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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="كمون القطب الكهربائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كمون القطب الكهربائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodni_potencijal" title="Elektrodni potencijal – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektrodni potencijal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencial_d%27el%C3%A8ctrode" title="Potencial d'elèctrode – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Potencial d'elèctrode" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%95" title="Электрод потенциалĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электрод потенциалĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodov%C3%BD_potenci%C3%A1l" title="Elektrodový potenciál – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektrodový potenciál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodenpotential" title="Elektrodenpotential – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektrodenpotential" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroodipotentsiaal" title="Elektroodipotentsiaal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektroodipotentsiaal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiel_d%27%C3%A9lectrode" title="Potentiel d'électrode – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Potentiel d'électrode" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencial_de_el%C3%A9ctrodo" title="Potencial de eléctrodo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Potencial de eléctrodo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Էլեկտրոդային պոտենցիալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոդային պոտենցիալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodni_potencijal" title="Elektrodni potencijal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektrodni potencijal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potensial_elektrode" title="Potensial elektrode – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Potensial elektrode" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potenziale_di_elettrodo" title="Potenziale di elettrodo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Potenziale di elettrodo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ელექტროდული პოტენციალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტროდული პოტენციალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Электродтық потенциал – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электродтық потенциал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodo_potencialas" title="Elektrodo potencialas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektrodo potencialas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodepotentiaal" title="Elektrodepotentiaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektrodepotentiaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A5%B5%E9%9B%BB%E4%BD%8D" title="電極電位 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電極電位" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrod_potensiali" title="Elektrod potensiali – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektrod potensiali" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencja%C5%82_elektrody" title="Potencjał elektrody – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Potencjał elektrody" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Электродный потенциал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электродный потенциал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ئەرکی جەمسەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەرکی جەمسەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodipotentiaali" title="Elektrodipotentiaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektrodipotentiaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodpotential" title="Elektrodpotential – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektrodpotential" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electromotive force of a cell built of two electrodes</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a>, <b>electrode potential</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">galvanic cell</a> built from a standard reference <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrode</a> and another electrode to be characterized.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By convention, the reference electrode is the <a href="/wiki/Standard_hydrogen_electrode" title="Standard hydrogen electrode">standard hydrogen electrode</a> (SHE). It is defined to have a potential of zero <a href="/wiki/Volts" class="mw-redirect" title="Volts">volts</a>. It may also be defined as the potential difference between the charged metallic rods and salt solution. </p><p>The electrode potential has its origin in the potential difference developed at the interface between the electrode and the <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a>. It is common, for instance, to speak of the electrode potential of the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">M<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup>/M</span> redox couple. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_interpretation">Origin and interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrode_potential&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electrode potential appears at the <a href="/wiki/Interface_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interface (chemistry)">interface</a> between an electrode and <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> due to the transfer of charged species across the interface, specific adsorption of ions at the interface, and <a href="/wiki/Chemisorption" title="Chemisorption">specific adsorption</a>/orientation of polar molecules, including those of the solvent. </p><p>In an electrochemical cell, the cathode and the anode have certain electrode potentials independently and the difference between them is the cell potential: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\text{cell}}=E_{\text{cathode}}-E_{\text{anode}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>cell</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>cathode</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>anode</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\text{cell}}=E_{\text{cathode}}-E_{\text{anode}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f412087a87cc275286daebe3e5211a15cda50c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:24.576ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\text{cell}}=E_{\text{cathode}}-E_{\text{anode}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The electrode potential may be either that at <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium">equilibrium</a> at the working electrode ("reversible potential"), or a potential with a non-zero net reaction on the working electrode but zero net current ("corrosion potential", "<a href="/wiki/Mixed_potential_theory" title="Mixed potential theory">mixed potential</a>"), or a potential with a non-zero net current on the working electrode (like in <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion" title="Galvanic corrosion">galvanic corrosion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voltammetry" title="Voltammetry">voltammetry</a>). Reversible potentials can be sometimes converted to the <a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">standard electrode potential</a> for a given electroactive species by extrapolation of the measured values to the <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a>. </p><p>The value of the electrode potential under non-equilibrium depends on the nature and composition of the contacting phases, and on the <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_kinetics" title="Electrochemical kinetics">kinetics of electrode reactions</a> at the interface (see <a href="/wiki/Butler%E2%80%93Volmer_equation" title="Butler–Volmer equation">Butler–Volmer equation</a>). </p><p>An operational assumption for determinations of the electrode potentials with the <a href="/wiki/Standard_hydrogen_electrode" title="Standard hydrogen electrode">standard hydrogen electrode</a> involves this reference electrode with hydrogen ion in an ideal solution having is "zero potential at all temperatures" equivalently to <a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_formation" title="Standard enthalpy of formation">standard enthalpy of formation</a> of hydrogen ion is also "zero at all temperatures". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrode_potential&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_electrode_setup.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Three_electrode_setup.svg/220px-Three_electrode_setup.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Three_electrode_setup.svg/330px-Three_electrode_setup.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Three_electrode_setup.svg/440px-Three_electrode_setup.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Three-electrode setup for measurement of electrode potential</figcaption></figure> <p>The measurement is generally conducted using a three-electrode setup (see the drawing): </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Working_electrode" title="Working electrode">working electrode</a>,</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_electronic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auxiliary electronic (page does not exist)">counter electrode</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_electrode" title="Reference electrode">reference electrode</a> (standard hydrogen electrode or an equivalent).</li></ol> <p>In case of non-zero net current on the electrode, it is essential to minimize the <a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">ohmic</a> <a href="/wiki/IR-drop" class="mw-redirect" title="IR-drop">IR-drop</a> in the electrolyte, e.g., by positioning the reference electrode near the surface of the working electrode (e.g., see <a href="/wiki/Luggin_capillary" title="Luggin capillary">Luggin capillary</a>), or by using a <a href="/wiki/Supporting_electrolyte" title="Supporting electrolyte">supporting electrolyte</a> of sufficiently high <a href="/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)" title="Conductivity (electrolytic)">conductivity</a>. The potential measurements are performed with the positive terminal of the <a href="/wiki/Electrometer" title="Electrometer">electrometer</a> connected to the working electrode and the negative terminal to the reference electrode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sign_conventions">Sign conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrode_potential&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sign conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, two conventions for sign for the electrode potential have formed:<sup id="cite_ref-ham_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ham-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>convention "<a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Nernst</a>–<a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis">Lewis</a>–<a href="/wiki/Wendell_Mitchell_Latimer" title="Wendell Mitchell Latimer">Latimer</a>" (sometimes referred to as "American"),</li> <li>convention "<a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Gibbs</a>–<a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Ostwald</a>–<a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>" (sometimes referred to as "European").</li></ol> <p>In 1953 in Stockholm<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IUPAC recognized that either of the conventions is permissible; however, it unanimously recommended that only the magnitude expressed according to the convention (2) be called "the electrode potential". To avoid possible ambiguities, the electrode potential thus defined can also be referred to as <i>Gibbs–Stockholm electrode potential</i>. In both conventions, the standard hydrogen electrode is defined to have a potential of 0 V. Both conventions also agree on the sign of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">E</span> for a half-cell reaction when it is written as a reduction. </p><p>The main difference between the two conventions<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that upon reversing the direction of a half-cell reaction <i>as written</i>, according to the convention (1) the sign of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">E</span> also switches, whereas in the convention (2) it does not. The logic behind switching the sign of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">E</span> is to maintain the correct sign relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy" title="Gibbs free energy">Gibbs free energy</a> change, given by <span class="texhtml">Δ<i>G</i> = –<i>nFE</i></span> where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> is the number of electrons involved and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">F</span> is the <a href="/wiki/Faraday_constant" title="Faraday constant">Faraday constant</a>. It is assumed that the half-reaction is balanced by the appropriate SHE half-reaction. Since <span class="texhtml">Δ<i>G</i></span> switches sign when a reaction is written in reverse, so too, proponents of the convention (1) argue, should the sign of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">E</span>. Proponents of the convention (2) argue that all reported electrode potentials should be consistent with the electrostatic sign of the relative potential difference. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_difference_of_a_cell_assembled_of_two_electrodes">Potential difference of a cell assembled of two electrodes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrode_potential&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Potential difference of a cell assembled of two electrodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell#Cell_voltage" title="Galvanic cell">Galvanic cell § Cell voltage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_cell#Cell_potential" title="Electrochemical cell">Electrochemical cell § Cell potential</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_cell#Anode_and_cathode_definitions_depend_on_charge_and_discharge" title="Electrolytic cell">Electrolytic cell § Anode and cathode definitions depend on charge and discharge</a></div> <p>Potential of a cell assembled of two electrodes can be determined from the two individual electrode potentials using </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta V_{\text{cell}}=E_{\text{red,cathode}}-E_{\text{red,anode}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>cell</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>red,cathode</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>red,anode</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta V_{\text{cell}}=E_{\text{red,cathode}}-E_{\text{red,anode}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f1fe3aa553491be86162c88665a8536461e8d51a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.997ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta V_{\text{cell}}=E_{\text{red,cathode}}-E_{\text{red,anode}}}"></span> however , it depends.</dd></dl> <p>or, equivalently, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta V_{\text{cell}}=E_{\text{red,cathode}}+E_{\text{oxy,anode}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>cell</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>red,cathode</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>oxy,anode</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta V_{\text{cell}}=E_{\text{red,cathode}}+E_{\text{oxy,anode}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/20f49f2623dfc7327d63f7cca2e07e135801265d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.914ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta V_{\text{cell}}=E_{\text{red,cathode}}+E_{\text{oxy,anode}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>This follows from the IUPAC definition of the electric potential difference of a galvanic cell,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to which the electric potential difference of a cell is the difference of the potentials of the electrodes on the right and the left of the galvanic cell. When <span class="texhtml">Δ<i>V</i><sub>cell</sub></span> is positive, then positive electrical charge flows through the cell from the left electrode (<a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a>) to the right electrode (<a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrode_potential&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_electrode_potential" title="Absolute electrode potential">Absolute electrode potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">Electric potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvani_potential" title="Galvani potential">Galvani potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nernst_equation" title="Nernst equation">Nernst equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpotential" title="Overpotential">Overpotential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">Potential difference</a> (voltage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">Standard electrode potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_standard_electrode_potentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of standard electrode potentials">Table of standard electrode potentials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_activity" title="Thermodynamic activity">Thermodynamic activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta_potential" title="Volta potential">Volta potential</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrode_potential&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01956.html">electrode potential, E</a>". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.E01956">10.1351/goldbook.E01956</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ham-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ham_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.A. Hamel, "The Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry", Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York-Chapman & Hall Ltd., London, 1964, p. 429–431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. van Rysselberghe, "Bericht der Kommission für electrochemische Nomenklatur und Definitionen", Z. Electrochem., 58 (1954), 530–535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anson, Fred C. "Common sources of confusion; Electrode Sign Conventions," J. Chem. Educ., 1959, 36, p. 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01934.html">electric potential difference, ΔV <i>of a galvanic cell</i></a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.E01934">10.1351/goldbook.E01934</a></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrode_potential&oldid=1214810050">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrode_potential&oldid=1214810050</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electrochemistry" title="Category:Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electrochemical_potentials" title="Category:Electrochemical potentials">Electrochemical potentials</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 March 2024, at 09:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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