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href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Unicode+input" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_input&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>Unicode input</b> is method to add a specific <a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters" title="Universal Character Set characters">Unicode character</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">computer file</a>; it is a common way to input characters not directly supported by a physical <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard (computing)">keyboard</a>. Characters can be entered either by selecting them from a display, by typing a certain sequence of keys on a physical keyboard, or by drawing the symbol by hand on <a href="/wiki/Touch-sensitive_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch-sensitive screen">touch-sensitive screen</a>. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>'s 96 element <a href="/wiki/Character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Character set">character set</a> (which it contains), Unicode encodes hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a> (characters) from almost all of the world's written languages and many other signs and symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KCharSelect_Mathematical_Operators.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/KCharSelect_Mathematical_Operators.png/345px-KCharSelect_Mathematical_Operators.png" decoding="async" width="345" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/KCharSelect_Mathematical_Operators.png/518px-KCharSelect_Mathematical_Operators.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/KCharSelect_Mathematical_Operators.png/690px-KCharSelect_Mathematical_Operators.png 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="355"></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_KDE_applications#Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of KDE applications">KCharSelect</a> character mapping tool shown displaying a subset of the <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Mathematical_Operators" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode Mathematical Operators">Unicode Mathematical Operators</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Unicode_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/New_Unicode_logo.svg/150px-New_Unicode_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/New_Unicode_logo.svg/225px-New_Unicode_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/New_Unicode_logo.svg/300px-New_Unicode_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="614"></a><figcaption>The Unicode logo</figcaption></figure> <p>A Unicode input system must provide for a large repertoire of characters, ideally all valid Unicode code points. This is different from a <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layout</a> which defines keys and their combinations only for a limited number of characters appropriate for a certain <a href="/wiki/Locale_(computer_software)" title="Locale (computer software)">locale</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Unicode_numbers"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Unicode numbers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Glyph_availability"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Glyph availability</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Techniques"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Techniques</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Extended_keyboard_mapping"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Extended keyboard mapping</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Selection_from_a_screen"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Selection from a screen</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Decimal_input_(Alt_codes)"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Decimal input (Alt codes)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Hexadecimal_input"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Hexadecimal input</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#In_Microsoft_Windows"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">In Microsoft Windows</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#In_MacOS"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">In MacOS</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#In_X11_(Linux_and_other_Unix_variants_including_ChromeOS)"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">In X11 (Linux and other Unix variants including ChromeOS)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#In_platform-independent_applications"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">In platform-independent applications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#HTML"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">HTML</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Unicode_numbers">Unicode numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_input&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Unicode numbers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Unicode characters are distinguished by <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code points</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Unicode#Upluslink" title="Unicode">conventionally represented</a> by "U+" followed by four, five or six <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_digit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexadecimal digit">hexadecimal digits</a>, for example U+00AE or U+1D310. Characters in the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Multilingual_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Multilingual Plane">Basic Multilingual Plane</a> (BMP), containing modern <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">scripts</a> – including many Chinese and Japanese characters – and many symbols, have a 4-digit code. Historic scripts, but also many modern symbols and pictographs (such as <a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">emoticons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emojis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">playing cards</a> and many <a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">CJK characters</a>) have 5-digit codes. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Glyph_availability">Glyph availability <span class="anchor" id="Availability"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_input&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Glyph availability" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>An application can display a character only if it can access a <a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer font</a> which contains a <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a> for that character.<sup id="cite_ref-mswin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mswin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fonts usually have incomplete Unicode coverage; most only contain the glyphs needed to support a few <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a>. However, most modern browsers and other text-processing applications are able to display multilingual content because they perform <a href="/wiki/Font_substitution" title="Font substitution">font substitution</a>, automatically switching to a fallback font when necessary to display characters which are not supported in the current font. Which fonts are used for fallback and the thoroughness of Unicode coverage varies by software and operating system; some software will search for a suitable glyph in all of the installed fonts, others only search within certain fonts. </p><p><span class="anchor" id=".notdef."></span> If an application does not have access to a glyph for a required codepoint in the specified font,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the character should be shown as the font's <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.notdef</code> glyph <span class="nowrap">⟨􏿮⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This often appears as an empty box, ☐ (nicknamed "<a href="/wiki/Noto_fonts#Etymology" title="Noto fonts">tofu</a>" based on the shape), a box with an X in it, ☒, a diamond with a question mark, �, or a box with a question mark in it, ⍰. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_input&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Techniques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Input_method" title="Input method">input method</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_keyboard_mapping">Extended keyboard mapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_input&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extended keyboard mapping" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/QWERTY#Multilingual_variants" title="QWERTY">QWERTY § Multilingual variants</a></div> <p>Most operating systems support extended <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard mapping">keyboard mapping</a> – the facility to increase the repertoire of characters available using techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Alternate_graphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate graphic">Alternate graphic</a> ("AltGr") that gives a third and fourth meaning to every key; <a href="/wiki/Compose_key" title="Compose key">Compose key</a> (sometimes called <b>multi key</b>), a key on a <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">computer keyboard</a> that indicates that the following (usually 2 or more) keystrokes trigger the insertion of an alternate character, typically a <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed character</a> or a symbol;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dead_key" title="Dead key">dead keys</a> typically used to attach a specific <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> to a base <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letter</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or indeed combinations of these. </p><p>These techniques facilitate entry of character sets beyond the basic set provided as standard with the computer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_from_a_screen">Selection from a screen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_input&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selection from a screen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20170802073953!GNOME_Character_Map_3.18.2.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/20170802073953%21GNOME_Character_Map_3.18.2.png/300px-20170802073953%21GNOME_Character_Map_3.18.2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1244"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 187px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/20170802073953%21GNOME_Character_Map_3.18.2.png/300px-20170802073953%21GNOME_Character_Map_3.18.2.png" data-width="300" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/20170802073953%21GNOME_Character_Map_3.18.2.png/450px-20170802073953%21GNOME_Character_Map_3.18.2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/20170802073953%21GNOME_Character_Map_3.18.2.png/600px-20170802073953%21GNOME_Character_Map_3.18.2.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>GNOME Character Map</figcaption></figure> <p>Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14755" title="ISO/IEC 14755">ISO/IEC 14755</a> refers to this as a <i>screen-selection entry method</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> has provided a Unicode version of the <a href="/wiki/Character_Map_(Windows)" title="Character Map (Windows)">Character Map</a> program, appearing in the consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Multilingual_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Multilingual Plane">Basic Multilingual Plane</a> (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with Windows 10 Microsoft Windows also contains so called "emoji keyboard". It can be started by holding down the Windows key (the one with the Windows symbol on it) and hitting the period or semicolon key. The emoji keyboard allows entering of emojis as well as symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable <a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a> example is <a href="/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)#BabelMap" title="Andrew West (linguist)">BabelMap</a>, which supports all Unicode characters). On most <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> desktop environments, equivalent tools – such as <a href="/wiki/Gucharmap" class="mw-redirect" title="Gucharmap">gucharmap</a> (GNOME) or <a href="/wiki/List_of_KDE_applications" class="mw-redirect" title="List of KDE applications">kcharselect</a> (KDE) – are available.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally these tools let the user "copy" the selected characters into the clipboard, and then paste them into the document, rather than pretending to directly type them. </p><p>It is often practical to just find the desired character on the web or in another document, and copy and paste it from there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decimal_input_(Alt_codes)"><span id="Decimal_input_.28Alt_codes.29"></span>Decimal input (Alt codes) <span class="anchor" id="Decimal_input"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_input&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Decimal input (Alt codes)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Unicode_input" title="Special:EditPage/Unicode input">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Unicode+input%22">"Unicode input"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Unicode+input%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Unicode+input%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Unicode+input%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Unicode+input%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Unicode+input%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some programs running in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, including recent versions of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Word</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Notepad" title="Windows Notepad">Notepad</a>, can produce characters from their Unicode code points expressed in decimal and entered on the <a href="/wiki/Numeric_keypad" title="Numeric keypad">numeric keypad</a> with the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alt_code" title="Alt code">Alt</a></kbd> key held down.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">Euro sign</a> <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">€</span> has 20AC as its hexadecimal code point<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, which is 8364 in decimal, so <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">8</kbd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">3</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">6</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">4</kbd> will produce the symbol. </p><p>Decimal code points in the range 160 –255 must be entered with a leading zero (so that the <a href="/wiki/Windows_code_page" title="Windows code page">Windows code page</a> is chosen) and furthermore the Windows code page <a href="/wiki/CP1252" class="mw-redirect" title="CP1252">CP1252</a> must be used.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">0</kbd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">2</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">4</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">7</kbd> yields a <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">÷</span>, corresponding to its code point, but the character produced by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">2</kbd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">4</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">7</kbd> depends on the <a href="/wiki/Windows_code_page#OEM_code_page" title="Windows code page">OEM code page</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">Code page 437</a>, and may yield a <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">≈</span>. Also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">0</kbd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">1</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">2</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">8</kbd> through <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">0</kbd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">1</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">5</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">9</kbd> yield the characters assigned in rows 8 and 9 in the <a href="/wiki/Windows-1252#Codepage_layout" title="Windows-1252">CP1252 layout</a>, rather than the <a href="/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes#C1_controls" title="C0 and C1 control codes">C1 control codes</a> that are assigned to those numbers in Unicode. </p><p>In programs which were not designed to handle Alt codes over 255, the character retrieved usually corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Modulo_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulo operation">remainder</a> when the number is divided by 256. </p><p>The text editor <a href="/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a> allows characters to be specified by two-character mnemonics referred to as <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Digraph (computing)">digraphs</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. The installed set can be augmented by custom mnemonics defined for arbitrary code points, specified in decimal. For example, as decimal 9881 is equal to hexadecimal 2699, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">dig Gr 9881</code> associates "Gr" with <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+2699</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⚙</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GEAR</span>. </p><p>See <a href="#HTML">below</a> for use of decimal code points in HTML. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hexadecimal_input">Hexadecimal input</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_input&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hexadecimal input" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Clause 5.1 of <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14755" title="ISO/IEC 14755">ISO/IEC 14755</a> describes a <i>Basic method</i> whereby a <i>beginning sequence</i> is followed by the <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hex number</a> representation of the <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code point</a> and the <i>ending sequence</i>. Most modern systems have some method to emulate this, sometimes limited to four digits (thus only the <a href="/wiki/Plane_(Unicode)#Basic_Multilingual_Plane" title="Plane (Unicode)">Basic Multilingual Plane</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Microsoft_Windows">In Microsoft Windows</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_input&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In Microsoft Windows" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Hexadecimal Unicode input can be enabled by adding a string type (REG_SZ) value called <code>EnableHexNumpad</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Registry" title="Windows Registry">registry</a> key <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Input Method</code> and assigning the value data <code>1</code> to it. Users will need to log off and back in after editing the registry for this input method to start working. (In versions earlier than <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a>, users needed to reboot for it to start working.) Unicode characters can then be entered by holding down <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>, and typing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">+</kbd> on the numeric keypad, followed by the hexadecimal code, and then releasing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>.<sup id="cite_ref-mswin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mswin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may not work for 5-digit hexadecimal codes like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">U+1F937</code>. Some versions of Windows may require the digits 0-9 to be typed on the numeric keypad or require NumLock to be on.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In some applications (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Word</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Notepad" title="Windows Notepad">Notepad</a> and <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a> programs) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">X</kbd> will replace the hexadecimal number to the left of the cursor with the matching Unicode character. Unless it is six hexadecimal digits long, the code must not be preceded by any digit or letters a–f as they may be treated as part of the code to be converted. For example, entering <code>af1</code> followed by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">X</kbd> (or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">C</kbd> if using a French version) will produce '૱' (U+0AF1), but entering <code>a0000f1</code> followed by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">X</kbd> will produce 'añ' ('a' followed by character U+00F1). </p><p>This facility enables Unicode characters to be entered in other applications: one can create a desired character in Notepad, for example, and then <a href="/wiki/Cut,_copy,_and_paste" title="Cut, copy, and paste">cut and paste</a> it wherever desired. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_MacOS">In MacOS</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_input&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In MacOS" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Hex input of Unicode must be enabled. In Mac OS 8.5 and later, one can choose the <i>Unicode Hex Input</i> keyboard layout; in <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">OS X (10.10) Yosemite</a>, this can be added in Keyboard → Input Sources. </p><p>Holding down <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⌥ Option</kbd>, one types the four-digit <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> Unicode code point and the equivalent character appears; one can then release the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⌥ Option</kbd> key.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characters outside of the BMP (the Basic Multilingual Plane) exceed the four-digit limit of the Unicode hex input mechanism but can be entered by using <a href="/wiki/UTF-16#Description" title="UTF-16">surrogate pairs</a>: holding down the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⌥ Option</kbd> key while entering the first surrogate, the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">+</kbd>, the second surrogate, then releasing the Option key. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_X11_(Linux_and_other_Unix_variants_including_ChromeOS)"><span id="In_X11_.28Linux_and_other_Unix_variants_including_ChromeOS.29"></span>In X11 (Linux and other Unix variants including ChromeOS)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_input&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In X11 (Linux and other Unix variants including ChromeOS)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In many applications one or both of the following methods work to directly input Unicode characters: </p> <ul><li>Holding <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd> and typing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">u</kbd> followed by the hex digits, then releasing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>.</li> <li>Entering <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">u</kbd>, releasing, then typing the hex digits and pressing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">↵ Enter</kbd> (or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Space</kbd> or even, on some systems, pressing and releasing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>).<sup id="cite_ref-gpost_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpost-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>This is supported by GTK and Qt applications, and possibly others. In ChromeOS, this is an operating system function.<sup id="cite_ref-gpost_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpost-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_platform-independent_applications">In platform-independent applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_input&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In platform-independent applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Control_key" title="Control key">Ctrl</a></kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">x</kbd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">8</kbd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Return</kbd> invokes the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">insert-char</code> command, which accepts input either via hex code point or unicode char name.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a> 5.1 onwards, the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">X</kbd> method described above for Windows works.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Opera_(browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera (browser)">Opera</a> versions that use the <a href="/wiki/Presto_(browser_engine)" title="Presto (browser engine)">Presto layout engine</a>—i.e. up to and including version 12.xx—, entering the hexadecimal number of the desired symbol or character and then pressing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">x</kbd> (alternative shortcut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meta_key" title="Meta key">Meta</a></kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"></kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">x</kbd> on <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>).</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim editor</a>, in insert mode, the user first types <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">V</kbd> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">u</kbd> (for codepoints up to 4 hex digits long; using <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">V</kbd> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">U</kbd> for longer), then types in the hexadecimal number of the symbol or character desired, and it will be converted into the symbol. (On Microsoft Windows, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Q</kbd> may be required instead of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">V</kbd>.<sup id="cite_ref-vim_w32_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vim_w32-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/AutoCAD" title="AutoCAD">AutoCAD</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\U+2C72</code> or three shortcuts <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">%%c</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">%%d</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">%%p</code>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTML">HTML</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_input&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: HTML" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML" title="Unicode and HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, character codes to be rendered as characters are prefixed by <a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">number sign</a> (&#), and are followed by a semicolon (;). The code point can be either in <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a>; in the latter case it is preceded by an "x". Leading zeros may be omitted. A number of characters may be represented by a <a href="/wiki/Character_entity_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Character entity reference">named entity</a>. </p><p><i>Example:</i> In HTML/XML, the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright sign">copyright sign</a> © (<code>U+00A9</code>) may be coded as: </p> <ul><li><code>&#169;</code> (decimal code point)</li> <li><code>&#xa9;</code> (hexadecimal code point)</li> <li><code>&copy;</code> (entity name)</li></ul> <p>This works in many pieces of software that accept HTML markup, such as <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a> and Wikipedia editing. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_input&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digraphs_and_trigraphs_(programming)" title="Digraphs and trigraphs (programming)">Digraphs and trigraphs (programming)</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_input&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">or in fallback font(s), if any.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CP1252 is the default in North and South America including the Caribbean islands, Western Europe, Central and Southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and the (former) European colonies and possessions in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_input&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLafontaine2012" class="citation web cs1">Lafontaine, Sylvain (February 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/sqlserver/en-US/918f7c8b-cc16-4c03-b4f9-f9b0660e0587/unicode-vs-ascii-difference-and-benefits?forum=transactsql">"Unicode vs ASCII difference and benefits"</a>. MSDN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+vs+ASCII+difference+and+benefits&rft.pub=MSDN&rft.date=2012-02-17&rft.aulast=Lafontaine&rft.aufirst=Sylvain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocial.msdn.microsoft.com%2FForums%2Fsqlserver%2Fen-US%2F918f7c8b-cc16-4c03-b4f9-f9b0660e0587%2Funicode-vs-ascii-difference-and-benefits%3Fforum%3Dtransactsql&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode+input" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mswin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mswin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mswin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Marcuse, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fileformat.info/tip/microsoft/enter_unicode.htm">"How to enter Unicode characters in Microsoft Windows"</a>. Access date: September 13, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/recom">"Recommendations for OpenType Fonts"</a>. Microsoft. <q>Glyph 0 must be assigned to a .notdef glyph. The .notdef glyph is very important for providing the user feedback that a glyph is not found in the font. This glyph should not be left without an outline as the user will only see what looks like a space if a glyph is missing and not be aware of the active font's limitation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recommendations+for+OpenType+Fonts&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Ftypography%2Fopentype%2Fspec%2Frecom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode+input" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsymbols.com/keyboard/linux/compose/">"Linux Keyboard Text Symbols: Compose-Key Shortcuts"</a>. <i>FSymbols</i>. 2013-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FSymbols&rft.atitle=Linux+Keyboard+Text+Symbols%3A+Compose-Key+Shortcuts&rft.date=2013-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffsymbols.com%2Fkeyboard%2Flinux%2Fcompose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode+input" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dead%20key">"Dead Key | Definition of Dead Key by Merriam-Webster"</a>. Merriam-webster.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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