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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Utilitarismo moten garapena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilitarismo_moten_garapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Stuart_Millen_utilitarismoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Stuart_Millen_utilitarismoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>John Stuart Millen utilitarismoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Stuart_Millen_utilitarismoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jeremy_Benthamen_utilitarismoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jeremy_Benthamen_utilitarismoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Jeremy Benthamen utilitarismoa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jeremy_Benthamen_utilitarismoa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Jeremy Benthamen utilitarismoa azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jeremy_Benthamen_utilitarismoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lehenengo_oztopoa:_gizabanakoaren_eskubideak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lehenengo_oztopoa:_gizabanakoaren_eskubideak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lehenengo oztopoa: gizabanakoaren eskubideak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lehenengo_oztopoa:_gizabanakoaren_eskubideak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bigarren_oztopoa:_balioen_batasun_komuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bigarren_oztopoa:_balioen_batasun_komuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bigarren oztopoa: balioen batasun komuna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bigarren_oztopoa:_balioen_batasun_komuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_utilitaristak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_utilitaristak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sistema utilitaristak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sistema_utilitaristak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sistema utilitaristak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sistema_utilitaristak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Panoptikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panoptikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Panoptikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panoptikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workhousesak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workhousesak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>Workhouses</i>ak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workhousesak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilitarismoari_egindako_kritikak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilitarismoari_egindako_kritikak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Utilitarismoari egindako kritikak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilitarismoari_egindako_kritikak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Utilitarismo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 73 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Utilitarisme – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Utilitarisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismus" title="Utilitarismus – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Utilitarismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%85%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8A%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ጥቅማዊነት – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጥቅማዊነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نفعية – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نفعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismu" title="Utilitarismu – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Utilitarismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarizm" title="Utilitarizm – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Utilitarizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Утылітарызм – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Утылітарызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Утилитаризъм – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Утилитаризъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="উপযোগবাদ – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপযোগবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Utilitarisme – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Utilitarisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismus" title="Utilitarismus – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Utilitarismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defnyddiolaeth" title="Defnyddiolaeth – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Defnyddiolaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Utilitarisme – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Utilitarisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismus" title="Utilitarismus – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Utilitarismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ωφελιμισμός – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ωφελιμισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Utilitarianism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilismo" title="Utilismo – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Utilismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismo" title="Utilitarismo – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Utilitarismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarism" title="Utilitarism – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Utilitarism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فایده‌گرایی – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فایده‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismi" title="Utilitarismi – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Utilitarismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Utilitarisme – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Utilitarisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismus" title="Utilitarismus – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Utilitarismus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismo" title="Utilitarismo – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Utilitarismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תועלתנות – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תועלתנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="उपयोगितावाद – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपयोगितावाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarizam" title="Utilitarizam – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Utilitarizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haszonelv%C5%B1s%C3%A9g" title="Haszonelvűség – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Haszonelvűség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ուտիլիտարիզմ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուտիլիտարիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianisme" title="Utilitarianisme – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Utilitarianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nytjastefna" title="Nytjastefna – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nytjastefna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismo" title="Utilitarismo – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Utilitarismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功利主義 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="功利主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianisme" title="Utilitarianisme – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Utilitarianisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="უტილიტარიზმი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უტილიტარიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Утилитаризм – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Утилитаризм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6" title="ಉಪಯುಕ್ತತಾವಾದ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಪಯುಕ್ತತಾವಾದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EB%A6%AC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="공리주의 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공리주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Утилитаризм – karachayera-balkarera" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Утилитаризм" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachayera-balkarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBdgir%C3%AE" title="Sûdgirî – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sûdgirî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Утилитаризм – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Утилитаризм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismus" title="Utilitarismus – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Utilitarismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarizmas" title="Utilitarizmas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Utilitarizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilit%C4%81risms" title="Utilitārisms – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Utilitārisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Утилитаризам – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Утилитаризам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രയോജനവാദം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രയോജനവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianisme" title="Utilitarianisme – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Utilitarianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="လက်တွေ့အသုံးကျမှုဝါဒ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်တွေ့အသုံးကျမှုဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Utilitarisme – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Utilitarisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Utilitarisme – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Utilitarisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Utilitarisme – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Utilitarisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Utilitarisme – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Utilitarisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utylitaryzm" title="Utylitaryzm – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Utylitaryzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%AB%D9%BC%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="د ګټې اصالت – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ګټې اصالت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismo" title="Utilitarismo – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Utilitarismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarism" title="Utilitarism – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Utilitarism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Утилитаризм – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Утилитаризм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarizam" title="Utilitarizam – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Utilitarizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Utilitarianism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarizmus" title="Utilitarizmus – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Utilitarizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarizem" title="Utilitarizem – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Utilitarizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Утилитаризам – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Утилитаризам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarism" title="Utilitarism – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utilitarism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பயனெறிமுறைக் கோட்பாடு – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பயனெறிமுறைக் கோட்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ประโยชน์นิยม – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประโยชน์นิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismo" title="Utilitarismo – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Utilitarismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yararc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Yararcılık – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yararcılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Утилітаризм – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Утилітаризм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_v%E1%BB%8B_l%E1%BB%A3i" title="Chủ nghĩa vị lợi – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa vị lợi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismo" title="Utilitarismo – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Utilitarismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="功利主义 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="功利主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功利主義 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="功利主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功用主義 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="功用主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160590#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Utilitarismo" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p><b>Utilitarismoa</b> <a href="/wiki/Hedonismo" title="Hedonismo">hedonismo</a>tik abiatzen den korronte edo mugimendu filosofikoa da. Honen helburua ahalik eta jende kopuru handienarentzat <a href="/wiki/Zoriontasun" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoriontasun">zoriontasun</a> mailarik altuena lortzea da.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hori lortzeko <a href="/wiki/Pertsona_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pertsona (argipena)">pertsona</a> multzo bat kaltetu behar bada, kaltetu egingo da. Utilitarismoan, ekintza etikoa gizabanako gehienentzat zorion (edo utilitate) gehien sortzen duen hori da. Teoria etiko kontsekuentzialista da<sup class="Template-Fact" title="erreferentzia behar da pasarte honetan" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">[erreferentzia behar]</a></sup>. </p><p>Utilitarismoan, ekintza bat ona edo txarra den jakiteko, ekintzak dauzkan ondorio moral on eta txarrak kalkulatu behar dira. Onek txarrak gainditzen badituzte ekintza morala izango da.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utilitarismoa <a href="/wiki/Hedonismo" title="Hedonismo">hedonismo</a> mota bat da. Hedonismoa <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a> <a href="/wiki/Doktrina" title="Doktrina">doktrina</a> bat da, non <a href="/wiki/Plazer" class="mw-redirect" title="Plazer">plazera</a> bilatzea eta <a href="/wiki/Min" title="Min">mina</a> ezabatzea bilatzen den. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedonismo_kuantitatibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedonismo kuantitatibo (sortu gabe)">Hedonismo kuantitatiboan</a> garrantzitsuena <a href="/wiki/Sentipen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentipen">sentipenak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sentimendu" title="Sentimendu">sentimenduak</a> dira. Helburua ahalik eta sentipen on gehien eta ahalik eta sentipen txar gutxien lortzea da. Millek sortutako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedonismo_kualitatibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedonismo kualitatibo (sortu gabe)">hedonismo kualitatiboan</a> plazerak berdindu ezin zirela esaten zuen. Berak zioen plazer intelektual edo moralek fisikoek baino gehiago balio dutela, eta horregatik, goi mailako eta behe mailako plazerak banatu zituen, plazeren arteko <a href="/wiki/Hierarkia" title="Hierarkia">hierarkia</a> bat sortuz.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sorrera">Sorrera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sorrera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Sorrera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utilitarismoaren sortzailea <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> izan zen (1748-1832) <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%80%9CIntroduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation%E2%80%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="“Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation” (sortu gabe)">“<i>Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation</i>”</a> (1870) obrarekin. Ondorengo utilitaristak <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a>en diskurtsotik zenbait alderdi hobetzen saiatu ziren, bere teoriatik urrundu gabe. Bentham ez zen zerotik hasi bere teoria garatzerakoan: izan ere, bere teorian, enpirismo britainiarra (<a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> eta <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, batez ere) eta <a href="/wiki/Ilustrazio" class="mw-disambig" title="Ilustrazio">ilustrazio</a>ko zenbait pentsalariren eragina (<a href="/wiki/Claude-Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude-Adrien Helvétius">Claude-Adrien Helvétius</a>, adibidez) antzeman daiteke. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Hutcheson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Hutcheson (sortu gabe)">Francis Hutcheson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>en eragina ere ikus daiteke. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>en aburuz, <a href="/wiki/Gizaki" title="Gizaki">gizaki</a>aren helburu natural nagusia <a href="/wiki/Zoriontasun" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoriontasun">zoriontasuna</a> bilatu eta lortzea da: ekintza guztiak, publikoak zein pribatuak, zoriontasunera bideraturik daude. Ekintza bat zuzena izango da zoriontasun gorenaren bidean onuragarria baldin bada. Helburu hedonista, azken finean, ahalik eta plazer gehien bilatzea da, minak alde batera utzita. </p><p>Benthamek ez du berehalakoa den plazer erraza nahi (zerbait jatea, adibidez). Berak, ekintza bakoitzak ekarriko dituen ondorioak aztertzera bultzatzen gaitu, <a href="/wiki/Etorkizun" title="Etorkizun">etorkizun</a> batean alde onak alde txarrak gaindituko dituen helburuarekin. Horrek esan nahi du, batzuetan, <a href="/wiki/Sakrifizio" title="Sakrifizio">sakrifizio</a> txikiak egin beharko ditugula gure zoriontasun maila, etorkizunean, ahalik eta handiena izan dadin. Ekintza bat aztertzerako garaian zenbait <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irizpide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irizpide (sortu gabe)">irizpide</a> kuantitatibo hartuko dira kontuan: plazeraren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraunaldi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraunaldi (sortu gabe)">iraunaldia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentsitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intentsitate (sortu gabe)">intentsitate</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedapen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedapen (sortu gabe)">hedapena</a>, hori lortzeko aukerak, etab. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Doktrina" title="Doktrina">Doktrina</a> honen helburua ez da <a href="/wiki/Berekoikeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Berekoikeria">berekoikeria</a> bultzatzea. Gizakia naturalki berekoia dela esatea, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presupostu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presupostu (sortu gabe)">presupostu</a> psikologiko eta morala da, ondorioz, esan dezakegu gizakiak dituen harreman sozial eta politiko guztiak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artifizial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artifizial (sortu gabe)">artifizialak</a> direla. Utilitarismoaren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeregin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeregin (sortu gabe)">zereginetako</a> bat lehenengo <a href="/wiki/Bulkada_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bulkada (argipena)">bulkada</a> hori zuzentzea izango da. <a href="/wiki/Ongizate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ongizate">Ongizate</a> globala onura indibidualen <a href="/wiki/Batuketa" title="Batuketa">batuketa</a> denez, <a href="/wiki/Interes" title="Interes">interes</a> propioa sustatzeko modurik onena ongizate globala bultzatzea izango da. Korronte filosofiko honek soilik gure interes propioetan ez mugatzera bultzatzen gaitu, baita erabakietan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inpartzialtasun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inpartzialtasun (sortu gabe)">inpartzialtasuna</a> izatera ere, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laguntasun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laguntasun (sortu gabe)">laguntasuna</a> edota <a href="/wiki/Manipulazio_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Manipulazio (argipena)">manipulazioa</a> alde batera utzita. </p><p>Utilititarismoan garrantzia handia izandako beste pertsona bat <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> izan zen (1806-1873), eta honek <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%80%9CEl_utilitarismo%E2%80%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="“El utilitarismo” (sortu gabe)">“<i>El utilitarismo</i>”</a> lana idatzi zuen. Bertan bere teoria azaldu zuen eta gehienetan bat zetorren Benthamen ideiekin: ekintzak onak dira zoriontasuna bultzatzen badute, aurkakoa egiten badute txarrak izango dira. <a href="/wiki/Zorion" title="Zorion">Zoriontasuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Plazer" class="mw-redirect" title="Plazer">plazer</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Min" title="Min">min</a> absentzia izango litzateke, eta aldiz, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoritxar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoritxar (sortu gabe)">zoritxarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plazer" class="mw-redirect" title="Plazer">plazer</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabezia" title="Gabezia">gabezia</a> izango litzateke. John Stuart Millek bere  ideien aitzindari den Benthami zuzenketa bat egiten dio: Benthamen aburuz, plazer guztiak berdinak dira, ez dago horien arteko desberdintasun kuantitatiborik. Millek, ideia horren aurka egiten du. Bere ustez, zoriontasuna eta plazerak asetzearen artean <a href="/wiki/Desberdintasun_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Desberdintasun (argipena)">desberdintasun</a> handia dago. Berak, plazer intelektual eta moralak plazer fisikoen gainetik kokatzen ditu. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desadostasun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desadostasun (sortu gabe)">Desadostasun</a> hori alde batera utzita, bi autoreek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erreforma_sozial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erreforma sozial (sortu gabe)">erreforma sozial</a> ugari bultzatu zituzten, <a href="/wiki/Justizia_sozial" title="Justizia sozial">justuagoa</a> izango zen <a href="/wiki/Gizarte" title="Gizarte">gizarte</a> bat lortzeko asmoz.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilitarismo_moten_garapena">Utilitarismo moten garapena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Utilitarismo moten garapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Utilitarismo moten garapena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Utilitarismo ideala:</b> termino hau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Rashdall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hastings Rashdall (sortu gabe)">Hastings Rashdall</a> filosofo ingelesak erabili zuen lehenengoz 1907an, baina, ohikoagoa da <a href="/w/index.php?title=G._E._Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. E. Moore (sortu gabe)">G. E. Moore</a> filosofoarekin lotzea. Honek <a href="/wiki/Hedonismo" title="Hedonismo">hedonismo</a> hutsean oinarritutako utilitarismoa ukatu eta maximoetara eraman beharreko balore multzo bat proposatzen du, esanaz, intuitiboki onartezina dela ona dena neurtzeko modu bakarra plazera izatea. Hala ere, gehitzen du, plazer maila berdina mantentzen den arren maitasuna eta edertasuna dituen mundu bat mundu politagoa izango dela.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Arau eta ekintza moraleko utilitarismoa:</b> korronte hau <a href="/wiki/XX._mendea" title="XX. mendea">XX. mendea</a>ren erdialdean sortu zen, lege moralen beharrak indarra hartu zuen unean. Ekintzen ondorioak kalkulatzeko arazoak zirela eta aldarrikatu zen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lege_moral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lege moral (sortu gabe)">lege moral</a>en beharra, ekintza onak zein diren aukeratzen laguntzeko. <a href="/wiki/Erabilgarritasun" title="Erabilgarritasun">Erabilgarritasun</a> handiena ematen duen arauen parte den ekintza da beretzat onena.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Lehentasunezko utilitarismoa:</b> pertsona kopuru handienarentzat ondorio hoberena emango duena egitea da egokiena. Egokiena zer den, lehentasunezko mekanismo batzuk jarraituz jakingo da. Lehenengoz 1977. urtean proposatu zuen utilitarismo mota hau <a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">John Harsanyik</a> <i>Morality and the theory of rational behaviour</i> liburuan, baina komunagoa da <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a> edo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Brandt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Brandt (sortu gabe)">Richard Brandt</a> filosofoekin lotzea. Korronte honek, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo_ideal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utilitarismo ideal (sortu gabe)">utilitarismo ideal</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Hedonismo" title="Hedonismo">hedonist</a><a href="/wiki/Hedonismo" title="Hedonismo">a</a>ri kritika egiten dio, esanez, ez dela egia enpirikoki frogatua dagoela egiten dugun guztia plazera handitzeko eta mina gutxitzeko egiten dugula. Horren aurrean, banako jakin bakoitzarentzat azken irizpidea norberaren desira eta lehentasunak direla defendatzen du.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Utilitarismo ezkorra:</b> beharrezkoa ikusten du ahalik eta pertsona gehienentzat min kopuru handiena ekiditea . Korronte honen defendatzaileek diote etika modu eraginkorragoa dela beraiena. 1945. urtean, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> filosofoak lehenengoz planteatu zuen plazera maximizatu ordez, mina minimizatzea izan beharko litzatekeela helburua edo xedea. Izan ere, jendearen plazera edo zoriontasuna maximizatzen saiatzea ezinezkoa da, eta beraien ustez, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gizarte_totalitarismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gizarte totalitarismo (sortu gabe)">gizarte totalitarismo</a>etara gidatu dezakete. Utilitarismo ezkorra terminoa <a href="/w/index.php?title=R._N._Smart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. N. Smart (sortu gabe)">R. N. Smart</a>ek proposatu zuen 1958an.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="John_Stuart_Millen_utilitarismoa">John Stuart Millen utilitarismoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «John Stuart Millen utilitarismoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: John Stuart Millen utilitarismoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:JohnStuartMill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/JohnStuartMill.jpg/220px-JohnStuartMill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/JohnStuartMill.jpg/330px-JohnStuartMill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/JohnStuartMill.jpg/440px-JohnStuartMill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2723" data-file-height="3548" /></a><figcaption>John Stuart Mill.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> (<a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingalaterra" title="Ingalaterra">Ingalaterra</a>, 1806ko <a href="/wiki/Maiatz" title="Maiatz">maiatza</a>ren 20a - <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia">Frantzia</a>, 1873ko maiatzaren 8a) <a href="/wiki/Filosofo" title="Filosofo">filosofo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logikari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logikari (sortu gabe)">logikari</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ekonomialari" title="Ekonomialari">ekonomialari</a>a izan zen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Mill (sortu gabe)">James Mill</a> ekonomilariaren semea zen. Millen heziketan <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>ren <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%80%9CEmilio%E2%80%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="“Emilio” (sortu gabe)">“<i>Emilio</i>”</a> obrako oinarri zehatzek izugarrizko garrantzia izan zuten. </p><p>Millek <a href="/wiki/Haurtzaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Haurtzaro">haurtzaro</a> gogorra pairatu zuen: bere aitak, utilitarismoaren jarraitzaile sutsua zenak, ez zien <a href="/wiki/Errespetu" class="mw-redirect" title="Errespetu">errespetu</a> handirik bere emazte eta semeei, askotan oso gaizki hitz egiten zien. Txikitan ez zuen <a href="/wiki/Maitasun" title="Maitasun">maitasun</a>ik sentitu, <a href="/wiki/Beldur" title="Beldur">beldurra</a> bai aldiz. Aitaren helburua bere ingurukoak utilitarismoan murgilaraztea zen, horiei plazera eta mina eraginez . </p><p>Haurtzaro guztian zehar <a href="/wiki/Presio" title="Presio">presio</a> gogorra jasan ondoren, 1826an, 20 urterekin, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisi_mental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisi mental (sortu gabe)">krisi menta</a>l bat pairatu zuen, bere <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%80%9CAutobiograf%C3%ADa%E2%80%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="“Autobiografía” (sortu gabe)">“<i>Autobiografía</i>”</a> (1873) obran deskribatuko zuena. 1827an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marmontel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marmontel (sortu gabe)">Marmontel</a>en <a href="/w/index.php?title=%22memorias%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=""memorias" (sortu gabe)">“<i>Memorias</i>”</a>en agertzen den pasarte bat irakurtzeak, aitaren <a href="/wiki/Heriotza" title="Heriotza">heriotza</a>ri buruzko pasartea hain zuzen ere, zailtasun horietatik pixkanaka ateratzen lagundu zion. Jasotako <a href="/wiki/Heziketa_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Heziketa (argipena)">heziketa</a> zorrotzaren aurka jarki zen, utilitarismoaren aurka egin zuen (honekin hautsi gabe, noski) eta korronte intelektual berrietara ireki zen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comte (sortu gabe)">Comte</a>ren <a href="/wiki/Positibismo" title="Positibismo">positibismo</a>ra, <a href="/wiki/Sozialismo" title="Sozialismo">sozialismo</a>ra edota <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentsamendu_erromantiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentsamendu erromantiko (sortu gabe)">pentsamendu erromantiko</a>ra hain zuzen ere. </p><p>Millek <a href="/wiki/Ekialdeko_Indietako_Britainiar_Konpainia" title="Ekialdeko Indietako Britainiar Konpainia">Ekialdeko Indietako Britainiar Konpainia</a>rentzat egin zuen lan, eta aldi berean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alderdi_liberala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alderdi liberala (sortu gabe)">alderdi liberala</a>ren alde egin zuen <a href="/wiki/Parlamentu" title="Parlamentu">parlamentua</a>n. Beretzat justua eta egokia zenaren alde borrokatu zuen. 1840an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Bain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Bain (sortu gabe)">Alexander Bain</a> filosofo eta psikologoarekin laguntasun harremana hasi zuen. </p><p>1851ean, 21 urteko laguntasunari segiz, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harryet_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harryet Taylor (sortu gabe)">Harryet Taylor</a>rekin ezkondu zen. Taylorrek izugarrizko eragina izan zuen Millen lan eta ideietan, ezkondu baino lehen eta baita ezkondu ondoren ere. Millek, Taylorren eragina tarteko, <a href="/wiki/Emakumeen_eskubideak" title="Emakumeen eskubideak">emakumeen eskubide</a>en alde egin zuen. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Unibertsitate" title="Unibertsitate">Unibertsitate</a>ko <a href="/wiki/Irakasle" title="Irakasle">irakaslea</a> ez bazen ere, filosofiako adar gehienak jorratu zituen. <a href="/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">Logika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psikologia" title="Psikologia">psikologia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ezagutzaren_teoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezagutzaren teoria">ezagutzaren teoria</a>ren eremuan, Mill <a href="/wiki/Enpirismo" title="Enpirismo">enpirista</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Positibismo" title="Positibismo">positibista</a> zen. </p><p>Utilitarismoari dagokionez, hainbat gauza argi utzi zituen bere bizitzan zehar, horien artean, bi hauek: bere ustez, <a href="/wiki/Banako" title="Banako">banako</a> bakoitzak <a href="/wiki/Askatasuna_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Askatasuna (argipena)">askatasuna</a> izateko <a href="/wiki/Eskubide" title="Eskubide">eskubidea</a> du, beti ere inor kaltetzen ez badu. Bestalde, norbait <a href="/wiki/Ohitura_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ohitura (argipena)">ohitura</a> zehatz batzuk jarraituz bizitzera behartzea gaizki dago, bere <a href="/wiki/Gaitasun_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gaitasun (argipena)">gaitasun</a>ak askatasunez eta osotasunez garatzeko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Traba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traba (sortu gabe)">traba</a> baita. </p><p>Horrez gain, Millen aburuz, plazeren artean <a href="/wiki/Hierarkia" title="Hierarkia">hierarkia</a> bat dago, batzuk besteak baino hobeak dira. Plazeraren intentsitatea eta iraupena alde batera utzita, gure <a href="/wiki/Desio_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Desio (argipena)">desio</a>en <a href="/wiki/Kalitate" title="Kalitate">kalitatea</a> neurtu dezakegu horien <a href="/wiki/Utilitate_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Utilitate (argipena)">utilitatea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erabilgarritasun" title="Erabilgarritasun">erabilgarritasuna</a>, kontuan hartuta.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jeremy_Benthamen_utilitarismoa">Jeremy Benthamen utilitarismoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Jeremy Benthamen utilitarismoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Jeremy Benthamen utilitarismoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/220px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/330px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/440px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Jeremy Bentham</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spitalfields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spitalfields (sortu gabe)">Spitalfields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a>, <a href="/wiki/1748" title="1748">17</a>48ko otsailaren 15a - Londres, 183<a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">2ko</a> ekainaren 6a) <a href="/wiki/Filosofo" title="Filosofo">filosofo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekonomialari" title="Ekonomialari">ekonomialari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentsalaria" title="Pentsalaria">pentsalari</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Idazle" title="Idazle">idazle</a> ingelesa izan zen, utilitarismoaren fundatzailea. </p><p>Berak sustatutako filosofiak denboran zehar eragin handia izan du. Eta gaur egun ere botere handia du ekonomialari, enpresa exekutibo, kudeatzaile publiko eta hiritar komunen pentsamenduan. </p><p>Bere planteamenduaren ideia nagusia da <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">morala</a>ren printzipio gorena <a href="/wiki/Zorion" title="Zorion">zoriontasuna</a> maximizatzea dela, eta  horrela, <a href="/wiki/Plazer" class="mw-redirect" title="Plazer">plazera</a> minaren gainetik gailenduko da. </p><p>Benthamen esanetan <a href="/wiki/Erabilgarritasun" title="Erabilgarritasun">erabilgarritasuna</a> maximizatu behar da, eraginkortasuna oinarri hartuta plazera edo zoriontasuna sortzen duen edo mina eta <a href="/wiki/Sufrimendu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufrimendu">sufrimendua</a> ekiditen duen edozer onartuta. </p><p>Utilitarismo honen arabera guztion gobernari dira mina eta plazer <a href="/wiki/Sentsazio" title="Sentsazio">sentsazio</a>ak, eta egiten dugun oro kontrolatzen eta <a href="/wiki/Determinismo" title="Determinismo">determinatzen</a> dute, ongi eta gaizki dagoenaren eredu edo patroia marraztuz. </p><p>Guztiok dugu gustuko plazera eta gaitzesten dugu mina. Filosofia utilitaristak hori hartzen du bizitza moral eta politikoaren oinarritzat. Estatuak, lege edo politikak onartzeko momentuan, multzo bezala, komunitatearen erabilgarritasuna maximizatuko duena onartu beharko luke. Benthamen aburuz, komunitatea fikziozko gorputz bat da, bere baitan dauden gizabanakoen baturak sortutakoa. Horrela, organo legegileak ahalik eta banako gehienen onura bilatu behar du, mina gutxiengora murriztuz. </p><p>Benthamen esanetan ez dago ganorazko argudiorik planteamendu hori ukatzeko. Bere ustez, erabilgarritasunaren printzipioak berrikuntza politikorako oinarri izan daitekeen moralaren zientzia mota bat eskaintzen digu. </p><p>Hala ere, autore honen utilitarismoak bi oztopo nagusi aurkitu ditu: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lehenengo_oztopoa:_gizabanakoaren_eskubideak">Lehenengo oztopoa: gizabanakoaren eskubideak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lehenengo oztopoa: gizabanakoaren eskubideak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Lehenengo oztopoa: gizabanakoaren eskubideak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utilitarismoaren ahulgunerik nabarmenena gizabanakoaren eskubideekiko errespetu falta da. Poztasunaren batasuna da utilitarismoaren ikuspuntutik garrantzia duen bakarra, <a href="/wiki/Banako" title="Banako">banakoa</a>k alde batera utzita. </p><p>Utilitaristentzat, gizabanakoak garrantzitsuak dira, baina, soilik, bakoitzaren lehentasunak beste guztienekin kontuan hartzen badira. Horrek esan nahi du logika utilitarista modu koherentean aplikatuz gero, pertsonak errespetu eta begirunezkoa ez den modu batean tratatuak izatea posible litzakeela, esaterako, tortura justifikatuz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bigarren_oztopoa:_balioen_batasun_komuna">Bigarren oztopoa: balioen batasun komuna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bigarren oztopoa: balioen batasun komuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Bigarren oztopoa: balioen batasun komuna"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utilitarismoak zoriontasuna neurtu, gehitu eta kalkulatzean moralean oinarritzen den zientzia bat eskaintzen duela dio. Guztien nahiek balio berbera dute. Erabilgarritasunak, Benthamek planteatu zuen moduan, horrelako balioen batasun komuna eskaintzen du. </p><p>Hala ere, posible al da balioen unitate komun horretan, ongiak moral guztiak batzea bidean zerbait ahaztu gabe? Horixe da bigarren oztopoa. </p><p>Horrela bada, balorezko batasun komun batean ez dira balio guztiak sartu. </p><p>Esaterako, gastu eta irabazien analisian logika utilitarioa aplikatzen denean, gobernu eta enpresa handiek erabakiak hartzeko modu bezala baliatzen dute logika utilitarioa. Gizartearentzat erabaki konplexuak hartu behar direnean, berriz, gastu eta irabazien analisiak, arrazionaltasuna eta zorroztasuna ditu oinarri. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistema_utilitaristak">Sistema utilitaristak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sistema utilitaristak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Sistema utilitaristak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panoptikoa"><a href="/wiki/Panoptiko" title="Panoptiko">Panoptikoa</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Panoptikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Panoptikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Penetentiary_Panopticon_Plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Penetentiary_Panopticon_Plan.jpg/220px-Penetentiary_Panopticon_Plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Penetentiary_Panopticon_Plan.jpg/330px-Penetentiary_Panopticon_Plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Penetentiary_Panopticon_Plan.jpg/440px-Penetentiary_Panopticon_Plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3325" data-file-height="2634" /></a><figcaption>Jeremy Benthamek sortutako espetxe-eredua.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jeremy Benthamek sortutako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espetxe-eraikin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espetxe-eraikin (sortu gabe)">espetxe-eraikin</a> <a href="/wiki/Eredu_(argipena)" title="Eredu (argipena)">eredu</a> bat da. <a href="/wiki/Espetxe" title="Espetxe">Espetxe</a> diseinu honen helburua <a href="/wiki/Preso" title="Preso">presoak</a> (pan-) etengabe behatu (-opticon) ahal izatea da. Kartzela honetan dena behatu daiteke, abantaila handi batekin: <a href="/wiki/Agintari" class="mw-redirect" title="Agintari">agintariek</a> espetxeratuak behatu ahalko dituzte, baina, horiek ez dute jakingo behatuak direnik, "omniszientzia ikusezin baten sentimendua" pairatuko dute. </p><p>Espetxe eredu honetan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaintzailea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaintzailea (sortu gabe)">zaintzailea</a> <a href="/wiki/Eraikin" title="Eraikin">eraikina</a>ren erdian kokatzen da eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelda (sortu gabe)">zelda</a> guztiak ikusteko ahalmena du; baina, aldiz, bera ezin da ez ikusia ez entzuna izan. Gainera, zelda guztiak elkarren artean sakabanatuta daude. Horrela, espetxeratuek ez dakite zaintzailea nora begira dagoen. Zaintzaile bat baino gehiago egon daitezke, agian, zaintzaile bakarra eta gainera lo, edo baliteke inor ez egotea zaintzaile postuan… baina hori ez dakite espetxeratuek eta ez dute jakiteko modurik. </p><p>Diseinu honen atzean dagoen ideia honakoa da: espetxeratuak beldurraren bidez gobernatzea. Izan ere, <a href="/wiki/Panoptiko" title="Panoptiko">panoptikoa</a>n zaintzaileak ez du bere lana bete beharrik, espetxeratuek begirada sentitzearekin nahikoa da. Mendekoek ez dute ezer txarrik egingo, zaintzailea egon ala ez, behatuak sentituko baitira. </p><p>Espetxe “perfektu” hori ez zen inoiz eraiki.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workhousesak"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workhouses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Workhouses (sortu gabe)">Workhouses</a></i>ak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Workhousesak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Workhousesak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Sampson_Kempthorne_workhouse_design_for_300_paupers,_plan_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sampson_Kempthorne_workhouse_design_for_300_paupers%2C_plan_view.jpg/220px-Sampson_Kempthorne_workhouse_design_for_300_paupers%2C_plan_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sampson_Kempthorne_workhouse_design_for_300_paupers%2C_plan_view.jpg/330px-Sampson_Kempthorne_workhouse_design_for_300_paupers%2C_plan_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sampson_Kempthorne_workhouse_design_for_300_paupers%2C_plan_view.jpg/440px-Sampson_Kempthorne_workhouse_design_for_300_paupers%2C_plan_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Sampson Kempthornek diseinatutako "workhouse" bat.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ingalaterrako historian zehar garrantzia handiko <a href="/wiki/Bizileku_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bizileku (argipena)">bizilekua</a>k izan dira. Bertan, jende <a href="/wiki/Txirotasun" class="mw-redirect" title="Txirotasun">txiro</a>a, <a href="/wiki/Umezurtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Umezurtz">gurasorik gabeko umeak</a>, abandonatutako umeak, gaixotasun fisiko eta mentalak jasaten zituzten pertsonak, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senargabe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senargabe (sortu gabe)">senargabe</a> eta pertsona <a href="/wiki/Adindun" class="mw-redirect" title="Adindun">adindua</a>k bizi ziren. </p><p>Bizileku horietan hainbat gauza eskaintzen ziren: <a href="/wiki/Bizileku_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bizileku (argipena)">bizilekua</a>, lana egin eta <a href="/wiki/Diru" title="Diru">dirua</a> irabazteko lekua, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osasun_arreta_dohainik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osasun arreta dohainik (sortu gabe)">osasun arreta dohainik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janari" class="mw-redirect" title="Janari">janaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Arropa">arropa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heziketa_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Heziketa (argipena)">heziketa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Lanpostu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanpostu">lanpostu</a> baterako prestakuntza. Guzti horrek ametsetakoa ematen duen arren, nolakoak ziren benetako “<i>Workhouse</i>”ak? </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familia" title="Familia">Familia</a> guztiak zatitu egiten ziren: emakumeek bizitoki eta lan eremu bat zuten, gizonek beste bat eta umeek beste bat. Horrela, ez zuten beraien artean komunikatzeko aukerarik. Areago,  beraien artean komunikatzen saiatuz gero, <a href="/wiki/Zigor" title="Zigor">zigortu</a> egiten zituzten.</li> <li>Umeek jasotako heziketak hutsuneak zituen: ez zuten <a href="/wiki/Idazketa" class="mw-redirect" title="Idazketa">idazten</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Irakurketa" title="Irakurketa">irakurtzen</a> ikasteko aukerarik. Bi <a href="/wiki/Gaitasun_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gaitasun (argipena)">gaitasun</a> horiek lanpostua lortzeko ezinbestekoak dira.</li> <li>Txiroek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniforme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uniforme (sortu gabe)">uniforme</a> zehatz bat jantzi behar zuten. Hala, denek itxura berdina izango zuten eta kanpokoek “<i>Workhouse</i>”ekoak zirela jakingo zuten.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etxebizitza" title="Etxebizitza">Etxebizitza</a>ra sartu orduko, derrigorrez <a href="/wiki/Biluztasun" title="Biluztasun">biluz</a>tu eta bainatu behar zuten.</li> <li>Janariak ez zuen <a href="/wiki/Zapore" title="Zapore">zapore</a>rik eta egunero berdina zen.</li> <li>Gazte, zahar, emakume zein gizonek, oso gogor egiten zuten lan. Askotan lan desatseginak egitera behartuta zeuden.</li> <li>Ume eta gazte asko kontratatu (saldu) egiten zituzten <a href="/wiki/Meatzaritza" title="Meatzaritza">meatze</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Fabrika" title="Fabrika">fabriketan</a> lan egiteko.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilitarismoari_egindako_kritikak">Utilitarismoari egindako kritikak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Utilitarismoari egindako kritikak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Utilitarismoari egindako kritikak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utilitarismoa 200 urtetan elkarrekin harremanean garatu diren teorien arteko batura modukoa da, horregatik,arrazoi eta helburu ezberdinak tarteko, kritika ugari jaso ditu. </p><p>Utilitarismoak jasotzen duen kritika nagusietakoa, zoriontasuna, plazera edo ongizatea kuantifikatu, konparatu edo neurtzeko ezintasuna da. Erabilgarritasuna, neurgarria den helburu bat baino, prefentzia pertsonal bat da. </p><p>Beste kritika nagusietako bat da <a href="/wiki/Erabilgarritasun" title="Erabilgarritasun">erabilgarritasunagatik</a> <a href="/wiki/Justizia" title="Justizia">justiziari</a> entzungor egiten diola. Esaterako, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarismo" title="Totalitarismo">totalitarismoa</a>k, gizartearen onurarako izango bada, teorikoki babestu egiten ditu tortura edota <a href="/wiki/Esklabotza" title="Esklabotza">esklabotasuna</a>. Ongia gorenaren mesedetan pertsona errugabe bat zigortzeko prest egongo litzateke. Askoren esanetan hori ez da etikoa. </p><p>Utilitarismoak jasotzen duen aurkako beste argudio bat da, gertaera baten aurrean horrek izango dituen ondorioak kalkulaezinak direla. Horrela, ezinezkoa izango litzateke ziurtatzea guztion ongia lortzeko helburuarekin egindako ekintza batek, horrelako ondorioak izango dituela. Hortaz, maiz, akatsak besterik izango ez diren sakrifizioak eginez. </p><p>Azkenik, guztion ongia bilatzeko, norbanako bezala, txikitik sakrifizio handiak egin behar direla dio utilitarismoak. Horri ere egin zaio kritika. Honen aburuz, Utilitarismoak guztiontzako onuraren truke, ongia propioak alde batera uztera behartzen du, hoberen dauden edo gehiago duten horien egoera lehenetsita. Hori beharrezkoa ez dela diote, gizarte osoa apur bat zoriontsuagoa izateko aitzakiarekin, pertsona askori bere zoriontasunari uko egitera behartzen baitiote. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prezi.com/3fid6sbuu-yk/utilitarismoa/">«UTILITARISMOA»</a> <i>prezi.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-05-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prezi.com/ox_hcmwuy67p/utilitarismoa/">«UTILITARISMOA»</a> <i>prezi.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-05-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGranados">Granados, Sergio Sánchez-Migallón. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophica.info/voces/utilitarismo/Utilitarismo.html">«Philosophica: Enciclopedia filosófica on line — Voz: Utilitarismo»</a> <i>www.philosophica.info</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-05-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/m/mill.htm">«Biografia de John Stuart Mill»</a> <i>www.biografiasyvidas.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-05-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a class="external text" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&oldid=115725713"><i>John Stuart Mill. </i></a> 2019-05-05 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-05-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.educa.madrid.org/web/ies.laserna.fuenlabrada/filosofia/proyecto/john/biogra.html">«JOHN STUART MILL»</a> <i>www.educa.madrid.org</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-05-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a class="external text" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Bentham&oldid=114811908"><i>Jeremy Bentham. </i></a> 2019-03-25 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-05-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDriver2014">Driver, Julia.  (2014). Zalta, Edward N. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/utilitarianism-history/">«The History of Utilitarianism»</a> <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-05-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation"> <a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panoptiko&oldid=6751018"><i>Panoptiko. </i></a> 2019-03-06 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-05-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.versvs.net/panoptico-carcel-perfecta-jeremy-bentham/">«El panóptico, la cárcel perfecta de Jeremy Bentham – Versvs»</a> <i>www.versvs.net</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-05-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/victorians/workhouses.html">«Victorian Workhouses - The Workhouse»</a> <i>www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-05-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarismo&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" 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