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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_real-life_castaways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_real-life_castaways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sources and real-life castaways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_real-life_castaways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_sequels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_sequels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reception and sequels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_sequels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretations_of_the_novel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations_of_the_novel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interpretations of the novel</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interpretations_of_the_novel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interpretations of the novel subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interpretations_of_the_novel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economics_and_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics_and_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Economics and civilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics_and_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_on_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Influence on language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Influence on literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inverted_Crusoeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inverted_Crusoeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Inverted Crusoeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inverted_Crusoeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comic_strip_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comic_strip_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Comic strip adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comic_strip_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Stage adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Film adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animated_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animated_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Animated adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animated_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Radio adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TV_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TV_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>TV adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TV_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_real_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_real_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>From real life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_real_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_television_and_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_television_and_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>From television and films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_television_and_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_adaptations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_adaptations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Stage adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_adaptations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Additional references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Additional_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Additional references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Additional_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Literary criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Robinson Crusoe</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="روبنسون كروزو (رواية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبنسون كروزو (رواية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%94%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D6%85" title="Ռոպինսոն Քրուզօ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռոպինսոն Քրուզօ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B" title="ৰবিনছন ক্ৰুছো – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰবিনছন ক্ৰুছো" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinzon_Kruzo" title="Robinzon Kruzo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Robinzon Kruzo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B" title="রবিনসন ক্রুসো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রবিনসন ক্রুসো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Рабінзон Круза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рабінзон Круза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Рабінзон Круза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рабінзон Круза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE_(%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Робинзон Крузо (книга) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робинзон Крузо (книга)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Робинзон Крузо – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Робинзон Крузо" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(romaan)" title="Robinson Crusoe (romaan) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robinson Crusoe (romaan)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ροβινσώνας Κρούσος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ροβινσώνας Κρούσος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinsono_Kruso" title="Robinsono Kruso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robinsono Kruso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%87" title="رابینسون کروزوئه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابینسون کروزوئه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Cruso%C3%A9" title="Robinson Crusoé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robinson Crusoé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B9%88%EC%8A%A8_%ED%81%AC%EB%A3%A8%EC%86%8C" title="로빈슨 크루소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로빈슨 크루소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%B8" title="Ռոբինզոն Կրուզո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբինզոն Կրուզո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="रोबिंसन क्रूसो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोबिंसन क्रूसो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(novel)" title="Robinson Crusoe (novel) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robinson Crusoe (novel)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3binson_Kr%C3%BAs%C3%B3" title="Róbinson Krúsó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Róbinson Krúsó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95" title="רובינזון קרוזו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רובינזון קרוזו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D" title="რობინზონ კრუზო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობინზონ კრუზო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Робинзон Крузо (роман) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Робинзон Крузо (роман)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D3%A7%D0%B3_Robinzon" title="Небӧг Robinzon – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Небӧг Robinzon" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(suterot)" title="Robinson Crusoe (suterot) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Robinson Crusoe (suterot)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(pirt%C3%BBk)" title="Robinson Crusoe (pirtûk) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Robinson Crusoe (pirtûk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Робинзон Крузо (роман) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Робинзон Крузо (роман)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Cruso%C3%ABus" title="Robinson Crusoëus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Robinson Crusoëus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinsons_Kr%C5%ABzo" title="Robinsons Krūzo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Robinsons Krūzo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinzonas_Kruzas" title="Robinzonas Kruzas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Robinzonas Kruzas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobino_(b%C3%BAku)" title="Lobino (búku) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lobino (búku)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Робинзон Крусо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Робинзон Крусо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B" title="റോബിൻസൺ ക്രൂസോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോബിൻസൺ ക്രൂസോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95)" title="रॉबिन्सन क्रुसो (पुस्तक) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉबिन्सन क्रुसो (पुस्तक)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%87)" title="روبنسون كروزو (روايه) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبنسون كروزو (روايه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88" title="رابینسون کروزو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رابینسون کروزو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Робинзон Крузо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Робинзон Крузо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ရော်ဗင်ဆန် ကရူးဆိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရော်ဗင်ဆန် ကရူးဆိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC" title="ロビンソン・クルーソー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロビンソン・クルーソー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B" title="ਰੌਬਿਨਸਨ ਕਰੂਸੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੌਬਿਨਸਨ ਕਰੂਸੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88" title="رابنسن کروسو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رابنسن کروسو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przypadki_Robinsona_Kruzoe" title="Przypadki Robinsona Kruzoe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przypadki Robinsona Kruzoe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Робинзон Крузо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Робинзон Крузо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Kruzo" title="Robinson Kruzo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Robinson Kruzo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(rom%C3%A1n)" title="Robinson Crusoe (román) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Robinson Crusoe (román)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Робинзон Крусо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Робинзон Крусо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B" title="ராபின்சன் குரூசோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ராபின்சன் குரூசோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B" title="โรบินสัน ครูโซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรบินสัน ครูโซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Робинзон Крузо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Робинзон Крузо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Робінзон Крузо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Робінзон Крузо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88" title="روبنسن کروسو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روبنسن کروسو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E6%BF%B1%E9%81%9C%E6%BC%82%E6%B5%81%E8%A8%98" title="魯濱遜漂流記 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="魯濱遜漂流記" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E6%BB%A8%E9%80%8A%E6%BC%82%E6%B5%81%E8%AE%B0" title="鲁滨逊漂流记 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鲁滨逊漂流记" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1719 novel by Daniel Defoe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Robinson Crusoe (disambiguation)">Robinson Crusoe (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Robinson Crusoe <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft.author=%5B%5BDaniel+Defoe%5D%5D&rft.date=25%26nbsp%3BApril+1719%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22%3E%26%23032%3B%28305+years+ago%29%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Anone%22%3E%26%23160%3B%28%3Cspan+class%3D%22bday+dtstart+published+updated%22%3E1719-04-25%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=%5B%5BWilliam+Taylor+%28bookseller%29%7CWilliam+Taylor%5D%5D&rft.place=%5B%5BKingdom+of+Great+Britain%7CGreat+Britain%5D%5D"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robinson_Crusoe_1719_1st_edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Robinson_Crusoe_1719_1st_edition.jpg/220px-Robinson_Crusoe_1719_1st_edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Robinson_Crusoe_1719_1st_edition.jpg/330px-Robinson_Crusoe_1719_1st_edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Robinson_Crusoe_1719_1st_edition.jpg/440px-Robinson_Crusoe_1719_1st_edition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="534" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Title page from the first edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver'd by Pyrates. Written by Himself.</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data">Adventure, historical fiction</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Set in</th><td class="infobox-data">England, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, 1651–1687</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Taylor_(bookseller)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Taylor (bookseller)">William Taylor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 April 1719<span class="noprint"> (305 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1719-04-25</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">823.51</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">PR3403 .A1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farther_Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe" title="The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe">The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</a> </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Text</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(Defoe)" class="extiw" title="s:Robinson Crusoe (Defoe)">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Robinson Crusoe</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KROO</span>-soh</i></a>) is an English adventure novel by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>, first published on 25 April 1719. Written with a combination of <a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">epistolary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confessional_writing" title="Confessional writing">confessional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Didacticism" title="Didacticism">didactic</a> forms, the book follows the title character (born Robinson Kreutznaer) after he is <a href="/wiki/Castaway" title="Castaway">cast away</a> and spends 28 years on a remote tropical <a href="/wiki/Desert_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert island">desert island</a> near the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, encountering <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibals</a>, captives, and mutineers before being rescued. The story has been thought to be based on the life of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Selkirk" title="Alexander Selkirk">Alexander Selkirk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Scottish castaway who lived for four years on a Pacific island called "Más a Tierra" (now part of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>) which was renamed <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_Island" title="Robinson Crusoe Island">Robinson Crusoe Island</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-Severin2002_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Severin2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 23–24">: 23–24 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Serrano_(sailor)" title="Pedro Serrano (sailor)">Pedro Serrano</a> is another real-life castaway whose story might have inspired the novel.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first edition credited the work's protagonist Robinson Crusoe as its author, leading many readers to believe he was a real person and that the book was a non-fiction <a href="/wiki/Travelogue_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelogue (literature)">travelogue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its simple narrative style, <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> was well received in the literary world and is often credited as marking the beginning of realistic fiction as a literary genre. Some allege it is a contender for the first <a href="/wiki/English_novel" title="English novel">English novel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the end of 1719, the book had already run through four editions, and it has gone on to become one of the most widely published books in history, spawning so many imitations, not only in literature but also in film, television, and radio, that its name is used to define a genre, the <a href="/wiki/Robinsonade" title="Robinsonade">Robinsonade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot_summary">Plot summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg/200px-Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg/300px-Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg/400px-Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7142" data-file-height="4434" /></a><figcaption>Pictorial map of Crusoe's island, the "Island of Despair", showing incidents from the book</figcaption></figure> <p>Robinson Crusoe (the family name corrupted from the German name "Kreutznaer") sets sail from <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, on a sea voyage in August 1651, against the wishes of his parents, who wanted him to pursue a career in law. After a tumultuous journey where his ship is wrecked in a storm, his desire for the sea remains so strong that he sets out to sea again. This journey, too, ends in disaster, as the ship is taken over by <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9" title="Salé">Salé</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9_Rovers" title="Salé Rovers">Salé Rovers</a>) and Crusoe is enslaved by a <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moor</a>. Two years later, he escapes in a boat with a boy named Xury; a captain of a Portuguese ship off the west coast of Africa rescues him. The ship is <i>en route</i> to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a>. Crusoe sells Xury to the captain. With the captain's help, Crusoe procures a <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantation</a> in Brazil. </p><p>Years later, Crusoe joins an expedition to <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">purchase slaves from Africa</a> but the ship gets blown off course in a storm about forty miles out to sea and runs aground on the sandbar of an island off the <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelan</a> coast (which he calls the <i>Island of Despair</i>) near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco River</a> on 30 September 1659.<sup id="cite_ref-Defoe-1719-1998ed_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defoe-1719-1998ed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Chapter 23">: Chapter 23 </span></sup> The crew lowers the jolly boat, but it gets swamped by a tidal wave, drowning the crew, but leaving Crusoe the sole human survivor. He observes the latitude as 9 degrees and 22 minutes north. He sees penguins and <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> on this island. Aside from Crusoe, the captain's dog and two cats survive the shipwreck. Overcoming his despair, he fetches arms, tools and other supplies from the ship before the next storm breaks it apart. He builds a fenced-in habitat near a cave which he excavates. By making marks in a wooden cross, he creates a calendar post to keep track of his time on the island. Over the years, by using tools salvaged from the ship, and some which he makes himself, he hunts animals, grows barley and rice, dries grapes to make raisins, learns to make pottery and traps and raises goats. He also adopts a small parrot. He reads the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and becomes religious, thanking God for his fate in which nothing is missing but human society. He also builds two boats: a large dugout canoe that he intends to use to sail to the mainland, but ends up being too large and too far from water to launch, and a smaller boat that he uses to explore the coast of the island. </p><p>More years pass and Crusoe discovers <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibals</a>, who occasionally visit the island to kill and eat prisoners. Alarmed at this, he conserves the ammunition he'd used for hunting (running low at that point) for defence and fortifies his home in case the cannibals discover his presence on the island. He plans to kill them for committing an abomination, but later realizes he has no right to do so, as the cannibals do not knowingly commit a crime. One day, Crusoe finds that a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">Galleon</a> has run aground on the island during a storm, but his hopes for rescue are dashed when he discovers that the crew abandoned ship. Nevertheless, the abandoned galleon's untouched supplies of food and ammunition, along with the ship's dog, add to Crusoe's reserves. Every night, he dreams of obtaining one or two servants by freeing some prisoners; during the cannibals' next visit to the island, when a prisoner escapes, Crusoe helps him, naming his new companion "<a href="/wiki/Friday_(Robinson_Crusoe)" title="Friday (Robinson Crusoe)">Friday</a>" after the day of the week he appeared. Crusoe teaches Friday the English language and <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">converts</a> him to Christianity. </p><p>Crusoe soon learns from Friday that the crew from the shipwrecked galleon he'd found had escaped to the mainland and are now living with Friday's tribe. Seeing renewed hope for rescue and with Friday's help, Crusoe builds another, but smaller, dugout canoe for a renewed plan to sail to the mainland. After more cannibals arrive to partake in a feast, Crusoe and Friday kill most of them and save two prisoners. One is Friday's father and the other is a Spaniard, who informs Crusoe about the other Spaniards shipwrecked on the mainland. A plan is devised wherein the Spaniard would return to the mainland with Friday's father and bring back the others, build a ship, and sail to a Spanish port. </p><p>Before the Spaniards return, an English ship appears; the sailors have staged a mutiny against their captain and intend to leave him and those still loyal to him on the island. Crusoe and the ship's captain strike a deal in which Crusoe helps the captain and the loyal sailors retake the ship. With their ringleader executed by the captain, the mutineers take up Crusoe's offer to remain on the island rather than being returned to England as prisoners to be hanged. Before embarking for England, Crusoe shows the mutineers how he survived on the island and states that the Spaniards will be coming. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robinson_Crusoe%27s_route_across_the_Pyrenees_mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Robinson_Crusoe%27s_route_across_the_Pyrenees_mountains.jpg/400px-Robinson_Crusoe%27s_route_across_the_Pyrenees_mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Robinson_Crusoe%27s_route_across_the_Pyrenees_mountains.jpg/600px-Robinson_Crusoe%27s_route_across_the_Pyrenees_mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Robinson_Crusoe%27s_route_across_the_Pyrenees_mountains.jpg/800px-Robinson_Crusoe%27s_route_across_the_Pyrenees_mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>The route taken by Robinson Crusoe over the Pyrenees mountains in chapters 19 & 20 of Defoe's novel, as envisaged by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ribas" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph Ribas">Joseph Ribas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Crusoe leaves the island on 19 December 1686 and arrives in England on 11 June 1687. He learns that his family believed him dead; as a result, he was left nothing in his father's will. Crusoe departs for Lisbon to reclaim the profits of his estate in Brazil, which has granted him much wealth. In conclusion, he transports his wealth overland to England from Portugal to avoid travelling by sea. Friday accompanies him and, <i>en route</i>, they endure one last adventure together as they fight off famished wolves while crossing the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characters">Characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Robinson Crusoe:</b> The narrator of the novel who gets shipwrecked.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friday_(Robinson_Crusoe)" title="Friday (Robinson Crusoe)">Friday</a>:</b> A native Caribbean whom Crusoe saves from cannibalism, and subsequently named "Friday". He becomes a servant and friend to Crusoe.</li> <li><b>Xury:</b> Servant to Crusoe after they escape slavery from the Captain of the Rover together. He is later given to the Portuguese Sea Captain as an indentured servant.</li> <li><b>The Widow:</b> Friend to Crusoe who looks over his assets while he is away.</li> <li><b>Portuguese Sea Captain:</b> Rescues Crusoe after he escapes from slavery. Later helps him with his money and plantation.</li> <li><b>The Spaniard:</b> A man rescued by Crusoe and Friday from the cannibals who later helps them escape the island.</li> <li><b>Friday's father:</b> rescued by Crusoe and Friday at the same time as the Spaniard.</li> <li><b>Robinson Crusoe's father:</b> A merchant named Kreutznaer.</li> <li><b>Captain of the Rover:</b> Moorish pirate of Sallee who captures and enslaves Crusoe.</li> <li><b>Traitorous crew members:</b> members of a mutinied ship who appear towards the end of novel</li> <li><b>The Savages:</b> Cannibals that come to Crusoe's Island and who represent a threat to Crusoe's religious and moral convictions as well as his own safety.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_real-life_castaways">Sources and real-life castaways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources and real-life castaways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Castaway#Real_occurrences" title="Castaway">Castaway § Real occurrences</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Selkirk_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Alexander_Selkirk_Statue.jpg/200px-Alexander_Selkirk_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Alexander_Selkirk_Statue.jpg/300px-Alexander_Selkirk_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Alexander_Selkirk_Statue.jpg/400px-Alexander_Selkirk_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="1465" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Robinson Crusoe at <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Selkirk" title="Alexander Selkirk">Alexander Selkirk</a>'s birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Largo" title="Lower Largo">Lower Largo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stuart_Burnett" title="Thomas Stuart Burnett">Thomas Stuart Burnett</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Selkirk_Title_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Alexander_Selkirk_Title_Page.jpg/220px-Alexander_Selkirk_Title_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Alexander_Selkirk_Title_Page.jpg/330px-Alexander_Selkirk_Title_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Alexander_Selkirk_Title_Page.jpg/440px-Alexander_Selkirk_Title_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Book on Alexander Selkirk</figcaption></figure> <p>There were many stories of real-life castaways in Defoe's time. Most famously, Defoe's suspected inspiration for <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> is thought to be Scottish sailor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Selkirk" title="Alexander Selkirk">Alexander Selkirk</a>, who spent four years on the uninhabited island of <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_Island" title="Robinson Crusoe Island">Más a Tierra</a> (renamed Robinson Crusoe Island in 1966)<sup id="cite_ref-Severin2002_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Severin2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 23–24">: 23–24 </span></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a> off the Chilean coast. Selkirk was rescued in 1709 by <a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a> during an English expedition that led to the publication of Selkirk's adventures in both <i><a href="/wiki/A_Voyage_to_the_South_Sea,_and_Round_the_World" title="A Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World">A Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World</a></i> and <i>A Cruising Voyage Around the World</i> in 1712. According to <a href="/wiki/Tim_Severin" title="Tim Severin">Tim Severin</a>, "Daniel Defoe, a secretive man, neither confirmed nor denied that Selkirk was the model for the hero of his book. Apparently written in six months or less, <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> was a publishing phenomenon."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lambert" title="Andrew Lambert">Andrew Lambert</a>, author of <i>Crusoe's Island</i>, it is a "false premise" to suppose that Defoe's novel was inspired by the experiences of a single person such as Selkirk, because the story is "a complex compound of all the other buccaneer survival stories."<sup id="cite_ref-Little2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> is far from a copy of Rogers' account: Becky Little argues three events that distinguish the two stories: </p> <ol><li>Robinson Crusoe was shipwrecked while Selkirk decided to leave his ship, thus marooning himself;</li> <li>The island that Crusoe was shipwrecked on had already been inhabited, unlike the solitary nature of Selkirk's adventures.</li> <li>The last and most crucial difference between the two stories is that Selkirk was a privateer, looting and raiding coastal cities during the War of Spanish Succession.</li></ol> <p>"The economic and dynamic thrust of the book is completely alien to what the buccaneers are doing," Lambert says. "The buccaneers just want to capture some loot and come home and drink it all, and Crusoe isn't doing that at all. He's an economic imperialist: He's creating a world of trade and profit."<sup id="cite_ref-Little2016_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other possible sources for the narrative include <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></i>, and Spanish sixteenth-century sailor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Serrano_(sailor)" title="Pedro Serrano (sailor)">Pedro Serrano</a>. Ibn Tufail's <i>Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</i> is a twelfth-century philosophical novel also set on a <a href="/wiki/Desert_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert island">desert island</a>, and translated from Arabic into Latin and English a number of times in the half-century preceding Defoe's novel.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amber_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amber-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wainwright_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wainwright-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Serrano_(sailor)" title="Pedro Serrano (sailor)">Pedro Luis Serrano</a> was a Spanish sailor who was marooned for seven or eight years on a small desert island after shipwrecking in the 1520s on a small island in the Caribbean off the coast of Nicaragua. He had no access to fresh water and lived off the blood and flesh of sea turtles and birds. He was quite a celebrity when he returned to Europe; before passing away, he recorded the hardships suffered in documents that show the endless anguish and suffering, the product of absolute abandonment to his fate, now held in the <a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is quite possible that Defoe heard his story in one of his visits to Spain before becoming a writer.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet another source for Defoe's novel may have been the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(sailor)" title="Robert Knox (sailor)">Robert Knox</a> account of his abduction by the King of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajasinha_II_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasinha II of Kandy">Rajasinha II of Kandy</a> in 1659 in <i><a href="/wiki/An_Historical_Relation_of_the_Island_Ceylon" title="An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon">An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Filreis_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filreis-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tim_Severin" title="Tim Severin">Severin</a> (2002)<sup id="cite_ref-Severin2002_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Severin2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unravels a much wider range of potential sources of inspiration, and concludes by identifying castaway surgeon Henry Pitman as the most likely: </p> <dl><dd>An employee of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Monmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Monmouth">Duke of Monmouth</a>, Pitman played a part in the <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion" title="Monmouth Rebellion">Monmouth Rebellion</a>. His short book about his desperate escape from a Caribbean penal colony, followed by his shipwrecking and subsequent desert island misadventures, was published by <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(bookseller)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Taylor (bookseller)">John Taylor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paternoster_Row" title="Paternoster Row">Paternoster Row</a>, London, whose son <a href="/wiki/William_Taylor_(bookseller)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Taylor (bookseller)">William Taylor</a> later published Defoe's novel.</dd></dl> <p>Severin argues that since Pitman appears to have lived in the lodgings above the father's publishing house and that Defoe himself was a <a href="/wiki/Mercery" title="Mercery">mercer</a> in the area at the time, Defoe may have met Pitman in person and learned of his experiences first-hand, or possibly through submission of a draft.<sup id="cite_ref-Severin2002_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Severin2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severin also discusses another publicized case of a marooned man named only as <a href="/wiki/Will_(Indian)" title="Will (Indian)">Will</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito</a> people of Central America, who may have led to the depiction of <a href="/wiki/Man_Friday" class="mw-redirect" title="Man Friday">Friday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secord (1963)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> analyses the composition of <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> and gives a list of possible sources of the story, rejecting the common theory that the story of Selkirk is Defoe's only source. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_sequels">Reception and sequels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reception and sequels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_HULL_CRUSOE1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/SFEC_HULL_CRUSOE1.JPG/220px-SFEC_HULL_CRUSOE1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/SFEC_HULL_CRUSOE1.JPG/330px-SFEC_HULL_CRUSOE1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/SFEC_HULL_CRUSOE1.JPG/440px-SFEC_HULL_CRUSOE1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="3525" /></a><figcaption>Plaque in <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gardens,_Hull" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Gardens, Hull">Queen's Gardens, Hull</a>, showing him on his island</figcaption></figure> <p>The book was published on 25 April 1719. Before the end of the year, this first volume had run through four editions. </p><p>By the end of the nineteenth century, no book in the history of <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Western literature</a> had more editions, spin-offs, and translations (even into languages such as <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>) than <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, with more than 700 such alternative versions, including children's versions with pictures and no text.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Robinsonade" title="Robinsonade">Robinsonade</a>" was coined to describe the genre of stories similar to <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>. </p><p>Defoe went on to write a lesser-known sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Farther_Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe" title="The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe">The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1719). It was intended to be the last part of his stories, according to the original title page of the sequel's first edition, but a third book was published (1720), <i><a href="/wiki/Serious_Reflections_of_Robinson_Crusoe" title="Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe">Serious Reflections During the Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: With his Vision of the Angelick World</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations_of_the_novel">Interpretations of the novel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interpretations of the novel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robinson_Crusoe_and_Man_Friday_Offterdinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Robinson_Crusoe_and_Man_Friday_Offterdinger.jpg/200px-Robinson_Crusoe_and_Man_Friday_Offterdinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Robinson_Crusoe_and_Man_Friday_Offterdinger.jpg/300px-Robinson_Crusoe_and_Man_Friday_Offterdinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Robinson_Crusoe_and_Man_Friday_Offterdinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Crusoe standing over <a href="/wiki/Friday_(Robinson_Crusoe)" title="Friday (Robinson Crusoe)">Friday</a> after he frees him from the cannibals, illustration by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Offterdinger" title="Carl Offterdinger">Carl Offterdinger</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:246px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"He is the true prototype of the British colonist. ... The whole Anglo-Saxon spirit in Crusoe: the manly independence, the unconscious cruelty, the persistence, the slow yet efficient intelligence, the sexual apathy, the calculating taciturnity." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Irish novelist <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The novel has been subject to numerous analyses and interpretations since its publication. In a sense, Crusoe attempts to replicate his society on the island. This is achieved through the use of European technology, agriculture and even a rudimentary political hierarchy. Several times in the novel Crusoe refers to himself as the "king" of the island, while the captain describes him as the "governor" to the mutineers. At the very end of the novel the island is referred to as a "colony". The idealized master-servant relationship Defoe depicts between Crusoe and Friday can also be seen in terms of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a>, with Crusoe representing the "enlightened" European while Friday is the "savage" who can only be redeemed from his cultural manners through assimilation into Crusoe's culture. Nonetheless, Defoe used Friday to criticize the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to J.P. Hunter, Robinson is not a hero but an <a href="/wiki/Everyman" title="Everyman">everyman</a>. He begins as a wanderer, aimless on a sea he does not understand, and ends as a <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrim</a>, crossing a final mountain to enter the <a href="/wiki/Promised_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Promised land">promised land</a>. The book tells the story of how Robinson becomes closer to God, not through listening to <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a> in a church but through spending time alone amongst <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> with only a Bible to read. </p><p>Conversely, cultural critic and literary scholar Michael Gurnow views the novel from a <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseauian</a> perspective: The central character's movement from a primitive state to a more civilized one is interpreted as Crusoe's denial of humanity's <a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">state of nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Robinson Crusoe</i> is filled with religious aspects. Defoe was a <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> moralist and normally worked in the guide tradition, writing books on how to be a good Puritan Christian, such as <i>The New Family Instructor</i> (1727) and <i>Religious Courtship</i> (1722). While <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> is far more than a guide, it shares many of the themes and theological and moral points of view. </p><p>"Crusoe" may have been taken from <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Cruso" title="Timothy Cruso">Timothy Cruso</a>, a classmate of Defoe's who had written guide books, including <i>God the Guide of Youth</i> (1695), before dying at an early age – just eight years before Defoe wrote <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>. Cruso would have been remembered by contemporaries and the association with guide books is clear. It has even been speculated that <i>God the Guide of Youth</i> inspired <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> because of a number of passages in that work that are closely tied to the novel.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A leitmotif of the novel is the Christian notion of <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">providence</a>, penitence, and redemption.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crusoe comes to repent of the follies of his youth. Defoe also foregrounds this theme by arranging highly significant events in the novel to occur on Crusoe's birthday. The denouement culminates not only in Crusoe's deliverance from the island, but his spiritual deliverance, his acceptance of Christian doctrine, and in his intuition of his own salvation. </p><p>When confronted with the cannibals, Crusoe wrestles with the problem of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">cultural relativism</a>. Despite his disgust, he feels unjustified in holding the natives morally responsible for a practice so deeply ingrained in their culture. Nevertheless, he retains his belief in an absolute standard of morality; he regards cannibalism as a "national crime" and forbids Friday from practising it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics_and_civilization">Economics and civilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economics and civilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_economy" title="Robinson Crusoe economy">Robinson Crusoe economy</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian economics">Austrian economics</a>, Crusoe is regularly used to illustrate the theory of production and choice in the absence of trade, money, and prices.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-393-95924-4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-393-95924-4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crusoe must allocate effort between production and leisure and must choose between alternative production possibilities to meet his needs. The arrival of Friday is then used to illustrate the possibility of trade and the gains that result. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>One day, about noon, going towards my boat, I was exceedingly surprised with the print of a man's naked foot on the shore, which was very plain to be seen on the sand. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Defoe's <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, 1719</cite></div> </div> <p>The work has been variously read as an allegory for the development of civilization; as a manifesto of economic individualism; and as an expression of European colonial desires. Significantly, it also shows the importance of repentance and illustrates the strength of Defoe's religious convictions. Critic M.E. Novak supports the connection between the religious and economic themes within <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, citing Defoe's religious ideology as the influence for his portrayal of Crusoe's economic ideals, and his support of the individual. Novak cites <a href="/wiki/Ian_Watt" title="Ian Watt">Ian Watt</a>'s extensive research<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which explores the impact that several Romantic Era novels had against economic individualism, and the reversal of those ideals that takes place within <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Novak-1961_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novak-1961-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Tess Lewis's review, "The heroes we deserve", of Ian Watt's article, she furthers Watt's argument with a development on Defoe's intention as an author, "to use individualism to signify nonconformity in religion and the admirable qualities of self-reliance".<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis-1997_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-1997-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 678">: 678 </span></sup> This further supports the belief that Defoe used aspects of spiritual autobiography to introduce the benefits of individualism to a not entirely convinced religious community.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis-1997_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-1997-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J. Paul Hunter has written extensively on the subject of <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> as apparent spiritual autobiography, tracing the influence of Defoe's Puritan ideology through Crusoe's narrative, and his acknowledgement of human imperfection in pursuit of meaningful spiritual engagements – the cycle of "repentance [and] deliverance".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This spiritual pattern and its episodic nature, as well as the re-discovery of earlier female novelists, have kept <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> from being classified as a novel, let alone the <a href="/wiki/First_novel_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="First novel in English">first novel written in English</a> – despite the blurbs on some book covers. Early critics, such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>, admired it, saying that the footprint scene in <i>Crusoe</i> was one of the four greatest in English literature and most unforgettable; more prosaically, Wesley Vernon has seen the origins of <a href="/wiki/Forensic_podiatry" title="Forensic podiatry">forensic podiatry</a> in this episode.<sup id="cite_ref-west_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-west-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has inspired a new genre, the <i><a href="/wiki/Robinsonade" title="Robinsonade">Robinsonade</a></i>, as works such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Wyss" title="Johann David Wyss">Johann David Wyss</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Swiss_Family_Robinson" title="The Swiss Family Robinson">The Swiss Family Robinson</a></i> (1812) adapt its premise and has provoked modern <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_literature" title="Postcolonial literature">postcolonial</a> responses, including <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Foe_(Coetzee_novel)" title="Foe (Coetzee novel)">Foe</a></i> (1986) and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Tournier" title="Michel Tournier">Michel Tournier</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Vendredi_ou_les_Limbes_du_Pacifique" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique">Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique</a></i> (in English, <i>Friday, or, The Other Island</i>) (1967). Two sequels followed: Defoe's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Farther_Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe" title="The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe">The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1719) and his <i>Serious reflections during the life and surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe: with his Vision of the angelick world</i> (1720). <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i> (1726) is in part a parody of Defoe's adventure novel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Special:EditPage/Robinson Crusoe">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_language">Influence on language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influence on language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book proved to be so popular that the names of the two main protagonists, Crusoe and Friday, have entered the language. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, people who decided to stay and hide in the <a href="/wiki/Planned_destruction_of_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned destruction of Warsaw">ruins of the German-occupied city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> for a period of three winter months, from October to January 1945, when they were rescued by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, were later called <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoes_of_Warsaw" title="Robinson Crusoes of Warsaw">Robinson Crusoes of Warsaw</a> (<i>Robinsonowie warszawscy</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robinson Crusoe usually referred to his servant as "my man Friday", from which the term "<a href="/wiki/Man_Friday" class="mw-redirect" title="Man Friday">Man Friday</a>" (or "Girl Friday") originated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_literature">Influence on literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Influence on literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Robinson Crusoe</i> marked the beginning of realistic fiction as a literary genre.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its success led to many imitators; and castaway novels, written by Ambrose Evans, <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Aubin" title="Penelope Aubin">Penelope Aubin</a>, and others, became quite popular in Europe in the 18th and early 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these have fallen into obscurity, but some became established, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Swiss_Family_Robinson" title="The Swiss Family Robinson">The Swiss Family Robinson</a></i>, which borrowed Crusoe's first name for its title. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i>, published seven years after <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, may be read as a systematic rebuttal of Defoe's optimistic account of human capability. In <i>The Unthinkable Swift: The Spontaneous Philosophy of a Church of England Man</i>, <a href="/wiki/Warren_Montag" title="Warren Montag">Warren Montag</a> argues that Swift was concerned about refuting the notion that the individual precedes society, as Defoe's novel seems to suggest. In <i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i>, author <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a> parodies<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="to list it in Ben Gunn (Treasure Island) (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Crusoe with the character of <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gunn_(Treasure_Island)" title="Ben Gunn (Treasure Island)">Ben Gunn</a>, a friendly castaway who was marooned for many years, has a wild appearance, dresses entirely in goat skin, and constantly talks about providence. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>'s treatise on education, <i><a href="/wiki/Emile,_or_on_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile, or on Education">Emile, or on Education</a></i>, the one book the protagonist is allowed to read before the age of twelve is <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>. Rousseau wants Emile to identify himself as Crusoe so he can rely upon himself for all of his needs. In Rousseau's view, Emile needs to imitate Crusoe's experience, allowing necessity to determine what is to be learned and accomplished. This is one of the main themes of Rousseau's educational model. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robinson_crusoe_bookstore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Robinson_crusoe_bookstore.JPG/220px-Robinson_crusoe_bookstore.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Robinson_crusoe_bookstore.JPG/330px-Robinson_crusoe_bookstore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Robinson_crusoe_bookstore.JPG/440px-Robinson_crusoe_bookstore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2773" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption>Robinson Crusoe bookstore on <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Little_Pig_Robinson" title="The Tale of Little Pig Robinson">The Tale of Little Pig Robinson</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Potter" title="Beatrix Potter">Beatrix Potter</a> directs the reader to <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> for a detailed description of the island (the land of the Bong tree) to which her eponymous hero moves. In <a href="/wiki/Wilkie_Collins" title="Wilkie Collins">Wilkie Collins</a>' most popular novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moonstone" title="The Moonstone">The Moonstone</a></i>, one of the chief characters and narrators, Gabriel Betteredge, has faith in all that Robinson Crusoe says and uses the book for a sort of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>. He considers <i>The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</i> the finest book ever written, reads it over and over again, and considers a man but poorly read if he had happened not to read the book. </p><p>French novelist <a href="/wiki/Michel_Tournier" title="Michel Tournier">Michel Tournier</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Friday,_or,_The_Other_Island" title="Friday, or, The Other Island">Friday, or, The Other Island</a></i> (French <i>Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique</i>) in 1967. His novel explores themes including civilization versus nature, the psychology of solitude, as well as death and sexuality in a retelling of Defoe's <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> story. Tournier's Robinson chooses to remain on the island, rejecting civilization when offered the chance to escape 28 years after being shipwrecked. Likewise, in 1963, <a href="/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a>, winner of the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>, published the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Proces-Verbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Proces-Verbal">Le Proces-Verbal</a></i>. The book's <a href="/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)" title="Epigraph (literature)">epigraph</a> is a quote from <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, and like Crusoe, the novel's protagonist Adam Pollo suffers long periods of loneliness. </p><p>"Crusoe in England", a 183 line poem by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bishop" title="Elizabeth Bishop">Elizabeth Bishop</a>, imagines Crusoe near the end of his life, recalling his time of exile with a mixture of bemusement and regret. </p><p><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a>'s 1986 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Foe_(Coetzee_novel)" title="Foe (Coetzee novel)">Foe</a></i> recounts the tale of Robinson Crusoe from the perspective of a woman named Susan Barton. </p><p>Other stories that share similar themes to <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> include <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Flies" title="Lord of the Flies"><i>Lord Of The Flies</i></a> (1954),<sup id="cite_ref-s532_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s532-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stein_2013_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein_2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Concrete_Island" title="Concrete Island">Concrete Island</a></i> (1974),<sup id="cite_ref-j206_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j206-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Andy_Weir" title="Andy Weir">Andy Weir</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Martian_(Weir_novel)" title="The Martian (Weir novel)"><i>The Martian</i></a> (2011).<sup id="cite_ref-n626_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n626-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inverted_Crusoeism">Inverted Crusoeism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inverted Crusoeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "inverted Crusoeism" was coined by <a href="/wiki/J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a>. The paradigm of Robinson Crusoe has been a recurring topic in Ballard's work.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas the original Robinson Crusoe became a <a href="/wiki/Castaway" title="Castaway">castaway</a> against his own will, Ballard's protagonists often choose to maroon themselves; hence inverted Crusoeism (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Concrete_Island" title="Concrete Island">Concrete Island</a>). The concept provides a reason as to why people would deliberately maroon themselves on a remote island; in Ballard's work, becoming a castaway is as much a healing and empowering process as an entrapping one, enabling people to discover a more meaningful and vital existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comic_strip_adaptations">Comic strip adaptations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comic strip adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The story was also illustrated and published in comic book form by <i><a href="/wiki/Classics_Illustrated" title="Classics Illustrated">Classics Illustrated</a></i> in 1943 and 1957. The much improved 1957 version was inked / penciled by Sam Citron, who is most well known for his contributions to the earlier issues of <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(comic_book)" title="Superman (comic book)">Superman</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British illustrator Reginald Ben Davis drew a female version of the story titled <i>Jill Crusoe, Castaway</i> (1950–1959).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mankoff" title="Bob Mankoff">Bob Mankoff</a>, cartoon editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> attributes the genre of <a href="/wiki/Desert_island_joke" title="Desert island joke">desert island cartoons</a>, which began appearing in the publication in the 1930s, to the popularity of Robinson Crusoe.<sup id="cite_ref-vf_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vf-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_adaptations">Stage adaptations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stage adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a> version of <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> was staged at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a> in 1796, with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grimaldi" title="Joseph Grimaldi">Joseph Grimaldi</a> as <a href="/wiki/Harlequinade#Pierrot" title="Harlequinade">Pierrot</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">harlequinade</a>. The piece was produced again in 1798, this time starring Grimaldi as <a href="/wiki/Harlequinade#Pierrot" title="Harlequinade">Clown</a>. In 1815, Grimaldi played Friday in another version of <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a> wrote an <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">opéra comique</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Cruso%C3%A9" title="Robinson Crusoé">Robinson Crusoé</a></i>, which was first performed at the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a> in Paris on 23 November 1867. This was based on the British pantomime version rather than the novel itself. The libretto was by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Cormon" title="Eugène Cormon">Eugène Cormon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hector-Jonathan_Cr%C3%A9mieux" title="Hector-Jonathan Crémieux">Hector-Jonathan Crémieux</a>. </p><p>There have been a number of other stage adaptations, including those by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Pocock" title="Isaac Pocock">Isaac Pocock</a>, Jim Helsinger and Steve Shaw and a <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(Musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robinson Crusoe (Musical)">musical</a> by Victor Prince. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_adaptations">Film adaptations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Film adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a 1927 silent film titled <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(1927_film)" title="Robinson Crusoe (1927 film)">Robinson Crusoe</a></i>. The Soviet 3D film <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(1947_film)" title="Robinson Crusoe (1947 film)">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> was produced in 1947. </p><p>One of the first adaptations still available dates from 1932 titled <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Robinson_Crusoe" title="Mr. Robinson Crusoe">Mr. Robinson Crusoe</a></i>. This film was produced by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks Sr</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Sutherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddie Sutherland">Eddie Sutherland</a>. Set in Tahiti, the film depicts Defoe trying to survive on a desert island for almost a year. This film was not very successful. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a> directed <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventures of Robinson Crusoe">Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Dan_O%27Herlihy" title="Dan O'Herlihy">Dan O'Herlihy</a>, released in 1954. Luis Buñuel filmed an account which at first viewing appeared to be a rather simple straightforward telling of Robinson Crusoe. A big stand out with this film is that Buñuel breaks the previous films' traditions of having Friday as a slave and Crusoe as the master. The two manage to become actually friends and they operate essentially as equals. </p><p>In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> later comedicized the novel with <i><a href="/wiki/Lt._Robin_Crusoe,_U.S.N." title="Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N.">Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N.</a></i>, featuring <a href="/wiki/Dick_Van_Dyke" title="Dick Van Dyke">Dick Van Dyke</a>. In this version, Friday became a beautiful woman, but named 'Wednesday' instead. </p><p>Variations on the theme include the 1954 <i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Robin_Crusoe" title="Miss Robin Crusoe">Miss Robin Crusoe</a></i>, with a female castaway, played by <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Blake" title="Amanda Blake">Amanda Blake</a>, and a female Friday, and in 1965 we get the film adaptation <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_on_Mars" title="Robinson Crusoe on Mars">Robinson Crusoe on Mars</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mantee" title="Paul Mantee">Paul Mantee</a>, with an alien Friday portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Lundin" title="Victor Lundin">Victor Lundin</a> and an added character played by <a href="/wiki/Adam_West" title="Adam West">Adam West</a>. <a href="/wiki/Byron_Haskin" title="Byron Haskin">Byron Haskins</a> manages to underscore Crusoe's removal and field of the red planet that we call mars. Our main character meets a Friday-esque character but makes no effort to try and understand his language. Like the book, in this film, Friday is trying to escape from cruel masters. This movie has lots of appeal to fans of adventures stories and the film has a distinctive visual style that adds to its character. </p><p>In 1968, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> writer/director Ralph C. Bluemke made a <a href="/wiki/Family-friendly" title="Family-friendly">family-friendly</a> version of the story titled <i><a href="/wiki/Robby_(film)" title="Robby (film)">Robby</a></i>, in which the main characters were portrayed as children. It starred Warren Raum as Robby (Robinson Crusoe) and Ryp Siani as Friday (who were the director's first choices for the roles).<sup id="cite_ref-FKK48_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FKK48-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bluemke originally conceived the idea while working at a bank in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-FKK47_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FKK47-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the nature and location of the script, Bluemke knew from the beginning that the film would require a certain amount of <a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">nudity</a> in order to give it a sense of realism and authenticity. At the time, he was under the impression that the nudity depicted in the film would be condoned as natural and innocent, given the backdrop of the story, and given that the actors involved were <a href="/wiki/Prepubescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepubescent">prepubescent</a> boys.<sup id="cite_ref-FKK49_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FKK49-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film failed to secure a wide distribution deal, in part because prospective distributors were wary about the extensive nudity featured in the film. Undaunted, the producers raised enough capital to release the film themselves, acting as their own distributor. It had limited screenings on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> on August 14, 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Roundtree" title="Richard Roundtree">Richard Roundtree</a> co-starred in a 1975 film <i><a href="/wiki/Man_Friday_(1975_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Man Friday (1975 film)">Man Friday</a></i> which sardonically portrayed Crusoe as incapable of seeing his dark-skinned companion as anything but an inferior creature, while Friday is more enlightened and sympathetic. In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Aidan_Quinn" title="Aidan Quinn">Aidan Quinn</a> portrayed Robinson Crusoe in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Crusoe_(film)" title="Crusoe (film)">Crusoe</a></i>. A 1997 movie entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(1997_film)" title="Robinson Crusoe (1997 film)">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> starred <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan" title="Pierce Brosnan">Pierce Brosnan</a> and received limited commercial success. The 2000 film <i><a href="/wiki/Cast_Away" title="Cast Away">Cast Away</a></i>, with <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> as a FedEx employee stranded on an island for many years, also borrows much from the Robinson Crusoe story. </p><p>In 1981, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakian</a> director and animator <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_L%C3%A1tal" title="Stanislav Látal">Stanislav Látal</a> made a version of the story under the name <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe,_a_Sailor_from_York" title="Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a Sailor from York">Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a Sailor from York</a></i> combining traditional and stop-motion animation. The movie was coproduced by regional West Germany broadcaster Südwestfunk Baden-Baden.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animated_adaptations">Animated adaptations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Animated adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1988, an animated cartoon for children called <i>Classic Adventure Stories Robinson Crusoe</i> was released. Crusoe's early sea travels are simplified, as his ship outruns the <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9_Rovers" title="Salé Rovers">Salé Rovers</a> pirates but then gets wrecked in a storm.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>And then in 1995 the BBC first aired the series <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Sucroe" title="Robinson Sucroe">Robinson Sucroe</a></i> until 1998, with <a href="/wiki/The_Children%27s_Channel" title="The Children's Channel">The Children's Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pop_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop (British and Irish TV channel)">Pop</a> repeating it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_adaptations">Radio adaptations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Radio adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Daniel Defoe – Robinson Crusoe</i> was adapted as a two-part play for <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio" title="BBC Radio">BBC radio</a>. Dramatised by Steve Chambers and directed by Marion Nancarrow, and starring <a href="/wiki/Roy_Marsden" title="Roy Marsden">Roy Marsden</a> and Tom Bevan, it was first broadcast on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> in May 1998. It was subsequently rebroadcast on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4_Extra" title="BBC Radio 4 Extra">BBC Radio 4 Extra</a> in February 2023. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TV_adaptations">TV adaptations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: TV adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1964, a French film production crew made a 13-part serial of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe_(TV_series)" title="The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (TV series)">The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</a></i>. It starred <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hoffmann" title="Robert Hoffmann">Robert Hoffmann</a>. The black-and-white series was dubbed into English and German. In the UK, the BBC broadcast it on numerous occasions between 1965 and 1977. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Crusoe_(TV_series)" title="Crusoe (TV series)">2008–2009 <i>Crusoe</i> TV series</a> was a 13-part show created by Stephen Gallagher. </p><p>Two 2000s reality television series, <i><a href="/wiki/Expedition_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition Robinson">Expedition Robinson</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Survivor_(franchise)" title="Survivor (franchise)">Survivor</a></i>, have their contestants try to survive on an isolated location, usually an island. The concept is influenced by <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The life and strange surprizing adventures of Robinson Crusoe: of York, mariner: who lived twenty eight years all alone in an un-inhabited island on the coast of America, near the mouth of the great river of Oroonoque; ... Written by himself.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Early_English_Books_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Early English Books Online">Early English Books Online</a>, 1719. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDefoe2007" class="citation journal cs1">Defoe, Daniel (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14106/K061280.000">"1719 text"</a>. <i>Oxford Text Archive</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14106%2FK061280.000">20.500.14106/K061280.000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Text+Archive&rft.atitle=1719+text&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.14106%2FK061280.000&rft.aulast=Defoe&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F20.500.14106%2FK061280.000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobinson+Crusoe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld</a> Classics 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84749-012-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84749-012-4">978-1-84749-012-4</a></li> <li><i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a> 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-143982-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-143982-2">978-0-14-143982-2</a></li> <li><i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_World%27s_Classics" title="Oxford World's Classics">Oxford World's Classics</a> 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283342-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283342-6">978-0-19-283342-6</a></li> <li><i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Classic_Book_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantam Classic Book Series">Bantam Classics</a></li> <li>Defoe, Daniel <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, edited by Michael Shinagel (New York: Norton, 1994), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393964523" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393964523">978-0393964523</a>. Includes a selection of critical essays.</li> <li>Defoe, Daniel. <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>. Dover Publications, 1998.</li> <li><i>Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</i> <a href="/wiki/Rand_McNally_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Rand McNally & Company">Rand McNally & Company</a>. The Windermere Series 1916. No ISBN. Includes 7 illustrations by Milo Winter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_real_life">From real life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: From real life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leendert_Hasenbosch" title="Leendert Hasenbosch">Leendert Hasenbosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ashton" title="Philip Ashton">Philip Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusoe_Cave" title="Crusoe Cave">Crusoe Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Selkirk" title="Alexander Selkirk">Alexander Selkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naso_people" title="Naso people">Naso people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_television_and_films">From television and films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: From television and films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cast_Away" title="Cast Away">Cast Away</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilligan%27s_Island" title="Gilligan's Island">Gilligan's Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Family_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Family Robinson">Swiss Family Robinson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_(film)" title="Robby (film)"><i>Robby</i> (1968 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_(2004_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost (2004 TV series)">Lost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crusoe_(TV_series)" title="Crusoe (TV series)">Crusoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/7_Sea_Pirates" title="7 Sea Pirates">Seven Sea Pirates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Robinson_Crusoe_(1912_film)" title="Miss Robinson Crusoe (1912 film)">Miss Robinson Crusoe (1912 film)</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Grass,_Running_Water" title="Green Grass, Running Water">Green Grass, Running Water</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_adaptations_2">Stage adaptations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Stage adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Pocock" title="Isaac Pocock">Isaac Pocock</a> (1782–1835)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full title: <i><b>The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver'd by Pyrates. Written by Himself.</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-Defoe-1719-1998ed_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defoe-1719-1998ed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Defoe-1719-1998ed-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Defoe-1719-1998ed_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Defoe-1719-1998ed_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefoe1998" class="citation book cs1">Defoe, Daniel (1998-06-10) [1719]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12024/K061280.000"><i>Robinson Crusoe</i></a>. Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12024%2FK061280.000">20.500.12024/K061280.000</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486404271" title="Special:BookSources/9780486404271"><bdi>9780486404271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robinson+Crusoe&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=1998-06-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12024%2FK061280.000&rft.isbn=9780486404271&rft.aulast=Defoe&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F20.500.12024%2FK061280.000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobinson+Crusoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazine" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-real-robinson-crusoe-74877644/">"The Real Robinson Crusoe"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Real+Robinson+Crusoe&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-real-robinson-crusoe-74877644%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobinson+Crusoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Severin2002-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Severin2002_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Severin2002_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Severin2002_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Severin2002_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeverin2002" class="citation book cs1">Severin, Tim (2002). <i>In Search of Robinson Crusoe</i>. New York, NY: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-07698-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-07698-X"><bdi>0-465-07698-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Robinson+Crusoe&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-465-07698-X&rft.aulast=Severin&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobinson+Crusoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/rescue-real-life-robinson-crusoe/">"Rescue of Real-Life Robinson Crusoe"</a>. <i>education.nationalgeographic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Fiction+as+authentic+as+fact&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.aulast=Heitman&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424127887323936804578227971298012486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobinson+Crusoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrabble1996" class="citation book cs1">Drabble, Margaret, ed. (1996). "Defoe". <i>The Oxford Companion to English Literature</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/09/robinson-crusoe-alexander-selkirk-history/">the original</a> on 2017-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Debunking+the+myth+of+the+%27real%27+Robinson+Crusoe&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F09%2Frobinson-crusoe-alexander-selkirk-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobinson+Crusoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan1980" class="citation book cs1">Hassan, Nawal Muhammad (1980). <i>Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,918454,00.html">the original</a> on 2008-07-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Desert+island+scripts&rft.date=2003-03-22&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.guardian.co.uk%2Freview%2Fstory%2F0%2C12084%2C918454%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobinson+Crusoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/otros-temas/la-historia-que-inspiro-a-robinson-crusoe-espanola-pedro-serrano-1526.html">"La historia que inspiró a Robinson Crusoe, española. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+Blogs&rft.atitle=La+historia+que+inspir%C3%B3+a+Robinson+Crusoe%2C+espa%C3%B1ola.+Pedro+Serrano%2C+1526.&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcblogs.abc.es%2Fespejo-de-navegantes%2Fotros-temas%2Fla-historia-que-inspiro-a-robinson-crusoe-espanola-pedro-serrano-1526.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobinson+Crusoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1911" class="citation book cs1">Knox, Robert (1911). <i>An Historical Account of the Island Ceylon based on the 1659 original text</i>. 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Classic Adventure Stories. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsbK1yk3Gcs">the original</a> on 2021-10-30 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robinson+Crusoe&rft.series=Classic+Adventure+Stories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DfsbK1yk3Gcs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobinson+Crusoe" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/event/146819">"event notice"</a>. <i>ausstage.edu.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191119090015/https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/event/146819">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ausstage.edu.au&rft.atitle=event+notice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausstage.edu.au%2Fpages%2Fevent%2F146819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobinson+Crusoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_references">Additional references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Additional references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoz_(Charles_Dickens)1853" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Boz (Charles Dickens)</a> (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/memoirsjosephned00grimuoft#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi</i></a>. London: G. Routledge & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Joseph+Grimaldi&rft.place=London&rft.pub=G.+Routledge+%26+Co.&rft.date=1853&rft.au=Boz+%28Charles+Dickens%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmemoirsjosephned00grimuoft%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobinson+Crusoe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlater1955" class="citation book cs1">Findlater, Richard (1955). <i>Grimaldi King of Clowns</i>. London: Magibbon & Kee. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/558202542">558202542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grimaldi+King+of+Clowns&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Magibbon+%26+Kee&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F558202542&rft.aulast=Findlater&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobinson+Crusoe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Malabou, Catherine. "To Quarantine from Quarantine: Rousseau, Robinson Crusoe, and 'I.'" Critical Inquiry, vol. 47, no. S2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1086/711426.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/711426#">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell_Stott2009" class="citation book cs1">McConnell Stott, Andrew (2009). <i>The Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi</i>. Edinburgh: Canongate Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84767-761-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84767-761-7"><bdi>978-1-84767-761-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pantomime+Life+of+Joseph+Grimaldi&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Canongate+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84767-761-7&rft.aulast=McConnell+Stott&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobinson+Crusoe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ross, Angus, ed. (1965), <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>. Penguin.</li> <li>Secord, Arthur Wellesley (1963). <i>Studies in the Narrative Method of Defoe</i>. New York: Russell & Russell. (First published in 1924.)</li> <li>Shinagel, Michael, ed. (1994). <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>. Norton Critical Edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-96452-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-96452-3">0-393-96452-3</a>. Includes textual annotations, contemporary and modern criticisms, bibliography.</li> <li>Severin, Tim (2002). <i>In search of Robinson Crusoe</i>, New York: Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-07698-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-07698-X">0-465-07698-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHymer1971" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hymer" title="Stephen Hymer">Hymer, Stephen</a> (September 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2011/09/01/robinson-crusoe-and-the-secret-of-primitive-accumulation/">"Robinson Crusoe and the secret of primitive accumulation"</a>. <i>Monthly Review</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14452%2FMR-023-04-1971-08_2">10.14452/MR-023-04-1971-08_2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review&rft.atitle=Robinson+Crusoe+and+the+secret+of+primitive+accumulation&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1971-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14452%2FMR-023-04-1971-08_2&rft.aulast=Hymer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonthlyreview.org%2F2011%2F09%2F01%2Frobinson-crusoe-and-the-secret-of-primitive-accumulation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobinson+Crusoe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shinagel, Michael, ed. (1994), <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>. Norton Critical Edition (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-96452-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-96452-3">0-393-96452-3</a>). By Kogul, Mariapan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_criticism">Literary criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Literary criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Backscheider, Paula <i>Daniel Defoe: His Life</i> (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801845122" title="Special:BookSources/0801845122">0801845122</a>.</li> <li>Ewers, Chris <i>Mobility in the English Novel from Defoe to Austen</i>. (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2018). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1787442726" title="Special:BookSources/978-1787442726">978-1787442726</a>. Includes a chapter on <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>.</li> <li>Richetti, John (ed.) <i>The Cambridge Companion to Daniel Defoe</i>. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521675055" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521675055">978-0521675055</a>. Casebook of critical essays.</li> <li>Rogers, Pat <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> (London: Allen and Unwin, 1979). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0048000027" title="Special:BookSources/0048000027">0048000027</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Watt" title="Ian Watt">Watt, Ian</a> <i>The Rise of the Novel</i> (London: Pimlico, 2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0712664271" title="Special:BookSources/978-0712664271">978-0712664271</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/12623">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pierre-marteau.com/editions/1719-robinson-crusoe.html"><i>Robinson Crusoe</i></a> at <i>Editions Marteau</i> (annotated text of the first edition)</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Robinson+Crusoe&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Robinson Crusoe</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6936/6936-h/6936-h.htm"><i>Robinson Crusoe in Words of One Syllable</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Godolphin_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Godolphin (writer)">Mary Godolphin</a> (1723–1764), hosted at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/defoe">"Robinson Crusoe & the Robinsonades"</a>, a free online collection of editions of <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida_Baldwin_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Florida Baldwin Library">Baldwin Library of Historical Children's Literature</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_by_Daniel_Defoe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Daniel_Defoe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Daniel Defoe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Daniel_Defoe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1719)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farther_Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe" title="The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe">The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1719)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Singleton" title="Captain Singleton">Captain Singleton</a></i> (1720)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Cavalier" title="Memoirs of a Cavalier">Memoirs of a Cavalier</a></i> (1720)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moll_Flanders" title="Moll Flanders">Moll Flanders</a></i> (1722)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Jack" title="Colonel Jack">Colonel Jack</a></i> (1722)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Journal_of_the_Plague_Year" title="A Journal of the Plague Year">A Journal of the Plague Year</a></i> (1722)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roxana:_The_Fortunate_Mistress" title="Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress">Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress</a></i> (1724)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg/100px-Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg/150px-Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg/200px-Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2391" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Consolidator" title="The Consolidator">The Consolidator or, Memoirs of Sundry Transactions from the World in the Moon</a></i> (1705)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apparition_of_Mrs._Veal" title="The Apparition of Mrs. Veal">The Apparition of Mrs. Veal</a></i> (1706)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantis_Major&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantis Major (page does not exist)">Atlantis Major</a></i> (1711)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="The King of Pirates">The King of Pirates</a></i> (1719)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirate_Gow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Pirate Gow (page does not exist)">The Pirate Gow</a></i>, an account of <a href="/wiki/John_Gow" title="John Gow">John Gow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Upon_Projects" title="An Essay Upon Projects">An Essay Upon Projects</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_(Daniel_Defoe)" title="The Storm (Daniel Defoe)">The Storm</a></i> (1704)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Family_Instructor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Family Instructor (page does not exist)">The Family Instructor</a></i> (1715)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serious_Reflections_of_Robinson_Crusoe" title="Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe">Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1720)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a></i> (1724, disputed)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_tour_thro%27_the_whole_island_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain">A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain</a></i> (1724-27)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Complete_English_Tradesman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Complete English Tradesman (page does not exist)">The Complete English Tradesman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_History_of_the_Devil" title="The Political History of the Devil">The Political History of the Devil</a></i> (1726)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mere_Nature_Delineated" title="Mere Nature Delineated">Mere Nature Delineated</a></i> (1726)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_Lewdness" title="Conjugal Lewdness">Conjugal Lewdness</a></i> (1727)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Plan_of_the_English_Commerce" title="A Plan of the English Commerce">A Plan of the English Commerce</a></i> (1728)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shortest_Way_with_the_Dissenters" title="The Shortest Way with the Dissenters">The Shortest Way with the Dissenters</a></i> (1702)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castration_of_Popish_Ecclesiastics" title="Castration of Popish Ecclesiastics">Castration of Popish Ecclesiastics</a></i> (1720, attributed)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Essay_Upon_Literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Essay Upon Literature (page does not exist)">An Essay Upon Literature</a></i> (1726)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_Lewdness" title="Conjugal Lewdness">Conjugal Lewdness</a></i> (1727)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Triumphans" title="Augusta Triumphans">Augusta Triumphans</a></i> (1728)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Thoughts_Are_Best" title="Second Thoughts Are Best">Second Thoughts Are Best</a></i> (1729)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_True-Born_Englishman" title="The True-Born Englishman">The True-Born Englishman</a></i> (1701)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn_to_the_Pillory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hymn to the Pillory (page does not exist)">Hymn to the Pillory</a></i> (1703)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Piracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pirates" title="Template:Pirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pirates" title="Template talk:Pirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_period" title="Category:Piracy by period">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Ancient Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">21st century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_piracy" title="2022 in piracy">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_piracy" title="2023 in piracy">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_piracy" title="2024 in piracy">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Types of pirate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates (corsairs)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Algiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Coast" title="Brethren of the Coast">Brethren of the Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">Buccaneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pirate" title="Child pirate">Child pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Moro pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_privateer" title="Confederate privateer">Confederate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">River pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geuzen" title="Geuzen">Sea Beggars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Sea Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Sindhi corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_pirate" title="Timber pirate">Timber pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkuyniks" title="Ushkuyniks">Ushkuyniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskoks" title="Uskoks">Uskoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Atlantic World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somali Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosy_Boraha" title="Nosy Boraha">Nosy Boraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other waters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Falcon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_South_China_Coast" title="Pirates of the South China Coast">South China Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Sulu Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_haven" title="Pirate haven">Pirate havens</a><br />and bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barataria_Bay" title="Barataria Bay">Barataria Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Mamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustin,_Madagascar" title="Saint Augustin, Madagascar">Saint Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abduwali_Muse" title="Abduwali Muse">Abduwali Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abshir_Boyah" title="Abshir Boyah">Abshir Boyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Baldridge" title="Adam Baldridge">Adam Baldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Samuel" title="Abraham Samuel">Abraham Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_and_Alfhild" title="Alf and Alfhild">Alfhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hicks" title="Albert W. Hicks">Albert W. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dieu-le-Veut" title="Anne Dieu-le-Veut">Anne Dieu-le-Veut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia I of Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awilda" title="Awilda">Awilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Bartolomeu Português">Bartolomeu Português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(pirate)" title="Black Caesar (pirate)">Black Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">Bully Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qian" title="Cai Qian">Cai Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Anna_Skytte" title="Christina Anna Skytte">Christina Anna Skytte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">Dan Seavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Chivers" title="Dirk Chivers">Dirk Chivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_England" title="Edward England">Edward England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Boggs" title="Eli Boggs">Eli Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Eskilsdotter" title="Elise Eskilsdotter">Elise Eskilsdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Burn" title="Flora Burn">Flora Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Gang" title="Flying Gang">Flying Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Lucifer" title="Hendrick Lucifer">Hendrick Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Caesar" title="Henri Caesar">Henri Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Strangways_(pirate)" title="Henry Strangways (pirate)">Henry Strangways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">Jeanne de Clisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_H%C3%A5rd" title="Johanna Hård">Johanna Hård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoar" title="John Hoar">John Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_(privateer)" title="John Newland Maffitt (privateer)">John Newland Maffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pro" title="John Pro">John Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Almeida" title="José Joaquim Almeida">José Joaquim Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barss" title="Joseph Barss">Joseph Barss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Choi_San" title="Lai Choi San">Lai Choi San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Daoming" title="Liang Daoming">Liang Daoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansel_Alcantra" title="Mansel Alcantra">Mansel Alcantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ribeiro_Pardal" title="Manuel Ribeiro Pardal">Manuel Ribeiro Pardal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cobham_and_Maria_Lindsey" title="Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey">Mary Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wolverston" title="Mary Wolverston">Mary Wolverston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gordon" title="Nathaniel Gordon">Nathaniel Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Akew" title="Ng Akew">Ng Akew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Levasseur" title="Olivier Levasseur">Olivier Levasseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Easton" title="Peter Easton">Peter Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Pieterszoon Hein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sela" title="Princess Sela">Princess Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_al-Jalhami" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Wall" title="Rachel Wall">Rachel Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Redbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glover_(pirate)" title="Richard Glover (pirate)">Richard Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Culliford" title="Robert Culliford">Robert Culliford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Surcouf" title="Robert Surcouf">Robert Surcouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Farrell" title="Sadie Farrell">Sadie Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hall_Lord" title="Samuel Hall Lord">Samuel Hall Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Ping" title="Sister Ping">Sister Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shap-ng-tsai" title="Shap-ng-tsai">Shap-ng-tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirahama_Kenki" title="Shirahama Kenki">Shirahama Kenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mascarino" title="Simon Mascarino">Simon Mascarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)" title="Wang Zhi (pirate)">Wang Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Qi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Qi (pirate)">Zheng Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Zheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirate<br />hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Emo" title="Angelo Emo">Angelo Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avery_Hornsby" title="Richard Avery Hornsby">Richard Avery Hornsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warren_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Warren (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Galley" title="Adventure Galley">Adventure Galley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Ambrose Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fancy_(ship)" title="Fancy (ship)">Fancy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quedagh_Merchant" title="Quedagh Merchant">Quedagh Merchant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CSS_McRae" title="CSS McRae">Marquis of Havana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">My Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Royal Fortune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saladin_(barque)" title="Saladin (barque)">Saladin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MV_York" title="MV York">York</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate battles and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/150px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/200px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles" title="1582 Cagayan battles">1582 Cagayan battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_November_1822" title="Action of 9 November 1822">Action of 9 November 1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">Action of 28 October 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">Action of 11 November 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">Action of 9 April 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 2010">Action of 23 March 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 April 2010">Action of 1 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 5 April 2010">Action of 5 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_of_Boston" title="Antelope of Boston">Antelope incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">Attack on Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boca_Teacapan" title="Battle of Boca Teacapan">Battle of Boca Teacapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Fear_River_(1718)" title="Battle of Cape Fear River (1718)">Battle of Cape Fear River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Lopez" title="Battle of Cape Lopez">Battle of Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doro_Passage" title="Battle of Doro Passage">Battle of Doro Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Battle of Mandab Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Minicoy Island">Battle off Minicoy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Quan" title="Battle of Nam Quan">Battle of Nam Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Battle of Ocracoke Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Leotung" title="Battle of the Leotung">Battle of the Leotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tonkin_River" title="Battle of Tonkin River">Battle of Tonkin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Battle of Ty-ho Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tysami" title="Battle of Tysami">Battle of Tysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Beluga_Nomination_incident" title="MV Beluga Nomination incident"><i>Beluga Nomination</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Blockade of Charleston (Vane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepo_expedition" title="Chepo expedition">Chepo Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Capture of the <i>Ambrose Light</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_John_%22Calico_Jack%22_Rackham" title="Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham">Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Bravo" title="Capture of the schooner Bravo">Capture of the schooner <i>Bravo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Fancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of the schooner Fancy">Capture of the schooner <i>Fancy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_sloop_Anne" title="Capture of the sloop Anne">Capture of the sloop <i>Anne</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident"><i>Carré d'As IV</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident"><i>Dai Hong Dan</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_Expedition" title="Falklands Expedition">Falklands Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol" title="Great Lakes Patrol">Great Lakes Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_incident" title="Irene incident"><i>Irene</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking"><i>Maersk Alabama</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Zafirah_hijacking" title="MT Zafirah hijacking">MT <i>Zafirah</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Orkim_Harmony_hijacking" title="MT Orkim Harmony hijacking">MT <i>Orkim Harmony</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Moscow_University_hijacking" title="MV Moscow University hijacking">MV <i>Moscow University</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Star_affair" title="North Star affair"><i>North Star</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8:_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Pirate attacks in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Quest_incident" title="SY Quest incident"><i>Quest</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1683)" title="Raid on Cartagena (1683)">Raid on Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)" title="Sack of Campeche (1663)">Sack of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Pirates" title="Salvador Pirates">Salvador Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Piracy law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_grace_(piracy)" title="Acts of grace (piracy)">Acts of grace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">1717–1718 Acts of Grace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act" title="Piracy Act">Piracy Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Offences_at_Sea_Act_1536" title="Offences at Sea Act 1536">1536</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1698" title="Piracy Act 1698">1698</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">1717</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1721" title="Piracy Act 1721">1721</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1837" title="Piracy Act 1837">1837</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1850" title="Piracy Act 1850">1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Law_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy Law of 1820">Piracy Law of 1820</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad"><i>Amistad</i> Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the <i>Veloz Passagera</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the brig <i>Brillante</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in<br />popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pirates" title="List of fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askeladd" title="Askeladd">Askeladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ayrton" title="Tom Ayrton">Tom Ayrton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbeard_(comics)" title="Redbeard (comics)">Barbe Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Birdseye" title="Captain Birdseye">Captain Birdseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldland" title="McDonaldland">Captain Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Flint" title="Captain Flint">Captain Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pugwash" title="Captain Pugwash">Captain Pugwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Sabertooth" title="Captain Sabertooth">Captain Sabertooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Stingaree" title="Captain Stingaree">Captain Stingaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)" title="Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)">Davy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenway" title="Edward Kenway">Edward Kenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Marley" title="Elaine Marley">Elaine Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Swann" title="Elizabeth Swann">Elizabeth Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franky_(One_Piece)" title="Franky (One Piece)">Franky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybrush_Threepwood" title="Guybrush Threepwood">Guybrush Threepwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Barbossa" title="Hector Barbossa">Hector Barbossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshamee_Gibbs" title="Joshamee Gibbs">Joshamee Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_D._Luffy" title="Monkey D. Luffy">Monkey D. Luffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaas_Montenegro" title="Vaas Montenegro">Vaas Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Smee" title="Mr. Smee">Mr. Smee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nami_(One_Piece)" title="Nami (One Piece)">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Robin" title="Nico Robin">Nico Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roronoa_Zoro" title="Roronoa Zoro">Roronoa Zoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanji_(One_Piece)" title="Sanji (One Piece)">Sanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tony_Chopper" title="Tony Tony Chopper">Tony Tony Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usopp" title="Usopp">Usopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Turner" title="Will Turner">Will Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)" title="Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pilot:_A_Tale_of_the_Sea" title="The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea">The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Facing_the_Flag" title="Facing the Flag">Facing the Flag</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Stranger_Tides" title="On Stranger Tides">On Stranger Tides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_and_the_Curse_of_Treasure_Island" title="Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island">Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castaways_of_the_Flying_Dutchman" title="Castaways of the Flying Dutchman">Castaways of the Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel%27s_Command" title="The Angel's Command">The Angel's Command</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Slaves" title="Voyage of Slaves">Voyage of Slaves</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver_(comics)" title="Long John Silver (comics)">Long John Silver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Latitudes" title="Pirate Latitudes">Pirate Latitudes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Seas" title="Mistress of the Seas">Mistress of the Seas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silver_(Motion_novel)" title="Silver (Motion novel)">Silver: Return to Treasure Island</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tropes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buried_treasure" title="Buried treasure">Buried treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27s_locker" title="Davy Jones's locker">Davy Jones's locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyepatch" title="Eyepatch">Eyepatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (symbol)">skull and crossbones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelhauling" title="Keelhauling">Keelhauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">Marooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_purchase,_no_pay" title="No purchase, no pay">No purchase, no pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegleg">Pegleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">Pet parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_map" title="Treasure map">Treasure map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">Walking the plank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_pirates" title="List of space pirates">Space pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_versus_Ninjas" title="Pirates versus Ninjas">Pirates versus Ninjas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matelotage" title="Matelotage">Matelotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_kidnappings" title="Piracy kidnappings">Piracy kidnappings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Meta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films_and_television_series" title="List of pirate films and television series">Pirate films and TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_privateers" title="List of privateers">Privateers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_piracy" title="Timeline of piracy">Timeline of piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbary_pirates" class="mw-disambig" title="Category:Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates_by_nationality" title="Category:Pirates by nationality">By nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_pirates" title="Category:Female pirates">Female pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_pirates" title="Category:Fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_year" title="Category:Piracy by year">Piracy by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates" title="Category:Pirates">Pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/29px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/44px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/58px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Daniel_Defoe&#039;s_Robinson_Crusoe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robinson_Crusoe" title="Template:Robinson Crusoe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robinson_Crusoe" title="Template talk:Robinson Crusoe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robinson_Crusoe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robinson Crusoe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Daniel_Defoe&#039;s_Robinson_Crusoe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robinson Crusoe</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friday_(Robinson_Crusoe)" title="Friday (Robinson Crusoe)">Friday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sequel novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farther_Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe" title="The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe">The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serious_Reflections_of_Robinson_Crusoe" title="Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe">Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(1902_film)" title="Robinson Crusoe (1902 film)">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe_(serial)" title="The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (serial)">The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(1927_film)" title="Robinson Crusoe (1927 film)">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(1947_film)" title="Robinson Crusoe (1947 film)">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(1954_film)" title="Robinson Crusoe (1954 film)">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(Play_of_the_Month)" title="Robinson Crusoe (Play of the Month)">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crusoe_(film)" title="Crusoe (film)">Crusoe</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(1997_film)" title="Robinson Crusoe (1997 film)">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Robinson_Crusoe" title="Mr. Robinson Crusoe">Mr. Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Robin_Crusoe" title="Miss Robin Crusoe">Miss Robin Crusoe</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_on_Mars" title="Robinson Crusoe on Mars">Robinson Crusoe on Mars</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lt._Robin_Crusoe,_U.S.N." title="Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N.">Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N.</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robby_(film)" title="Robby (film)">Robby</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_Friday_(film)" title="Man Friday (film)">Man Friday</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Robinson_(film)" title="Mr. Robinson (film)">Mr. Robinson</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shipwrecked_(1990_film)" title="Shipwrecked (1990 film)">Shipwrecked</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(2016_film)" title="Robinson Crusoe (2016 film)">The Wild Life</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe_(TV_series)" title="The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (TV series)">The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe,_a_Sailor_from_York" title="Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a Sailor from York">Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a Sailor from York</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Sucroe" title="Robinson Sucroe">Robinson Sucroe</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crusoe_(TV_series)" title="Crusoe (TV series)">Crusoe</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Friday,_or,_The_Other_Island" title="Friday, or, The Other Island">Friday, or, The Other Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Crusoes" title="Canadian Crusoes">Canadian Crusoes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foe_(Coetzee_novel)" title="Foe (Coetzee novel)">Foe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Selkirk" title="Alexander Selkirk">Alexander Selkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_Island" title="Robinson Crusoe Island">Robinson Crusoe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinsonade" title="Robinsonade">Robinsonade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Cruso%C3%A9" title="Robinson Crusoé">Robinson Crusoé</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_economy" title="Robinson Crusoe economy">Robinson Crusoe economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoes_of_Warsaw" title="Robinson Crusoes of Warsaw">Robinson Crusoes of Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483034#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483034#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483034#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/175804708">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/313856496">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4281761-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81045585">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119362145">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119362145">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00627083">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35034558">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX3383713">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khw03fj31m2g1tx">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007585707405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027287068">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/af7de01f-bbdf-4dd4-8423-6c7e20d67e76">MusicBrainz work</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&oldid=1255950490">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&oldid=1255950490</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Robinson_Crusoe" title="Category:Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1719_novels" title="Category:1719 novels">1719 novels</a></li><li><a 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