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catalyst</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: urban catalyst"> <meta name="keywords" content="urban catalyst"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="urban catalyst"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 4550</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: urban catalyst</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4520</span> Pd Supported on Activated Carbon: Effect of Support Texture on the Dispersion of Pd</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ji%20Sun%20Kim">Ji Sun Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae%20Ho%20Baek"> Jae Ho Baek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyeong%20Ho%20Kim"> Kyeong Ho Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ji%20Hae%20Ha"> Ji Hae Ha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seong%20Soo%20Hong"> Seong Soo Hong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung-Wook%20Park"> Jung-Wook Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Man%20Sig%20Lee"> Man Sig Lee </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Carbon supported palladium catalysts have been used in many industrial reactions, especially for hydrogenation in the fine chemical industry. Porous carbons had been widely used as catalyst supports due to its higher surface area and larger pore volume. The specific surface area, pore structure and surface chemical functional groups of porous carbon affects metal dispersion and particle size. In this paper, we confirm the effect of support texture on the dispersion of Pd. Pd catalyst supported on activated carbon having various specific surface area were characterized by BET, XRD and FE-TEM. Catalyst activity and dispersion of prepared catalyst were evaluated on the basis of the CO adsorption capacity by CO-chemisorption. As concluding remark to this part of our study, let us note that specific area of carbon play important role on the synthesis of Pd/C catalyst/. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon" title="carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispersion" title=" dispersion"> dispersion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pd%2FC" title=" Pd/C"> Pd/C</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20are" title=" specific are"> specific are</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=support" title=" support"> support</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40084/pd-supported-on-activated-carbon-effect-of-support-texture-on-the-dispersion-of-pd" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40084.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4519</span> Modeling of Oligomerization of Ethylene in a Falling film Reactor for the Production of Linear Alpha Olefins</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adil%20A.%20Mohammed">Adil A. Mohammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seif-Eddeen%20K.%20Fateen"> Seif-Eddeen K. Fateen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamer%20S.%20Ahmed"> Tamer S. Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarek%20M.%20Moustafa"> Tarek M. Moustafa </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Falling film were widely used for gas-liquid absorption and reaction process. Modeling of falling film for oligomerization of ethylene reaction to linear alpha olefins is developed. Although there are many researchers discuss modeling of falling film in many processes, there has been no publish study the simulation of falling film for the oligomerization of ethylene reaction to produce linear alpha olefins. The Comsol multiphysics software was used to simulate the mass transfer with chemical reaction in falling film absorption process. The effect of concentration profile absorption of the products through falling thickness is discussed. The effect of catalyst concentration, catalyst/co-catalyst ratio, and temperature is also studied. For the effect of the temperature, as it increase the concentration of C4 increase. For catalyst concentration and catalyst/co-catalyst ratio as they increases the concentration of C4 increases, till it reached almost constant value. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=falling%20film" title="falling film">falling film</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oligomerization" title=" oligomerization"> oligomerization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comsol%20mutiphysics" title=" comsol mutiphysics"> comsol mutiphysics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20alpha%20olefins" title=" linear alpha olefins"> linear alpha olefins</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23890/modeling-of-oligomerization-of-ethylene-in-a-falling-film-reactor-for-the-production-of-linear-alpha-olefins" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23890.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">470</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4518</span> Performance of Bimetallic Catalyst in the Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faezeh%20Aghazadeh">Faezeh Aghazadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The catalytic activity of Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ and Pt-Fe/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts was investigated to bring about the complete oxidation of 2-Propanol. Among them, Pt-Fe/γ-Al₂O₃ was found to be the most promising catalyst based on activity. The catalysts were characterized by (XRD), (SEM), (TEM) and ICP-AES techniques. Iron loadings on Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ had a great effect on catalytic activity, and Pt-Fe/γ-Al₂O₃ (1.75 wt% Fe) catalyst at calcination temperature 300°C was observed to be the most active, which might be contributed to the favorable synergetic effects between Pt and Fe, high activity and the well-dispersed bimetallic phase. The combustion of 2-Propanol in the vapor phase was carried out in a conventional flow U-shape glass reactor used in the differential mode at atmospheric pressure. 2-Propanol was analyzed by a gas chromatograph VARIAN 3800 CX equipped with an FID. As observed, better performance and activity were observed for Pt-Fe/Al₂O₃ bimetallic catalyst. These results indicate that the high dispersion on support gives a positive effect on catalytic activity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volatile%20organic%20compounds" title="volatile organic compounds">volatile organic compounds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bimetallic%20catalyst" title=" bimetallic catalyst"> bimetallic catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalytic%20activity" title=" catalytic activity"> catalytic activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20temperature" title=" low temperature"> low temperature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145827/performance-of-bimetallic-catalyst-in-the-oxidation-of-volatile-organic-compounds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145827.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4517</span> Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan Schiff Base Supported Pd(II) Catalyst and Its Application in Suzuki Coupling Reactions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Talat%20Baran">Talat Baran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reactions are powerful ways for synthesis of biaryls compounds and so far different palladium sources as have been used in catalyst systems. However, the high cost of the ligands using as support materials for palladium ion and so researchers have explored alternative low-cost support materials such as silica, cellule and zeolite. A natural polymer chitosan is suitable for support material because of it unique properties such as eco-friendly, renewable, abundant, low cost, biodegradable and it has free reactive -NH2 and –OH groups. Especially, pendant amino groups of chitosan can easily react with carbonyl groups of aldehyde or ketone by Schiff base formation and thus palladium ions can coordinate with imine groups of Schiff base. This purpose, in this study, firstly a new chitosan Schiff base supported palladium (II) catalyst was synthesized and its chemical structure was characterized with FT-IR, SEM/EDAX, XRD, TG-DTG, ICP-OES and magnetic moment techniques. Then catalytic performance of the catalyst was investigated in Suzuki cross coupling reactions under simple and fast microwave heating methods. Also, recycle activity of palladium catalyst was tested under optimum condition and the catalyst showed long life time. At the end of catalytic performance tests of chitosan supported palladium (II) catalysts indicated high turnover numbers, turnover frequency and selectivity with very small loading catalyst <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalyst" title="catalyst">catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chitosan" title=" chitosan"> chitosan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schiff%20base" title=" Schiff base"> Schiff base</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suzuki%20coupling" title=" Suzuki coupling"> Suzuki coupling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53204/synthesis-and-characterization-of-chitosan-schiff-base-supported-pdii-catalyst-and-its-application-in-suzuki-coupling-reactions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53204.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4516</span> Refining Waste Spent Hydroprocessing Catalyst and Their Metal Recovery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meena%20Marafi">Meena Marafi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohan%20S.%20Rana"> Mohan S. Rana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Catalysts play an important role in producing valuable fuel products in petroleum refining; but, due to feedstock’s impurities catalyst gets deactivated with carbon and metal deposition. The disposal of spent catalyst falls under the category of hazardous industrial waste that requires strict agreement with environmental regulations. The spent hydroprocessing catalyst contains Mo, V and Ni at high concentrations that have been found to be economically significant for recovery. Metal recovery process includes deoiling, decoking, grinding, dissolving and treatment with complexing leaching agent such as ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). The process conditions have been optimized as a function of time, temperature and EDTA concentration in presence of ultrasonic agitation. The results indicated that optimum condition established through this approach could recover 97%, 94% and 95% of the extracted Mo, V and Ni, respectively, while 95% EDTA was recovered after acid treatment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atmospheric%20residue%20desulfurization%20%28ARDS%29" title="atmospheric residue desulfurization (ARDS)">atmospheric residue desulfurization (ARDS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deactivation" title=" deactivation"> deactivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrotreating" title=" hydrotreating"> hydrotreating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spent%20catalyst" title=" spent catalyst"> spent catalyst</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72632/refining-waste-spent-hydroprocessing-catalyst-and-their-metal-recovery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72632.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4515</span> Lithium Ion Supported on TiO2 Mixed Metal Oxides as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Canola Oil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariam%20Alsharifi">Mariam Alsharifi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20Znad"> Hussein Znad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ming%20Ang"> Ming Ang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Considering the environmental issues and the shortage in the conventional fossil fuel sources, biodiesel has gained a promising solution to shift away from fossil based fuel as one of the sustainable and renewable energy. It is synthesized by transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with alcohol (methanol or ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst. This study focuses on synthesizing a high efficient Li/TiO2 heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from canola oil. In this work, lithium immobilized onto TiO2 by the simple impregnation method. The catalyst was evaluated by transesterification reaction in a batch reactor under moderate reaction conditions. To study the effect of Li concentrations, a series of LiNO3 concentrations (20, 30, 40 wt. %) at different calcination temperatures (450, 600, 750 ºC) were evaluated. The Li/TiO2 catalysts are characterized by several spectroscopic and analytical techniques such as XRD, FT-IR, BET, TG-DSC and FESEM. The optimum values of impregnated Lithium nitrate on TiO2 and calcination temperature are 30 wt. % and 600 ºC, respectively, along with a high conversion to be 98 %. The XRD study revealed that the insertion of Li improved the catalyst efficiency without any alteration in structure of TiO2 The best performance of the catalyst was achieved when using a methanol to oil ratio of 24:1, 5 wt. % of catalyst loading, at 65◦C reaction temperature for 3 hours of reaction time. Moreover, the experimental kinetic data were compatible with the pseudo-first order model and the activation energy was (39.366) kJ/mol. The synthesized catalyst Li/TiO2 was applied to trans- esterify used cooking oil and exhibited a 91.73% conversion. The prepared catalyst has shown a high catalytic activity to produce biodiesel from fresh and used oil within mild reaction conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiesel" title="biodiesel">biodiesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=canola%20oil" title=" canola oil"> canola oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneous%20catalyst" title=" heterogeneous catalyst"> heterogeneous catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impregnation%20method" title=" impregnation method"> impregnation method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy" title=" renewable energy"> renewable energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transesterification" title=" transesterification"> transesterification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72028/lithium-ion-supported-on-tio2-mixed-metal-oxides-as-a-heterogeneous-catalyst-for-biodiesel-production-from-canola-oil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72028.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4514</span> Simultaneous Esterification and Transesterification of High FFA Jatropha Oil Using Reactive Distillation for Biodiesel Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ratna%20Dewi%20Kusumaningtyas">Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prima%20Astuti%20Handayani"> Prima Astuti Handayani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arief%20Budiman"> Arief Budiman </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reactive Distillation (RD) is a multifunctional reactor which integrates chemical reaction with in situ separation to shift the equilibrium towards the product formation. Thus, it is suitable for equilibrium limited reaction such as esterification and transesterification to enhance the reaction conversion. In this work, the application of RD for high FFA oil esterification-transterification for biodiesel production using sulphuric acid catalyst has been studied. Crude Jatropha Oil with FFA content of 30.57% was utilized as the feedstock. Effects of the catalyst concentration and molar ratio of the alcohol to oils were also investigated. It was revealed that best result was obtained with sulphuric acid catalyst (reaction conversion of 94.71% and FFA content of 1.62%) at 60C, molar ratio of methanol to FFA of 30:1, and catalyst loading of 3%. After undergoing esterification reaction, jatropha oil was then transesterified to produce biodiesel. Transesterification reaction was performed in the presence of NaOH catalyst in RD column at 60C, molar ratio of methanol to oil of 6:1, and catalyst concentration of 1%. It demonstrated that biodiesel produced in this work agreed with the Indonesian National and ASTM standard of fuel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactive%20distillation" title="reactive distillation">reactive distillation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiesel" title=" biodiesel"> biodiesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=esterification" title=" esterification"> esterification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transesterification" title=" transesterification"> transesterification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9418/simultaneous-esterification-and-transesterification-of-high-ffa-jatropha-oil-using-reactive-distillation-for-biodiesel-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9418.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">460</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4513</span> Ultrasonic Degradation of Acephate in Aqueous Solution: Effects of Operating Parameters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naina%20S.%20Deshmukh">Naina S. Deshmukh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manik%20P.%20Deosarkar"> Manik P. Deosarkar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the wide production, consumption, and disposal of pesticides in the world, the concerns over their human and environmental health impacts are rapidly growing. Among developing treatment technologies, ultrasonication, as an emerging and promising technology for the removal of pesticides in the aqueous environment, has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. The degradation of acephate in aqueous solutions was investigated under the influence of ultrasound irradiation (20 kHz) in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Zinc oxide (ZnO). The influence of various factors such as amount of catalyst (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 g/l), initial acephate concentration (100, 200, 300, 400 mg/l), and pH (3, 5, 7, 9, 11) were studied. The optimum catalyst dose was found to be 1 g/l of TiO2 and 1.25 g/l of ZnO for acephate at 100 mg/l, respectively. The maximum percentage degradation of acephate was observed at pH 11 for catalyst TiO2 and ZnO, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasonic%20degradation" title="ultrasonic degradation">ultrasonic degradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acephate" title=" acephate"> acephate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TiO2" title=" TiO2"> TiO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZnO" title=" ZnO"> ZnO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneous%20catalyst" title=" heterogeneous catalyst"> heterogeneous catalyst</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149751/ultrasonic-degradation-of-acephate-in-aqueous-solution-effects-of-operating-parameters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149751.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4512</span> Geometric Optimization of Catalytic Converter</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Makendran">P. Makendran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Pragadeesh"> M. Pragadeesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Narash"> N. Narash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Manikandan"> N. Manikandan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Rajasri"> A. Rajasri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Sanal%20Kumar"> V. Sanal Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The growing severity of government-obligatory emissions legislation has required continuous improvement in catalysts performance and the associated reactor systems. IC engines emit a lot of harmful gases into the atmosphere. These gases are toxic in nature and a catalytic converter is used to convert these toxic gases into less harmful gases. The catalytic converter converts these gases by Oxidation and reduction reaction. Stoichiometric engines usually use the three-way catalyst (TWC) for simultaneously destroying all of the emissions. CO and NO react to form CO2 and N2 over one catalyst, and the remaining CO and HC are oxidized in a subsequent one. Literature review reveals that typically precious metals are used as a catalyst. The actual reactor is composed of a washcoated honeycomb-style substrate, with the catalyst being contained in the washcoat. The main disadvantage of a catalytic converter is that it exerts a back pressure to the exhaust gases while entering into them. The objective of this paper is to optimize the back pressure developed by the catalytic converter through geometric optimization of catalystic converter. This can be achieved by designing a catalyst with a optimum cone angle and a more surface area of the catalyst substrate. Additionally, the arrangement of the pores in the catalyst substrate can be changed. The numerical studies have been carried out using k-omega turbulence model with varying inlet angle of the catalytic converter and the length of the catalyst substrate. We observed that the geometry optimization is a meaningful objective for the lucrative design optimization of a catalytic converter for industrial applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalytic%20converter" title="catalytic converter">catalytic converter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emission%20control" title=" emission control"> emission control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactor%20systems" title=" reactor systems"> reactor systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=substrate%20for%20emission%20control" title=" substrate for emission control"> substrate for emission control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59575/geometric-optimization-of-catalytic-converter" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59575.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">906</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4511</span> Supercritical Methanol for Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil in the Presence of Heterogeneous Catalysts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Velid%20Demir">Velid Demir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mesut%20Akg%C3%BCn"> Mesut Akgün</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The lanthanum and zinc oxide were synthesized and then loaded with 6 wt% over γ-Al₂O₃ using the wet impregnation method. The samples were calcined at 900 °C to ensure a coherent structure with high catalytic performance. Characterization of the catalysts was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The effect of catalysts on biodiesel content from jatropha oil was studied under supercritical conditions. The results showed that ZnO/γ-Al₂O₃ was the superior catalyst for jatropha oil with 98.05% biodiesel under reaction conditions of 7 min reaction time, 1:40 oil to methanol molar ratio, 6 wt% of catalyst loading, 90 bar of reaction pressure, and 300 °C of reaction temperature, compared to 95.50% with La₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ at the same parameters. For this study, ZnO/γ-Al₂O₃ was the most suitable catalyst due to performance and cost considerations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiesel" title="biodiesel">biodiesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneous%20catalyst" title=" heterogeneous catalyst"> heterogeneous catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jatropha%20oil" title=" jatropha oil"> jatropha oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supercritical%20methanol" title=" supercritical methanol"> supercritical methanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transesterification" title=" transesterification"> transesterification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162036/supercritical-methanol-for-biodiesel-production-from-jatropha-oil-in-the-presence-of-heterogeneous-catalysts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162036.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4510</span> Comparison of Catalyst Support for High Pressure Reductive Amination</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tz-Bang%20Du">Tz-Bang Du</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheng-Han%20Hsieh"> Cheng-Han Hsieh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li-Ping%20Ju"> Li-Ping Ju</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hung-Jie%20Liou"> Hung-Jie Liou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polyether amines synthesize by secondary hydroxyl polyether diol play an important role in epoxy hardener. The low molecular weight product is used in low viscosity and high transparent polyamine product for the logo, ground cover, especially for wind turbine blade, while the high molecular weight products are used in advanced agricultures such as a high-speed railway. High-pressure reductive amination process is required for producing these amines. In the condition of higher than 150 atm pressure and 200 degrees Celsius temperature, supercritical ammonia is used as a reactant and also a solvent. It would be a great challenge to select a catalyst support for such high-temperature alkaline circumstance. In this study, we have established a six-autoclave-type (SAT) high-pressure reactor for amination catalyst screening, which six experiment conditions with different temperature and pressure could be examined at the same time. We synthesized copper-nickel catalyst on different shaped alumina catalyst support and evaluated the catalyst activity for high-pressure reductive amination of polypropylene glycol (PPG) by SAT reactor. Ball type gamma alumina, ball type activated alumina and pellet type gamma alumina catalyst supports are evaluated in this study. Gamma alumina supports have shown better activity on PPG reductive amination than activated alumina support. In addition, the catalysts are evaluated in fixed bed reactor. The diamine product was successfully synthesized via this catalyst and the strength of the catalysts is measured. The crush strength of blank supports is about 13.5 lb for both gamma alumina and activated alumina. The strength increases to 20.3 lb after synthesized to be copper-nickel catalyst. After test in the fixed bed high-pressure reductive amination process for 100 hours, the crush strength of the used catalyst is 3.7 lb for activated alumina support, 12.0 lb for gamma alumina support. The gamma alumina is better than activated alumina to use as catalyst support in high-pressure reductive amination process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20pressure%20reductive%20amination" title="high pressure reductive amination">high pressure reductive amination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20nickel%20catalyst" title=" copper nickel catalyst"> copper nickel catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyether%20amine" title=" polyether amine"> polyether amine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alumina" title=" alumina"> alumina</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47166/comparison-of-catalyst-support-for-high-pressure-reductive-amination" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47166.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">229</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4509</span> Renewed Urban Waterfront: Spatial Conditions of a Contemporary Urban Space Typology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beate%20Niemann">Beate Niemann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fabian%20Pramel"> Fabian Pramel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The formerly industrially or militarily used Urban Waterfront is a potential area for urban development. Extensive interventions in the urban space come along with the development of these previously inaccessible areas in the city. The development of the Urban Waterfront in the European City is not subject to any recognizable urban paradigm. In this study, the development of the Urban Waterfront as a new urban space typology is analyzed by case studies of Urban Waterfront developments in European Cities. For humans, perceptible spatial conditions are categorized and it is identified whether the themed Urban Waterfront Developments are congruent or incongruent urban design interventions and which deviations the Urban Waterfront itself induce. As congruent urban design, a design is understood, which fits in the urban fabric regarding its similar spatial conditions to the surrounding. Incongruent urban design, however, shows significantly different conditions in its shape. Finally, the spatial relationship of the themed Urban Waterfront developments and their associated environment are compared in order to identify contrasts between new and old urban space. In this way, conclusions about urban design paradigms of the new urban space typology are tried to be drawn. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composition" title="composition">composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=congruence" title=" congruence"> congruence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identity" title=" identity"> identity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paradigm" title=" paradigm"> paradigm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20condition" title=" spatial condition"> spatial condition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20design" title=" urban design"> urban design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20development" title=" urban development"> urban development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20waterfront" title=" urban waterfront"> urban waterfront</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58261/renewed-urban-waterfront-spatial-conditions-of-a-contemporary-urban-space-typology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58261.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">443</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4508</span> Methodology for Assessing Spatial Equity of Urban Green Space</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asna%20Anchalan">Asna Anchalan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anjana%20Bhagyanathan"> Anjana Bhagyanathan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Urban green space plays an important role in providing health (physical and mental well-being), economic, and environmental benefits for urban residents and neighborhoods. Ensuring equitable distribution of urban green space is vital to ensure equal access to these benefits. This study is developing a methodology for assessing spatial equity of urban green spaces in the Indian context. Through a systematic literature review, the research trends, parameters, data, and tools being used are identified. After 2020, the research in this domain is increasing rapidly, where COVID-19 acted as a catalyst. Indian documents use various terminologies, definitions, and classifications of urban green spaces. The terminology, definition, and classification for this study are done after reviewing several Indian documents, master plans, and research papers. Parameters identified for assessing spatial equity are availability, proximity, accessibility, and socio-economic disparity. Criteria for evaluating each parameter were identified from diverse research papers. There is a research gap identified as a comprehensive approach encompassing all four parameters. The outcome of this study led to the development of a methodology that addresses the gaps, providing a practical tool applicable across diverse Indian cities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20green%20space" title="urban green space">urban green space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20equity" title=" spatial equity"> spatial equity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accessibility" title=" accessibility"> accessibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proximity" title=" proximity"> proximity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methodology" title=" methodology"> methodology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183456/methodology-for-assessing-spatial-equity-of-urban-green-space" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183456.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">58</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4507</span> Synthesis and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Nano-Catalyst: Cr Loaded in to MCM-41</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Salemi%20Golezania">A. Salemi Golezania</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Sharifi%20Fateha"> A. Sharifi Fateha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study a nano-composite catalyst was synthesized by incorporation of chromium into the framework of MCM-41 as a base catalyst. Mesoporous silica molecular sieves MCM-41 were synthesized under Hydrothermal Continues pH Adjusting Path Way. Then, MCM-41 was impregnated by chromium nitrate aqueous solution for several times under water aspiration. Raw powder was cured by heat treatment in vacuum furnace at 500°C. Phase formation, morphology and gas absorption properties of resulted materials were characterized by XRD, TEM and BET analysis, respectively. The results showed that high quality hexagonal meso structure as a matrix and Cr as a second phase has been formed with a narrow size pore diameter distribution and high surface area in Cr/MCM-41 nano-composite structure. The specific surface and total volume of porosity of the synthesized nanocomposite are obtained 931m^2/gr and 1.12 cm^3/gr, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano-catalyst" title="nano-catalyst">nano-catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MCM-41" title=" MCM-41"> MCM-41</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cr%2FMCM-41" title=" Cr/MCM-41"> Cr/MCM-41</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marine%20Science%20and%20Engineering" title=" Marine Science and Engineering"> Marine Science and Engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18399/synthesis-and-evaluation-of-heterogeneous-nano-catalyst-cr-loaded-in-to-mcm-41" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18399.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4506</span> Recovery of Hydrogen Converter Efficiency Affected by Poisoning of Catalyst with Increasing of Temperature</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Enayat%20Enayati">Enayat Enayati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Behtash"> Reza Behtash</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of the H2 removal system is to reduce a content of hydrogen and other combustibles in the CO2 feed owing to avoid developing a possible explosive condition in the synthesis. In order to reduce the possibility of forming an explosive gas mixture in the synthesis as much as possible, the hydrogen percent in the fresh CO2, will be removed in hydrogen converter. Therefore the partly compressed CO2/Air mixture is led through Hydrogen converter (Reactor) where the H2, present in the CO2, is reduced by catalytic combustion to values less than 50 ppm (vol). According the following exothermic chemical reaction: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O + Heat. The catalyst in hydrogen converter consist of platinum on a aluminum oxide carrier. Low catalyst activity maybe due to catalyst poisoning. This will result in an increase of the hydrogen content in the CO2 to the synthesis. It is advised to shut down the plant when the outlet of hydrogen converter increased above 100 ppm, to prevent undesirable gas composition in the plant. Replacement of catalyst will be time exhausting and costly so as to prevent this, we increase the inlet temperature of hydrogen converter according to following Arrhenius' equation: K=K0e (-E_a/RT) K is rate constant of a chemical reaction where K0 is the pre-exponential factor, E_a is the activation energy, and R is the universal gas constant. Increment of inlet temperature of hydrogen converter caused to increase the rate constant of chemical reaction and so declining the amount of hydrogen from 125 ppm to 70 ppm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalyst" title="catalyst">catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=converter" title=" converter"> converter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poisoning" title=" poisoning"> poisoning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature "> temperature </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28704/recovery-of-hydrogen-converter-efficiency-affected-by-poisoning-of-catalyst-with-increasing-of-temperature" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28704.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">820</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4505</span> Cultural Event and Urban Regeneration: Lessons from Liverpool as the 2008 European Capital of Culture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-De%20Liu">Yi-De Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For many European cities, a key motivation in developing event strategies is to use event as a catalyst for urban regeneration. One type of event that is particularly used as a means of urban development is the European Capital of Culture (ECOC) initiative. Based on a case study of the 2008 ECOC Liverpool, this paper aims at conceptualising the significance of major event for a city’s economic, cultural and social regenerations. In terms of economic regeneration, the role of the ECOC is central in creating Liverpool’s visitor economy and reshaping city image. Liverpool planned different themes for eight consecutive years as a way to ensure economic sustainability. As far as cultural regeneration is concerned, the ECOC contributed to the cultural regeneration of Liverpool by stimulating cultural participation and interest from the demand side, as well as improving cultural provision and collaboration within the cultural sector from the supply side. So as to social regeneration, Liverpool treated access development as a policy guideline and considered the ECOC as an opportunity to enhance the sense of place. The most significant lesson learned from Liverpool is its long-term planning and efforts made to integrate the ECOC into the overall urban development strategy. As a result, a more balanced and long-term effect on urban regeneration could be achieved. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20event" title="cultural event">cultural event</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20regeneration" title=" urban regeneration"> urban regeneration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=european%20capital%20of%20culture" title=" european capital of culture"> european capital of culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liverpool" title=" Liverpool"> Liverpool</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52535/cultural-event-and-urban-regeneration-lessons-from-liverpool-as-the-2008-european-capital-of-culture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52535.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4504</span> Hydrogenation of CO2 to Methanol over Copper-Zinc Oxide-Based Catalyst</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20F.%20H.%20Tasfy">S. F. H. Tasfy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20A.%20M.%20Zabidi"> N. A. M. Zabidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Shaharun"> M. S. Shaharun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Carbon dioxide is highly thermochemical stable molecules where it is very difficult to activate the molecule and achieve higher catalytic conversion into alcohols or other hydrocarbon compounds. In this paper, series of the bimetallic Cu/ZnO-based catalyst supported by SBA-15 were systematically prepared via impregnation technique with different Cu: Zn ratio for hydrogenation of CO<sub>2</sub> to methanol. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), temperature programmed desorption, reduction, oxidation and pulse chemisorption (TPDRO), and surface area determination was also performed. All catalysts were tested with respect to the hydrogenation of CO<sub>2</sub> to methanol in microactivity fixed-bed reactor at 250<sup>o</sup>C, 2.25 MPa, and H<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> ratio of 3. The results demonstrate that the catalytic structure, activity, and methanol selectivity was strongly affected by the ratio between Cu: Zn, Where higher catalytic activity of 14 % and methanol selectivity of 92 % was obtained over Cu/ZnO-SBA-15 catalyst with Cu:Zn ratio of 7:3 wt. %. Comparing with the single catalyst, the synergetic between Cu and Zn provides additional active sites to adsorb more H<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> and accelerate the CO<sub>2</sub> conversion, resulting in higher methanol production under mild reaction conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogenation%20of%20carbon%20dioxide" title="hydrogenation of carbon dioxide">hydrogenation of carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methanol%20synthesis" title=" methanol synthesis"> methanol synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cu%2FZnO-based%20catalyst" title=" Cu/ZnO-based catalyst"> Cu/ZnO-based catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesoporous%20silica%20%28SBA-15%29" title=" mesoporous silica (SBA-15)"> mesoporous silica (SBA-15)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metal%20ratio" title=" metal ratio"> metal ratio</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59554/hydrogenation-of-co2-to-methanol-over-copper-zinc-oxide-based-catalyst" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59554.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">250</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4503</span> Photocatalytic Conversion of Water/Methanol Mixture into Hydrogen Using Cerium/Iron Oxides Based Structures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wael%20A.%20Aboutaleb">Wael A. Aboutaleb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20M.%20A.%20El%20Naggar"> Ahmed M. A. El Naggar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heba%20M.%20Gobara"> Heba M. Gobara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research work reports the photocatalytic production of hydrogen from water-methanol mixture using three different 15% ceria/iron oxide catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by physical mixing, precipitation, and ultrasonication methods and labeled as catalysts A-C. The structural and texture properties of the obtained catalysts were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET-surface area analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photocatalytic activity of the three catalysts towards hydrogen generation was then tested. Promising hydrogen productivity was obtained by the three catalysts however different gases compositions were obtained by each type of catalyst. Specifically, catalyst A had produced hydrogen mixed with CO₂ while the composite structure (catalyst B) had generated only pure H₂. In the case of catalyst C, syngas made of H₂ and CO was revealed, as a novel product, for the first time, in such process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20production" title="hydrogen production">hydrogen production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20splitting" title=" water splitting"> water splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalysts" title=" photocatalysts"> photocatalysts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clean%20energy" title=" clean energy "> clean energy </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82416/photocatalytic-conversion-of-watermethanol-mixture-into-hydrogen-using-ceriumiron-oxides-based-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82416.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4502</span> The Aspect of Urban Inequality after Urban Redevelopment Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sungik%20Kang">Sungik Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ja-Hoon%20Koo"> Ja-Hoon Koo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Globally, urban environments have become unequal, and cities have been segmented by income class. It is predicted that urban inequality has arisen by urban redevelopment and reconstruction projects that improve the urban environment and innovate cities. This study aims to analyze the occurrence and characteristics of urban inequality by using the housing price and sale price and demonstrating the correlation with the urban redevelopment project. This study measures 14 years of urban inequality index for 25 autonomous districts in Seoul and analyzes the correlation between urban inequality with urban redevelopment projects. As a conclusion of this study, first, the urban inequality index of Seoul has been continuously rising since 2015. Trends from 2006 to 2019 have been in U-curved shape in between 2015. In 2019, Seoul's urban inequality index was 0.420, a level similar to that of the 2007 financial crisis. Second, the correlation between urban redevelopment and urban inequality was not statistically significant. Therefore, we judged that urban redevelopment's scale or project structure has nothing with urban inequality. Third, while district designation of urban reconstruction temporarily alleviates urban inequality, the completion of the project increases urban inequality. When designating a district, urban inequality is likely to decrease due to decreased outdated housing transactions. However, the correlation with urban inequality increases as expensive houses has been placed after project completion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20inequality" title="urban inequality">urban inequality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20redevelopment%20projects" title=" urban redevelopment projects"> urban redevelopment projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20reconstruction%20projects" title=" urban reconstruction projects"> urban reconstruction projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=housing%20price%20inequality" title=" housing price inequality"> housing price inequality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=panel%20analysis" title=" panel analysis"> panel analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141883/the-aspect-of-urban-inequality-after-urban-redevelopment-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141883.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">207</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4501</span> Effect of Catalyst Preparation Method on Dry Reforming of Methane with Supported and Promoted Catalysts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20P.%20Gandhi">Sanjay P. Gandhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20S.%20Patel"> Sanjay S. Patel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dry (CO2) reforming of methane (DRM) is both scientific and industrial importance. In recent decades, CO2 utilization has become increasingly important in view of the escalating global warming phenomenon. This reaction produces syngas that can be used to produce a wide range of products, such as higher alkanes and oxygenates by means of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. DRM is inevitably accompanied by deactivation due to carbon deposition. DRM is also a highly endothermic reaction and requires operating temperatures of 800–1000 °C to attain high equilibrium conversion of CH4 and CO2 to H2 and CO and to minimize the thermodynamic driving force for carbon deposition. The catalysts used are often composed of transition Methods like Nickel, supported on metallic and non-metallic oxides such as alumina and silica. However, many of these catalysts undergo severe deactivation due to carbon deposition. Noble metals have also been studied and are typically found to be much more resistant to carbon deposition than Ni catalysts, but are generally uneconomical. Noble metals can also be used to promote the Ni catalysts in order to increase their resistance to deactivation. In order to design catalysts that minimize deactivation, it is necessary to understand the elementary steps involved in the activation and conversion of CH4 and CO2. CO2 reforming methane over promoted catalyst was studied. The influence of ZrO2, CeO2 and the behavior of Ni-Al2O3 Catalyst, prepare by wet-impregnation and Co-precipitated method was studied. XRD, BET Analysis for different promoted and unprompted Catalyst was studied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20reforming%20of%20methane" title="CO2 reforming of methane">CO2 reforming of methane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ni%20catalyst" title=" Ni catalyst"> Ni catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=promoted%20and%20unprompted%20catalyst" title=" promoted and unprompted catalyst"> promoted and unprompted catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effect%20of%20catalyst%20preparation" title=" effect of catalyst preparation"> effect of catalyst preparation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26182/effect-of-catalyst-preparation-method-on-dry-reforming-of-methane-with-supported-and-promoted-catalysts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26182.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">472</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4500</span> Competitive Coordination Strategy Towards Reversible Hybrid Hetero-Homogeneous Oxygen-Evolving Catalyst</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peikun%20Zhang">Peikun Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chunhua%20Cui"> Chunhua Cui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting provides a promising pathway to convert solar energy into renewable fuels. However, the main and seemingly insurmountable obstacle is that the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) severely jeopardizes the overall efficiency, thus exploring highly active, stable, and appreciable catalysts is urgently requested. Herein a competitive coordination strategy was demonstrated to form a reversible hybrid homo-heterogeneous catalyst for efficient OER in alkaline media. The dynamic process involves an in-situ anchoring of soluble nickel–bipyridine pre-catalyst to a conductive substrate under OER and a re-dissolution course under open circuit potential, induced by the competitive coordination between nickel–bipyridine and nickel-hydroxyls. This catalyst allows to elaborately self-modulate a charge-transfer layer thickness upon the catalytic on-off operation, which affords substantially increased active sites, yet remains light transparency, and sustains the stability of over 200 hours of continuous operation. The integration of this catalyst with exemplified state-of-the-art Ni-sputtered Si photoanode can facilitate a ~250 mV cathodic shift at a current density of 20 mA cm-2. This finding helps the understanding of catalyst from a “dynamic” perspective, which represents a viable alternative to address remaining hurdles toward solar-driven water oxidation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20catalyst" title="molecular catalyst">molecular catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxygen%20evolution%20reaction" title=" oxygen evolution reaction"> oxygen evolution reaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20energy" title=" solar energy"> solar energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transition%20metal%20complex" title=" transition metal complex"> transition metal complex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20splitting" title=" water splitting"> water splitting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116341/competitive-coordination-strategy-towards-reversible-hybrid-hetero-homogeneous-oxygen-evolving-catalyst" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116341.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4499</span> The Study and the Use of the Bifunctional Catalyst Pt/Re for Obtaining High Octane Number of the Gasoline</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Menouar%20Hanafi">Menouar Hanafi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The original function of the process of platforming is to develop heavy naphtha (HSRN), coming from the atmospheric unit of distillation with a weak octane number (NO=44), to obtain a mixture of fuels â number octane raised by catalytically supporting specific groups of chemical reactions. The installation is divided into two sections: Section hydrobon. Section platforming. The rafinat coming from the bottom of column 12C2 to feed the section platforming, is divided into two parts whose flows are controlled and mixed with gas rich in hydrogen. Bottom of the column, we obtain stabilized reformat which is aspired by there pump to ensure the heating of the column whereas a part is sent towards storage after being cooled by the air cooler and the condenser. In catalytic catalyst of reforming, there is voluntarily associated a hydrogenating function-dehydrogenating, brought by platinum deposited, with an acid function brought by the alumina support (Al 2 0 3). The mechanism of action of this bifunctional catalyst depends on the severity of the operation, of the quality of the load and the type of catalyst. The catalyst used in the catalytic process of reforming is a very elaborate bifunctional catalyst whose performances are constantly improved thanks to the experimental research supported on an increasingly large comprehension of the phenomena. The American company Universel 0i1 petroleum (UOP) marketed several series of bimetallic catalysts such as R16, R20, R30, and R62 consisted Platinum/Rhenium on an acid support consisted the alumina added with a halogenous compound (chlorine). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=platforming" title="platforming">platforming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amelioration" title=" amelioration"> amelioration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=octane%20number" title=" octane number"> octane number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalyst" title=" catalyst"> catalyst</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21579/the-study-and-the-use-of-the-bifunctional-catalyst-ptre-for-obtaining-high-octane-number-of-the-gasoline" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21579.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">386</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4498</span> Investigation of the Thermal Flow inside the Catalytic Combustor for Lean CH4-Air Mixture on a Platinum Catalyst with H2 Addition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kumaresh%20Selvakumar">Kumaresh Selvakumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Man%20Young%20Kim"> Man Young Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to elaborate the main idea of investigating the flow physics inside the catalytic combustor, the characteristics of the catalytic surface reactions are analyzed by employing the CHEMKIN methodology with detailed gas and surface chemistries. The presence of a catalyst inside an engine enables complete combustion at lower temperatures which promotes desired chemical reactions. A single channel from the honeycomb monolith catalytic combustor is preferred to analyze the gas and surface reactions in the catalyst bed considering the fact that every channel in the honeycomb monolith behaves in similar fashion. The simplified approach with single catalyst channel using plug flow reactor can be used to predict the flow behavior inside the catalytic combustor. The hydrogen addition to the combustion reactants offers a way to light-off catalytic combustion of methane on platinum catalyst and aids to reduce the surface ignition temperature. Indeed, the hydrogen adsorption is higher on the uncovered Pt(s) surface sites because the sticking coefficient of hydrogen is larger than that of methane. The location of flame position in the catalyst bed is validated by igniting the methane fuel with the presence of hydrogen for corresponding multistep surface reactions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalytic%20combustor" title="catalytic combustor">catalytic combustor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20adsorption" title=" hydrogen adsorption"> hydrogen adsorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plug%20flow%20reactor" title=" plug flow reactor"> plug flow reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20ignition%20temperature" title=" surface ignition temperature"> surface ignition temperature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45962/investigation-of-the-thermal-flow-inside-the-catalytic-combustor-for-lean-ch4-air-mixture-on-a-platinum-catalyst-with-h2-addition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45962.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4497</span> "Project" Approach in Urban: A Response to Uncertainty</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mouhoubi%20Nedjima">Mouhoubi Nedjima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sassi%20Boudemagh%20Souad"> Sassi Boudemagh Souad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we will try to demonstrate the importance of the project approach in the urban to deal with uncertainty, the importance of the involvement of all stakeholders in the urban project process and that the absence of an actor can lead to project failure but also the importance of the urban project management. These points are handled through the following questions: Does the urban adhere to the theory of complexity? Does the project approach bring hope and solution to make urban planning "sustainable"? How converging visions of actors for the same project? Is the management of urban project the solution to support the urban project approach? <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategic%20planning" title="strategic planning">strategic planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project" title=" project"> project</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20project%20stakeholders" title=" urban project stakeholders"> urban project stakeholders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management" title=" management"> management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27120/project-approach-in-urban-a-response-to-uncertainty" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27120.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">512</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4496</span> Study on Pd Catalyst Supported on Carbon Materials for C₂ Hydrogenation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huanru%20Wang">Huanru Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianzhun%20Jiang"> Jianzhun Jiang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> At present, the preparation of the catalyst by carbon carrier is one of the improvement directions of the C₂ pre-hydrogenation catalyst. Carbon materials can be prepared from coal direct liquefaction residues, coconut shells, biomass, etc., and the pore structure of carbon carrier materials can be adjusted through the preparation process; at high temperatures, the carbon carrier itself also shows certain catalytic activity. Therefore, this paper mainly selected typical activated carbon and coconut shell carbon as carbon carrier materials, studied their microstructure and surface properties, prepared a series of carbon-based catalysts loaded with Pd, and investigated the effects of the content of promoter Ag and the concentration of reductant on the structure and performance of the catalyst and its catalytic performance for the pre hydrogenation of C₂. In this paper, the carbon supports from two sources and the catalysts prepared by them were characterized in detail. The results showed that the morphology and structure of different supports and the performance of the catalysts prepared were also obviously different. The catalyst supported on coconut shell carbon has a small specific surface area and large pore diameter. The catalyst supported on activated carbon has a large specific surface area and rich pore structure. The active carbon support is mainly a mixture of amorphous graphite and microcrystalline graphite. For the catalyst prepared with coconut shell carbon as the carrier, the sample is very uneven, and its specific surface area and pore volume are irregular. Compared with coconut shell carbon, activated carbon is more suitable as the carrier of the C₂ hydrogenation catalyst. The conversion of acetylene, methyl acetylene, and butadiene decreased, and the ethylene selectivity increased after Ag was added to the supported Pd catalyst. When the amount of promoter Ag is 0.01-0.015%, the catalyst has relatively good catalytic performance. Ag and Pd form an alloying effect, thus reducing the effective demand for Ag. The Pd Ag ratio is the key factor affecting the catalytic performance. When the addition amount of Ag is 0.01-0.015%, the dispersion of Pd on the carbon support surface can be significantly improved, and the size of active particles can be reduced. The Pd Ag ratio is the main factor in improving the selectivity of the catalyst. When the additional amount of sodium formate is 1%, the catalyst prepared has both high acetylene conversion and high ethylene selectivity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C%E2%82%82%20hydrogenation" title="C₂ hydrogenation">C₂ hydrogenation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activated%20carbon" title=" activated carbon"> activated carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ag%20promoter" title=" Ag promoter"> Ag promoter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pd%20catalysts" title=" Pd catalysts"> Pd catalysts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158188/study-on-pd-catalyst-supported-on-carbon-materials-for-c2-hydrogenation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158188.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4495</span> Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil over Mg-Al Modified K-10 Clay Catalyst </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Ayoub">Muhammad Ayoub</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abrar%20Inayat"> Abrar Inayat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhajan%20Lal"> Bhajan Lal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sintayehu%20Mekuria%20Hailegiorgis"> Sintayehu Mekuria Hailegiorgis </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biodiesel which comes from pure renewable resources provide an alternative fuel option for future because of limited fossil fuel resources as well as environmental concerns. The transesteriﬁcation of vegetable oils for biodiesel production is a promising process to overcome this future crises of energy. The use of heterogeneous catalysts greatly simpliﬁes the technological process by facilitating the separation of the post-reaction mixture. The purpose of the present work was to examine a heterogeneous catalyst, in particular, Mg-Al modified K-10 clay, to produce methyl esters of palm oil. The prepared catalyst was well characterized by different latest techniques. In this study, the transesteriﬁcation of palm oil with methanol was studied in a heterogeneous system in the presence of Mg-Al modified K-10 clay as solid base catalyst and then optimized these results with the help of Design of Experiments software. The results showed that methanol is the best alcohol for this reaction condition. The best results was achieved for optimization of biodiesel process. The maximum conversion of triglyceride (88%) was noted after 8 h of reaction at 60 ̊C, with a 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to palm oil and 3 wt % of prepared catalyst. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palm%20oil" title="palm oil">palm oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transestrefication" title=" transestrefication"> transestrefication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clay" title=" clay"> clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiesel" title=" biodiesel"> biodiesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesoporous%20clay" title=" mesoporous clay"> mesoporous clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K-10" title=" K-10 "> K-10 </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19354/optimization-of-biodiesel-production-from-palm-oil-over-mg-al-modified-k-10-clay-catalyst" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19354.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">396</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4494</span> MnO₂-Carbon Nanotubes Catalyst for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abidullah">Abidullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Basharat%20Hussain"> Basharat Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jong%20Seok%20Kim"> Jong Seok Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is an electrochemical cell, which undergoes an oxygen reduction reaction to produce electrical energy. Platinum (Pt) metal has been used as a catalyst since its inception, but expensiveness is the major obstacle in the commercialization of fuel cells. Herein a non-precious group metal (NPGM) is employed instead of Pt to reduce the cost of PEMFCs. Manganese dioxide impregnated carbon nanotubes (MnO₂-CNTs composite) is a catalyst having excellent electrochemical properties and offers a better alternative to the Platinum-based PEMFC. The catalyst is synthesized by impregnating the transition metal on large surface carbonaceous CNTs by hydrothermal synthesis techniques. To enhance the catalytic activity and increase the volumetric current density, the sample was pyrolyzed at 800ᵒC under a nitrogen atmosphere. During pyrolysis, the nitrogen was doped in the framework of CNTs. Then the material was treated with acid for removing the unreacted metals and adding oxygen functional group to the CNT framework. This process ameliorates the catalytic activity of the manganese-based catalyst. The catalyst has been characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the catalyst activity has been examined by rotating disc electrode (RDE) experiment. The catalyst was strong enough to withstand an austere alkaline environment in experimental conditions and had a high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) depicts an excellent current density of -4.0 mA/cm² and an overpotential of -0.3V vs. standard calomel electrode (SCE) in 0.1M KOH electrolyte. Rotating disk electrode (RDE) was conducted at 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 rpm. The catalyst exhibited a higher methanol tolerance and long term durability with respect to commercial Pt/C. The results for MnO₂-CNT show that the low-cost catalyst will supplant the expensive Pt/C catalyst in the fuel cell. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20nanotubes" title="carbon nanotubes">carbon nanotubes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methanol%20fuel%20cell" title=" methanol fuel cell"> methanol fuel cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxygen%20reduction%20reaction" title=" oxygen reduction reaction"> oxygen reduction reaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MnO%E2%82%82-CNTs" title=" MnO₂-CNTs"> MnO₂-CNTs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130934/mno2-carbon-nanotubes-catalyst-for-enhanced-oxygen-reduction-reaction-in-polymer-electrolyte-membrane-fuel-cell" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130934.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4493</span> The Return of Daily Life — Improvement Experiments on Urban Village in the Post-Urban Village Era</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gan%20Lu">Gan Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xu%20Lei"> Xu Lei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This is an era when urban village is disappearing in China. A series of social phenomenon presented in post-urban village era is forcing rethinking of the future of urban village. Existing monotonous urban renewal mode based on gentrification is questioned, and the social values of urban village has been gaining increasing attention while the daily life and spatial power of underclass is being focused on. Based on the consensus on the positive meaning of urban village phenomenon, social sectors have taken amount of improvement experiments to explore the possibility of modern transition of urban village on the premise of existence. These experiments revealed that urban tremendous changes impact a lot on social daily life, and pointed out that it is necessary to bring up the responsibility of architects and the definition of urban for discussion again. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-urban%20village%20era" title="post-urban village era">post-urban village era</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gentrification" title=" gentrification"> gentrification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20value" title=" social value"> social value</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=daily%20life" title=" daily life"> daily life</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improvement%20experiment." title=" improvement experiment. "> improvement experiment. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30386/the-return-of-daily-life-improvement-experiments-on-urban-village-in-the-post-urban-village-era" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30386.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">510</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4492</span> Catalytic Pyrolysis of Barley Straw for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Funda%20Ates">Funda Ates</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Primary energy sources, such as petroleum, coal and natural gas are principle responsible of world’s energy consumption. However, the rapid worldwide increase in the depletion of these energy sources is remarkable. In addition to this, they have damaging environmentally effect. Renewable energy sources are capable of providing a considerable fraction of World energy demand in this century. Biomass is one of the most abundant and utilized sources of renewable energy in the world. It can be converted into commercial fuels, suitable to substitute for fossil fuels. A high number of biomass types can be converted through thermochemical processes into solid, liquid or gaseous fuels. Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of biomass in the absence of air or oxygen. In this study, barley straw has been investigated as an alternative feedstock to obtain fuels and chemicals via pyrolysis in fixed-bed reactor. The influence of pyrolysis temperature in the range 450–750 °C as well as the catalyst effects on the products was investigated and the obtained results were compared. The results indicated that a maximum oil yield of 20.4% was obtained at a moderate temperature of 550 °C. Oil yield decreased by using catalyst. Pyrolysis oils were examined by using instrumental analysis and GC/MS. Analyses revealed that the pyrolysis oils were chemically very heterogeneous at all temperatures. It was determined that the most abundant compounds composing the bio-oil were phenolics. Catalyst decreased the reaction temperature. Most of the components obtained using a catalyst at moderate temperatures was close to those obtained at high temperatures without using a catalyst. Moreover, the use of a catalyst also decreased the amount of oxygenated compounds produced. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barley%20straw" title="Barley straw">Barley straw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrolysis" title=" pyrolysis"> pyrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalyst" title=" catalyst"> catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenolics" title=" phenolics"> phenolics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72812/catalytic-pyrolysis-of-barley-straw-for-the-production-of-fuels-and-chemicals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72812.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">226</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4491</span> Biodiesel Production Using Eggshells as a Catalyst</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ieva%20Gaide">Ieva Gaide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Violeta%20Makareviciene"> Violeta Makareviciene</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Increasing environmental pollution is caused by various factors, including the usage of vehicles. Legislation is focused on the increased usage of renewable energy sources for fuel production. Electric car usage is also important; however, it is relatively new and expensive transport. It is necessary to increase the amount of renewable energy in the production of diesel fuel, whereas many agricultural machineries are powered by diesel, as are water vehicles. For this reason, research on biodiesel production is relevant. The majority of studies globally are related to the improvement of conventional biofuel production technologies by applying the transesterification process of oil using alcohol and catalyst. Some of the more recent methods to produce biodiesel are based on heterogeneous catalysis, which has the advantage of easy separation of catalyst from the final product. It is known that a large amount of eggshells is treated as waste; therefore, it is eliminated in landfills without any or with minimal pre-treatment. CaO, which is known as a good catalyst for biodiesel synthesis, is a key component of eggshells. In the present work, we evaluated the catalytic efficiency of eggshells and determined the optimal transesterification conditions to obtain biodiesel that meets the standards. Content CaO in eggshells was investigated. Response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal reaction conditions. Three independent variables were investigated: the molar ratio of alcohol to oil, the amount of the catalyst, and the duration of the reaction. It was obtained that the optimum transesterification conditions when the methanol and eggshells as a heterogeneous catalyst are used and the process temperature is 64°C are the following: the alcohol-to-oil molar ratio 10.93:1, the reaction duration 9.48 h, and the catalyst amount 6.80 wt%. Under these conditions, 97.79 wt% of the ester yield was obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneous%20catalysis" title="heterogeneous catalysis">heterogeneous catalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eggshells" title=" eggshells"> eggshells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiesel" title=" biodiesel"> biodiesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil" title=" oil"> oil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148607/biodiesel-production-using-eggshells-as-a-catalyst" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148607.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li 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