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for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">文法</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有171種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-171" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">171種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatika" title="Grammatika – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grammatika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatik" title="Grammatik – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Grammatik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8D" title="ሰዋስው – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሰዋስው" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatica" title="Gramatica – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gramatica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9" title="قواعد لغة – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قواعد لغة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A0%DC%A5%DC%99%DC%90" title="ܩܢܘܢܐ ܕܠܥܙܐ – 阿拉米文" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܢܘܢܐ ܕܠܥܙܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9" title="قواعد لغة – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قواعد لغة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="ব্যাকৰণ – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ব্যাকৰণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica" title="Gramática – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gramática" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 阿瓦爾文" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrammatika" title="Qrammatika – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qrammatika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1" title="قرامر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قرامر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatik" title="Grammatik – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Grammatik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramat%C4%97ka" title="Gramatėka – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gramatėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanghayan" title="Balanghayan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Balanghayan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Граматыка – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Граматыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Граматыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Граматыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Граматика – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Граматика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="व्याकरण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="व्याकरण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="ব্যাকরণ – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="བརྡ་སྤྲོད་ཀྱི་གཞུང་། – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བརྡ་སྤྲོད་ཀྱི་གཞུང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezhadur" title="Yezhadur – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A0tica" title="Gramàtica – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gramàtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-hu%C3%A1k" title="Ngṳ̄-huák – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngṳ̄-huák" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڕێزمان – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێزمان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarf" title="Sarf – 克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sarf" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramadeg" title="Gramadeg – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gramadeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatik" title="Grammatik – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grammatik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatik" title="Grammatik – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grammatik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramer" title="Gramer – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gramer" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Γραμματική – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γραμματική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Grammar" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatiko" title="Gramatiko – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gramatiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica" title="Gramática – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gramática" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatika" title="Grammatika – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Grammatika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica" title="Gramática – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Gramática" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دستور زبان – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دستور زبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielioppi" title="Kielioppi – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kielioppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ll%C3%A6ra" title="Mállæra – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mállæra" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammaire" title="Grammaire – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grammaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatik" title="Gramatik – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gramatik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatika" title="Grammatika – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grammatika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="文法" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A8r" title="Gramèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Gramèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A0mar" title="Gràmar – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gràmar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica" title="Gramática – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gramática" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDtekuaa" title="Ñe'ẽtekuaa – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽtekuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="व्याकरण – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="व्याकरण" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9" title="𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹 – 哥德文" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammeydys" title="Grammeydys – 曼島文" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Grammeydys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="曼島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahawu" title="Nahawu – 豪撒文" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nahawu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪撒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7" title="דקדוק – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דקדוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="व्याकरण – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्याकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyakaran" title="Vyakaran – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vyakaran" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A8" title="Gramè – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gramè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyelvtan" title="Nyelvtan – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyelvtan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քերականություն – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քերականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Grammatica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_bahasa" title="Tata bahasa – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tata bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica – 國際文（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Grammatica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="國際文（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatiko" title="Gramatiko – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gramatiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Málfræði – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grammatica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grama" title="Grama – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Grama" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gerna" title="gerna – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="gerna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გრამატიკა – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრამატიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatika" title="Grammatika – 卡拉卡爾帕克文" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Grammatika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡爾帕克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%8D" title="វេយ្យាករណ៍ – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វេយ្យាករណ៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EB%B2%95" title="문법 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 科米-彼爾米亞克文" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="科米-彼爾米亞克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AAziman" title="Rêziman – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rêziman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yethador" title="Yethador – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yethador" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Grammatica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 拉迪諾文" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪諾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatica" title="Gramatica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gramatica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammair" title="Grammair – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Grammair" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatica" title="Gramatica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Gramatica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grammatica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ໄວຍະກອນ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄວຍະກອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitsipi-pitenenana" title="Fitsipi-pitenenana – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fitsipi-pitenenana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Йылмылончыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Йылмылончыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Граматика – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Граматика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="വ്യാകരണം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വ്യാകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A0_%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9E" title="ꯂꯣꯟꯆꯠ ꯄꯊꯥꯞ – 曼尼普裡文" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯣꯟꯆꯠ ꯄꯊꯥꯞ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普裡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="သဒ္ဒါမန် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သဒ္ဒါမန်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="व्याकरण – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्याकरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatabahasa" title="Tatabahasa – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tatabahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica" title="Gramática – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Gramática" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB" title="သဒ္ဒါ – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သဒ္ဒါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 厄爾茲亞文" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄爾茲亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatik" title="Grammatik – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Grammatik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="व्याकरण – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="व्याकरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82" title="भाय्‌लचं – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भाय्‌लचं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grammatica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatikk" title="Grammatikk – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grammatikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatikk" title="Grammatikk – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grammatikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatike" title="Gramatike – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Gramatike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%9C%DF%8D" title="ߞߊ߲ߜߍ – 曼德文字 (N’Ko)" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߊ߲ߜߍ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="曼德文字 (N’Ko)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatica" title="Gramatica – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gramatica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seerluga" title="Seerluga – 奧羅莫文" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Seerluga" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奧羅莫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Грамматикæ – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Грамматикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਿਆਕਰਨ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਆਕਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar – 潘加辛文" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Grammar" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="潘加辛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garalita" title="Garalita – 潘帕嘉文" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Garalita" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="潘帕嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granmo%C3%A8re" title="Granmoère – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Granmoère" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatyka" title="Gramatyka – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gramatyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A0tica" title="Gramàtica – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gramàtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1" title="گریمر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گریمر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Γραμματική – 旁狄希臘文" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γραμματική" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="旁狄希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica" title="Gramática – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gramática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_kamachiy" title="Simi kamachiy – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Simi kamachiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatic%C4%83" title="Gramatică – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gramatică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ґраматіка – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґраматіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikibonezamvugo" title="Ikibonezamvugo – 盧安達文" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikibonezamvugo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="盧安達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="व्याकरणम् – 梵文" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="व्याकरणम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B2" title="ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ – 散塔利文" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="散塔利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramm%C3%A0tica" title="Grammàtica – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Grammàtica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Grammar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1" title="گرامر – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گرامر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB" title="ව්‍යාකරණ – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ව්‍යාකරණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grammar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika_(jazykoveda)" title="Gramatika (jazykoveda) – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gramatika (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovnica" title="Slovnica – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Slovnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel%C3%A2opp%C3%A2" title="Kielâoppâ – 伊納裡薩米文" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kielâoppâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="伊納裡薩米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Граматика – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Граматика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatik" title="Grammatik – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grammatik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarufi" title="Sarufi – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sarufi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="இலக்கணம் (மொழியியல்) – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலக்கணம் (மொழியியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF)" title="వ్యాకరణం (అయోమయనివృత్తి) – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వ్యాకరణం (అయోమయనివృత్తి)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дастури забон – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дастури забон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C" title="ไวยากรณ์ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไวยากรณ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarila" title="Balarila – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balarila" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grama" title="Grama – 托比辛文" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Grama" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托比辛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilbilgisi" title="Dilbilgisi – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dilbilgisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%89%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7" title="گىرامماتىكا – 維吾爾文" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گىرامماتىكا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="維吾爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Граматика – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Граматика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%90_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قواعدِ زبان – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قواعدِ زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatika" title="Grammatika – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Grammatika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramadega" title="Gramadega – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gramadega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_ph%C3%A1p" title="Ngữ pháp – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramat" title="Gramat – 沃拉普克文" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Gramat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croejhete_(linwince)" title="Croejhete (linwince) – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Croejhete (linwince)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" title="語法 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="語法" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igramma" title="Igramma – 科薩文" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Igramma" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科薩文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გრამატიკა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გრამატიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="גראמאטיק – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גראמאטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammaotica" title="Grammaotica – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Grammaotica" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="语法 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="语法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" title="語法 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="語法" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-hoat" title="Bûn-hoat – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-hoat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8091#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project:上載" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&oldid=2239244" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&id=2239244&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%25B3%2595"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%25B3%2595"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grammar" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8091" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><p><b>文法</b>同<b>語法</b>，即<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AB%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="寫文">寫文</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢">講嘢</a>，當中一啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%9F%A9" title="規矩">規矩</a>。規矩至細講到<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="字詞">字詞</a>，至大唔過一<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5" title="句">句</a>。再細再大就踩入另一範圍，細如<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0" title="音素">音素</a>，大如<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%B5%E8%90%BD" title="段落">段落</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AF%87%E7%AB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="篇章 (無呢版)">篇章</a>，就唔入語法文法範圍。 </p><p>嚴格咁分，文法專講寫文，語法專注講嘢，但平常亦會混用，以文法較常用。寫文同講嘢有差異，但唔係下下會分。英文叫grammar，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%B0%8F%E6%96%87%E9%80%9A" title="馬氏文通">馬氏文通</a>音譯<b>葛郎瑪</b>，訓<b>字式</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>為咗教人寫及格<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="文章">文章</a>，歐洲就有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%AB%E5%A2%AA%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="師墪文法 (無呢版)">師墪文法</a>。師墪文法又叫<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="規範文法 (無呢版)">規範文法</a>，限制人要跟標準，一般教科書就講依種。現實講嘢未必咁，有時差別會好大。師墪文法亦唔係乜話都要有。 </p><p>又有種叫<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%8F%E5%AF%AB%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="描寫文法 (無呢版)">描寫文法</a>，要當地人實際講法，廣為調查，再歸納成文法。 </p><p>師墪文法只為方便<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="教學">教學</a>，方便人掌握大概，規矩並唔完整，有啲亦好模糊。唔滿意傳統文法，再深入研究，五花八門，各家各有各歸納。 </p><p>語文本質，唔似<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="物理">物理</a>，有明確不易法則。文法只能講到大概，歸納到就歸納，歸納唔到就放入例外。 </p><p>文法有特定範圍，可以細到專研<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E5%A3%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="莎士比亞">莎士比亞</a>作品，咁例外就少啲。範圍越大，例外情況就見多。假設世界有<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="普遍文法">普遍文法</a>，咁就會粗疏到例外都數唔晒。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 歷史"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">想知多啲：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語言學歷史 (無呢版)">語言學歷史</a></div> <p>最早有系統嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="梵文">梵文</a>語法係喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="鐵器時代">鐵器時代</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>出現，由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%B6%E6%80%9D%E8%BF%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耶思迦 (無呢版)">耶思迦</a>(公元前6世紀)、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BD%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="波你尼">波你尼</a>(公元前6-5世紀<sup id="cite_ref-britpanini_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britpanini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)同佢嘅註釋者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%93%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賓伽羅 (無呢版)">賓伽羅</a>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 公元前200年</span>)、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%A6%E5%A4%9A%E8%80%B6%E9%82%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迦多耶那 (無呢版)">迦多耶那</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E5%9D%A6%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕坦伽利 (無呢版)">帕坦伽利</a>(公元前2世紀)發展出嚟。最早嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="泰米爾語">泰米爾語</a>語法書《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E5%A4%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托爾卡比央 (無呢版)">托爾卡比央</a>》大致上係寫於公元5世紀之前。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB" title="巴比倫">巴比倫</a>人都試過研究語言描述。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>語法喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘化時期">希臘化時期</a>開始成為一門學科，由公元前3世紀開始，有啲學者好似<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里亞努斯 (無呢版)">里亞努斯</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E8%8E%AB%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%98%85%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩莫色雷斯嘅阿里斯塔克 (無呢版)">薩莫色雷斯嘅阿里斯塔克</a>咁。最古老嘅語法手冊係《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語法藝術 (無呢版)">語法藝術</a>》(<span lang="grc" title="古希臘文 (1453年或者之前)文字">Τέχνη Γραμματική</span>)，呢本係古希臘學者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%98%85%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉克斯嘅狄奧尼修斯 (無呢版)">特拉克斯嘅狄奧尼修斯</a>(c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 170</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 90 BC</span>)寫嘅一本簡明指南，教人點樣清楚同有效咁講嘢同寫嘢。狄奧尼修斯係薩莫色雷斯嘅阿里斯塔克嘅學生，佢喺希臘嘅羅得島開咗間學校。佢嘅語法書一直都係希臘學童嘅主要語法教科書，用到公元12世紀。羅馬人以佢為基礎寫自己嘅語法著作，而家好多語言嘅語法指南都仲係跟住呢個基本格式。<sup id="cite_ref-Casson2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casson2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>語法係由公元前1世紀開始，跟住希臘語嘅模式發展，多得<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E6%AF%94%E6%B5%81%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E7%9A%AE%E7%9B%A7%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧比流斯·普皮盧斯 (無呢版)">奧比流斯·普皮盧斯</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E8%90%8A%E8%92%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷米烏斯·帕萊蒙 (無呢版)">雷米烏斯·帕萊蒙</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%90%8A%E9%87%8C%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E7%BE%85%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬庫斯·瓦萊里烏斯·普羅布斯 (無呢版)">馬庫斯·瓦萊里烏斯·普羅布斯</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%8B%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韋魯斯·弗拉庫斯 (無呢版)">韋魯斯·弗拉庫斯</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%BD%A9%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾米利烏斯·阿斯佩爾 (無呢版)">艾米利烏斯·阿斯佩爾</a>等作者嘅貢獻。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古愛爾蘭語 (無呢版)">古愛爾蘭語</a>嘅語法喺7世紀由《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛爾蘭語法 (無呢版)">愛爾蘭語法</a>》開始。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯語">阿拉伯語</a>語法喺7世紀由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿布·阿斯瓦德·杜阿利 (無呢版)">阿布·阿斯瓦德·杜阿利</a>發展。第一本<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希伯來語">希伯來語</a>語法係喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>時期出現，同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%80" title="米德拉什">米德拉什</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="希伯來聖經">希伯來聖經</a>註釋）有關。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%8A%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡拉伊派 (無呢版)">卡拉伊派</a>嘅傳統起源於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿拔斯 (無呢版)">阿拔斯</a>時期嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E9%81%94" title="巴格達">巴格達</a>。《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%84%E6%A0%BC%E6%9D%9C%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="狄格杜格 (無呢版)">狄格杜格</a>》（10世紀）係最早期嘅希伯來聖經語法註釋之一。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12世紀嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%80%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊本·巴倫 (無呢版)">伊本·巴倫</a>喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭語法傳統 (無呢版)">伊斯蘭語法傳統</a>中比較希伯來語同阿拉伯語。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>語法屬於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%83%E8%97%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="七藝 (無呢版)">七藝</a>中嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三學 (無呢版)">三學</a>之一，喺整個<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>都係核心學科，跟隨住<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="晚期古代 (無呢版)">晚期古代</a>嘅作者，好似<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普里西安 (無呢版)">普里西安</a>咁。研究本土語言喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>期間慢慢開始，有啲單獨嘅作品好似《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第一語法論文 (無呢版)">第一語法論文</a>》，但到咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="文藝復興">文藝復興</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" title="巴洛克">巴洛克</a>時期先至有影響力。1486年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%85%A7%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%93%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安東尼奧·德·內布里哈 (無呢版)">安東尼奧·德·內布里哈</a>出版咗《拉丁語入門：拉丁語同羅曼語對照》，同埋1492年出版咗第一本<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙語">西班牙語</a>語法書《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡斯蒂利亞語語法 (無呢版)">卡斯蒂利亞語語法</a>》。喺16世紀<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="意大利文藝復興">意大利文藝復興</a>期間，《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語言問題 (無呢版)">語言問題</a>》討論意大利語嘅地位同理想形式，由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E4%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="但丁">但丁</a>嘅《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%96%E4%BF%97%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="論俗語 (無呢版)">論俗語</a>》開始（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%AE%E8%80%B6%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%8D%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皮耶特羅·本博 (無呢版)">皮耶特羅·本博</a>，《論俗語》，威尼斯1525年）。第一本<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="斯洛文尼亞語">斯洛文尼亞語</a>語法係由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞當·博霍里奇 (無呢版)">亞當·博霍里奇</a>喺1583年寫嘅，而第一本德語語法《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德語語法 (無呢版)">德語語法</a>》就喺1578年出版。 </p><p>有啲語言嘅語法書係為咗傳教同<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="聖經翻譯">聖經翻譯</a>而寫，由16世紀開始，例如由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E6%88%91%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%E4%BF%AE%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多明我·德·桑托·托馬斯修士 (無呢版)">多明我·德·桑托·托馬斯修士</a>寫嘅《秘魯王國土著通用語法或藝術》（1560年），呢個係一本<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克丘亞語 (無呢版)">克丘亞語</a>語法書。 </p><p>由18世紀後期開始，語法開始被理解為新興學科現代語言學嘅一個分支。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雅各布·格林 (無呢版)">雅各布·格林</a>嘅《德語語法》喺1810年代首次出版。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗朗茨·波普 (無呢版)">弗朗茨·波普</a>嘅《比較語法》係現代<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="比較語言學">比較語言學</a>嘅起點，喺1833年出版。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="發展"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>發展</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 發展"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2009783">.mw-parser-output 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.ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/48px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/72px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/96px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">呢章節 <b>需要提供<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:列明來源">更多來源</a></b>，否則內容可能<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">查證唔到</a></b>。 <span class="date-container">(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史語言學">歷史語言學</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英語語法史 (無呢版)">英語語法史</a></div> <p>語法係跟住<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%81%8B%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語言運用 (無呢版)">語言運用</a>嚟演變。歷史上，隨住<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="書寫">書寫</a>表達方式嘅出現，正式嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語言使用 (無呢版)">語言使用</a>規則都開始出現，但呢啲規則往往比起口語慣例，更加準確咁描述書寫慣例。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正式語法 (無呢版)">正式語法</a>係語言使用嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E5%8C%96%EF%BC%88%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="規範化（語言學） (無呢版)">規範化（語言學）</a>，透過長期重複嘅記錄同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>發展而成。隨住規則嘅確立同發展，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E6%AD%A3%E7%A2%BA%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語法正確性 (無呢版)">語法正確性</a>嘅規範概念就出現。呢個情況經常令到而家嘅用法同埋經過時間確立為標準或「正確」嘅用法之間有差異。語言學家傾向認為規範語法冇乜理據支持，淨係反映作者個人嘅審美喜好，不過啲寫作指南都可能會根據同一語言當代寫作嘅用法描述，提供有用嘅「標準語言使用」建議。語言規範都係解釋語言變異嘅一部分，特別係個別講者嘅語言變異（例如點解有啲人會講「我冇做過啲嘢」，有啲人會講「我冇做過任何嘢」，仲有啲人會睇社交場合嚟決定用邊種講法）。 </p><p>由細到大，語法嘅正式學習都係學童教育嘅重要部分，一直到<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="高等教育">高等教育</a>，但係學校教嘅規則唔係大多數<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學家">語言學家</a>所講嘅「語法」，主要因為呢啲規則係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="規範性">規範性</a>而唔係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="描述性 (無呢版)">描述性</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="人造語言">人造語言</a>（又叫「計劃語言」或「構造語言」）喺現代較為普遍，但係同自然語言比較仲係非常罕見。好多人造語言都係為咗幫助人類溝通而設計（例如自然主義嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="國際語">國際語</a>、規範化嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AA%9E" title="世界語">世界語</a>，同埋高度邏輯化嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="邏輯語">邏輯語</a>）。每種語言都有自己嘅語法。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="句法">句法</a>指嘅係詞級以上嘅語言結構（例如句子點樣組成） – 但唔計<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%BF%EF%BC%88%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語調（語言學） (無呢版)">語調（語言學）</a>，因為語調屬於音韻學範疇。相比之下，形態學研究嘅係詞級同詞級以下嘅結構（例如點樣構成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A4%87%E5%90%88%E8%A9%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="複合詞 (無呢版)">複合詞</a>），但係高於個別音素嘅層次，因為音素同語調一樣屬於音韻學範疇。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>不過，句法同形態學之間冇明確嘅界線。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E8%AA%9E" title="分析語">分析語</a>用句法去表達<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E8%AA%9E" title="綜合語">綜合語</a>用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="屈折 (無呢版)">屈折</a>編碼嘅信息。換句話講，喺純綜合語言入面，詞序唔重要，但形態學好重要；而喺分析語入面，形態學唔重要，但句法好重要。舉個例，中文同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南非語 (無呢版)">南非語</a>都係高度分析語，所以意思好依賴語境（兩種語言都有啲屈折，以前仲有更多；咁即係話佢哋慢慢變得更少綜合性，更加「純」分析性）。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>係高度<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E8%AA%9E" title="綜合語">綜合語</a>，用<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%B6%B4" title="詞綴">詞綴</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="屈折 (無呢版)">屈折</a>去表達中文用句法表達嘅資訊。因為拉丁語嘅詞相當（但唔係完全）自給自足，所以可以將啲成分任意排列都可以組成一個意思通順嘅拉丁語<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90%EF%BC%88%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="句子（語言學） (無呢版)">句子（語言學）</a>。拉丁語有複雜嘅詞綴系統但簡單嘅句法，而中文就啱啱相反。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="教育"><span id=".E6.95.99.E8.82.B2"></span>教育</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 教育"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2009783"><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/48px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/72px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/96px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">呢章節 <b>需要提供<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:列明來源">更多來源</a></b>，否則內容可能<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">查證唔到</a></b>。 <span class="date-container">(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="規範性">規範性</a>語法會喺小學同中學教授。「語法學校」喺歷史上係指一間（同教堂或修道院有關嘅）教<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>語法畀未來神父同修士嘅學校。原本呢個詞係形容教學生點樣閱讀、掃描、詮釋同朗誦希臘同拉丁詩人（包括荷馬、維吉爾、歐里庇得斯等）嘅學校。呢啲唔應該同相關但唔同嘅現代英國文法學校混淆。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PriestleyGrammar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The page reads: 'The Rudiments of English Grammar; Adapted to the Use of Schools, with Observations on Style. By Joseph Priestley. London: Printed for R. Griffiths, in the Strand. M.DCC.LXI." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/PriestleyGrammar.png/220px-PriestleyGrammar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/PriestleyGrammar.png/330px-PriestleyGrammar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/PriestleyGrammar.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>祭司理嘅《英語語法基礎》（1761年）標題頁</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="標準語言 (無呢版)">標準語言</a>係一種喺寫作、教育，同廣義嚟講公共領域中比其他方言更受重視嘅方言；佢同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非標準方言 (無呢版)">本土方言</a>有分別，本土方言可能係學術上<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語言描述 (無呢版)">描述語言學</a>研究嘅對象，但好少用嚟做規範性教學。喺小學教嘅標準化「<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">母語</a>」可能會涉及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語言政治 (無呢版)">語言政治</a>爭議，因為有時候會確立一個定義國籍或<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F%E8%A3%94" title="族裔">族裔</a>嘅標準。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kituwah_Academy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of a classroom at Kituwah Academy where Cherokee language is taught as a medium of instruction." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kituwah_Academy.png/220px-Kituwah_Academy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kituwah_Academy.png/330px-Kituwah_Academy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kituwah_Academy.png/440px-Kituwah_Academy.png 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>喺Kituwah Academy教授切羅基語</figcaption></figure> <p>最近，有啲人開始努力更新小學同中學嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="教育語言學 (無呢版)">語法教學</a>。主要重點係避免使用過時嘅規範規則，轉為根據早期描述性研究嚟設定規範，同埋改變人哋對規範標準形式相對「正確性」同非標準方言嘅睇法。一系列元研究發現，喺小學、初中或者高中明確教授語法詞類同句法對提升學生寫作質素冇乜效果；其他寫作教學方法效果好得多，包括策略教學、協作寫作、撮要寫作、過程教學、句子組合同探究項目。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴黎法語 (無呢版)">巴黎法語</a>喺現代法國文學史上一直處於基本冇人挑戰嘅優勢地位。標準意大利語係基於佛羅倫斯而唔係首都嘅口語，因為佢對早期文學嘅影響。同樣，標準西班牙語都唔係基於馬德里嘅口語，而係基於卡斯蒂利亞同萊昂等北部地區有學識人士嘅口語（睇《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡斯蒂利亞語語法 (無呢版)">卡斯蒂利亞語語法</a>》）。喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD" title="烏拉圭">烏拉圭</a>，西班牙語標準係基於布宜諾斯艾利斯同蒙得維的亞嘅本地方言（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%94%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉普拉塔西班牙語 (無呢版)">拉普拉塔西班牙語</a>）。<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙語">葡萄牙語</a>而家有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多中心語言 (無呢版)">兩個官方標準</a>，即係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴西葡萄牙語 (無呢版)">巴西葡萄牙語</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲葡萄牙語 (無呢版)">歐洲葡萄牙語</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="塞爾維亞語">塞爾維亞語</a>版本嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E-%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語">塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語</a>都有分別；<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="塞爾維亞">塞爾維亞</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%90%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%B6%AD%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯尼亞同黑塞哥維那">波斯尼亞同黑塞哥維那</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%97%8F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="塞族共和國">塞族共和國</a>用自己唔同嘅規範性次方言，佢哋喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞特 (無呢版)">亞特</a>反映上有分別。一個獨特嘅黑山標準語嘅存在同規範化係有爭議嘅，有啲人將<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E5%B1%B1%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑山語 (無呢版)">黑山語</a>當做獨立嘅標準語言，有啲人覺得應該將佢視為塞爾維亞語嘅另一種形式。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="挪威語">挪威語</a>有兩個標準，即係「<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E9%9D%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="書面語">書面語</a>」同「<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="新挪威語">新挪威語</a>」，揀邊個會引起<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%88%AD%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="挪威語言爭論 (無呢版)">爭議</a>：每個挪威市鎮可以宣布其中一個做官方語言，或者保持「語言中立」。新挪威語得到27%市鎮支持。小學主要使用嘅語言，係由當地學區公投決定，通常跟從該市鎮嘅官方語言。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="標準德語 (無呢版)">標準德語</a>係由16同17世紀<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早期現代高地德語 (無呢版)">高地德語</a>嘅標準化文書處理演變而來。直到大約1800年，佢差唔多淨係書面語言，但而家講得咁普遍，以致大部分以前嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德語方言 (無呢版)">德語方言</a>差唔多絕跡。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="標準中文">標準中文</a>喺中華人民共和國（中國）、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>（台灣）同<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="新加坡">新加坡</a>共和國都有官方地位，做為中文嘅標準口語形式。標準中文嘅發音係基於河北省承德市灤平縣（近北京）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="普通話">普通話</a>當地口音，而語法同句法就係基於現代<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87" title="白話文">白話文</a>。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="現代標準阿拉伯語 (無呢版)">現代標準阿拉伯語</a>直接基於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古典阿拉伯語 (無呢版)">古典阿拉伯語</a>，即係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="古蘭經">古蘭經</a>嘅語言。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E-%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%83%BD%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印地語-烏爾都語 (無呢版)">印地語-烏爾都語</a>有兩個標準，即係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="印地語">印地語</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%83%BD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="烏爾都語">烏爾都語</a>。 </p><p>喺美國，優良語法促進協會喺2008年將3月4日定為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E6%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全國語法日 (無呢版)">全國語法日</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="學術分析"><span id=".E5.AD.B8.E8.A1.93.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90"></span>學術分析</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 學術分析"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="構詞">構詞</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="句法">句法</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參攷"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E6.94.B7"></span>參攷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 參攷"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=898316"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈馬氏文通序〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>馬</span><span class="zit3">氏文通序</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%A6%AC%E6%B0%8F%E6%96%87%E9%80%9A%E5%BA%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fwiki.pl%3Fif%3Dgb%26chapter%3D898316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britpanini-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-britpanini_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ashtadhyayi"><i>Ashtadhyayi, Work by Panini</i></a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2013. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805063047/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ashtadhyayi">歸檔</a>喺5 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017搵到</span>. <q>Ashtadhyayi, Sanskrit Aṣṭādhyāyī ("Eight Chapters"), Sanskrit treatise on grammar written in the 6th to 5th century BCE by the Indian grammarian Panini.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashtadhyayi%2C+Work+by+Panini&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAshtadhyayi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_B._McGregor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William B. McGregor (無呢版)">McGregor, William B.</a> (2015). <i>Linguistics: An Introduction</i> (第2版). Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-567-58352-9" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-567-58352-9"><bdi>978-0-567-58352-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=15-16&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-567-58352-9&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casson2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Casson2001_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFCasson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Casson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lionel Casson (無呢版)">Casson, Lionel</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ECBkVPQkNSsC&q=Library+of+Alexandria"><i>Libraries in the Ancient World</i></a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-300-09721-4" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-300-09721-4"><bdi>978-0-300-09721-4</bdi></a>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824033514/https://books.google.com/books?id=ECBkVPQkNSsC&q=Library+of+Alexandria">歸檔</a>喺24 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2020搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libraries+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09721-4&rft.aulast=Casson&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DECBkVPQkNSsC%26q%3DLibrary%2Bof%2BAlexandria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Khan, J. B. Noah, <i>The Early Karaite Tradition of Hebrew Grammatical Thought</i> (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pinchas Wechter, Ibn Barūn's Arabic Works on Hebrew Grammar and Lexicography (1964)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFCarterMcCarthy2017" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Ronald; McCarthy, Michael (2017). "Spoken Grammar: Where are We and Where are We Going?". <i>Applied Linguistics</i>. <b>38</b>: 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fapplin%2Famu080">10.1093/applin/amu080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Spoken+Grammar%3A+Where+are+We+and+Where+are+We+Going%3F&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fapplin%2Famu080&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFGussenhovenJacobs2005" class="citation book cs1">Gussenhoven, Carlos; Jacobs, Haike (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gHp_QgAACAAJ&q=Understanding+Phonology"><i>Understanding Phonology</i></a> (第2版). London: Hodder Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-340-80735-4" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-340-80735-4"><bdi>978-0-340-80735-4</bdi></a>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819045723/https://books.google.com/books?id=gHp_QgAACAAJ&q=Understanding+Phonology">歸檔</a>喺19 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2020搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Phonology&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Hodder+Arnold&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-340-80735-4&rft.aulast=Gussenhoven&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Haike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgHp_QgAACAAJ%26q%3DUnderstanding%2BPhonology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham, S., & Perin, D. (2007). Writing next: Effective strategies to improve writing of adolescents in middle and high schools – A report to Carnegie Corporation of New York.Washington, DC:Alliance for Excellent Education.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamPerin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, Steve; Perin, Dolores (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.445">"A meta-analysis of writing instruction for adolescent students"</a>. <i>Journal of Educational Psychology</i>. <b>99</b> (3): 445–476. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CiteSeerX (identifier) (無呢版)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.462.2356">10.1.1.462.2356</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-0663.99.3.445">10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Educational+Psychology&rft.atitle=A+meta-analysis+of+writing+instruction+for+adolescent+students&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=445-476&rft.date=2007&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.462.2356%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-0663.99.3.445&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Perin%2C+Dolores&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1037%2F0022-0663.99.3.445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamMcKeownKiuharaHarris2012" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, Steve; McKeown, Debra; Kiuhara, Sharlene; Harris, Karen R. (2012). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029185">"A meta-analysis of writing instruction for students in the elementary grades"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Educational Psychology</i>. <b>104</b> (4): 879–896. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0029185">10.1037/a0029185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Educational+Psychology&rft.atitle=A+meta-analysis+of+writing+instruction+for+students+in+the+elementary+grades&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=879-896&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0029185&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=McKeown%2C+Debra&rft.au=Kiuhara%2C+Sharlene&rft.au=Harris%2C+Karen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1037%2Fa0029185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/national-grammar-day">"National Grammar Day"</a>. <i>Quick and Dirty Tips</i>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211112075405/https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/national-grammar-day">歸檔</a>喺12 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quick+and+Dirty+Tips&rft.atitle=National+Grammar+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quickanddirtytips.com%2Fnational-grammar-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="常見嘅文法範疇" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="文法語氣">語氣</a>，可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%85%8B" title="情態">情態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E%E7%B5%90%E9%BB%9E" title="動詞結點">結點</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" title="語態">語態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%9A%E7%94%B1" title="據由">據由</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%9A%E5%A5%87_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="驚奇 (文法)">驚奇</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_motion" class="extiw" title="en:Associated motion">聯想郁動</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="句法">句法</a>關係</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8A%E7%89%A9" title="及物">及物</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E5%85%83" title="論元">論元</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E5%85%83%E5%83%B9%E4%BD%8D" title="論元價位">價位</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%8F%8A%E7%89%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="雙及物動詞">雙及物</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B1%E9%A1%8C%E5%90%8C%E8%A9%95%E8%AA%9E" title="話題同評語">話題同評語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%82%E8%AA%9E" title="謂語">謂語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E" title="賓語">賓語</a>同 <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="Adjunct (文法)">adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="連動詞結構">連動詞結構</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>其他概念</b><br /> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">文法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%9A_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="級 (文法)">級</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB%E5%BC%8F" title="包含式">包含式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%A2%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="詞形變化">詞形變化</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%A0%BC" title="變格">變格</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="一致 (文法)">一致</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="主題關係">主題關係</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E4%BA%8B" title="施事">施事</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E4%BA%8B" title="受事">受事</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%80%A7_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="極性 (文法)">極性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%AC%E8%AA%9E" title="敬語">敬語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%B5%E5%90%88_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="併合 (語言學)">併合</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="意志 (文法)">意志</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A2%BA_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="真確 (文法)">真確</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E7%AF%84%E7%96%87" title="空範疇">空</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>拉雜相關</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="語序">語序</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%86%97%E9%A4%98" title="語言冗餘">冗餘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="構詞">構詞</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="句法">句法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="語言類型學">語言類型學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1" title="語言學嘅大綱">語言學嘅大綱</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="自然語言處理">自然語言處理</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%99%E6%B3%A8" title="詞性標注">詞性標注</a>）</li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="語言類型學嘅主要概念" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:語言類型學"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:語言類型學 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="語言類型學嘅主要概念" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="語言類型學">語言類型學</a>嘅主要概念</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="音系類型">音系類型</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="聲調語言">聲調語言</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%BC%AA%E5%BB%93" title="聲調輪廓">聲調輪廓</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E5%B9%B3%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="純平聲調語言">純平</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%B9%B3%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="非平聲調語言">非平</a>聲調）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="音節結構">音節結構</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="複輔音">複輔音</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E6%99%82" title="等時">等時</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="語序">語序</a></b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/VO_%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="VO 語序">VO 語序</a>（<a href="/wiki/SVO_%E5%9E%8B" title="SVO 型">SVO</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/VSO_%E5%9E%8B" title="VSO 型">VSO</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/VOS_%E5%9E%8B" title="VOS 型">VOS</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OV_%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="OV 語序">OV 語序</a>（<a href="/wiki/SOV_%E5%9E%8B" title="SOV 型">SOV</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/OSV_%E5%9E%8B" title="OSV 型">OSV</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/OVS_%E5%9E%8B" title="OVS 型">OVS</a>）</li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="OS 語序">OS 語序</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="自由語序">自由語序</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%A5" title="關係子句">關係子句</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91" title="短語中心方向">短語中心方向</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B1%E9%A1%8C%E5%84%AA%E5%85%88%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="話題優先語言">話題優先語言</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%8F%A5%E9%85%8D%E5%88%97" title="詞句配列">詞句配列</a></b><br /> <li>可以睇咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E6%A0%BC" title="文法格">文法格</a>先</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%A0%BC%E5%9E%8B%E9%85%8D%E5%88%97" title="對格型配列">對格型</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%A0%BC%E5%9E%8B%E9%85%8D%E5%88%97" title="能格型配列">能格型</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%A8%AE%E6%96%9C%E6%A0%BC%E5%9E%8B%E9%85%8D%E5%88%97" class="mw-redirect" title="二種斜格型配列">二種斜格型</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%8B%E5%9E%8B%E9%85%8D%E5%88%97" title="三立型配列">三立型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E8%83%BD%E6%A0%BC%E5%9E%8B" title="分裂能格型">分裂能格型</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%8F%8A%E7%89%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="雙及物動詞">雙及物</a>配列（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E9%9B%99%E5%8F%8A%E7%89%A9%E9%85%8D%E5%88%97" title="直接雙及物配列">直接</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%8E%A5%E9%9B%99%E5%8F%8A%E7%89%A9%E9%85%8D%E5%88%97" class="mw-redirect" title="間接雙及物配列">間接</a>）</li> <li>睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E6%A8%99%E8%A8%98%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="零標記語言">零標記語言</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="構詞類型學">構詞類型</a></b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E8%AA%9E" title="分析語">分析語</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E8%AA%9E" title="綜合語">綜合語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="孤立語">孤立語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E8%91%97%E8%AA%9E" title="黏著語">黏著語</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E8%AA%9E" title="屈折語">屈折語</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>拉雜相關</b><br /> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">文法</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%A5" title="關係子句">關係子句</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="一致 (文法)">一致</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E5%85%83%E5%83%B9%E4%BD%8D" title="論元價位">論元價位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%9A%E7%94%B1" title="據由">據由嘜法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%81%E7%95%A5_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="省略 (語言學)">省略</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="無主語言">無主語言</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A9%E4%BB%A3%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="甩代語言">甩代語言</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E8%A9%9E" title="數詞">數詞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%90%8D" title="色名">色名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%80%9A%E5%89%87" title="普世語言通則">普世語言通則</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="比較語言學">比較語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="第二語言習得">SLA</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="語言距離">語言距離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="翻譯">翻譯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="自然語言處理">NLP</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="notice metadata" id="stub" style="font-size: small;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/30px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/45px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/60px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <b>文法</b>係<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A5%94%E4%BD%8D%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0" title="Wikipedia:楔位文章">楔位文</a>，同<a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%A5%94%E9%A1%9E" title="Category:語言楔類">語言</a>有關，你可以<span 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