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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Heretic", "heretical", and "heresies" redirect here. For the website, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heretical_(website)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical (website)">Heretical (website)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heretic_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Heretic (disambiguation)">Heretic (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Heresy (disambiguation)">Heresy (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Not to be confused with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hearsay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hearsay">Hearsay</a>. </div> Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, particularly the accepted beliefs or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religious law">religious law</a> of a religious organization.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> A heretic is a proponent of heresy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:GustafVasakyrkan_RightAltargroup1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/GustafVasakyrkan_RightAltargroup1.jpg/220px-GustafVasakyrkan_RightAltargroup1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/GustafVasakyrkan_RightAltargroup1.jpg/330px-GustafVasakyrkan_RightAltargroup1.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/GustafVasakyrkan_RightAltargroup1.jpg/440px-GustafVasakyrkan_RightAltargroup1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="756"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Gospel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gospel">The Gospel</a> triumphs over Heresia and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">Serpent</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gustaf_Vasa_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gustaf Vasa Church">Gustaf Vasa Church</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockholm,_Sweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm, Sweden">Stockholm, Sweden</a>, sculpture by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burchard_Precht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burchard Precht">Burchard Precht</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:AT-119587_Fassadendetails_der_Jesuitenkirche_in_Wien_-hu-_8947.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AT-119587_Fassadendetails_der_Jesuitenkirche_in_Wien_-hu-_8947.jpg/220px-AT-119587_Fassadendetails_der_Jesuitenkirche_in_Wien_-hu-_8947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AT-119587_Fassadendetails_der_Jesuitenkirche_in_Wien_-hu-_8947.jpg/330px-AT-119587_Fassadendetails_der_Jesuitenkirche_in_Wien_-hu-_8947.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AT-119587_Fassadendetails_der_Jesuitenkirche_in_Wien_-hu-_8947.jpg/440px-AT-119587_Fassadendetails_der_Jesuitenkirche_in_Wien_-hu-_8947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4656"></a> <figcaption> A statue in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vienna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> portraying <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Ignatius_of_Loyola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ignatius of Loyola">Saint Ignatius of Loyola</a> trampling on a heretic </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Supplice_des_Amauriciens.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Supplice_des_Amauriciens.jpg/220px-Supplice_des_Amauriciens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Supplice_des_Amauriciens.jpg/330px-Supplice_des_Amauriciens.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Supplice_des_Amauriciens.jpg/440px-Supplice_des_Amauriciens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1718" data-file-height="1446"></a> <figcaption> The burning of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pantheistic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheistic">pantheistic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amalrician?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amalrician">Amalrician</a> heretics in 1210, in the presence of King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_II_Augustus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip II Augustus">Philip II Augustus</a>. In the background is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gibbet_of_Montfaucon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gibbet of Montfaucon">Gibbet of Montfaucon</a> and, anachronistically, the Grosse Tour of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temple_(Paris)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple (Paris)">Temple</a>. Illumination from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grandes_Chroniques_de_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grandes Chroniques de France">Grandes Chroniques de France</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 1455–1460. </figcaption> </figure> Heresy in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heresy in Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy_in_Judaism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heresy in Judaism">Judaism</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bid%E2%80%98ah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bid‘ah">Islam</a> has at times been met with censure ranging from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Excommunication?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> to the death penalty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Heresy is distinct from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apostasy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blasphemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a>, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresiology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heresiology">Heresiology</a> is the study of heresy. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Christianity">2 Christianity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Catholicism">2.1 Catholicism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eastern_Orthodoxy">2.2 Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lutheranism">2.3 Lutheranism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Anglicanism">2.4 Anglicanism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Methodism">2.5 Methodism</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Islam">3 Islam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Judaism">4 Judaism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_religions">5 Other religions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Non-religious_usage">6 Non-religious usage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliography">10 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Derived from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> haíresis (αἵρεσις), the English heresy originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> However, it came to mean the "party, or school, of a man's choice",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The word heresy is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresiarch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heresiarch">heresiarch</a>, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Christianity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4257" data-file-height="6088"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 315px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="315" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Former German Catholic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friar">friar</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Luther?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> was famously excommunicated as a heretic by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Leo_X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> by his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papal_bull?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Decet_Romanum_Pontificem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Decet Romanum Pontificem">Decet Romanum Pontificem</a> in 1520. To this day, the papal decree has not been rescinded. </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heresy in Christianity">Heresy in Christianity</a> </div> According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titus_3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titus 3">Titus 3</a>:10 a divisive person should be warned twice before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In contrast, correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up the faith, but because it protects it against the corrupting influence of false teachers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tertullian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 155–240) implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Jesus was not the Christ</a>]."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-RobertM1-10">[10]</a> The use of the word heresy was given wide currency by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irenaeus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> in his 2nd-century tract <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis">Contra Haereses</a> (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community. He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a> (from ὀρθός, orthos, "straight" or "correct" and δόξα, doxa, "belief") and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gnosticism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a>' teachings as heretical.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He also invoked the concept of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apostolic_succession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> to support his arguments.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Frend-11">[11]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, who along with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licinius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edict_of_Milan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a>, the high priest of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="College of Pontiffs">College of Pontiffs</a> (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arius">Arius</a>, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenical_council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stephenson-14">[14]</a> The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodosius_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Freeman-15">[15]</a> which made Christianity the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">state church of the Roman Empire</a>. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Priscillian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Priscillian">Priscillian</a>, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EEC-16">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and by Pope Siricius,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but "believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EEC-16">[16]</a> The edict of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodosius_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> (435) provided severe punishments for those who had or spread writings of Nestorius.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Thompson2009-20">[20]</a> Those who possessed writings of Arius were sentenced to death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MV2010-21">[21]</a> In the 7th-century text <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_of_Damascus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Teachings_and_dogmatic_works" title="John of Damascus">Concerning Heresy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_John_of_Damascus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John of Damascus">Saint John of Damascus</a> named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islam</a> as Christological heresy, referring to it as the "heresy of the Ishmaelites" (see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">medieval Christian views on Muhammad</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The position remained popular in Christian circles well into the 20th century, by theologians such as the Congregationalist cleric <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank_Hugh_Foster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank Hugh Foster">Frank Hugh Foster</a> and the Roman Catholic historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a>, the latter describing it as "the great and enduring heresy of Mohammed."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> For some years after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestant_Reformation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics; for example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Servetus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a> was declared a heretic by both the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reformed_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church">Reformed Church</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> for rejecting the Christian doctrine of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Trinity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Caravale2017-25">[25]</a> The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cayetano_Ripoll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cayetano Ripoll">Cayetano Ripoll</a> in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "ecclesiastical authorities"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[note 1]</a> is not known.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[note 2]</a> Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> criticizes writings for "ambiguities and errors" without using the word "heresy."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[31]</a> On 11 July 2007, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> stated that some Protestant groups are "ecclesial communities" rather than Churches.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Representatives of some of these Christian denominations accused the Vatican of effectively calling them heretics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[34]</a> However, Pope Benedict XVI clarified that the phrase "ecclesial community" did not necessitate explicit heresy, but only that the communities lacked certain "essential elements" of an apostolic church, as he had written in the document <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominus_Iesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominus Iesus">Dominus Iesus</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Catholicism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Heresy in the Catholic Church</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg/250px-Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="309" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="2524"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 309px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg/250px-Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="309" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg/375px-Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg/500px-Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Massacre of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldensians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massacre_of_M%C3%A9rindol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Mérindol">Mérindol</a> in 1545 </figcaption> </figure> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Excommunication_in_the_Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Excommunication in the Catholic Church">excommunication</a> is incurred. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Codex_Justinianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Justinianus">Codex Justinianus</a> (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-RobertM2-37">[35]</a> The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre on individual preachers or small localised sects, like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pelagianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donatism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donatism">Donatism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcionism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montanism">Montanism</a>. The diffusion of the almost <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manichaean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean">Manichaean</a> sect of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paulician?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulician">Paulicians</a> westwards gave birth to the famous 11th- and 12th-century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bogomilism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a> in modern-day Bulgaria, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pataria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pataria">Patarini</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dulcinian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinians</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldensians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cathars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathars">Cathars</a> were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders. In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[36]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cathar_Crusade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathar Crusade">Cathar Crusade</a> was initiated by the Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Languedoc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Durand-40">[38]</a> Heresy was a major justification for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inquisition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) and for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_wars_of_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> associated with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestant_Reformation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg/250px-Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1567"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 191px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg/250px-Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="191" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg/375px-Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg/500px-Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cristiano_Banti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cristiano Banti">Cristiano Banti</a>'s 1857 painting Galileo facing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Inquisition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galileo_Galilei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galileo_affair?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galileo affair">brought before the Inquisition</a> for heresy, but <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abjuration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abjuration">abjured</a> his views and was sentenced to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_arrest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universe">universe</a>, and that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to "abjure, curse and detest" those opinions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Most contemporary historians of science believe the Galileo affair is an exception in the overall relationship between science and Christianity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[41]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish people in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Spirit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-RobertM76-46">[44]</a> The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medieval_Roman_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medieval Roman law">Roman-Christian law</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-RobertM2-37">[35]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[45]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg/190px-Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="273" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="1932"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 273px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg/190px-Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg" data-width="190" data-height="273" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg/285px-Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg/380px-Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Between 1420 and 1431 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hussites?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hussites">Hussite</a> heretics defeated five anti-Hussite <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hussite_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hussite Wars">Crusades</a> ordered by the Pope. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section does not <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Heresy">improve this section</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (November 2018) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_seven_Ecumenical_Councils?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First seven Ecumenical Councils">first seven Ecumenical Councils</a>. Since the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestant_Reformation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deemed heretical. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> also rejects the early Christian heresies such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gnosticism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Origenism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Origenism">Origenism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montanism">Montanism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judaizers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcionism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Docetism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Docetism">Docetism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adoptionism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nestorianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monophysitism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monothelitism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Lutheranism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Luther?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a>, who played an instrumental part in the formation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lutheran_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Churches</a>, condemned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johannes_Agricola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johannes Agricola">Johannes Agricola</a> and his doctrine of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antinomianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antinomianism">antinomianism</a> – the belief that Christians were free from the moral law contained in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ten_Commandments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> – as a heresy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SeelyeSelby2018-48">[46]</a> Traditional Lutheranism, espoused by Luther himself, teaches that after justification, "the Law of God continued to guide people in how they were to live before God."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SeelyeSelby2018-48">[46]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augsburg_Confession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> of 1539, which is among the foundational documents of Lutheranism, lists 10 heresies by name which are condemned: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manichaeism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeans</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valentinianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valentinianism">Valentinians</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arianism">Arians</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eunomians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunomians">Eunomians</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Mohammedans</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_of_Samosata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul of Samosata">Samosatenes</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pelagianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pelagianism">Pelagians</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anabaptism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptists</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donatism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donatism">Donatists</a> and "certain Jewish opinions".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Anglicanism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/39_Articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="39 Articles">39 Articles</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglican_Communion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> condemn <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pelagianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> as a heresy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wilson2011-50">[48]</a> In Britain, the 16th-century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Reformation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_VIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>'s reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sir_Thomas_More?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas More">Sir Thomas More</a> and Cardinal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Fisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a>, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI</a>, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mary_I_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a>; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dickens-54">[52]</a> Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dickens-54">[52]</a> When <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Supremacy">Act of Supremacy</a> and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "a subversive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fifth_column?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a>."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Neill-55">[53]</a> The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_VI_and_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a> in 1612.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Aikenhead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Aikenhead">Thomas Aikenhead</a> was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boston_martyrs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boston martyrs">Boston martyrs</a> in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglican?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puritans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a "purer absolute theocracy" within their colony.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived "heresies." [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Methodism">Methodism</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Methodism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methodist_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Churches</a> teach that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pelagianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> is a heresy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wilson2011-50">[48]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Wesley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, the founder of the Methodist tradition, harshly criticized antinomianism,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-YrigoyenWarrick2013-58">[56]</a> considering it the "worst of all heresies".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hurst1903-59">[57]</a> He taught that Christian believers are bound to follow the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ten_Commandments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ten Commandments">moral law</a> for their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanctification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sanctification</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-YrigoyenWarrick2013-58">[56]</a> Methodist Christians thus teach the necessity of following the moral law as contained in the Ten Commandments, citing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus'</a> teaching, "If ye love me, keep my commandments" (cf. Saint John 14:15).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[58]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Islam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bid%E2%80%98ah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bid‘ah">Bid‘ah</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zind%C4%ABq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zindīq">Zindīq</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">Persecution of minority Muslim groups</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Takfir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Takfir">Takfir</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Mehdiana_1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mehdiana_1.jpg/250px-Mehdiana_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mehdiana_1.jpg/250px-Mehdiana_1.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mehdiana_1.jpg/375px-Mehdiana_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mehdiana_1.jpg/500px-Mehdiana_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mehdiana_Sahib?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mehdiana Sahib">Mehdiana Sahib</a>: the Killing of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhai_Dayala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bhai Dayala">Bhai Dayala</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a>, by the Mughals at Chandni Chowk, India in 1675 </figcaption> </figure> Starting in medieval times, Muslims began to refer to heretics and those who antagonized Islam as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zindiq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zindiq">zindiqs</a>, the charge being punishable by death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[59]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Sultan <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selim_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selim I">Selim the Grim</a> regarded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qizilbash?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> as heretics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Shiites, in general, have often been considered heretics by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunni_Muslim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslims</a>, especially in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saudi_Arabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[63]</a> To <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mughal_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aurangzeb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> were heretics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-66">[64]</a> In 1989, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, supreme religious leader of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a>, issued a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fatwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> that declared the writing of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salman_Rushdie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> to be heretical, and a bounty was issued for anyone who assassinated him. Heresy remains an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious_offense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religious offense">offense</a> punishable by death in some nations. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> is considered an Islamic heresy in Iran, with systematic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution of Baháʼís</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-66">[64]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Judaism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy_in_Judaism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heresy in Judaism">Heresy in Judaism</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy_in_Orthodox_Judaism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heresy in Orthodox Judaism">Heresy in Orthodox Judaism</a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jewish principles of faith">Jewish principles of faith</a> heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maimonides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>'s 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[65]</a> As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reform_Judaism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a> heretical movements, and regards most of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservative_Judaism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> as heretical. The liberal wing of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodoxy</a> is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other religions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The act of using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_Scientology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> techniques in a form different from that originally described by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a> is referred to within Scientology as "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Squirreling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirreling">squirreling</a>" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[66]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religious Technology Center">Religious Technology Center</a> has prosecuted breakaway groups who have practiced Scientology <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_Zone_(Scientology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free Zone (Scientology)">outside the official Church</a> without authorization. Although <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zoroastrianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> has had an historical tolerance for other religions, it also held sects like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zurvanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mazdakism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a> heretical to its main dogma and has violently persecuted them, such as burying Mazdakians with their feet upright as "human gardens." In later periods Zoroastrians cooperated with Muslims to kill other Zoroastrians deemed heretical.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[67]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taoism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> monks in medieval China often called each other "heretics" and competed to be praised by the royal court. Although today most Chinese believe in a hybrid of the "Three Teachings" (Buddhism, Taoism, Confucian) the competition between the two religions may still be seen in some teachings and commentaries given by both religions today. A similar situation happened with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shinto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> in Japan. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neo-Confucian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Confucian">Neo-Confucian</a> heresy has also been described.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[68]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Non-religious_usage">Non-religious usage</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Non-religious usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> In other contexts the term does not necessarily have <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pejorative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Status_quo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Status quo">status quo</a> in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isaac_Asimov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> considered heresy as an abstraction, mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Goldsmith-71">[69]</a> He divided scientific heretics into: endoheretics, those from within the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientific_community?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a>; and exoheretics, those from without. Characteristics were ascribed to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy. Publishing his findings as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Dinosaur_Heresies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Dinosaur Heresies">The Dinosaur Heresies</a>, revisionist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paleontologist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologist">paleontologist</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_T._Bakker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert T. Bakker">Robert T. Bakker</a>, himself a scientific endoheretic, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dogma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dogma">dogma</a>:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bakker-72">[70]</a> <blockquote> I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bakker-72">[70]</a>: 27 </blockquote> He adds that, "Most taxonomists, however, have viewed such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bakker-72">[70]</a>: 462 The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Immanuel Velikovsky">Immanuel Velikovsky</a> is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Credential?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Academic_and_professional_credentials" title="Credential">scientific credentials</a> and did not publish in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientific_journal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scientific journal">scientific journals</a>. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catastrophism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catastrophism">catastrophic change</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extinction_event?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Extinction event">extinction event</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Punctuated equilibrium">punctuated equilibrium</a>) has gained acceptance in recent decades. The term heresy is used not only with regard to religion but also in the context of political theory.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[72]</a> The term heresy is also used as an ideological <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pigeonholing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pigeonholing">pigeonhole</a> for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wall_Street?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> heresy" a "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> heresy" or a "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> heresy", are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metaphor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a> that invariably retain a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subtext?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subtext">subtext</a> that links orthodoxies in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geology">geology</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biology">biology</a> or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_(norm)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Convention (norm)">Convention (norm)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deviationism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deviationism">Deviationism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herem_(censure)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herem (censure)">Herem</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heterodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heterodoxy">Heterodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mores?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norm_(social)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">Norm (social)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prohairesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prohairesis">Prohairesis</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious_offense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religious offense">Religious offense</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schism_(religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sin">Sin</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> An "ecclesiastical authority" was initially an assembly of bishops, later the Pope, then an inquisitor (a delegate of the Pope) and later yet the leadership of a Protestant church (which would itself be regarded as heretical by the Pope). The definitions of "state", "cooperation", "suppress" and "heresy" were all subject to change during the past 16 centuries.</li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> Only very fragmentary records have been found of the executions carried out under Christian "heresy laws" during the first millennium. Somewhat more complete records of such executions can be found for the second millennium. To estimate the total number of executions carried out under various Christian "heresy laws" from AD 385 until the last official Catholic "heresy execution" in 1826 would require far more complete historical documentation than is currently available. The Catholic Church by no means had a monopoly on the execution of heretics. The charge of heresy was a weapon that could fit many hands. A century and a half after heresy was made a state crime, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vandals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> (a heretical Christian Germanic tribe), used the law to prosecute thousands of (orthodox) Catholics with penalties of torture, mutilation, slavery and banishment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gibbon1-27">[26]</a> The Vandals were overthrown; orthodoxy was restored; "No toleration whatsoever was to be granted to heretics or schismatics."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Frend2-28">[27]</a> Heretics were not the only casualties. 4000 Roman soldiers were killed by heretical peasants in one campaign.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gibbon2-29">[28]</a> Some lists of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_people_burned_as_heretics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of people burned as heretics">heretics</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_Catholicism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heresies in Catholicism">heresies</a> are available. About seven thousand people were burned at the stake by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inquisition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inquisition">Catholic Inquisition</a>, which lasted for nearly seven centuries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Carroll-30">[29]</a> From time to time, heretics were burned at the stake by an enraged local populace, in a certain type of "vigilante justice", without the official participation of the Church or State.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Wars">Religious Wars</a> slaughtered millions. During these wars, the charge of "heresy" was often leveled by one side against another as a sort of propaganda or rationalization for the undertaking of such wars.</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dictionary.reference.com/browse/heresy?s%3Dt">"Heresy | Define Heresy at Dictionary.com"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2013-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heresy+%26%23124%3B+Define+Heresy+at+Dictionary.com&rft.pub=Dictionary.reference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fheresy%3Fs%3Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720065026/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/heresy">"heresy – definition of heresy in English from the Oxford dictionary"</a>. oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/heresy">the original</a> on July 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxforddictionaries.com&rft.atitle=heresy+%E2%80%93+definition+of+heresy+in+English+from+the+Oxford+dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fheresy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> Sandle, Mark. 2007. "Soviet and Eastern bloc Marxism." pp. 59–77 in Twentieth-Century Marxism, edited by D. Glaser and D. M. Walker. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13597974-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13597974-4">978-1-13597974-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DMwuUAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62">p. 62</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717065224/http://www.reference.com/browse/apostasy">"Apostasy | Learn everything there is to know about Apostasy at"</a>. Reference.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.reference.com/browse/Apostasy">the original</a> on 2013-07-17. Retrieved 2013-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostasy+%26%23124%3B+Learn+everything+there+is+to+know+about+Apostasy+at&rft.pub=Reference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2FApostasy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/blasphemy">"Definitions of "blasphemy" at Dictionary.com"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2015-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definitions+of+%22blasphemy%22+at+Dictionary.com&rft.pub=Dictionary.reference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fblasphemy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F._L._Cross?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="F. L. Cross">Cross, F. L.</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elizabeth_Livingstone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elizabeth Livingstone">E. A. Livingstone</a>, eds. 1974. "Heresy." The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2nd ed.). Oxford: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F._F._Bruce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="F. F. Bruce">Bruce, F. F.</a> 1964. The Spreading Flame. Exeter: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paternoster_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paternoster Press">Paternoster</a>. p. 249.</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NIV_Study_Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NIV Study Bible">The NIV Study Bible</a>. London: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zondervan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a> / <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a>. 1987. Titus 3:10n.</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NIV_Study_Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NIV Study Bible">The NIV Study Bible</a>. London: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zondervan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a> / <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a>. 1987. Titus 1:9n.</li> <li id="cite_note-RobertM1-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-RobertM1_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2011" class="citation book cs1">Michael, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8ZnFAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28">A History of Catholic Antisemitism : The Dark Side of the Church</a> (1st Palgrave Macmillan pbk. ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 28–30. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230111318?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230111318"><bdi>978-0230111318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Catholic+Antisemitism+%3A+The+Dark+Side+of+the+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=28-30&rft.edition=1st+Palgrave+Macmillan+pbk.&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0230111318&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZnFAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Frend-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Frend_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.H.C._Frend1984" class="citation book cs1">W.H.C. Frend (1984). The Rise of Christianity. Chapter 7, The Emergence of Orthodoxy 135–93. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1931-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1931-2"><bdi>978-0-8006-1931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Christianity&rft.place=Chapter+7%2C+The+Emergence+of+Orthodoxy+135%E2%80%9393&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-1931-2&rft.au=W.H.C.+Frend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) Appendices provide a timeline of Councils, Schisms, Heresies and Persecutions in the years 193–604. They are described in the text.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "Milan, Edict of". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Chadwick, Henry</a>. 1967. The Early Christian Church. Pelican. pp. 129–130.</li> <li id="cite_note-Stephenson-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Stephenson_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Stephenson2009" class="citation book cs1">Paul Stephenson (2009). "Chapter 11". Constantine: Roman Emperor, Christian Victor. Harry N. Abrams. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-324-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-324-8"><bdi>978-1-59020-324-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11&rft.btitle=Constantine%3A+Roman+Emperor%2C+Christian+Victor&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59020-324-8&rft.au=Paul+Stephenson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"> The Emperor established and enforced orthodoxy for domestic tranquility and the efficacy of prayers in support of the empire.</li> <li id="cite_note-Freeman-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Freeman_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Freeman2008" class="citation book cs1">Charles Freeman (2008). A.D. 381 – Heretics, Pagans, and the Dawn of the Monotheistic State. Harry N. Abrams. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-171-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-171-8"><bdi>978-1-59020-171-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A.D.+381+%E2%80%93+Heretics%2C+Pagans%2C+and+the+Dawn+of+the+Monotheistic+State&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59020-171-8&rft.au=Charles+Freeman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"> As Christianity placed its stamp upon the Empire, the Emperor shaped the church for political purposes.</li> <li id="cite_note-EEC-16">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EEC_16-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EEC_16-1">b</a> Bassett, Paul M. 2013. "Priscillian." pp. 949–950 in Encyclopedia of Early Christianity (2nd ed.), edited by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Everett_Ferguson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Everett Ferguson">E. Ferguson</a>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13661158-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13661158-2">978-1-13661158-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DoUFFAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DChadwick%2BEarly%2BChurch%2BPriscillian%26pg%3DPA950">p. 950</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Du4i8jv0b7IkC%26dq%3DChadwick%2BEarly%2BChurch%2BPriscillian%26pg%3DPA284">John Anthony McGuckin, The Westminster Handbook to Patristic Theology (Westminster John Knox Press 2004</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-66422396-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-66422396-0">978-0-66422396-0</a>), p. 284</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477170/Priscillian">"Priscillian"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Priscillian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F477170%2FPriscillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> Chadwick, Henry. The Early Church, Pelican, London, 1967. p. 171</li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson2009-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Thompson2009_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_E._Thompson2009" class="citation book cs1">Jay E. Thompson (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DanocDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA138">A Tale of Five Cities: A History of the Five Patriarchal Cities of the Early Church</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 138. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-7447-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-7447-0"><bdi>978-1-4982-7447-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tale+of+Five+Cities%3A+A+History+of+the+Five+Patriarchal+Cities+of+the+Early+Church&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-7447-0&rft.au=Jay+E.+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DanocDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-MV2010-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MV2010_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaría_Victoria_Escribano_Paño2010" class="citation book cs1">María Victoria Escribano Paño (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dp_Udwo-g7VIC%26pg%3DPA135">"Chapter Three. Heretical texts and maleficium in the Codex Theodosianum (CTh. 16.5.34)"</a>. In Richard Lindsay Gordon; Francisco Marco Simón (eds.). Magical Practice in the Latin West: Papers from the International Conference Held at the University of Zaragoza, 30 Sept. – 1st Oct. 2005. BRILL. pp. 135–136. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17904-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17904-2"><bdi>978-90-04-17904-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Three.+Heretical+texts+and+maleficium+in+the+Codex+Theodosianum+%28CTh.+16.5.34%29&rft.btitle=Magical+Practice+in+the+Latin+West%3A+Papers+from+the+International+Conference+Held+at+the+University+of+Zaragoza%2C+30+Sept.+%E2%80%93+1st+Oct.+2005&rft.pages=135-136&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17904-2&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADa+Victoria+Escribano+Pa%C3%B1o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_Udwo-g7VIC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2010" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Sidney H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DIwV2G-A-Oz0C%26q%3DIslam%2BChristian%2Bheresy%2BDamascus%26pg%3DPA41">The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 41. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14628-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14628-7"><bdi>978-0-691-14628-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+in+the+Shadow+of+the+Mosque%3A+Christians+and+Muslims+in+the+World+of+Islam&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14628-7&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIwV2G-A-Oz0C%26q%3DIslam%2BChristian%2Bheresy%2BDamascus%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWismer2016" class="citation book cs1">Wismer, Don (2016). Routledge Revivals: The Islamic Jesus (1977): An Annotated Bibliography of Sources in English and French. Routledge. <q>The old opinion of John of Damascus continues to persist among Christian orientalists. The author here replies to Frank Hugh Foster (see 233), who said that Islam is in fact heretical Christianity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Revivals%3A+The+Islamic+Jesus+%281977%29%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography+of+Sources+in+English+and+French&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wismer&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2017" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Douglas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Ddk6mDgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bgreat%2Band%2Benduring%2Bheresy%2Bof%2BMohammed%2Bbelloc%26pg%3DPA131">The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 131. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-4222-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-4222-7"><bdi>978-1-4729-4222-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strange+Death+of+Europe%3A+Immigration%2C+Identity%2C+Islam&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-4222-7&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddk6mDgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bgreat%2Band%2Benduring%2Bheresy%2Bof%2BMohammed%2Bbelloc%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Caravale2017-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Caravale2017_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaravale2017" class="citation book cs1">Caravale, Giorgio (2017). Censorship and Heresy in Revolutionary England and Counter-Reformation Rome: Story of a Dangerous Book. Springer. p. 3. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-57439-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-57439-4"><bdi>978-3-319-57439-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Censorship+and+Heresy+in+Revolutionary+England+and+Counter-Reformation+Rome%3A+Story+of+a+Dangerous+Book&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-57439-4&rft.aulast=Caravale&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbon1-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gibbon1_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Gibbon1862" class="citation book cs1">Edward Gibbon (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456">History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a>. Chapter 37, Part III.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Chapter+37%2C+Part+III&rft.date=1862&rft.au=Edward+Gibbon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.533456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-Frend2-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Frend2_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.H.C._Frend1984" class="citation book cs1">W.H.C. Frend (1984). The Rise of Christianity. Fortress Press. p. 833. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1931-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1931-2"><bdi>978-0-8006-1931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Christianity&rft.pages=833&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-1931-2&rft.au=W.H.C.+Frend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbon2-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gibbon2_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Gibbon1862" class="citation book cs1">Edward Gibbon (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456">History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a>. Chapter 21, Part VII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Chapter+21%2C+Part+VII&rft.date=1862&rft.au=Edward+Gibbon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.533456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Carroll_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Carroll2001" class="citation book cs1">James Carroll (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/constantinesswor00carr">Constantine's Sword</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 357. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-21908-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-21908-0"><bdi>0-618-21908-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine%27s+Sword&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-618-21908-0&rft.au=James+Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstantinesswor00carr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill_&_Ariel_Durant1950" class="citation book cs1">Will & Ariel Durant (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/ageoffaithhistor00dura">The Age of Faith</a>. p. 778.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Faith&rft.pages=778&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Will+%26+Ariel+Durant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageoffaithhistor00dura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> An example is the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010515_vidal_en.html">Notification regarding certain writings of Fr. Marciano Vidal, C.Ss.R.</a></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> Cf. the documents <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html">"Responses to Some Questions"</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_commento-responsa_en.html">"Commentary"</a> from the Congregation on the Doctrine of the Faith.</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jul/11/catholicism.religion">Dismay and anger as Pope declares Protestants cannot have churches</a>." <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 11 July 2007.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.progressivetheology.org/essays/2007.07.11-Pope-Ecumenism.html">Will the Pope's Pronouncement Set Ecumenism Back a Hundred Years?</a>" Progressive Theology. 11 July 2007</li> <li id="cite_note-RobertM2-37">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-RobertM2_37-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-RobertM2_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2011" class="citation book cs1">Michael, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8ZnFAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dheretic%26pg%3DPA28">A History of Catholic Antisemitism : The Dark Side of the Church</a> (1st Palgrave Macmillan pbk. ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 219. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230111318?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230111318"><bdi>978-0230111318</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Catholic+Antisemitism+%3A+The+Dark+Side+of+the+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=219&rft.edition=1st+Palgrave+Macmillan+pbk.&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0230111318&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZnFAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dheretic%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302011854/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-1,00.html">Massacre of the Pure</a>." <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Time_(magazine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. April 28, 1961.</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> Joseph Reese Strayer (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DlskGFVtySXsC%26pg%3DPA143">The Albigensian Crusades</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 143. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-06476-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-06476-2">0-472-06476-2</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Durand-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Durand_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill_&_Ariel_Durant1950" class="citation book cs1">Will & Ariel Durant (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/ageoffaithhistor00dura">The Age of Faith</a>. Chapter XXVIII, The Early Inquisition: 1000–1300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Faith&rft.place=Chapter+XXVIII%2C+The+Early+Inquisition%3A+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Will+%26+Ariel+Durant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageoffaithhistor00dura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFantoli2005" class="citation book cs1">Fantoli, A. (2005). The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial. p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Disputed+Injunction+and+its+Role+in+Galileo%27s+Trial&rft.pages=139&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Fantoli&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinocchiaro1989" class="citation book cs1">Finocchiaro, M. A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 288–293. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06662-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06662-5"><bdi>978-0-520-06662-5</bdi></a>. <q>We say, pronounce, sentence, and declare that you, the above-mentioned Galileo, because of the things deduced in the trial and confessed by you as above, have rendered yourself according to this Holy Office vehemently suspected of heresy, namely of having held and believed a doctine which is false and contrary to the divine and Holy Scripture: that the sun is the center of the world and does not move from east to west, and the earth moves and is not the center of the world, and that one may hold and defend as probable an opinion after it has been declared and defined contrary to Holy Scripture. Consequently you have incurred all the censures and penalties imposed and promulgated by the sacred canons and all particular and general laws against such delinquents. We are willing to absolve you from them provided that first, with a sincere heart and unfeigned faith, in front of us you abjure, curse, and detest the above-mentioned errors and heresies, and every other error and heresy contrary to the Catholic and Apostolic Church, in the manner and form we will prescribe to you.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Galileo+Affair%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=288-293&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06662-5&rft.aulast=Finocchiaro&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinocchiaro2014" class="citation book cs1">Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (2014). "Introduction". The Trial of Galileo : Essential Documents. Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated. pp. 1–4. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-132-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-132-7"><bdi>978-1-62466-132-7</bdi></a>. <q>..one of the most common myths widely held about the trial of Galileo, including several elements: that he "saw" the earth's motion (an observation still impossible to make even in the twenty-first century); that he was "imprisoned" by the Inquisition (whereas he was actually held under house arrest); and that his crime was to have discovered the truth. And since to condemn someone for this reason can result only from ignorance, prejudice, and narrow-mindedness, this is also the myth that alleges the incompatibility between science and religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+Galileo+%3A+Essential+Documents&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62466-132-7&rft.aulast=Finocchiaro&rft.aufirst=Maurice+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJules_Speller2008" class="citation book cs1">Jules Speller (2008). Galileo's Inquisition Trial Revisited. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. pp. 55–56. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-56229-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-56229-1"><bdi>978-3-631-56229-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Inquisition+Trial+Revisited&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-631-56229-1&rft.au=Jules+Speller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-McMullin-2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McMullin, Ernan (2008). "Robert Bellarmine". In Gillispie, Charles (ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a>. Scribner & American Council of Learned Societies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robert+Bellarmine&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.pub=Scribner+%26+American+Council+of+Learned+Societies&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=McMullin&rft.aufirst=Ernan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-RobertM76-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-RobertM76_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2011" class="citation book cs1">Michael, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8ZnFAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dheretic%26pg%3DPA28">A History of Catholic Antisemitism : The Dark Side of the Church</a> (1st Palgrave Macmillan pbk. ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 76. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230111318?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230111318"><bdi>978-0230111318</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Catholic+Antisemitism+%3A+The+Dark+Side+of+the+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=76&rft.edition=1st+Palgrave+Macmillan+pbk.&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0230111318&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZnFAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dheretic%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sirmondian_constitutions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sirmondian constitutions">Constitutio Sirmondiana</a> 6, 14; Theodosius II – Novella 3; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a> 16:5:44, 16:8:27, 16:8:27; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Codex_Justinianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Justinianus">Codex Justinianus</a> 1:3:54, 1:5:12,21, 1:10:2; Justinian, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Novel_(Roman_law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Novel (Roman law)">Novellae</a> 37, 45</li> <li id="cite_note-SeelyeSelby2018-48">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-SeelyeSelby2018_48-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-SeelyeSelby2018_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeelyeSelby2018" class="citation book cs1">Seelye, James E.; Selby, Shawn (2018). Shaping North America: From Exploration to the American Revolution. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ABC-CLIO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 50. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440836695?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781440836695"><bdi>9781440836695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaping+North+America%3A+From+Exploration+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781440836695&rft.aulast=Seelye&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Selby%2C+Shawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bookofconcord.org/augsburg-confession/">https://bookofconcord.org/augsburg-confession/</a> Book of Concord.org, Articles 1–17</li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson2011-50">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Wilson2011_50-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Wilson2011_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2011" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Kenneth (2011). Methodist Theology. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 87. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567317469?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780567317469"><bdi>9780567317469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodist+Theology&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780567317469&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerSchmid2012" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, John A.; Schmid, Susan Walters (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DEUCY3otvttEC%26q%3DMore%2Brefusal%2Baccept%2Broyal%2Bsupremacy%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA221">Encyclopedia of Tudor England</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598842982?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781598842982"><bdi>9781598842982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Tudor+England&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781598842982&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Susan+Walters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUCY3otvttEC%26q%3DMore%2Brefusal%2Baccept%2Broyal%2Bsupremacy%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> Christenson, Ron. 1991. Political Trials in History. Transaction Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738406-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88738406-6">978-0-88738406-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DwBdOvs2THGEC%26dq%3DMore%2Brefusal%2Baccept%2Broyal%2Bsupremacy%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA302">p. 302</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oliver_O%27Donovan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oliver O'Donovan">O'Donovan, Oliver</a>, and Joan Lockwood O'Donovan. 1999. From Irenaeus to Grotius. Eerdmans. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80284209-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80284209-1">978-0-80284209-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DpwoTGSsiqa4C%26dq%3DMore%2Brefusal%2Baccept%2Broyal%2Bsupremacy%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA558">p. 558</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Dickens-54">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Dickens_54-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Dickens_54-1">b</a> Dickens, A.G. The English Reformation Fontana/Collins 1967, pp. 327, 364</li> <li id="cite_note-Neill-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Neill_55-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stephen_Neill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stephen Neill">Neill, Stephen</a>. Anglicanism. Pelican. pp. 96–97.</li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a>. 1996. Thomas Cranmer. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 477.</li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a>. 2003. The Reformation. Penguin. p. 679.</li> <li id="cite_note-YrigoyenWarrick2013-58">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-YrigoyenWarrick2013_58-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-YrigoyenWarrick2013_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYrigoyenWarrick2013" class="citation book cs1">Yrigoyen, Charles Jr.; Warrick, Susan E. (2013). Historical Dictionary of Methodism. Scarecrow Press. p. 30. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810878945?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780810878945"><bdi>9780810878945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Methodism&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780810878945&rft.aulast=Yrigoyen&rft.aufirst=Charles+Jr.&rft.au=Warrick%2C+Susan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Hurst1903-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hurst1903_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst1903" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, John Fletcher (1903). John Wesley the Methodist: A Plain Account of His Life and Work. Eaton & Mains. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Wesley+the+Methodist%3A+A+Plain+Account+of+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Eaton+%26+Mains&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=John+Fletcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Wesleyan Methodist Association Magazine. Vol. 12. R. Abercrombie. 1849. p. 368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wesleyan+Methodist+Association+Magazine&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=R.+Abercrombie&rft.date=1849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">^</a> John Bowker. "Zindiq." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997 [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad">Āl-e-Aḥmad, Jalāl</a>. 1982. Plagued by the West, translated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Sprachman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Sprachman">P. Sprachman</a>. Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88206-047-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88206-047-7">978-0-88206-047-7</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Limbert2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Limbert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Limbert">John Limbert</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/negotiatingwithi00limb/page/29">Negotiating with Iran: Wrestling the Ghosts of History</a>. US Institute of Peace Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/negotiatingwithi00limb/page/29">29</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781601270436?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781601270436"><bdi>9781601270436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+with+Iran%3A+Wrestling+the+Ghosts+of+History&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781601270436&rft.au=John+Limbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegotiatingwithi00limb%2Fpage%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasooda_Bano2012" class="citation book cs1">Masooda Bano (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/rationalbeliever00bano">The Rational Believer: Choices and Decisions in the Madrasas of Pakistan</a>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/rationalbeliever00bano/page/73">73</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801464331?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780801464331"><bdi>9780801464331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rational+Believer%3A+Choices+and+Decisions+in+the+Madrasas+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780801464331&rft.au=Masooda+Bano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frationalbeliever00bano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2012" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Thomas A., ed. (2012). Power, National Security, and Transformational Global Events: Challenges Confronting America, China, and Iran (illustrated ed.). CRC Press. p. 162. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439884225?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781439884225"><bdi>9781439884225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power%2C+National+Security%2C+and+Transformational+Global+Events%3A+Challenges+Confronting+America%2C+China%2C+and+Iran&rft.pages=162&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781439884225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-66">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_66-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanasarian2000" class="citation book cs1">Sanasarian, Eliz (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521770736/page/52">Religious Minorities in Iran</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521770736/page/52">52–53</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-77073-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-77073-4"><bdi>0-521-77073-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Minorities+in+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-77073-4&rft.aulast=Sanasarian&rft.aufirst=Eliz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521770736%2Fpage%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marc_B._Shapiro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marc B. Shapiro">Shapiro, Marc B.</a> The Limits of Orthodox Theology: Maimonides' Thirteen Principles Reappraised. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874774-90-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-874774-90-0">1-874774-90-0</a>. (A book written as a contentious rebuttal to an article written in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Torah_u'Maddah_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Torah u'Maddah Journal (page does not exist)">Torah u'Maddah Journal</a>.)</li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelkosSappell,_Joel1990" class="citation news cs1">Welkos, Robert W.; Sappell, Joel (29 June 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-scientology062990b,0,4204659.story">"When the Doctrine Leaves the Church"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved 2008-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=When+the+Doctrine+Leaves+the+Church&rft.date=1990-06-29&rft.aulast=Welkos&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Sappell%2C+Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fla-scientology062990b%2C0%2C4204659.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1936), First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936: E.J. Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004097964?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789004097964">9789004097964</a></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_B._Henderson1998" class="citation book cs1">John B. Henderson (1998). The construction of orthodoxy and heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and early Christian patterns. SUNY Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3760-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3760-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-3760-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+construction+of+orthodoxy+and+heresy%3A+Neo-Confucian%2C+Islamic%2C+Jewish%2C+and+early+Christian+patterns&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3760-5&rft.au=John+B.+Henderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Goldsmith-71"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Goldsmith_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Goldsmith1977" class="citation book cs1">Donald Goldsmith (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/ufosascientificd0000unse">Scientists Confront Velikovsky</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0961-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-0961-6"><bdi>0-8014-0961-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientists+Confront+Velikovsky&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8014-0961-6&rft.au=Donald+Goldsmith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fufosascientificd0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"> Asimov's views are in "Forward: The Role of the Heretic".</li> <li id="cite_note-Bakker-72">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bakker_72-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bakker_72-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bakker_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_T._Bakker1986" class="citation book cs1">Robert T. Bakker (1986). The Dinosaur Heresies. Citadel Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2260-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2260-9"><bdi>978-0-8065-2260-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dinosaur+Heresies&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-2260-9&rft.au=Robert+T.+Bakker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,763942,00.html">"Religion: Anti-Religion"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Time_(magazine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 6 May 1940.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Religion%3A+Anti-Religion&rft.date=1940-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C763942%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://isreview.org/issue/91/exploring-high-moments-and-small-mountain-roads-marxism">"Exploring the high moments and small mountain roads of Marxism"</a>. isreview.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isreview.org&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+high+moments+and+small+mountain+roads+of+Marxism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisreview.org%2Fissue%2F91%2Fexploring-high-moments-and-small-mountain-roads-marxism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Bauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Bauer">Walter Bauer</a> (1971), Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity, (Philadelphia, Fortress Press (original edition 1934) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-1363-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-1363-5">0-8006-1363-5</a> (on-line: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rak/publics/new/BAUER00.htm">Updated Electronic English Edition by Robert A. Kraft, 1993</a>).</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1998" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, John B. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DFALN_kpyzEUC">The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns</a>. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791437599?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780791437599"><bdi>9780791437599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Orthodoxy+and+Heresy%3A+Neo-Confucian%2C+Islamic%2C+Jewish%2C+and+Early+Christian+Patterns&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780791437599&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFALN_kpyzEUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alain_Le_Boulluec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alain Le Boulluec">Alain Le Boulluec</a> (1985), La notion d'hérésie dans la littérature grecque, 2 voll., Paris, Etudes Augustiniennes, (The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, New York, Oxford University Press, 2022)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Look up <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/heresy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/heresy">heresy</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heresy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Heresy">Heresy</a>. </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Heresy" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Heresy">Heresy</a>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li>Some quotes and information in this article came from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07256b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315063834/http://www.chemins-cathares.eu/05_02_cathares_philosophie_histoire.php">Cathars of the middle age</a>, Philosophy and History (in French).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wlsessays.net/handle/123456789/1777">What Is Heresy?</a> by Wilbert R. Gawrisch (Lutheran)</li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DHeresy%26oldid%3D1257911976">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heresy&oldid=1257911976</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 17 November 2024, at 06:08 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettery" title="Kettery – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kettery" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25A4resie" title="Häresie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Häresie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B7%25D9%2582%25D8%25A9" title="هرطقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هرطقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herex%25C3%25ADa" title="Herexía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Herexía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid%25C9%2599t" title="Bidət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bidət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25AA%25E2%2581%25BF-toan" title="Īⁿ-toan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Īⁿ-toan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D3%25A9%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D3%2599%25D1%2582%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA" title="Мөртәтлек – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мөртәтлек" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%258C" title="Ерась – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ерась" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%258C" title="Ерась – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ерась" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581" title="Ерес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ерес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereza" title="Hereza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hereza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heretgia" title="Heretgia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Heretgia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereze" title="Hereze – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hereze" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresi" title="Heresi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Heresi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25A6tteri" title="Kætteri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kætteri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25A4resie" title="Häresie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Häresie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketserlus" title="Ketserlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ketserlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2591%25CE%25AF%25CF%2581%25CE%25B5%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7" title="Αίρεση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αίρεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herej%25C3%25ADa" title="Herejía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Herejía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herezo" title="Herezo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Herezo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresia" title="Heresia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Heresia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="بدعت دینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بدعت دینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25A9r%25C3%25A9sie" title="Hérésie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hérésie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herex%25C3%25ADa" title="Herexía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Herexía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%259D%25B4%25EB%258B%25A8" title="이단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2580%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BF%25D5%25AB%25D5%25AF%25D5%25B8%25D5%25BD%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Հերետիկոսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հերետիկոսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="अपधर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपधर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krivovjerje" title="Krivovjerje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krivovjerje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herezio" title="Herezio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Herezio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajaran_sesat" title="Ajaran sesat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ajaran sesat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresia" title="Heresia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Heresia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villutr%25C3%25BA" title="Villutrú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Villutrú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eresia" title="Eresia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eresia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259B%25D7%25A4%25D7%2599%25D7%25A8%25D7%2594_(%25D7%2593%25D7%25AA)" title="כפירה (דת) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כפירה (דת)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580" title="Ересьтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ересьтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haeresis" title="Haeresis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Haeresis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25B6ecer%25C4%25ABba" title="Ķecerība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķecerība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erezija" title="Erezija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erezija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eresia" title="Eresia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eresia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eretneks%25C3%25A9g" title="Eretnekség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eretnekség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581" title="Ерес – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ерес" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fampianaran-diso_(fivavahana)" title="Fampianaran-diso (fivavahana) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fampianaran-diso (fivavahana)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B7%25E0%25B4%25A3%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A1%25E0%25B4%25A4" title="പാഷണ്ഡത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാഷണ്ഡത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B7%25D9%2582%25D9%2587" title="هرطقه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هرطقه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketterij" title="Ketterij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ketterij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%2595%25B0%25E7%25AB%25AF" title="異端 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="異端" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresi" title="Heresi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Heresi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjetteri" title="Kjetteri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjetteri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25A9r%25C3%25A9sie" title="Hérésie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Hérésie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eretgia" title="Eretgia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eretgia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herezja" title="Herezja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Herezja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresia" title="Heresia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Heresia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erezie" title="Erezie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Erezie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Кацирство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кацирство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%258C" title="Ересь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ересь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D1%2581" title="Иэрэс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Иэрэс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Heresy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herezia" title="Herezia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Herezia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heresy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%25C3%25A9za" title="Heréza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Heréza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herezija" title="Herezija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Herezija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2588%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581" title="Јерес – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јерес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereza" title="Hereza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hereza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerettil%25C3%25A4isyys" title="Kerettiläisyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kerettiläisyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25A4tteri" title="Kätteri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kätteri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erehiya" title="Erehiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Erehiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258A%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2588" title="திரிபுக் கொள்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திரிபுக் கொள்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%2595" title="นอกรีต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นอกรีต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalalet" title="Dalalet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dalalet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2584%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%258C" title="Єресь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єресь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AA" title="بدعت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بدعت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erezia" title="Erezia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Erezia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25E1%25BB%258B_gi%25C3%25A1o" title="Dị giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dị giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%2595%25B0%25E7%25AB%25AF" title="異端 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="異端" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BC%2582%25E7%25AB%25AF" title="异端 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="异端" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%2595%25B0%25E7%25AB%25AF" title="異端 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="異端" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%2595%25B0%25E7%25AB%25AF" title="異端 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="異端" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-27T17:58:28Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T06:08:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/10\/GustafVasakyrkan_RightAltargroup1.jpg","headline":"belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs"}</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new 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