Offprints&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelberYovanovichOlsson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kelber, Almut; Yovanovich, Carola; Olsson, Peter (April 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312015">"Thresholds and noise limitations of colour vision in dim light"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 372 (1717): 20160065. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2016.0065">10.1098/rstb.2016.0065</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436">0962-8436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312015">5312015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28193810">28193810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Thresholds+and+noise+limitations+of+colour+vision+in+dim+light&rft.volume=372&rft.issue=1717&rft.pages=20160065&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5312015%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28193810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2016.0065&rft.aulast=Kelber&rft.aufirst=Almut&rft.au=Yovanovich%2C+Carola&rft.au=Olsson%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5312015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neth38-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neth38_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neth38_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBadgerNetherton,_John1995" class="citation book cs1">Badger, David; Netherton, John (1995). Frogs. Airlife Publishing. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85310-740-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85310-740-5"><bdi>978-1-85310-740-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frogs&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Airlife+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85310-740-5&rft.aulast=Badger&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Netherton%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStebbinsCohen1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Stebbins" title="Robert C. Stebbins">Stebbins, Robert C.</a>; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995). A Natural History of Amphibians. Princeton University Press. pp. 67–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03281-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03281-8"><bdi>978-0-691-03281-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Amphibians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03281-8&rft.aulast=Stebbins&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Nathan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong,_Cecilia_E.Roberts,_William_M.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, Cecilia E.; Roberts, William M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6792591">"Electrical properties of frog saccular hair cells: distortion by enzymatic dissociation"</a>. Journal of Neuroscience. 18 (8): 2962–2973. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.18-08-02962.1998">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-08-02962.1998</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6792591">6792591</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9526013">9526013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Electrical+properties+of+frog+saccular+hair+cells%3A+distortion+by+enzymatic+dissociation&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2962-%3C%2Fspan%3E2973&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6792591%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9526013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.18-08-02962.1998&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Cecilia+E.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6792591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120818105255/http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/species_a_to_z/SpeciesGuideIndex/bullfrog/tabid/6576/Default.aspx">"Bullfrog"</a>. Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/species_a_to_z/SpeciesGuideIndex/bullfrog/tabid/6576/Default.aspx">the original</a> on August 18, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bullfrog&rft.pub=Ohio+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnr.state.oh.us%2FHome%2Fspecies_a_to_z%2FSpeciesGuideIndex%2Fbullfrog%2Ftabid%2F6576%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanTsaiLinLin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tan, W.-H.; Tsai, C.-G.; Lin, C.; Lin, Y. K. (June 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/260607">"Urban canyon effect: storm drains enhance call characteristics of the Mientien tree frog"</a>. Journal of Zoology. 294 (2): 77–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjzo.12154">10.1111/jzo.12154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0952-8369">0952-8369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Urban+canyon+effect%3A+storm+drains+enhance+call+characteristics+of+the+Mientien+tree+frog&rft.volume=294&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjzo.12154&rft.issn=0952-8369&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=W.-H.&rft.au=Tsai%2C+C.-G.&rft.au=Lin%2C+C.&rft.au=Lin%2C+Y.+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2F%2Fhandle%2F246246%2F260607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNafis,_Gary2012" class="citation web cs1">Nafis, Gary (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.californiaherps.com/frogs/pages/a.truei.html">"Ascaphus truei: Coastal Tailed Frog"</a>. California Herps. Retrieved June 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ascaphus+truei%3A+Coastal+Tailed+Frog&rft.pub=California+Herps&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Nafis%2C+Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.californiaherps.com%2Ffrogs%2Fpages%2Fa.truei.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoy1997" class="citation journal cs1">Roy, Debjani (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120923071112/http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/currsci/72/00000944.pdf">"Communication signals and sexual selection in amphibians"</a> (PDF). Current Science. 72: 923–927. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/currsci/72/00000944.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Communication+signals+and+sexual+selection+in+amphibians&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E923-%3C%2Fspan%3E927&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Debjani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.ac.in%2Fjarch%2Fcurrsci%2F72%2F00000944.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerhardt,_H._C.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Gerhardt, H. C. (1994). "The evolution of vocalization in frogs and toads". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 25: 293–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.es.25.110194.001453">10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.001453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology+and+Systematics&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+vocalization+in+frogs+and+toads&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E324&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.es.25.110194.001453&rft.au=Gerhardt%2C+H.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badger3-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badger3_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badger3_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badger3_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badger3_95-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBadgerNetherton,_John1995" class="citation book cs1">Badger, David; Netherton, John (1995). Frogs. Airlife Publishing Ltd. pp. 39–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85310-740-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85310-740-5"><bdi>978-1-85310-740-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frogs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Airlife+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85310-740-5&rft.aulast=Badger&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Netherton%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHilton1986" class="citation book cs1">Hilton, Bill Jr. (1986). "9. 'Jug-o-Rum': Call of the Amorous Bullfrog". The Piedmont Naturalist, Volume 1. York, SC: Hilton Pond Center for Piedmont Natural History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9832151-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9832151-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9832151-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+%27Jug-o-Rum%27%3A+Call+of+the+Amorous+Bullfrog&rft.btitle=The+Piedmont+Naturalist%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=York%2C+SC&rft.pub=Hilton+Pond+Center+for+Piedmont+Natural+History&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-9832151-0-3&rft.aulast=Hilton&rft.aufirst=Bill+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNash2005" class="citation web cs1">Nash, Pat (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309105032/http://www.beachwatchers.wsu.edu/island/essays/TreeFrogs.htm">"The RRRRRRRRiveting Life of Tree Frogs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beachwatchers.wsu.edu/island/essays/TreeFrogs.htm">the original</a> on March 9, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+RRRRRRRRiveting+Life+of+Tree+Frogs&rft.date=2005-02&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beachwatchers.wsu.edu%2Fisland%2Fessays%2FTreeFrogs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAristophanes" class="citation web cs1">Aristophanes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513143510/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/aristophanes/frogs.htm">"The Frogs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/aristophanes/frogs.htm">the original</a> on May 13, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Frogs&rft.au=Aristophanes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecords.viu.ca%2F~johnstoi%2Faristophanes%2Ffrogs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ultrasonic-99"><a href="#cite_ref-ultrasonic_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuthers,_R.A.Narins,_P.M.Lin,_WSchnitzler,_H2006" class="citation journal cs1">Suthers, R.A.; Narins, P.M.; Lin, W; Schnitzler, H; Denzinger, A; Xu, C; Feng, A.S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.02594">"Voices of the dead: complex nonlinear vocal signals from the larynx of an ultrasonic frog"</a>. Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (24): 4984–4993. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.02594">10.1242/jeb.02594</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17142687">17142687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Voices+of+the+dead%3A+complex+nonlinear+vocal+signals+from+the+larynx+of+an+ultrasonic+frog&rft.volume=209&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4984-%3C%2Fspan%3E4993&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.02594&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17142687&rft.au=Suthers%2C+R.A.&rft.au=Narins%2C+P.M.&rft.au=Lin%2C+W&rft.au=Schnitzler%2C+H&rft.au=Denzinger%2C+A&rft.au=Xu%2C+C&rft.au=Feng%2C+A.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.02594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmmer,_Rick1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Emmer, Rick (November 24, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-do-frogs-survive-wint">"How do frogs survive winter? Why don't they freeze to death?"</a>. Scientific American. Retrieved June 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=How+do+frogs+survive+winter%3F+Why+don%27t+they+freeze+to+death%3F&rft.date=1997-11-24&rft.au=Emmer%2C+Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dhow-do-frogs-survive-wint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKayes,_Sara_M.Cramp,_Rebecca_L.Franklin,_Craig_E.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kayes, Sara M.; Cramp, Rebecca L.; Franklin, Craig E. (2009). "Metabolic depression during aestivation in Cyclorana alboguttata". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology – Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 154 (4): 557–563. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2009.09.001">10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19737622">19737622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Biochemistry+and+Physiology+%E2%80%93+Part+A%3A+Molecular+%26+Integrative+Physiology&rft.atitle=Metabolic+depression+during+aestivation+in+Cyclorana+alboguttata&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E557-%3C%2Fspan%3E563&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2009.09.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19737622&rft.au=Kayes%2C+Sara+M.&rft.au=Cramp%2C+Rebecca+L.&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Craig+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHudson,_N._J.Lehnert,_S._A.Ingham,_A._B.Symonds,_B.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hudson, N. J.; Lehnert, S. A.; Ingham, A. B.; Symonds, B.; Franklin, C. E.; Harper, G. S. (2005). "Lessons from an estivating frog: sparing muscle protein despite starvation and disuse". <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physiology" title="American Journal of Physiology">AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology</a>. 290 (3): R836 – R843. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpregu.00380.2005">10.1152/ajpregu.00380.2005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16239372">16239372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8395980">8395980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AJP%3A+Regulatory%2C+Integrative+and+Comparative+Physiology&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+an+estivating+frog%3A+sparing+muscle+protein+despite+starvation+and+disuse&rft.volume=290&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER836+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER843%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8395980%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16239372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpregu.00380.2005&rft.au=Hudson%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Lehnert%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Ingham%2C+A.+B.&rft.au=Symonds%2C+B.&rft.au=Franklin%2C+C.+E.&rft.au=Harper%2C+G.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilmer2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilmer, Pat (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/environmentalphy00will/page/188">Environmental Physiology of Animals</a>. Wiley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/environmentalphy00will/page/188">188</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405107242" title="Special:BookSources/9781405107242"><bdi>9781405107242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Physiology+of+Animals&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781405107242&rft.aulast=Wilmer&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenvironmentalphy00will%2Fpage%2F188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120810065127/http://scienceray.com/biology/zoology/top-10-best-jumper-animals/">"Top 10 best jumper animals"</a>. Scienceray. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceray.com/biology/zoology/top-10-best-jumper-animals/">the original</a> on August 10, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+10+best+jumper+animals&rft.pub=Scienceray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceray.com%2Fbiology%2Fzoology%2Ftop-10-best-jumper-animals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames,_R._S.Wilson,_R._S.2008" class="citation journal cs1">James, R. S.; Wilson, R. S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:175725/UQ175725_OA.pdf">"Explosive jumping: extreme morphological and physiological specializations of Australian rocket frogs (Litoria nasuta)"</a> (PDF). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 81 (2): 176–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F525290">10.1086/525290</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18190283">18190283</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12643425">12643425</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:175725/UQ175725_OA.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+and+Biochemical+Zoology&rft.atitle=Explosive+jumping%3A+extreme+morphological+and+physiological+specializations+of+Australian+rocket+frogs+%28Litoria+nasuta%29&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12643425%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18190283&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F525290&rft.au=James%2C+R.+S.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+R.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A175725%2FUQ175725_OA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNauwelaerts,_S.Schollier,_J.Aerts,_P.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nauwelaerts, S.; Schollier, J.; Aerts, P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2004.00403.x">"A functional analysis of how frogs jump out of water"</a>. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 83 (3): 413–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2004.00403.x">10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00403.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=A+functional+analysis+of+how+frogs+jump+out+of+water&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E413-%3C%2Fspan%3E420&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2004.00403.x&rft.au=Nauwelaerts%2C+S.&rft.au=Schollier%2C+J.&rft.au=Aerts%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1095-8312.2004.00403.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badger2-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badger2_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badger2_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBadgerNetherton,_John1995" class="citation book cs1">Badger, David; Netherton, John (1995). Frogs. Airlife Publishing. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85310-740-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85310-740-5"><bdi>978-1-85310-740-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frogs&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Airlife+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85310-740-5&rft.aulast=Badger&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Netherton%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAstley,_H._C.Roberts,_T._J.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Astley, H. C.; Roberts, T. J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367733">"Evidence for a vertebrate catapult: elastic energy storage in the plantaris tendon during frog jumping"</a>. Biology Letters. 8 (3): 386–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2011.0982">10.1098/rsbl.2011.0982</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367733">3367733</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22090204">22090204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+a+vertebrate+catapult%3A+elastic+energy+storage+in+the+plantaris+tendon+during+frog+jumping&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E386-%3C%2Fspan%3E389&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3367733%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22090204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2011.0982&rft.au=Astley%2C+H.+C.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+T.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3367733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott2005" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, J. (2005). "The locust jump: an integrated laboratory investigation". Advances in Physiology Education. 29 (1): 21–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fadvan.00037.2004">10.1152/advan.00037.2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15718379">15718379</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13423666">13423666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Physiology+Education&rft.atitle=The+locust+jump%3A+an+integrated+laboratory+investigation&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13423666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15718379&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fadvan.00037.2004&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_110-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuckleyMichaelIrschick2005" class="citation journal cs1">Buckley, C. R.; Michael, S. F.; Irschick, D. J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0269-8463.2005.00931.x">"Early Hatching Decreases Jumping Performance in a Direct-Developing Frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui"</a>. Functional Ecology. 19 (1): 67–72. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005FuEco..19...67B">2005FuEco..19...67B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0269-8463.2005.00931.x">10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00931.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0269-8463">0269-8463</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3599272">3599272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Functional+Ecology&rft.atitle=Early+Hatching+Decreases+Jumping+Performance+in+a+Direct-Developing+Frog%2C+Eleutherodactylus+coqui&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0269-8463.2005.00931.x&rft.issn=0269-8463&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3599272%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005FuEco..19...67B&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft.au=Michael%2C+S.+F.&rft.au=Irschick%2C+D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.0269-8463.2005.00931.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_111-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZugDuellman2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zug, George R.; Duellman, William E. (May 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/29023/Anura">"Anura"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved April 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anura&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.aulast=Zug&rft.aufirst=George+R.&rft.au=Duellman%2C+William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F29023%2FAnura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitch,_H._S.1956" class="citation journal cs1">Fitch, H. S. (1956). "An ecological study of the collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris)". University of Kansas Publications. 8: 213–274.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Kansas+Publications&rft.atitle=An+ecological+study+of+the+collared+lizard+%28Crotaphytus+collaris%29&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E274&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Fitch%2C+H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalton,_M.Anderson,_B._D.1988" class="citation journal cs1">Walton, M.; Anderson, B. D. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/content/136/1/273">"The aerobic cost of saltatory locomotion in the fowler's toad (Bufo woodhousei fowleri)"</a>. Journal of Experimental Biology. 136 (1): 273–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.136.1.273">10.1242/jeb.136.1.273</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3404074">3404074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=The+aerobic+cost+of+saltatory+locomotion+in+the+fowler%27s+toad+%28Bufo+woodhousei+fowleri%29&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E288&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.136.1.273&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3404074&rft.au=Walton%2C+M.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+B.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcontent%2F136%2F1%2F273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhn,_A._N.Furrow,_E.Biewener,_A._A.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ahn, A. N.; Furrow, E.; Biewener, A. A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.00761">"Walking and running in the red-legged running frog, Kassina maculata"</a>. Journal of Experimental Biology. 207 (Pt 3): 399–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.00761">10.1242/jeb.00761</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14691087">14691087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Walking+and+running+in+the+red-legged+running+frog%2C+Kassina+maculata&rft.volume=207&rft.issue=Pt+3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E399-%3C%2Fspan%3E410&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.00761&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14691087&rft.au=Ahn%2C+A.+N.&rft.au=Furrow%2C+E.&rft.au=Biewener%2C+A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.00761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPickersgill,_M.Schiøtz,_A.Howell,_K.Minter,_L.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Pickersgill, M.; Schiøtz, A.; Howell, K.; Minter, L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/56231/11445543">"Kassina maculata"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2004. Retrieved June 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Kassina+maculata&rft.volume=2004&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Pickersgill%2C+M.&rft.au=Schi%C3%B8tz%2C+A.&rft.au=Howell%2C+K.&rft.au=Minter%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F56231%2F11445543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pipidae-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pipidae_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pipidae_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Pipidae.shtml">"Pipidae"</a>. AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved June 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AmphibiaWeb&rft.atitle=Pipidae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famphibiaweb.org%2Flists%2FPipidae.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duellman-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duellman_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duellman_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuellman,_W._E.Zug,_G._R." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Duellman, W. E.; Zug, G. R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/29023/Anura/40603/From-tadpole-to-adult">"Anura: From tadpole to adult"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anura%3A+From+tadpole+to+adult&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.au=Duellman%2C+W.+E.&rft.au=Zug%2C+G.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F29023%2FAnura%2F40603%2FFrom-tadpole-to-adult&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan,_C.Gopi,_K._C.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Radhakrishnan, C.; Gopi, K. C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jan252007/213.pdf">"Extension of range of distribution of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju & Bossuyt ( Amphibia : Anura : Nasikabatrachidae ) along Western Ghats, with some insights into its bionomics"</a> (PDF). Current Science. 92 (2): 213–216. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3891">0011-3891</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jan252007/213.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Extension+of+range+of+distribution+of+Nasikabatrachus+sahyadrensis+Biju+%26+Bossuyt+%28+Amphibia+%3A+Anura+%3A+Nasikabatrachidae+%29+along+Western+Ghats%2C+with+some+insights+into+its+bionomics&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0011-3891&rft.au=Radhakrishnan%2C+C.&rft.au=Gopi%2C+K.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iisc.ernet.in%2Fcurrsci%2Fjan252007%2F213.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farrar-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farrar_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farrar_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarrar,_EugeniaHey,_Jane" class="citation web cs1">Farrar, Eugenia; Hey, Jane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Spea&where-species=bombifrons">"Spea bombifrons"</a>. AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved June 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AmphibiaWeb&rft.atitle=Spea+bombifrons&rft.au=Farrar%2C+Eugenia&rft.au=Hey%2C+Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famphibiaweb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Famphib_query%3Fwhere-genus%3DSpea%26where-species%3Dbombifrons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Scaphiopodidae.shtml">"Scaphiopodidae"</a>. AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved June 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AmphibiaWeb&rft.atitle=Scaphiopodidae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famphibiaweb.org%2Flists%2FScaphiopodidae.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts,_DaleHero,_Jean-Marc2011" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Dale; Hero, Jean-Marc (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9763/13014492">"Heleioporus albopunctatus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Heleioporus+albopunctatus&rft.volume=2011&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Dale&rft.au=Hero%2C+Jean-Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F9763%2F13014492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaniszewski,_Marc1998" class="citation web cs1">Staniszewski, Marc (September 30, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphibian.co.uk/scaphiophryne.html">"Madagascan Burrowing Frogs: Genus: Scaphiophryne (Boulenger, 1882)"</a>. Retrieved June 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascan+Burrowing+Frogs%3A+Genus%3A+Scaphiophryne+%28Boulenger%2C+1882%29&rft.date=1998-09-30&rft.au=Staniszewski%2C+Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amphibian.co.uk%2Fscaphiophryne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVenesci,_MRaxworthy,_C._J.Nussbaum,_R._A.Glaw,_F.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Venesci, M; Raxworthy, C. J.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Glaw, F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvences.de/p/p1/Vences_A51.pdf">"A revision of the Scaphiophryne marmorata complex of marbled toads from Madagascar, including the description of a new species"</a> (PDF). Herpetological Journal. 13: 69–79. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.mvences.de/p/p1/Vences_A51.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herpetological+Journal&rft.atitle=A+revision+of+the+Scaphiophryne+marmorata+complex+of+marbled+toads+from+Madagascar%2C+including+the+description+of+a+new+species&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Venesci%2C+M&rft.au=Raxworthy%2C+C.+J.&rft.au=Nussbaum%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Glaw%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvences.de%2Fp%2Fp1%2FVences_A51.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFederle,_W.Barnes,_W._J._P.Baumgartner,_W.Drechsler,_P.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Federle, W.; Barnes, W. J. P.; Baumgartner, W.; Drechsler, P.; Smith, J. M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1664653">"Wet but not slippery: boundary friction in tree frog adhesive toe pads"</a>. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 3 (10): 689–697. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsif.2006.0135">10.1098/rsif.2006.0135</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1664653">1664653</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16971337">16971337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+Interface&rft.atitle=Wet+but+not+slippery%3A+boundary+friction+in+tree+frog+adhesive+toe+pads&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E689-%3C%2Fspan%3E697&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1664653%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16971337&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsif.2006.0135&rft.au=Federle%2C+W.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+W.+J.+P.&rft.au=Baumgartner%2C+W.&rft.au=Drechsler%2C+P.&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1664653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCochran1961" class="citation book cs1">Cochran, Doris Mabel (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HOk6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA112">Living Amphibians of the World</a>. Doubleday. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-90338-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-90338-4"><bdi>978-0-241-90338-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Amphibians+of+the+World&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-241-90338-4&rft.aulast=Cochran&rft.aufirst=Doris+Mabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHOk6AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Phyllomedusa&where-species=ayeaye">"Phyllomedusa ayeaye"</a>. AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved June 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phyllomedusa+ayeaye&rft.pub=AmphibiaWeb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famphibiaweb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Famphib_query%3Fwhere-genus%3DPhyllomedusa%26where-species%3Dayeaye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmerson,_Sharon_B.Koehl,_M._A._R.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Emerson, Sharon B.; Koehl, M. A. R. (1990). "The interaction of behavioral and morphological change in the evolution of a novel locomotor type: "flying frogs". Evolution. 44 (8): 1931–1946. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2409604">10.2307/2409604</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2409604">2409604</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28564439">28564439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=The+interaction+of+behavioral+and+morphological+change+in+the+evolution+of+a+novel+locomotor+type%3A+%22flying+frogs&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1931-%3C%2Fspan%3E1946&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28564439&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2409604%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2409604&rft.au=Emerson%2C+Sharon+B.&rft.au=Koehl%2C+M.+A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShah,_SunnyTiwari,_Rachna2001" class="citation web cs1">Shah, Sunny; Tiwari, Rachna (November 29, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Rhacophorus&where-species=nigropalmatus">"Rhacophorus nigropalmatus"</a>. AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved June 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AmphibiaWeb&rft.atitle=Rhacophorus+nigropalmatus&rft.date=2001-11-29&rft.au=Shah%2C+Sunny&rft.au=Tiwari%2C+Rachna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famphibiaweb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Famphib_query%3Fwhere-genus%3DRhacophorus%26where-species%3Dnigropalmatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100118144053/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians/wallaces-flying-frog">"Wallace's Flying Frog Rhacophorus nigropalmatus"</a>. National Geographic: Animals. September 10, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians/wallaces-flying-frog/">the original</a> on January 18, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wallace%27s+Flying+Frog+Rhacophorus+nigropalmatus&rft.pub=National+Geographic%3A+Animals&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimals.nationalgeographic.com%2Fanimals%2Famphibians%2Fwallaces-flying-frog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stebbins-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stebbins_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stebbins_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stebbins_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stebbins_130-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stebbins_130-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stebbins_130-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stebbins_130-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStebbinsCohen1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Stebbins" title="Robert C. Stebbins">Stebbins, Robert C.</a>; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995). A Natural History of Amphibians. Princeton University Press. pp. 154–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03281-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03281-8"><bdi>978-0-691-03281-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Amphibians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03281-8&rft.aulast=Stebbins&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Nathan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies,_N._B.Halliday,_T._R.1978" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, N. B.; Halliday, T. R. (1978). "Deep croaks and fighting assessment in toads Bufo bufo". Nature. 274 (5672): 683–685. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Natur.274..683D">1978Natur.274..683D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F274683a0">10.1038/274683a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4222519">4222519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Deep+croaks+and+fighting+assessment+in+toads+Bufo+bufo&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=5672&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E683-%3C%2Fspan%3E685&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4222519%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F274683a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Natur.274..683D&rft.au=Davies%2C+N.+B.&rft.au=Halliday%2C+T.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLong,_David_R.1989" class="citation journal cs1">Long, David R. (1989). "Energetics and reproduction in female Scaphiopus multiplicatus from Western Texas". Journal of Herpetology. 23 (2): 176–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1564026">10.2307/1564026</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1564026">1564026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Herpetology&rft.atitle=Energetics+and+reproduction+in+female+Scaphiopus+multiplicatus+from+Western+Texas&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1564026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1564026%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Long%2C+David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iskandar2014-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Iskandar2014_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIskandarEvansMcGuire2014" class="citation journal cs1">Iskandar, D. T.; Evans, B. J.; McGuire, J. A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4281041">"A Novel Reproductive Mode in Frogs: A New Species of Fanged Frog with Internal Fertilization and Birth of Tadpoles"</a>. PLOS ONE. 9 (12): e115884. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9k5884I">2014PLoSO...9k5884I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0115884">10.1371/journal.pone.0115884</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4281041">4281041</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25551466">25551466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+Novel+Reproductive+Mode+in+Frogs%3A+A+New+Species+of+Fanged+Frog+with+Internal+Fertilization+and+Birth+of+Tadpoles&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e115884&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4281041%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25551466&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0115884&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...9k5884I&rft.aulast=Iskandar&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rft.au=Evans%2C+B.+J.&rft.au=McGuire%2C+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4281041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChanningHowell,_Kim_M.2006" class="citation book cs1">Channing, Alan; Howell, Kim M. (2006). Amphibians of East Africa. Comstock Publishing. pp. 104–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4374-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4374-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-4374-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amphibians+of+East+Africa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.pub=Comstock+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4374-9&rft.aulast=Channing&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Howell%2C+Kim+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSandberger,_L.Hillers,_A.Doumbia,_J.Loua,_N-S.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sandberger, L.; Hillers, A.; Doumbia, J.; Loua, N-S.; Brede C.; Rödel, M-O. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nimbadarwin.org/resources/nimbatoad.pdf">"Rediscovery of the Liberian Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis (Xavier, 1978) (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), and reassessment of its taxonomic status"</a> (PDF). Zootaxa. 4355: 56–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.2355.1.3">10.11646/zootaxa.2355.1.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1175-5334">1175-5334</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nimbadarwin.org/resources/nimbatoad.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=Rediscovery+of+the+Liberian+Nimba+toad%2C+Nimbaphrynoides+liberiensis+%28Xavier%2C+1978%29+%28Amphibia%3A+Anura%3A+Bufonidae%29%2C+and+reassessment+of+its+taxonomic+status&rft.volume=4355&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.2355.1.3&rft.issn=1175-5334&rft.au=Sandberger%2C+L.&rft.au=Hillers%2C+A.&rft.au=Doumbia%2C+J.&rft.au=Loua%2C+N-S.&rft.au=Brede+C.&rft.au=R%C3%B6del%2C+M-O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nimbadarwin.org%2Fresources%2Fnimbatoad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMattison,_Chris2011" class="citation book cs1">Mattison, Chris (2011). Frogs and Toads of the Worlds. Princeton University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14968-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14968-4"><bdi>978-0-691-14968-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frogs+and+Toads+of+the+Worlds&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14968-4&rft.au=Mattison%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuellman,_W._E.Zug,_G._R." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Duellman, W. E.; Zug, G. R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/Anura/Natural-history#ref275977">"Anura: Egg laying and hatching"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anura%3A+Egg+laying+and+hatching&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.au=Duellman%2C+W.+E.&rft.au=Zug%2C+G.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fanimal%2FAnura%2FNatural-history%23ref275977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuellmanTruebArak2002" class="citation book cs1">Duellman, William E.; <a href="/wiki/Linda_Trueb" title="Linda Trueb">Trueb, Linda</a>; Arak, Anthony (2002). "Frogs and toads". In Halliday, Tim; Adler, Kraig (eds.). The Firefly Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Firefly Books. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55297-613-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55297-613-5"><bdi>978-1-55297-613-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frogs+and+toads&rft.btitle=The+Firefly+Encyclopedia+of+Reptiles+and+Amphibians&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Firefly+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55297-613-5&rft.aulast=Duellman&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft.au=Trueb%2C+Linda&rft.au=Arak%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEstrada,_Alberto_R.Hedges,_S._Blair1996" class="citation journal cs1">Estrada, Alberto R.; Hedges, S. Blair (1996). "At the lower size limit in tetrapods: a new diminutive frog from Cuba (Leptodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus)". Copeia. 1996 (4): 852–859. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1447647">10.2307/1447647</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1447647">1447647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copeia&rft.atitle=At+the+lower+size+limit+in+tetrapods%3A+a+new+diminutive+frog+from+Cuba+%28Leptodactylidae%3A+Eleutherodactylus%29&rft.volume=1996&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E852-%3C%2Fspan%3E859&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1447647&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1447647%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Estrada%2C+Alberto+R.&rft.au=Hedges%2C+S.+Blair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker,_KellieChantasirivisal,_Peera2005" class="citation web cs1">Whittaker, Kellie; Chantasirivisal, Peera (December 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Leptodactylus&where-species=pentadactylus">"Leptodactylus pentadactylus"</a>. AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved July 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AmphibiaWeb&rft.atitle=Leptodactylus+pentadactylus&rft.date=2005-12-02&rft.au=Whittaker%2C+Kellie&rft.au=Chantasirivisal%2C+Peera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famphibiaweb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Famphib_query%3Fwhere-genus%3DLeptodactylus%26where-species%3Dpentadactylus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker,_Kellie2007" class="citation web cs1">Whittaker, Kellie (June 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Agalychnis&where-species=callidryas">"Agalychnis callidryas"</a>. AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved July 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AmphibiaWeb&rft.atitle=Agalychnis+callidryas&rft.date=2007-06-27&rft.au=Whittaker%2C+Kellie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famphibiaweb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Famphib_query%3Fwhere-genus%3DAgalychnis%26where-species%3Dcallidryas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilbert,_Perry_W.1942" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Perry W. (1942). "Observations on the eggs of Ambystoma maculatum with especial reference to the green algae found within the egg envelopes". Ecology. 23 (2): 215–227. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942Ecol...23..215G">1942Ecol...23..215G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1931088">10.2307/1931088</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1931088">1931088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=Observations+on+the+eggs+of+Ambystoma+maculatum+with+especial+reference+to+the+green+algae+found+within+the+egg+envelopes&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1931088%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1931088&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1942Ecol...23..215G&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Perry+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaldman,_BruceRyan,_Michael_J.1983" class="citation journal cs1">Waldman, Bruce; Ryan, Michael J. (1983). "Thermal advantages of communal egg mass deposition in wood frogs (Rana sylvatica)". Journal of Herpetology. 17 (1): 70–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1563783">10.2307/1563783</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1563783">1563783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Herpetology&rft.atitle=Thermal+advantages+of+communal+egg+mass+deposition+in+wood+frogs+%28Rana+sylvatica%29&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1563783&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1563783%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Waldman%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Ryan%2C+Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarkentin1995" class="citation journal cs1">Warkentin, K.M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC42196">"Adaptive plasticity in hatching age: a response to predation risk trade-offs"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 92 (8): 3507–3510. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PNAS...92.3507W">1995PNAS...92.3507W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.92.8.3507">10.1073/pnas.92.8.3507</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC42196">42196</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11607529">11607529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Adaptive+plasticity+in+hatching+age%3A+a+response+to+predation+risk+trade-offs&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3507-%3C%2Fspan%3E3510&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC42196%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11607529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.92.8.3507&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995PNAS...92.3507W&rft.aulast=Warkentin&rft.aufirst=K.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC42196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stebbins2-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stebbins2_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stebbins2_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stebbins2_145-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stebbins2_145-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stebbins2_145-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStebbinsCohen,_Nathan_W.1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Stebbins" title="Robert C. Stebbins">Stebbins, Robert C.</a>; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995). A Natural History of Amphibians. Princeton University Press. pp. 179–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03281-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03281-8"><bdi>978-0-691-03281-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Amphibians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03281-8&rft.aulast=Stebbins&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Nathan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldbergTaucceQuinzioHaddad2020" class="citation journal cs1">Goldberg, Javier; Taucce, Pedro P. G.; Quinzio, Silvia Inés; Haddad, Célio F. B.; Vera Candioti, Florencia (January 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044523119301196">"Increasing our knowledge on direct-developing frogs: The ontogeny of Ischnocnema henselii (Anura: Brachycephalidae)"</a>. Zoologischer Anzeiger. 284: 78–87. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ZooAn.284...78G">2020ZooAn.284...78G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcz.2019.11.001">10.1016/j.jcz.2019.11.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-5231">0044-5231</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209576535">209576535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoologischer+Anzeiger&rft.atitle=Increasing+our+knowledge+on+direct-developing+frogs%3A+The+ontogeny+of+Ischnocnema+henselii+%28Anura%3A+Brachycephalidae%29&rft.volume=284&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jcz.2019.11.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209576535%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0044-5231&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ZooAn.284...78G&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft.au=Taucce%2C+Pedro+P.+G.&rft.au=Quinzio%2C+Silvia+In%C3%A9s&rft.au=Haddad%2C+C%C3%A9lio+F.+B.&rft.au=Vera+Candioti%2C+Florencia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0044523119301196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElinson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Elinson, Richard P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1526-968X%28200102%2929%3A2%3C91%3A%3AAID-GENE1009%3E3.0.CO%3B2-6">"Direct development: an alternative way to make a frog"</a>. Genesis. 29 (2): 91–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1526-968X%28200102%2929%3A2%3C91%3A%3AAID-GENE1009%3E3.0.CO%3B2-6">10.1002/1526-968X(200102)29:2<91::AID-GENE1009>3.0.CO;2-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1526-968X">1526-968X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11170349">11170349</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32550621">32550621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genesis&rft.atitle=Direct+development%3A+an+alternative+way+to+make+a+frog&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1526-968X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32550621%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11170349&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1526-968X%28200102%2929%3A2%3C91%3A%3AAID-GENE1009%3E3.0.CO%3B2-6&rft.aulast=Elinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F1526-968X%2528200102%252929%253A2%253C91%253A%253AAID-GENE1009%253E3.0.CO%253B2-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeshadri2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Seshadri, K.S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287209620">"Rhacophorid Frogs Breeding in Bamboo: Discovery of a Novel Reproductive Mode from Western Ghats"</a>. FrogLog. 23(4) (116): 46–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FrogLog&rft.atitle=Rhacophorid+Frogs+Breeding+in+Bamboo%3A+Discovery+of+a+Novel+Reproductive+Mode+from+Western+Ghats&rft.volume=23%284%29&rft.issue=116&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Seshadri&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F287209620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWickramasinghe,_Deepthi_D.Oseen,_Kerri_L.Wassersug,_Richard_J.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wickramasinghe, Deepthi D.; Oseen, Kerri L.; Wassersug, Richard J. (2007). "Ontogenetic Changes in Diet and Intestinal Morphology in Semi-Terrestrial Tadpoles of Nannophrys ceylonensis (Dicroglossidae)". Copeia. 2007 (4): 1012–1018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1643%2F0045-8511%282007%297%5B1012%3Aocidai%5D2.0.co%3B2">10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[1012:ocidai]2.0.co;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140719">25140719</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86244218">86244218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copeia&rft.atitle=Ontogenetic+Changes+in+Diet+and+Intestinal+Morphology+in+Semi-Terrestrial+Tadpoles+of+Nannophrys+ceylonensis+%28Dicroglossidae%29&rft.volume=2007&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1012-%3C%2Fspan%3E1018&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86244218%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25140719%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1643%2F0045-8511%282007%297%5B1012%3Aocidai%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft.au=Wickramasinghe%2C+Deepthi+D.&rft.au=Oseen%2C+Kerri+L.&rft.au=Wassersug%2C+Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJanzen,_Peter2005" class="citation web cs1">Janzen, Peter (May 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Nannophrys&where-species=ceylonensis">"Nannophrys ceylonensis"</a>. AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved July 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AmphibiaWeb&rft.atitle=Nannophrys+ceylonensis&rft.date=2005-05-10&rft.au=Janzen%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famphibiaweb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Famphib_query%3Fwhere-genus%3DNannophrys%26where-species%3Dceylonensis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffWassersug2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hoff, K. vS.; Wassersug, R. J. (February 1, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.1.62">"Tadpole Locomotion: Axial Movement and Tail Functions in a Largely Vertebraeless Vertebrate"</a>. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 40 (1): 62–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.1.62">10.1093/icb/40.1.62</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&rft.atitle=Tadpole+Locomotion%3A+Axial+Movement+and+Tail+Functions+in+a+Largely+Vertebraeless+Vertebrate&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2000-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.1.62&rft.aulast=Hoff&rft.aufirst=K.+vS.&rft.au=Wassersug%2C+R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F40.1.62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrump,_Martha_L.1986" class="citation journal cs1">Crump, Martha L. (1986). "Cannibalism by younger tadpoles: another hazard of metamorphosis". Copeia. 1986 (4): 1007–1009. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1445301">10.2307/1445301</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1445301">1445301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copeia&rft.atitle=Cannibalism+by+younger+tadpoles%3A+another+hazard+of+metamorphosis&rft.volume=1986&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1007-%3C%2Fspan%3E1009&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1445301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1445301%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Crump%2C+Martha+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStebbinsCohen,_Nathan_W.1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Stebbins" title="Robert C. Stebbins">Stebbins, Robert C.</a>; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995). A Natural History of Amphibians. Princeton University Press. pp. 173–175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03281-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03281-8"><bdi>978-0-691-03281-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Amphibians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03281-8&rft.aulast=Stebbins&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Nathan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenderHuPelletierDenver2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bender, M. C.; Hu, C.; Pelletier, C.; Denver, R. J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5897637">"To eat or not to eat: Ontogeny of hypothalamic feeding controls and a role for leptin in modulating life-history transition in amphibian tadpoles"</a>. Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 285 (1875). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2017.2784">10.1098/rspb.2017.2784</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5897637">5897637</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29593109">29593109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings.+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=To+eat+or+not+to+eat%3A+Ontogeny+of+hypothalamic+feeding+controls+and+a+role+for+leptin+in+modulating+life-history+transition+in+amphibian+tadpoles&rft.volume=285&rft.issue=1875&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5897637%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29593109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2017.2784&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft.au=Hu%2C+C.&rft.au=Pelletier%2C+C.&rft.au=Denver%2C+R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5897637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.futurity.org/tadpoles-leptin-metamorphosis-1720852-2/">Tadpoles eat like crazy before remodeling their guts - Futurity</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohlCaryKarasovDearing2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kohl, K. D.; Cary, T. L.; Karasov, W. H.; Dearing, M. D. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24249298/">"Restructuring of the amphibian gut microbiota through metamorphosis"</a>. Environmental Microbiology Reports. 5 (6): 899–903. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EnvMR...5..899K">2013EnvMR...5..899K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1758-2229.12092">10.1111/1758-2229.12092</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24249298">24249298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Microbiology+Reports&rft.atitle=Restructuring+of+the+amphibian+gut+microbiota+through+metamorphosis&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E899-%3C%2Fspan%3E903&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24249298&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1758-2229.12092&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013EnvMR...5..899K&rft.aulast=Kohl&rft.aufirst=K.+D.&rft.au=Cary%2C+T.+L.&rft.au=Karasov%2C+W.+H.&rft.au=Dearing%2C+M.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F24249298%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFabreziCruz2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fabrezi, Marissa; Cruz, Julio César (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7388516">"Evolutionary and developmental considerations of the diet and gut morphology in ceratophryid tadpoles (Anura)"</a>. BMC Developmental Biology. 20 (1): 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12861-020-00221-5">10.1186/s12861-020-00221-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7388516">7388516</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32723314">32723314</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255787646">255787646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Developmental+Biology&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+and+developmental+considerations+of+the+diet+and+gut+morphology+in+ceratophryid+tadpoles+%28Anura%29&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7388516%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255787646%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32723314&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12861-020-00221-5&rft.aulast=Fabrezi&rft.aufirst=Marissa&rft.au=Cruz%2C+Julio+C%C3%A9sar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7388516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalinsky" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Balinsky, Boris Ivan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/25677/animal-development/63769/Metamorphosis">"Animal development: Metamorphosis"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animal+development%3A+Metamorphosis&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Balinsky&rft.aufirst=Boris+Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F25677%2Fanimal-development%2F63769%2FMetamorphosis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMattison,_Chris2011" class="citation book cs1">Mattison, Chris (2011). Frogs and Toads of the Worlds. Princeton University Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14968-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14968-4"><bdi>978-0-691-14968-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frogs+and+Toads+of+the+Worlds&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14968-4&rft.au=Mattison%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMattison,_Chris2011" class="citation book cs1">Mattison, Chris (2011). Frogs and Toads of the Worlds. Princeton University Press. pp. 65–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14968-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14968-4"><bdi>978-0-691-14968-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frogs+and+Toads+of+the+Worlds&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14968-4&rft.au=Mattison%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuellman,_W._E.Zug,_G._R." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Duellman, W. E.; Zug, G. R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/Anura/Natural-history#ref40605">"Anura: Feeding habits"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anura%3A+Feeding+habits&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.au=Duellman%2C+W.+E.&rft.au=Zug%2C+G.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fanimal%2FAnura%2FNatural-history%23ref40605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde-Oliveira-NogueiraSouzaMachadoFigueiredo-de-Andrade2023" class="citation journal cs1">de-Oliveira-Nogueira, Carlos Henrique; Souza, Ubiratã Ferreira; Machado, Thaynara Mendes; Figueiredo-de-Andrade, Caio Antônio; Mônico, Alexander Tamanini; Sazima, Ivan; Sazima, Marlies; Toledo, Luís Felipe (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352249623000101">"Between fruits, flowers and nectar: The extraordinary diet of the frog Xenohyla truncata"</a>. Food Webs. 35: e00281. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023FWebs..3500281D">2023FWebs..3500281D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fooweb.2023.e00281">10.1016/j.fooweb.2023.e00281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Webs&rft.atitle=Between+fruits%2C+flowers+and+nectar%3A+The+extraordinary+diet+of+the+frog+Xenohyla+truncata&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=e00281&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fooweb.2023.e00281&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023FWebs..3500281D&rft.aulast=de-Oliveira-Nogueira&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Henrique&rft.au=Souza%2C+Ubirat%C3%A3+Ferreira&rft.au=Machado%2C+Thaynara+Mendes&rft.au=Figueiredo-de-Andrade%2C+Caio+Ant%C3%B4nio&rft.au=M%C3%B4nico%2C+Alexander+Tamanini&rft.au=Sazima%2C+Ivan&rft.au=Sazima%2C+Marlies&rft.au=Toledo%2C+Lu%C3%ADs+Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2352249623000101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDa_Silva,_H._R.De_Britto-Pereira,_X._C.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Da Silva, H. R.; De Britto-Pereira, X. C. (2006). "How much fruit do fruit-eating frogs eat? An investigation on the diet of Xenohyla truncata (Lissamphibia: Anura: Hylidae)". Journal of Zoology. 270 (4): 692–698. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.2006.00192.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00192.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=How+much+fruit+do+fruit-eating+frogs+eat%3F+An+investigation+on+the+diet+of+Xenohyla+truncata+%28Lissamphibia%3A+Anura%3A+Hylidae%29&rft.volume=270&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E692-%3C%2Fspan%3E698&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.2006.00192.x&rft.au=Da+Silva%2C+H.+R.&rft.au=De+Britto-Pereira%2C+X.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407060239/http://www.herpetologynotes.seh-herpetology.org/Volume7_PDFs/Camera_HerpetologyNotes_volume7_pages31-36.pdf">"Diet of the Neotropical frog Leptodactylus mystaceus"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herpetologynotes.seh-herpetology.org/Volume7_PDFs/Camera_HerpetologyNotes_volume7_pages31-36.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diet+of+the+Neotropical+frog+Leptodactylus+mystaceus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herpetologynotes.seh-herpetology.org%2FVolume7_PDFs%2FCamera_HerpetologyNotes_volume7_pages31-36.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCameraKrinskiCalvo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Camera, Bruno F.; Krinski, Diones; Calvo, Isabella A. (February 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030141/http://www.herpetologynotes.seh-herpetology.org/Volume7_PDFs/Camera_HerpetologyNotes_volume7_pages31-36.pdf">"Diet of the Neotropical frog Leptodactylus mystaceus (Anura: Leptodactylidae)"</a> (PDF). Herpetology Notes. 7: 31–36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herpetologynotes.seh-herpetology.org/Volume7_PDFs/Camera_HerpetologyNotes_volume7_pages31-36.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herpetology+Notes&rft.atitle=Diet+of+the+Neotropical+frog+Leptodactylus+mystaceus+%28Anura%3A+Leptodactylidae%29&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft.aulast=Camera&rft.aufirst=Bruno+F.&rft.au=Krinski%2C+Diones&rft.au=Calvo%2C+Isabella+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herpetologynotes.seh-herpetology.org%2FVolume7_PDFs%2FCamera_HerpetologyNotes_volume7_pages31-36.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDas1996" class="citation journal cs1">Das, I. (April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/11519/1/100-%20Das%20%28Folivory%20in%20Rana%20hexadactyla%29.pdf">"Folivory and seasonal changes in diet in Rana hexadactyla (Anura: Ranidae)"</a> (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 238 (4): 785–794. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1996.tb05430.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05430.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Folivory+and+seasonal+changes+in+diet+in+Rana+hexadactyla+%28Anura%3A+Ranidae%29&rft.volume=238&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E785-%3C%2Fspan%3E794&rft.date=1996-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1996.tb05430.x&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.unimas.my%2Fid%2Feprint%2F11519%2F1%2F100-%2520Das%2520%2528Folivory%2520in%2520Rana%2520hexadactyla%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMattison,_Chris2011" class="citation book cs1">Mattison, Chris (2011). Frogs and Toads of the Worlds. Princeton University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14968-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14968-4"><bdi>978-0-691-14968-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frogs+and+Toads+of+the+Worlds&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14968-4&rft.au=Mattison%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraham,_Donna" class="citation web cs1">Graham, Donna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623230955/http://www3.northern.edu/natsource/AMPHIB1/Northe1.htm">"Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens)"</a>. An Educator's Guide to South Dakota's Natural Resources. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.northern.edu/natsource/AMPHIB1/Northe1.htm">the original</a> on June 23, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Educator%27s+Guide+to+South+Dakota%27s+Natural+Resources&rft.atitle=Northern+leopard+frog+%28Rana+pipiens%29&rft.au=Graham%2C+Donna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.northern.edu%2Fnatsource%2FAMPHIB1%2FNorthe1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPimm,_Stuart_L.1979" class="citation journal cs1">Pimm, Stuart L. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927230926/http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/pimm/publications/pimmreprints/12_Pimm_TPB_1979.pdf">"The structure of food webs"</a> (PDF). Theoretical Population Biology. 16 (2): 144–158. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979TPBio..16..144P">1979TPBio..16..144P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-5809%2879%2990010-8">10.1016/0040-5809(79)90010-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/538731">538731</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/pimm/publications/pimmreprints/12_Pimm_TPB_1979.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+Population+Biology&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+food+webs&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F538731&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0040-5809%2879%2990010-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979TPBio..16..144P&rft.au=Pimm%2C+Stuart+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nicholas.duke.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fpimm%2Fpublications%2Fpimmreprints%2F12_Pimm_TPB_1979.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthews,_K._R.Miaud,_C.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, K. R.; Miaud, C. (2007). "A skeletochronological study of the age structure, growth, and longevity of the mountain yellow-legged frog, Rana muscosa, in the Sierra Nevada, California". Copeia. 2007 (4): 986–993. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1643%2F0045-8511%282007%297%5B986%3AASSOTA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[986:ASSOTA]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0045-8511">0045-8511</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86237494">86237494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copeia&rft.atitle=A+skeletochronological+study+of+the+age+structure%2C+growth%2C+and+longevity+of+the+mountain+yellow-legged+frog%2C+Rana+muscosa%2C+in+the+Sierra+Nevada%2C+California&rft.volume=2007&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E986-%3C%2Fspan%3E993&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86237494%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0045-8511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1643%2F0045-8511%282007%297%5B986%3AASSOTA%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.au=Matthews%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Miaud%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlavens,_FrankSlavens,_Kate" class="citation web cs1">Slavens, Frank; Slavens, Kate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120818221708/http://www.pondturtle.com/lfrog.html">"Frog and toad index"</a>. Longevity. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pondturtle.com/lfrog.html">the original</a> on August 18, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Longevity&rft.atitle=Frog+and+toad+index&rft.au=Slavens%2C+Frank&rft.au=Slavens%2C+Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pondturtle.com%2Flfrog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStorey1990" class="citation journal cs1">Storey, KB (1990). "Life in a frozen state: adaptive strategies for natural freeze tolerance in amphibians and reptiles". American Journal of Physiology. 258 (3 Pt 2): 559–568. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpregu.1990.258.3.R559">10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.3.R559</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2180324">2180324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=Life+in+a+frozen+state%3A+adaptive+strategies+for+natural+freeze+tolerance+in+amphibians+and+reptiles&rft.volume=258&rft.issue=3+Pt+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E559-%3C%2Fspan%3E568&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpregu.1990.258.3.R559&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2180324&rft.aulast=Storey&rft.aufirst=KB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrump1996" class="citation book cs1">Crump, M. L. (1996). "Parental care among the Amphibia". Parental Care: Evolution, Mechanisms, and Adaptive Significance. Advances in the Study of Behavior. Vol. 25. pp. 109–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-3454%2808%2960331-9">10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60331-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-004525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-004525-9"><bdi>978-0-12-004525-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parental+care+among+the+Amphibia&rft.btitle=Parental+Care%3A+Evolution%2C+Mechanisms%2C+and+Adaptive+Significance&rft.series=Advances+in+the+Study+of+Behavior&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-3454%2808%2960331-9&rft.isbn=978-0-12-004525-9&rft.aulast=Crump&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown1-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown1_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown1_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown1_174-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownMoralesSummers2010" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, J. L.; Morales, V.; Summers, K. (2010). "A key ecological trait drove the evolution of biparental care and monogamy in an amphibian". American Naturalist. 175 (4): 436–446. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F650727">10.1086/650727</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20180700">20180700</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20270737">20270737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=A+key+ecological+trait+drove+the+evolution+of+biparental+care+and+monogamy+in+an+amphibian&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E436-%3C%2Fspan%3E446&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20270737%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20180700&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F650727&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft.au=Morales%2C+V.&rft.au=Summers%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheridanOcock2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sheridan, Jennifer A.; Ocock, Joanne F. (2008). "Parental care in Chiromantis hansenae (Anura: Rhacophoridae)". Copeia. 2008 (4): 733–736. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1643%2FCH-07-225">10.1643/CH-07-225</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85122799">85122799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copeia&rft.atitle=Parental+care+in+Chiromantis+hansenae+%28Anura%3A+Rhacophoridae%29&rft.volume=2008&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E733-%3C%2Fspan%3E736&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1643%2FCH-07-225&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85122799%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+A.&rft.au=Ocock%2C+Joanne+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownMoralesSummers2008a" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, J. L.; Morales, V.; Summers, K. (2008a). "Divergence in parental care, habitat selection and larval life history between two species of Peruvian poison frogs: An experimental analysis". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 21 (6): 1534–1543. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1420-9101.2008.01609.x">10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01609.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18811668">18811668</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29546555">29546555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Divergence+in+parental+care%2C+habitat+selection+and+larval+life+history+between+two+species+of+Peruvian+poison+frogs%3A+An+experimental+analysis&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1534-%3C%2Fspan%3E1543&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29546555%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18811668&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1420-9101.2008.01609.x&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft.au=Morales%2C+V.&rft.au=Summers%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant,_T.Frost,_D._R.Caldwell,_J._P.Gagliardo,_R.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Grant, T.; Frost, D. R.; Caldwell, J. P.; Gagliardo, R.; Haddad, C. F. B.; Kok, P. J. R.; Means, D. B.; Noonan, B. P.; Schargel, W. E.; Wheeler, W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404073816/http://www.dendrobates.org/articles/Grant2006.pdf">"Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia, Athesphatanura, Dendrobatidae)"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 299: 1–262. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.693.8392">10.1.1.693.8392</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1206%2F0003-0090%282006%29299%5B1%3APSODFA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1206/0003-0090(2006)299[1:PSODFA]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F5803">2246/5803</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0090">0003-0090</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82263880">82263880</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dendrobates.org/articles/Grant2006.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 4, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+systematics+of+dart-poison+frogs+and+their+relatives+%28Amphibia%2C+Athesphatanura%2C+Dendrobatidae%29&rft.volume=299&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E262&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2246%2F5803&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A82263880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1206%2F0003-0090%282006%29299%5B1%3APSODFA%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.693.8392%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.issn=0003-0090&rft.au=Grant%2C+T.&rft.au=Frost%2C+D.+R.&rft.au=Caldwell%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Gagliardo%2C+R.&rft.au=Haddad%2C+C.+F.+B.&rft.au=Kok%2C+P.+J.+R.&rft.au=Means%2C+D.+B.&rft.au=Noonan%2C+B.+P.&rft.au=Schargel%2C+W.+E.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdendrobates.org%2Farticles%2FGrant2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wijngaarden,_RenéBolaños,_Federico1992" class="citation journal cs1">van Wijngaarden, René; Bolaños, Federico (1992). "Parental care in Dendrobates granuliferus (Anura: Dendrobatidae), with a description of the tadpole". Journal of Herpetology. 26 (1): 102–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1565037">10.2307/1565037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1565037">1565037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Herpetology&rft.atitle=Parental+care+in+Dendrobates+granuliferus+%28Anura%3A+Dendrobatidae%29%2C+with+a+description+of+the+tadpole&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1565037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1565037%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=van+Wijngaarden%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Bola%C3%B1os%2C+Federico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFandiño,_María_ClaudiaLüddecke,_HorstAmézquita,_Adolfo1997" class="citation journal cs1">Fandiño, María Claudia; Lüddecke, Horst; Amézquita, Adolfo (1997). "Vocalisation and larval transportation of male Colostethus subpunctatus (Anura: Dendrobatidae)". Amphibia-Reptilia. 18 (1): 39–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853897X00297">10.1163/156853897X00297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amphibia-Reptilia&rft.atitle=Vocalisation+and+larval+transportation+of+male+Colostethus+subpunctatus+%28Anura%3A+Dendrobatidae%29&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853897X00297&rft.au=Fandi%C3%B1o%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Claudia&rft.au=L%C3%BCddecke%2C+Horst&rft.au=Am%C3%A9zquita%2C+Adolfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herpfrance.com/amphibian/common_midwife_toad_alytes_obstetricans.php">"Common midwife toad, Alytes obstetricans"</a>. Repties et Amphibiens de France. Retrieved July 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Repties+et+Amphibiens+de+France&rft.atitle=Common+midwife+toad%2C+Alytes+obstetricans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herpfrance.com%2Famphibian%2Fcommon_midwife_toad_alytes_obstetricans.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603175135/http://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/lifesciences/staff/malcolmkennedy/malcolmkennedy/proteinsoffrogfoamnests/">"Proteins of frog foam nests"</a>. University of Glasgow. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/lifesciences/staff/malcolmkennedy/malcolmkennedy/proteinsoffrogfoamnests/">the original</a> on June 3, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proteins+of+frog+foam+nests&rft.pub=University+of+Glasgow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gla.ac.uk%2Fschools%2Flifesciences%2Fstaff%2Fmalcolmkennedy%2Fmalcolmkennedy%2Fproteinsoffrogfoamnests%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalgetty,_LauraKennedy,_Malcolm_W.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dalgetty, Laura; Kennedy, Malcolm W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880057">"Building a home from foam—túngara frog foam nest architecture and three-phase construction process"</a>. Biology Letters. 6 (3): 293–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0934">10.1098/rsbl.2009.0934</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880057">2880057</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20106853">20106853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Building+a+home+from+foam%E2%80%94t%C3%BAngara+frog+foam+nest+architecture+and+three-phase+construction+process&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2880057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20106853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0934&rft.au=Dalgetty%2C+Laura&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Malcolm+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2880057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frogs.org.au/frogs/species/Assa/darlingtoni/">"Assa darlingtoni"</a>. Frogs Australia Network. 2005. Retrieved August 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frogs+Australia+Network&rft.atitle=Assa+darlingtoni&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrogs.org.au%2Ffrogs%2Fspecies%2FAssa%2Fdarlingtoni%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSemeyn,_E.2002" class="citation web cs1">Semeyn, E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rheobatrachus_silus.html">"Rheobatrachus silus"</a>. Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved August 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animal+Diversity+Web&rft.atitle=Rheobatrachus+silus&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Semeyn%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu%2Fsite%2Faccounts%2Finformation%2FRheobatrachus_silus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSandmeier,_Fran2001" class="citation web cs1">Sandmeier, Fran (March 12, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Rhinoderma&where-species=darwinii">"Rhinoderma darwinii"</a>. AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved August 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AmphibiaWeb&rft.atitle=Rhinoderma+darwinii&rft.date=2001-03-12&rft.au=Sandmeier%2C+Fran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famphibiaweb.org%2Fcgi%2Famphib_query%3Fwhere-genus%3DRhinoderma%26where-species%3Ddarwinii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarthalmus,_George_T.Zielinski,_William_J.1988" class="citation journal cs1">Barthalmus, George T.; Zielinski, William J. (1988). "Xenopus skin mucus induces oral dyskinesias that promote escape from snakes". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 30 (4): 957–959. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0091-3057%2888%2990126-8">10.1016/0091-3057(88)90126-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3227042">3227042</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25434883">25434883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacology+Biochemistry+and+Behavior&rft.atitle=Xenopus+skin+mucus+induces+oral+dyskinesias+that+promote+escape+from+snakes&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E957-%3C%2Fspan%3E959&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25434883%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3227042&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0091-3057%2888%2990126-8&rft.au=Barthalmus%2C+George+T.&rft.au=Zielinski%2C+William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarst,_Catherine_R.Cummings,_Molly_E.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Darst, Catherine R.; Cummings, Molly E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04297">"Predator learning favours mimicry of a less-toxic model in poison frogs"</a>. Nature. 440 (7081): 208–211. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.440..208D">2006Natur.440..208D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04297">10.1038/nature04297</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16525472">16525472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Predator+learning+favours+mimicry+of+a+less-toxic+model+in+poison+frogs&rft.volume=440&rft.issue=7081&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E208-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16525472&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04297&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.440..208D&rft.au=Darst%2C+Catherine+R.&rft.au=Cummings%2C+Molly+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnature04297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMyersDaly,_J._W.1983" class="citation journal cs1">Myers, C. W.; Daly, J. W. (1983). "Dart-poison frogs". Scientific American. 248 (2): 120–133. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983SciAm.248b.120M">1983SciAm.248b.120M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0283-120">10.1038/scientificamerican0283-120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6836257">6836257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Dart-poison+frogs&rft.volume=248&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6836257&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0283-120&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983SciAm.248b.120M&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rft.au=Daly%2C+J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSavage2002" class="citation book cs1">Savage, J. M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amphibiansreptil0000sava">The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916984-16-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916984-16-8"><bdi>978-0-916984-16-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amphibians+and+Reptiles+of+Costa+Rica&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-916984-16-8&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famphibiansreptil0000sava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuellman1978" class="citation journal cs1">Duellman, W. E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110704040530/http://200.31.31.2/Recursos/publicaciones/Cientifica/dulleman1978.pdf">"The Biology of an Equatorial Herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador"</a> (PDF). University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication. 65. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://200.31.31.2/Recursos/publicaciones/Cientifica/dulleman1978.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Kansas+Museum+of+Natural+History+Miscellaneous+Publication&rft.atitle=The+Biology+of+an+Equatorial+Herpetofauna+in+Amazonian+Ecuador&rft.volume=65&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Duellman&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F200.31.31.2%2FRecursos%2Fpublicaciones%2FCientifica%2Fdulleman1978.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaporitoGarraffo,_H._M.Donnelly,_M._A.Edwards,_A._L.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Saporito, R.A.; Garraffo, H. M.; Donnelly, M. A.; Edwards, A. L.; Longino, J. T.; Daly, J. W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC419554">"Formicine ants: an arthropod source for the pumiliotoxin alkaloids of dendrobatid poison frogs"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (21): 8045–8050. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..101.8045S">2004PNAS..101.8045S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0402365101">10.1073/pnas.0402365101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC419554">419554</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15128938">15128938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Formicine+ants%3A+an+arthropod+source+for+the+pumiliotoxin+alkaloids+of+dendrobatid+poison+frogs&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8045-%3C%2Fspan%3E8050&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC419554%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15128938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0402365101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PNAS..101.8045S&rft.aulast=Saporito&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rft.au=Garraffo%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=Donnelly%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+A.+L.&rft.au=Longino%2C+J.+T.&rft.au=Daly%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC419554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmithTyler,_M._J.Kaneko,_T.Garraffo,_H._M.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, B. P.; Tyler, M. J.; Kaneko, T.; Garraffo, H. M.; Spande, T. F.; Daly, J. W. (2002). "Evidence for biosynthesis of pseudophrynamine alkaloids by an Australian myobatrachid frog (Pseudophryne) and for sequestration of dietary pumiliotoxins". Journal of Natural Products. 65 (4): 439–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnp010506a">10.1021/np010506a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11975476">11975476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Natural+Products&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+biosynthesis+of+pseudophrynamine+alkaloids+by+an+Australian+myobatrachid+frog+%28Pseudophryne%29+and+for+sequestration+of+dietary+pumiliotoxins&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E439-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fnp010506a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11975476&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=B.+P.&rft.au=Tyler%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Kaneko%2C+T.&rft.au=Garraffo%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=Spande%2C+T.+F.&rft.au=Daly%2C+J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant,_T." class="citation web cs1">Grant, T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/frogs-a-chorus-of-colors/poison-dart-frog-vivarium">"Poison Dart Frog Vivarium"</a>. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved July 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poison+Dart+Frog+Vivarium&rft.pub=American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.au=Grant%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnh.org%2Fexhibitions%2Fpast-exhibitions%2Ffrogs-a-chorus-of-colors%2Fpoison-dart-frog-vivarium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArnoldOvenden,_Denys2002" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Nicholas; Ovenden, Denys (2002). Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe. Harper Collins Publishers. pp. 73–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-219964-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-219964-3"><bdi>978-0-00-219964-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reptiles+and+Amphibians+of+Britain+and+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-00-219964-3&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Ovenden%2C+Denys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayes,_Floyd_E.1989" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, Floyd E. (1989). "Antipredator behavior of recently metamorphosed toads (Bufo a. americanus) during encounters with garter snakes (Thamnophis s. sirtalis)". Copeia. 1989 (4): 1011–1015. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1445987">10.2307/1445987</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1445987">1445987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copeia&rft.atitle=Antipredator+behavior+of+recently+metamorphosed+toads+%28Bufo+a.+americanus%29+during+encounters+with+garter+snakes+%28Thamnophis+s.+sirtalis%29&rft.volume=1989&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1011-%3C%2Fspan%3E1015&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1445987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1445987%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Floyd+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040306180404/http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngexplorer/0403/articles/mainarticle.html">"Freaky Frogs"</a>. National Geographic Explorer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngexplorer/0403/articles/mainarticle.html">the original</a> on March 6, 2004. Retrieved July 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freaky+Frogs&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Explorer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagma.nationalgeographic.com%2Fngexplorer%2F0403%2Farticles%2Fmainarticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerrell2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ferrell, Vance (March 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505220038/http://www.evolution-facts.org/Ev-V3/3evlch27.htm">"Geographical Distribution"</a>. Evolution Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. Evolution Facts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evolution-facts.org/Ev-V3/3evlch27.htm">the original</a> on May 5, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geographical+Distribution&rft.btitle=Evolution+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Evolution+Facts&rft.date=2012-03-04&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.aufirst=Vance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevolution-facts.org%2FEv-V3%2F3evlch27.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyan2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ryan, Paddy (September 25, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/frogs/">"Story: Frogs"</a>. The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved August 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Story%3A+Frogs&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2011-09-25&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Paddy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Ffrogs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDahl,_ChrisNovotny,_VojtechMoravec,_JiriRichards,_Stephen_J.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dahl, Chris; Novotny, Vojtech; Moravec, Jiri; Richards, Stephen J. (2009). "Beta diversity of frogs in the forests of New Guinea, Amazonia and Europe: contrasting tropical and temperate communities". Journal of Biogeography. 36 (5): 896–904. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JBiog..36..896D">2009JBiog..36..896D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2008.02042.x">10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02042.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13067241">13067241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biogeography&rft.atitle=Beta+diversity+of+frogs+in+the+forests+of+New+Guinea%2C+Amazonia+and+Europe%3A+contrasting+tropical+and+temperate+communities&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E896-%3C%2Fspan%3E904&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13067241%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2008.02042.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JBiog..36..896D&rft.au=Dahl%2C+Chris&rft.au=Novotny%2C+Vojtech&rft.au=Moravec%2C+Jiri&rft.au=Richards%2C+Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frogs.org.au/frogs/species/Cyclorana/platycephala/">"Cyclorana platycephala"</a>. Frogs Australia Network. February 23, 2005. Retrieved July 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyclorana+platycephala&rft.pub=Frogs+Australia+Network&rft.date=2005-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrogs.org.au%2Ffrogs%2Fspecies%2FCyclorana%2Fplatycephala%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoekstra,_J._M.Molnar,_J._L.Jennings,_M.Revenga,_C.2010" class="citation web cs1">Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://app.databasin.org/app/pages/datasetPage.jsp?id=461e58214aa54ad79382066ab829c05f">"Number of Globally Threatened Amphibian Species by Freshwater Ecoregion"</a>. The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference. The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved September 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlas+of+Global+Conservation%3A+Changes%2C+Challenges%2C+and+Opportunities+to+Make+a+Difference.&rft.atitle=Number+of+Globally+Threatened+Amphibian+Species+by+Freshwater+Ecoregion&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Hoekstra%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Molnar%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Jennings%2C+M.&rft.au=Revenga%2C+C.&rft.au=Spalding%2C+M.+D.&rft.au=Boucher%2C+T.+M.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Heibel%2C+T.+J.&rft.au=Ellison%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapp.databasin.org%2Fapp%2Fpages%2FdatasetPage.jsp%3Fid%3D461e58214aa54ad79382066ab829c05f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuart-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStuartChanson,_J._S.Cox,_N._A.Young,_B._E.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart, S. N.; Chanson, J. S.; Cox, N. A.; Young, B. E.; Rodrigues, A. S. L.; Fischman, D. L.; Waller, R. W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027232036/http://www.natureserve.org/library/gaa_science120304.pdf">"Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide"</a> (PDF). Science. 306 (5702): 1783–1786. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...306.1783S">2004Sci...306.1783S</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.225.9620">10.1.1.225.9620</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1103538">10.1126/science.1103538</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15486254">15486254</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86238651">86238651</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natureserve.org/library/gaa_science120304.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 27, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Status+and+trends+of+amphibian+declines+and+extinctions+worldwide&rft.volume=306&rft.issue=5702&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1783-%3C%2Fspan%3E1786&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86238651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...306.1783S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.225.9620%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15486254&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1103538&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=S.+N.&rft.au=Chanson%2C+J.+S.&rft.au=Cox%2C+N.+A.&rft.au=Young%2C+B.+E.&rft.au=Rodrigues%2C+A.+S.+L.&rft.au=Fischman%2C+D.+L.&rft.au=Waller%2C+R.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.natureserve.org%2Flibrary%2Fgaa_science120304.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPounds,_J._AlanFogden,_Michael_P._L.Savage,_Jay_M.Gorman,_George_C.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Pounds, J. Alan; Fogden, Michael P. L.; Savage, Jay M.; Gorman, George C. (1997). "Tests of null models for amphibian declines on a tropical mountain". Conservation Biology. 11 (6): 1307–1322. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ConBi..11.1307P">1997ConBi..11.1307P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.1997.95485.x">10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95485.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85382659">85382659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Tests+of+null+models+for+amphibian+declines+on+a+tropical+mountain&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1307-%3C%2Fspan%3E1322&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85382659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.1997.95485.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997ConBi..11.1307P&rft.au=Pounds%2C+J.+Alan&rft.au=Fogden%2C+Michael+P.+L.&rft.au=Savage%2C+Jay+M.&rft.au=Gorman%2C+George+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphibiaweb.org/declines/declines.html">"Worldwide Amphibian Declines: How big is the problem, what are the causes and what can be done?"</a>. AmphibiaWeb. January 22, 2009. Retrieved October 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Amphibian+Declines%3A+How+big+is+the+problem%2C+what+are+the+causes+and+what+can+be+done%3F&rft.pub=AmphibiaWeb&rft.date=2009-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famphibiaweb.org%2Fdeclines%2Fdeclines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9506-frogs-toads-and-automobiles--a-fatal-combination.html">"Frog population decrease mostly due to traffic"</a>. New Scientist. July 7, 2006. Retrieved July 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Frog+population+decrease+mostly+due+to+traffic&rft.date=2006-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn9506-frogs-toads-and-automobiles--a-fatal-combination.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVoordouw,_M._J.Adama,_D.Houston,_B.Govindarajulu,_P.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Voordouw, M. J.; Adama, D.; Houston, B.; Govindarajulu, P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846871">"Prevalence of the pathogenic chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, in an endangered population of northern leopard frogs, Rana Pipiens"</a>. BMC Ecology. 10 (6): 6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010BMCE...10....6V">2010BMCE...10....6V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1472-6785-10-6">10.1186/1472-6785-10-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846871">2846871</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20202208">20202208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Ecology&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+the+pathogenic+chytrid+fungus%2C+Batrachochytrium+dendrobatidis%2C+in+an+endangered+population+of+northern+leopard+frogs%2C+Rana+Pipiens&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2846871%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20202208&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1472-6785-10-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010BMCE...10....6V&rft.au=Voordouw%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Adama%2C+D.&rft.au=Houston%2C+B.&rft.au=Govindarajulu%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2846871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarp,_Elizabeth_M.Petranka,_James_W.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Harp, Elizabeth M.; Petranka, James W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7589%2F0090-3558-42.2.307">"Ranavirus in wood frogs (Rana sylvatica): Potential sources of transmission within and between ponds"</a>. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 42 (2): 307–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7589%2F0090-3558-42.2.307">10.7589/0090-3558-42.2.307</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16870853">16870853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Wildlife+Diseases&rft.atitle=Ranavirus+in+wood+frogs+%28Rana+sylvatica%29%3A+Potential+sources+of+transmission+within+and+between+ponds&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E307-%3C%2Fspan%3E318&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7589%2F0090-3558-42.2.307&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16870853&rft.au=Harp%2C+Elizabeth+M.&rft.au=Petranka%2C+James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7589%252F0090-3558-42.2.307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1994" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Kathryn (1994). Tracking the Vanishing Frogs. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024646-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024646-9"><bdi>978-0-14-024646-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracking+the+Vanishing+Frogs&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-14-024646-9&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLips2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lips, Karen R. (2008). "Decline of a tropical montane amphibian fauna". Conservation Biology. 12 (1): 106–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.1998.96359.x">10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96359.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2387466">2387466</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55870526">55870526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Decline+of+a+tropical+montane+amphibian+fauna&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55870526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2387466%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.1998.96359.x&rft.aulast=Lips&rft.aufirst=Karen+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blaustein-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Blaustein_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlaustein,_Andrew_R.Johnson,_Pieter_T._J.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Blaustein, Andrew R.; Johnson, Pieter T. J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213623/http://tiee.ecoed.net/vol/v2/issues/frontier_sets/amphibians/pdf/Frontiers-Blaustein-Johnson.pdf">"The complexity of deformed amphibians"</a> (PDF). Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 1 (2): 87–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F1540-9295%282003%29001%5B0087%3ATCODA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0087:TCODA]2.0.CO;2</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tiee.ecoed.net/vol/v2/issues/frontier_sets/amphibians/pdf/Frontiers-Blaustein-Johnson.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=The+complexity+of+deformed+amphibians&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F1540-9295%282003%29001%5B0087%3ATCODA%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.au=Blaustein%2C+Andrew+R.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Pieter+T.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftiee.ecoed.net%2Fvol%2Fv2%2Fissues%2Ffrontier_sets%2Famphibians%2Fpdf%2FFrontiers-Blaustein-Johnson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurkhart,_J._G.Ankley,_G.Bell,_H.Carpenter,_H.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Burkhart, J. G.; Ankley, G.; Bell, H.; Carpenter, H.; Fort, D.; Gardiner, D.; Gardner, H.; Hale, R.; Helgen, J. C.; Jepson, P.; Johnson, D.; Lannoo, M.; Lee, D.; Lary, J.; Levey, R.; Magner, J.; Meteyer, C.; Shelby, M. D.; Lucier, G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1637865">"Strategies for assessing the implications of malformed frogs for environmental health"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 108 (1): 83–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3454299">10.2307/3454299</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3454299">3454299</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1637865">1637865</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10620528">10620528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Strategies+for+assessing+the+implications+of+malformed+frogs+for+environmental+health&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1637865%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10620528&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3454299%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3454299&rft.au=Burkhart%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Ankley%2C+G.&rft.au=Bell%2C+H.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+H.&rft.au=Fort%2C+D.&rft.au=Gardiner%2C+D.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+H.&rft.au=Hale%2C+R.&rft.au=Helgen%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Jepson%2C+P.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+D.&rft.au=Lannoo%2C+M.&rft.au=Lee%2C+D.&rft.au=Lary%2C+J.&rft.au=Levey%2C+R.&rft.au=Magner%2C+J.&rft.au=Meteyer%2C+C.&rft.au=Shelby%2C+M.+D.&rft.au=Lucier%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1637865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack,_Richard2005" class="citation news cs1">Black, Richard (October 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4298050.stm">"New frog centre for London Zoo"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved November 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=New+frog+centre+for+London+Zoo&rft.date=2005-10-02&rft.au=Black%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F4298050.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512065637/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/recovery/p-corroboree/part4.html">"National recovery plan for the Southern Corroboree Frog (Pseudophryne corroboree): 5. Previous recovery actions"</a>. Environment.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/recovery/p-corroboree/part4.html">the original</a> on May 12, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+recovery+plan+for+the+Southern+Corroboree+Frog+%28Pseudophryne+corroboree%29%3A+5.+Previous+recovery+actions&rft.pub=Environment.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fbiodiversity%2Fthreatened%2Fpublications%2Frecovery%2Fp-corroboree%2Fpart4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180510/http://www.bgci.org/ourwork/news/0477">"2008: Year of the Frog"</a>. January 15, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgci.org/ourwork/news/0477/">the original</a> on April 21, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2008%3A+Year+of+the+Frog&rft.date=2008-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgci.org%2Fourwork%2Fnews%2F0477%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTyler1989" class="citation book cs1">Tyler, Michael J. (1989). Australian Frogs. Penguin Books. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-90123-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-90123-4"><bdi>978-0-670-90123-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Frogs&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-670-90123-4&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCameron,_Elizabeth2012" class="citation web cs1">Cameron, Elizabeth (September 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australian.museum/learn/animals/frogs/cane-toad/">"Cane toad"</a>. Australian Museum. Retrieved September 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cane+toad&rft.pub=Australian+Museum&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faustralian.museum%2Flearn%2Fanimals%2Ffrogs%2Fcane-toad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc_news-217"><a href="#cite_ref-abc_news_217-0">^</a> ̺<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrahic2009" class="citation news cs1">Brahic, Catherine (January 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=6688391&page=1">"Appetite For Frogs' Legs Harming Wild Populations"</a>. abc news.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=abc+news&rft.atitle=Appetite+For+Frogs%27+Legs+Harming+Wild+Populations&rft.date=2009-01-20&rft.aulast=Brahic&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FTechnology%2Fstory%3Fid%3D6688391%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warkentin-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Warkentin_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarkentin,_I._G.Bickford,_D.Sodhi,_N._S.Corey,_J._A.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Warkentin, I. G.; Bickford, D.; Sodhi, N. S.; Corey, J. A. (2009). "Eating frogs to extinction". Conservation Biology. 23 (4): 1056–1059. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ConBi..23.1056W">2009ConBi..23.1056W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2008.01165.x">10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01165.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19210303">19210303</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1837255">1837255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Eating+frogs+to+extinction&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1056-%3C%2Fspan%3E1059&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2008.01165.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1837255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19210303&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ConBi..23.1056W&rft.au=Warkentin%2C+I.+G.&rft.au=Bickford%2C+D.&rft.au=Sodhi%2C+N.+S.&rft.au=Corey%2C+J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Rana_catesbeiana/en">"Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme: Rana catesbeiana"</a>. FAO: Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Retrieved July 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultured+Aquatic+Species+Information+Programme%3A+Rana+catesbeiana&rft.pub=FAO%3A+Fisheries+and+Aquaculture+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fculturedspecies%2FRana_catesbeiana%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyan_Schuessler2016" class="citation web cs1">Ryan Schuessler (January 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129185426/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/01/160128-mountain-chicken-frog-endangered-animals/">"The Mountain Chicken Frog's First Problem: It Tastes Like..."</a> National Geographic News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/01/160128-mountain-chicken-frog-endangered-animals/">the original</a> on January 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=The+Mountain+Chicken+Frog%27s+First+Problem%3A+It+Tastes+Like...&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft.au=Ryan+Schuessler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F01%2F160128-mountain-chicken-frog-endangered-animals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TwainWarner1904-221"><a href="#cite_ref-TwainWarner1904_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMark_TwainCharles_Dudley_Warner1904" class="citation book cs1">Mark Twain; Charles Dudley Warner (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sKdGAQAAMAAJ&q=mark+twain++possum,+coon+and+prairie+hen&pg=PA263">The Writings of Mark Twain [pseud.].: A tramp abroad</a>. Harper & Bros. p. 263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writings+of+Mark+Twain+%26%2391%3Bpseud.%26%2393%3B.%3A+A+tramp+abroad&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Bros.&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Mark+Twain&rft.au=Charles+Dudley+Warner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsKdGAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmark%2Btwain%2B%2Bpossum%2C%2Bcoon%2Band%2Bprairie%2Bhen%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awionline.org/content/california-schools-leading-race-stop-dissections">"California Schools Leading Race to Stop Dissections"</a>. Animal Welfare Institute. April 25, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Welfare+Institute&rft.atitle=California+Schools+Leading+Race+to+Stop+Dissections&rft.date=2011-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawionline.org%2Fcontent%2Fcalifornia-schools-leading-race-stop-dissections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWells1859" class="citation book cs1">Wells, David Ames (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajQAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA290">The science of common things: a familiar explanation of the first principles of physical science. For schools, families, and young students</a>. Ivison, Phinney, Blakeman. p. 290.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+science+of+common+things%3A+a+familiar+explanation+of+the+first+principles+of+physical+science.+For+schools%2C+families%2C+and+young+students&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Ivison%2C+Phinney%2C+Blakeman&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=David+Ames&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajQAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Stannius_ligature">"Stannius ligature"</a>. Biology online. October 3, 2005. Retrieved August 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biology+online&rft.atitle=Stannius+ligature&rft.date=2005-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biology-online.org%2Fdictionary%2FStannius_ligature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1996" class="citation journal cs1">Sarkar, S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1207007">"Lancelot Hogben, 1895–1975"</a>. Genetics. 142 (3): 655–660. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F142.3.655">10.1093/genetics/142.3.655</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1207007">1207007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8849876">8849876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=Lancelot+Hogben%2C+1895%E2%80%931975&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E655-%3C%2Fspan%3E660&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1207007%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8849876&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F142.3.655&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1207007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownlee,_Christen" class="citation web cs1">Brownlee, Christen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014105435/http://www.pnas.org/site/misc/classics4.shtml">"Nuclear Transfer: Bringing in the Clones"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/site/misc/classics4.shtml">the original</a> on October 14, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Transfer%3A+Bringing+in+the+Clones&rft.au=Brownlee%2C+Christen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fsite%2Fmisc%2Fclassics4.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrowder,_L.Iten,_L.1998" class="citation web cs1">Browder, L.; Iten, L., eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.ucalgary.ca/~browder/frogsrus.html">"Xenopus as a Model System in Developmental Biology"</a>. Dynamic Development. University of Calgary. Retrieved June 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dynamic+Development&rft.atitle=Xenopus+as+a+Model+System+in+Developmental+Biology&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.ucalgary.ca%2F~browder%2Ffrogsrus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlein,_S." class="citation web cs1">Klein, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HD-01-008.html">"Developing the potential of Xenopus tropicalis as a genetic model"</a>. Trans-NIH Xenopus Working Group. Retrieved March 9, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Developing+the+potential+of+Xenopus+tropicalis+as+a+genetic+model&rft.pub=Trans-NIH+Xenopus+Working+Group&rft.au=Klein%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrants.nih.gov%2Fgrants%2Fguide%2Frfa-files%2FRFA-HD-01-008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713120919/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/browse/#!/overview/Amphibia">"Genome List – Genome"</a>. NCBI. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/browse/#!/overview/Amphibia">the original</a> on July 13, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI&rft.atitle=Genome+List+%E2%80%93+Genome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fgenome%2Fbrowse%2F%23%21%2Foverview%2FAmphibia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVanCompernolleTaylorOswald-RichterJiang2005" class="citation journal cs1">VanCompernolle, S. E.; Taylor, R. J.; Oswald-Richter, K.; Jiang, J.; Youree, B. E.; Bowie, J. H.; Tyler, M. J.; Conlon, M.; Wade, D.; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1212620">"Antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin potently inhibit human immunodeficiency virus infection and transfer of virus from dendritic cells to T cells"</a>. Journal of Virology. 79 (18): 11598–11606. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.79.18.11598-11606.2005">10.1128/JVI.79.18.11598-11606.2005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1212620">1212620</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16140737">16140737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Virology&rft.atitle=Antimicrobial+peptides+from+amphibian+skin+potently+inhibit+human+immunodeficiency+virus+infection+and+transfer+of+virus+from+dendritic+cells+to+T+cells&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11598-%3C%2Fspan%3E11606&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1212620%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16140737&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJVI.79.18.11598-11606.2005&rft.aulast=VanCompernolle&rft.aufirst=S.+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Oswald-Richter%2C+K.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+J.&rft.au=Youree%2C+B.+E.&rft.au=Bowie%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Tyler%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Conlon%2C+M.&rft.au=Wade%2C+D.&rft.au=Aiken%2C+C.&rft.au=Dermody%2C+T.+S.&rft.au=KewalRamani%2C+V.+N.&rft.au=Rollins-Smith%2C+L.+A.&rft.au=Unutmaz%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1212620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillipeAngenot2005" class="citation journal cs1">Phillipe, G.; Angenot, L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/16897">"Recent developments in the field of arrow and dart poisons"</a>. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 100 (1–2): 85–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2005.05.022">10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15993556">15993556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnopharmacology&rft.atitle=Recent+developments+in+the+field+of+arrow+and+dart+poisons&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jep.2005.05.022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15993556&rft.aulast=Phillipe&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Angenot%2C+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbi.ulg.ac.be%2Fhandle%2F2268%2F16897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyttle,_T.Goldstein,_D.Gartz,_J.1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lyttle, T.; Goldstein, D.; Gartz, J. (1996). "Bufo toads and bufotenine: fact and fiction surrounding an alleged psychedelic". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 28 (3): 267–290. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.688.5926">10.1.1.688.5926</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02791072.1996.10472488">10.1080/02791072.1996.10472488</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8895112">8895112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychoactive+Drugs&rft.atitle=Bufo+toads+and+bufotenine%3A+fact+and+fiction+surrounding+an+alleged+psychedelic&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.688.5926%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8895112&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02791072.1996.10472488&rft.au=Lyttle%2C+T.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+D.&rft.au=Gartz%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyttle,_T.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Lyttle, T. (1993). "Misuse and legend in the "toad licking" phenomenon". International Journal of the Addictions. 28 (6): 521–538. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F10826089309039645">10.3109/10826089309039645</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8486435">8486435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Addictions&rft.atitle=Misuse+and+legend+in+the+%22toad+licking%22+phenomenon&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E521-%3C%2Fspan%3E538&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F10826089309039645&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8486435&rft.au=Lyttle%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dartpoison-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dartpoison_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dartpoison_234-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMyers,_Charles_W.Daly,_John_W.Malkin,_Borys1978" class="citation journal cs1">Myers, Charles W.; Daly, John W.; Malkin, Borys (1978). "A dangerously toxic new frog (Phyllobates) used by Emberá Indians of western Colombia, with discussion of blowgun fabrication and dart poisoning". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 161: 307–366. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F1286">2246/1286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=A+dangerously+toxic+new+frog+%28Phyllobates%29+used+by+Ember%C3%A1+Indians+of+western+Colombia%2C+with+discussion+of+blowgun+fabrication+and+dart+poisoning&rft.volume=161&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E307-%3C%2Fspan%3E366&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2246%2F1286&rft.au=Myers%2C+Charles+W.&rft.au=Daly%2C+John+W.&rft.au=Malkin%2C+Borys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-culture-235"><a href="#cite_ref-culture_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMattison,_Chris2011" class="citation book cs1">Mattison, Chris (2011). Frogs and Toads of the Worlds. Princeton University Press. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14968-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14968-4"><bdi>978-0-691-14968-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frogs+and+Toads+of+the+Worlds&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14968-4&rft.au=Mattison%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSleigh,_Charlotee2012" class="citation book cs1">Sleigh, Charlotee (2012). Frog. Reaktion Books. pp. 40–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-920-0"><bdi>978-1-86189-920-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frog&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-920-0&rft.au=Sleigh%2C+Charlotee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSleigh,_Charlotee2012" class="citation book cs1">Sleigh, Charlotee (2012). Frog. Reaktion Books. pp. 167–175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-920-0"><bdi>978-1-86189-920-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frog&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-920-0&rft.au=Sleigh%2C+Charlotee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeltz2005" class="citation book cs1">Beltz, Ellin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frogs00elli">Frogs: Inside their Remarkable World</a>. Firefly Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55297-869-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55297-869-6"><bdi>978-1-55297-869-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frogs%3A+Inside+their+Remarkable+World&rft.pub=Firefly+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55297-869-6&rft.aulast=Beltz&rft.aufirst=Ellin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrogs00elli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoggerZweifelKirschner2004" class="citation book cs1">Cogger, H. G.; Zweifel, R. G.; Kirschner, D. (2004). Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians (2nd ed.). Fog City Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877019-69-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877019-69-2"><bdi>978-1-877019-69-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Reptiles+%26+Amphibians&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Fog+City+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-877019-69-2&rft.aulast=Cogger&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rft.au=Zweifel%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Kirschner%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Estes, R., and O. A. Reig. (1973). "The early fossil record of frogs: a review of the evidence." pp. 11–63 In J. L. Vial (Ed.), Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans: Contemporary Research on Major Problems. University of Missouri Press, Columbia.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGissiSan_MauroPesoleZardoya2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gissi, Carmela; San Mauro, Diego; Pesole, Graziano; Zardoya, Rafael (February 2006). "Mitochondrial phylogeny of Anura (Amphibia): A case study of congruent phylogenetic reconstruction using amino acid and nucleotide characters". Gene. 366 (2): 228–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2005.07.034">10.1016/j.gene.2005.07.034</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16307849">16307849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gene&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+phylogeny+of+Anura+%28Amphibia%29%3A+A+case+study+of+congruent+phylogenetic+reconstruction+using+amino+acid+and+nucleotide+characters&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gene.2005.07.034&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16307849&rft.aulast=Gissi&rft.aufirst=Carmela&rft.au=San+Mauro%2C+Diego&rft.au=Pesole%2C+Graziano&rft.au=Zardoya%2C+Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolman2004" class="citation book cs1">Holman, J. A. (2004). Fossil Frogs and Toads of North America. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34280-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34280-5"><bdi>978-0-253-34280-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fossil+Frogs+and+Toads+of+North+America&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34280-5&rft.aulast=Holman&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSan_MauroVencesAlcobendasZardoya2005" class="citation journal cs1">San Mauro, Diego; Vences, Miguel; Alcobendas, Marina; Zardoya, Rafael; Meyer, Axel (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-33053">"Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea"</a>. American Naturalist. 165 (5): 590–599. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F429523">10.1086/429523</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15795855">15795855</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17021360">17021360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Initial+diversification+of+living+amphibians+predated+the+breakup+of+Pangaea&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E590-%3C%2Fspan%3E599&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17021360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15795855&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F429523&rft.aulast=San+Mauro&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft.au=Vences%2C+Miguel&rft.au=Alcobendas%2C+Marina&rft.au=Zardoya%2C+Rafael&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Axel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Absz%3A352-opus-33053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTyler1994" class="citation book cs1">Tyler, M. J. (1994). Australian Frogs A Natural History. Reed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7301-0468-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7301-0468-1"><bdi>978-0-7301-0468-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Frogs+A+Natural+History&rft.pub=Reed+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7301-0468-1&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrog" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Frogs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Frogs">Frogs</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anura" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anura">Anura</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/120px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Frog" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Frog"> Frog</a></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/120px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/School_Science" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:School Science">School Science</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/School_Science/Frog_dissection" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:School Science/Frog dissection">Frog dissection</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/120px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Frogs" class="extiw" title="q:Frogs">Frogs</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/60px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/120px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anura" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Anura">Anura</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphibiaweb.org/">AmphibiaWeb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theinformationarchives.com/frogs/">Gallery of Frogs</a> – Photography and images of various frog species</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://froggy.lbl.gov/">The Whole Frog Project</a> – Virtual frog dissection and anatomy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raysweb.net/specialplaces/pages/frogsdecline.html">"Disappearance of toads, frogs has some scientists worried"</a> San Francisco Chronicle, April 20, 1992</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/browse_imgs/amphibian_sci_1.html">Amphibian photo gallery by scientific name</a> – Features many unusual frogs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/researchers-pinpoint-sour/">Scientific American: Researchers Pinpoint Source of Poison Frogs' Deadly Defenses</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thinkoholic.com/2005/03/31/time-lapse-part-5-frog-spawn/">Time-lapse video showing the egg's development until hatching</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/Environment/Amphibians">Frog vocalisations from around the world</a> – From the <a href="/wiki/British_Library_Sound_Archive" title="British Library Sound Archive">British Library Sound Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturenorth.com/spring/sound/shfrsnd.html">Frog calls</a> – From <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, Canada</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lissamphibia291" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lissamphibia" title="Template:Lissamphibia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lissamphibia" title="Template talk:Lissamphibia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lissamphibia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lissamphibia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lissamphibia291" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*Kingdom:_Animalia_*Phylum:_Chordata_*Clade:_Osteichthyes_*Clade:_Sarcopterygii_*Clade:_Tetrapoda291" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Clade: <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a></li> <li>Clade: <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a></li> <li>Clade: <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapoda</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetrapodomorpha41" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Tetrapodomorpha" title="Template:Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Batrachomorpha" title="Batrachomorpha">Batrachomorpha</a> / <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyli" title="Temnospondyli">Temnospondyli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Temnospondyli" title="Template:Temnospondyli">Temnospondyli</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissorophoidea" title="Dissorophoidea">Dissorophoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Dissorophoidea" title="Template:Dissorophoidea">Dissorophoidea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:115%"><div><a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Albanerpetontidae?178" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Albanerpetontidae" title="Albanerpetontidae">Albanerpetontidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanerpeton" title="Albanerpeton">Albanerpeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoualerpeton" title="Anoualerpeton">Anoualerpeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtedens" title="Celtedens">Celtedens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirerpeton" title="Shirerpeton">Shirerpeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesserpeton" title="Wesserpeton">Wesserpeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha_perettii" title="Yaksha perettii">Yaksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Albanerpeton_inexpectatum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Albanerpeton inexpectatum"><img alt="Albanerpeton inexpectatum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Albanerpeton_inexpectatum.jpg/250px-Albanerpeton_inexpectatum.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Albanerpeton_inexpectatum.jpg/330px-Albanerpeton_inexpectatum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="603" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Eocaecilia_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eocaecilia micropodia"><img alt="Eocaecilia micropodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Eocaecilia_BW.jpg/250px-Eocaecilia_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Eocaecilia_BW.jpg/330px-Eocaecilia_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="732" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Triassurus_NT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Triassurus sixtelae"><img alt="Triassurus sixtelae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Triassurus_NT.png/140px-Triassurus_NT.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Triassurus_NT.png/210px-Triassurus_NT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Triassurus_NT.png 2x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="187" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Triadobatrachus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Triadobatrachus massinoti"><img alt="Triadobatrachus massinoti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Triadobatrachus_BW.jpg/140px-Triadobatrachus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Triadobatrachus_BW.jpg/210px-Triadobatrachus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Triadobatrachus_BW.jpg/280px-Triadobatrachus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Gymnophionomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnophionomorpha">Gymnophionomorpha (caecilians total group)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Eocaecilia" title="Eocaecilia">Eocaecilia</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Funcusvermis" title="Funcusvermis">Funcusvermis</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Rubricacaecilia" title="Rubricacaecilia">Rubricacaecilia</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Chinlestegophis" title="Chinlestegophis">Chinlestegophis</a>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Albanerpetontidae" title="Albanerpetontidae">Albanerpetontidae</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Caecilian" title="Caecilian">Gymnophiona (caecilians crown group)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rhinatrematidae_(American_tailed_caecilians)138" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhinatrematidae" title="Rhinatrematidae">Rhinatrematidae (American tailed caecilians)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazops" title="Amazops">Amazops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicrionops" title="Epicrionops">Epicrionops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinatrema" title="Rhinatrema">Rhinatrema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Caecilian" title="Caecilian">Stegokrotaphia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ichthyophiidae_(Asian_tailed_caecilians)133" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ichthyophiidae" title="Ichthyophiidae">Ichthyophiidae (Asian tailed caecilians)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyophis" title="Ichthyophis">Ichthyophis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeotyphlus" title="Uraeotyphlus">Uraeotyphlus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Caecilian" title="Caecilian">Teresomata</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scolecomorphidae" title="Scolecomorphidae">Scolecomorphidae (buried-eyed caecilians)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scolecomorphidae" title="Scolecomorphidae">Crotaphatrema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scolecomorphidae" title="Scolecomorphidae">Scolecomorphus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chikilidae" title="Chikilidae">Chikilidae (Northeast Indian caecilians)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chikila" title="Chikila">Chikila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herpelidae" title="Herpelidae">Herpelidae (African caecilians)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulengerula" title="Boulengerula">Boulengerula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpele" title="Herpele">Herpele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typhlonectidae" title="Typhlonectidae">Typhlonectidae (aquatic caecilians)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atretochoana" title="Atretochoana">Atretochoana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonerpeton" title="Chthonerpeton">Chthonerpeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectocaecilia" title="Nectocaecilia">Nectocaecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamotyphlus_kaupii" title="Potamotyphlus kaupii">Potamotyphlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhlonectes" title="Typhlonectes">Typhlonectes</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ymboirana" title="Ymboirana">Ymboirana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caeciliidae" title="Caeciliidae">Caeciliidae (common caecilians)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Apodops" title="Apodops">Apodops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caecilia" title="Caecilia">Caecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscaecilia" title="Oscaecilia">Oscaecilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grandisoniidae" title="Grandisoniidae">Grandisoniidae (Indo-African caecilians)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gegeneophis" title="Gegeneophis">Gegeneophis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandisonia" title="Grandisonia">Grandisonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogeophis" title="Hypogeophis">Hypogeophis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makumuno_Assumbo_caecilian" title="Makumuno Assumbo caecilian">Idiocranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indotyphlus" title="Indotyphlus">Indotyphlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praslinia" title="Praslinia">Praslinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvacaecilia" title="Sylvacaecilia">Sylvacaecilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermophiidae" title="Dermophiidae">Dermophiidae (Neotropical caecilians)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermophis" title="Dermophis">Dermophis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotrypetes" title="Geotrypetes">Geotrypetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnopis" title="Gymnopis">Gymnopis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistometopum" title="Schistometopum">Schistometopum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siphonopidae" title="Siphonopidae">Siphonopidae (South American caecilians)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brasilotyphlus" title="Brasilotyphlus">Brasilotyphlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luetkenotyphlus" title="Luetkenotyphlus">Luetkenotyphlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcaecilia" title="Microcaecilia">Microcaecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimosiphonops" title="Mimosiphonops">Mimosiphonops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphonops" title="Siphonops">Siphonops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"> <a href="/wiki/Batrachia" title="Batrachia">Batrachia (salamanders + frogs crown group)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Caudata" title="Caudata">Caudata (salamanders total group)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egoria (page does not exist)">Egoria</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Kulgeriherpeton" title="Kulgeriherpeton">Kulgeriherpeton</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Triassurus" title="Triassurus">Triassurus</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Urupia" title="Urupia">Urupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Karauridae" title="Karauridae">Karauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaurus" title="Karaurus">Karaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokartus" title="Kokartus">Kokartus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuzbassia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuzbassia (page does not exist)">Kuzbassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmorerpeton" title="Marmorerpeton">Marmorerpeton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Batrachosauroididae" title="Batrachosauroididae">Batrachosauroididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batrachosauroides" title="Batrachosauroides">Batrachosauroides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotriton" title="Opisthotriton">Opisthotriton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeoproteus" title="Palaeoproteus">Palaeoproteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrisia" title="Parrisia">Parrisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peratosauroides" title="Peratosauroides">Peratosauroides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodesmodon" title="Prodesmodon">Prodesmodon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">Urodela (salamanders crown group)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>115 genera</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Salientia" title="Salientia">Salientia (frogs total group)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Czatkobatrachus" title="Czatkobatrachus">Czatkobatrachus</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Notobatrachus" title="Notobatrachus">Notobatrachus</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Prosalirus" title="Prosalirus">Prosalirus</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Triadobatrachus" title="Triadobatrachus">Triadobatrachus</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Vieraella" title="Vieraella">Vieraella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anura (frogs crown group)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>several hundred genera</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibian_genera" title="List of amphibian genera">List of amphibian genera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_amphibian_positions_by_subclass172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amphibians" title="Template:Amphibians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amphibians" title="Template talk:Amphibians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amphibians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amphibians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_amphibian_positions_by_subclass172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibian</a> positions by subclass</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Craniate" title="Craniate">Craniata</a></li> <li>Superclass <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anura (frogs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">Urodela (salamanders)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caecilian" title="Caecilian">Gymnophiona (caecilians)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_anuran_families_by_suborder401" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anura" title="Template:Anura"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anura" title="Template talk:Anura"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anura" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anura"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_anuran_families_by_suborder401" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a class="mw-selflink selflink">anuran</a> families by suborder</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Craniate" title="Craniate">Craniata</a></li> <li>Superclass <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapoda</a></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeobatrachia" title="Archaeobatrachia">Archaeobatrachia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tailed_frog" title="Tailed frog">Ascaphidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombinatoridae" title="Bombinatoridae">Bombinatoridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoglossidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoglossidae">Discoglossidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiopelma" title="Leiopelma">Leiopelmatidae</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:White-Lipped-small.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="White-lipped Tree Frog"><img alt="White-lipped Tree Frog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/White-Lipped-small.jpg/50px-White-Lipped-small.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/White-Lipped-small.jpg/75px-White-Lipped-small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/White-Lipped-small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="73" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesobatrachia" title="Mesobatrachia">Mesobatrachia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megophryidae" title="Megophryidae">Megophryidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_spadefoot_toad" title="European spadefoot toad">Pelobatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley_frog" title="Parsley frog">Pelodytidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipidae" title="Pipidae">Pipidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_spadefoot_toad" title="American spadefoot toad">Scaphiopodidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_burrowing_toad" title="Mexican burrowing toad">Rhinophrynidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neobatrachia" title="Neobatrachia">Neobatrachia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphignathodontidae" title="Amphignathodontidae">Amphignathodontidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromobatidae" title="Aromobatidae">Aromobatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthroleptidae" title="Arthroleptidae">Arthroleptidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachycephalidae" title="Brachycephalidae">Brachycephalidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevicipitidae" title="Brevicipitidae">Brevicipitidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_toad" title="True toad">Bufonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_frog" title="Glass frog">Centrolenidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craugastoridae" title="Craugastoridae">Craugastoridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poison_dart_frog" title="Poison dart frog">Dendrobatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_frog" title="Ghost frog">Heleophrynidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiphractidae" title="Hemiphractidae">Hemiphractidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shovelnose_frog" title="Shovelnose frog">Hemisotidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hylidae" title="Hylidae">Hylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoliidae" title="Hyperoliidae">Hyperoliidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptodactylidae" title="Leptodactylidae">Leptodactylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantellidae" title="Mantellidae">Mantellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microhylidae" title="Microhylidae">Microhylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myobatrachidae" title="Myobatrachidae">Myobatrachidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petropedetidae" title="Petropedetidae">Petropedetidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyxicephalidae" title="Pyxicephalidae">Pyxicephalidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_frog" title="True frog">Ranidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacophoridae" title="Rhacophoridae">Rhacophoridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinodermatidae" title="Rhinodermatidae">Rhinodermatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sooglossidae" title="Sooglossidae">Sooglossidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Variegated_golden_frog_%28Mantella_baroni%29_Ranomafana.jpg/21px-Variegated_golden_frog_%28Mantella_baroni%29_Ranomafana.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Variegated_golden_frog_%28Mantella_baroni%29_Ranomafana.jpg/32px-Variegated_golden_frog_%28Mantella_baroni%29_Ranomafana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Variegated_golden_frog_%28Mantella_baroni%29_Ranomafana.jpg/42px-Variegated_golden_frog_%28Mantella_baroni%29_Ranomafana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4302" data-file-height="2869" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Frogs" title="Portal:Frogs">Frogs portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3767" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3767" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Anura</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53636" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q53636">Q53636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anura" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Anura">Anura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Anura/">Anura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Anura">Anura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibian_Species_of_the_World" title="Amphibian Species of the World">ASW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura">Anura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=219">219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/PW">PW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1553">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ANURO">1ANURO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:15534">15534</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/8675db52-461d-4ab4-8574-dbc5007b80c3">8675db52-461d-4ab4-8574-dbc5007b80c3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/952">952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/20979">20979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10211">10211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=173423">173423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000375308">NHMSYS0000375308</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8342">8342</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/a330081c-9f45-47fb-80dd-ba8d870e5bd2">a330081c-9f45-47fb-80dd-ba8d870e5bd2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=991547">991547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=150288">150288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB2D87E1-2E34-FFC6-FC3B-41D7FC23FC69">CB2D87E1-2E34-FFC6-FC3B-41D7FC23FC69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=448306">448306</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1338" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53636#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4018698-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85052057">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974461k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974461k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph128054&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007553171905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Variegated_golden_frog_%28Mantella_baroni%29_Ranomafana.jpg/21px-Variegated_golden_frog_%28Mantella_baroni%29_Ranomafana.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Variegated_golden_frog_%28Mantella_baroni%29_Ranomafana.jpg/32px-Variegated_golden_frog_%28Mantella_baroni%29_Ranomafana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Variegated_golden_frog_%28Mantella_baroni%29_Ranomafana.jpg/42px-Variegated_golden_frog_%28Mantella_baroni%29_Ranomafana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4302" data-file-height="2869" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Frogs" title="Portal:Frogs">Frogs</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Frog_%282546%29_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/20px-Frog_%282546%29_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Frog_%282546%29_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/40px-Frog_%282546%29_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Amphibians" title="Portal:Amphibians">Amphibians</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/40px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/60px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frog&oldid=1280280923">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frog&oldid=1280280923</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Frogs" title="Category:Frogs">Frogs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extant_Hettangian_first_appearances" title="Category:Extant Hettangian first appearances">Extant Hettangian first appearances</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cite_IUCN_without_doi" title="Category:Cite IUCN without doi">Cite IUCN without doi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_October_2024" title="Category:Use British English from October 2024">Use British English from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2024">Use mdy dates from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_English_(ca._450-1100)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text">Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Norwegian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Norwegian-language text">Articles containing Norwegian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Icelandic-language text">Articles containing Icelandic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Proto-Germanic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text">Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Proto-Indo-European-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Proto-Indo-European-language text">Articles containing Proto-Indo-European-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Middle_English_(1100-1500)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text">Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons category link is locally defined">Commons category link is locally defined</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_with_20%E2%80%9324_taxon_IDs" title="Category:Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs">Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 March 2025, at 17:22 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frog&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Frog</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 171 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-58f486c48d-qpqp2","wgBackendResponseTime":374,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.627","walltime":"3.053","ppvisitednodes":{"value":30836,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":998951,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26737,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":26,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":36,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1092369,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":21,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2544.442 1 -total"," 47.18% 1200.511 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.63% 652.198 61 Template:Clade"," 19.91% 506.594 103 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.37% 263.746 61 Template:Cite_web"," 9.54% 242.687 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 7.28% 185.259 47 Template:Cite_book"," 5.96% 151.683 7 Template:Sister_project"," 5.88% 149.640 7 Template:Side_box"," 5.47% 139.060 1 Template:Taxonbar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.717","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19912939,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-67db76d8d7-r58c5","timestamp":"20250403183408","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Frog","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frog","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q53636","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q53636","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:43:11Z","dateModified":"2025-03-13T17:22:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/01\/Anoures.jpg","headline":"order of short bodied, tailless amphibians"}</script> </body> </html>