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Peste Negra – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre

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class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Início</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cronologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cronologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cronologia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cronologia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Cronologia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cronologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surto_na_Europa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surto_na_Europa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Surto na Europa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surto_na_Europa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surto_no_Médio_Oriente" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surto_no_Médio_Oriente"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Surto no Médio Oriente</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surto_no_Médio_Oriente-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Causas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evidência_de_ADN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidência_de_ADN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Evidência de ADN</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidência_de_ADN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Consequências</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consequências-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Consequências</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consequências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mortes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mortes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Económica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Económica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Económica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Económica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meio_Ambiente" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meio_Ambiente"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Meio Ambiente</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meio_Ambiente-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perseguições" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perseguições"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Perseguições</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perseguições-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Social</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recorrências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recorrências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Recorrências</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recorrências-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Recorrências</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recorrências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Segunda_pandemia_de_peste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segunda_pandemia_de_peste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Segunda pandemia de peste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segunda_pandemia_de_peste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terceira_pandemia_de_peste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terceira_pandemia_de_peste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Terceira pandemia de peste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terceira_pandemia_de_peste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligações_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligações_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peste Negra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 122 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">122 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_Dood" title="Swart Dood — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swart Dood" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Tod" title="Schwarzer Tod — alemão suíço" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwarzer Tod" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemão suíço" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra — aragonês" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الموت الأسود — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموت الأسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الموت الاسود — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الموت الاسود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negro" title="Peste negro — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Peste negro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_%C3%B6l%C3%BCm" title="Qara ölüm — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara ölüm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="قارا اؤلوم — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارا اؤلوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ҡара үлем — bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡара үлем" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Чорная смерць — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чорная смерць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Чорная сьмерць — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чорная сьмерць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82" title="Черната смърт — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черната смърт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maut_Hitam" title="Maut Hitam — Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Maut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81" title="কালো মৃত্যু — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কালো মৃত্যু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosenn_Zu" title="Bosenn Zu — bretão" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bosenn Zu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_smrt" title="Crna smrt — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crna smrt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesta_Negra" title="Pesta Negra — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pesta Negra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ik-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-b%C3%AAng" title="Háik-sṳ̄-bêng — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háik-sṳ̄-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4" title="مردنی ڕەش — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مردنی ڕەش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A1_smrt" title="Černá smrt — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černá smrt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla_Du" title="Pla Du — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pla Du" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d" title="Den sorte død — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den sorte død" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Tod" title="Schwarzer Tod — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzer Tod" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergo_siya" title="Mergo siya — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mergo siya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Μαύρη πανώλη — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαύρη πανώλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_morto" title="Nigra morto — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra morto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_surm" title="Must surm — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must surm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izurri_Beltza" title="Izurri Beltza — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izurri Beltza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="مرگ سیاه — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرگ سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta_surma" title="Musta surma — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musta surma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_surm" title="Must surm — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Must surm" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ttin_svarta" title="Sóttin svarta — feroês" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sóttin svarta" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_noire" title="Peste noire — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peste noire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Nere" title="Peste Nere — friulano" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Peste Nere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_Dea" title="Swarte Dea — frísico ocidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swarte Dea" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frísico ocidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phl%C3%A1_Mh%C3%B3r" title="An Phlá Mhór — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phlá Mhór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap%C3%A8s_nw%C3%A8" title="Lapès nwè — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lapès nwè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_B%C3%A0s_Dubh" title="Am Bàs Dubh — gaélico escocês" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Am Bàs Dubh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Negra" title="Peste Negra — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Peste Negra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 — gótico" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gótico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death — haúça" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haúça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het-s%C3%AD-phiang" title="Het-sí-phiang — hacá" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Het-sí-phiang" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hacá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8" title="המוות השחור — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המוות השחור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4" title="काली मौत — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काली मौत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba_kuge" title="Doba kuge — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Doba kuge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap%C3%A8s_nwa" title="Lapès nwa — haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lapès nwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete_hal%C3%A1l" title="Fekete halál — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete halál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Սև մահ — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև մահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%82_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Սեւ Մահ — Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սեւ Մահ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_nigre" title="Peste nigre — interlíngua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Peste nigre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlíngua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabah_Hitam_(pandemi)" title="Wabah Hitam (pandemi) — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wabah Hitam (pandemi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_pesto" title="Nigra pesto — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nigra pesto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartidau%C3%B0i" title="Svartidauði — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svartidauði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_nera" title="Peste nera — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peste nera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黒死病 — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒死病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blak_Det" title="Blak Det — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Blak Det" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შავი ჭირი — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავი ჭირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarka_taberkant" title="Tarka taberkant — kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tarka taberkant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D1%84%D3%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="Емынэ фӀыцӀэ — cabardiano" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Емынэ фӀыцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="cabardiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%A9z%C9%A9k%CA%8A_k%C9%A9kp%C9%9Bd%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Kɩzɩkʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɩzɩkʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Оба індеті — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оба індеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%82%AC%EB%B3%91" title="흑사병 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흑사병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirina_re%C5%9F" title="Mirina reş — curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mirina reş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mors_atra" title="Mors atra — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mors atra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazinura_negra" title="Hazinura negra — ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Hazinura negra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjwarte_Doe%C3%ABd" title="Zjwarte Doeëd — limburguês" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zjwarte Doeëd" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_Foscia" title="Mort Foscia — Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mort Foscia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodoji_mirtis" title="Juodoji mirtis — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodoji mirtis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meln%C4%81_n%C4%81ve" title="Melnā nāve — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnā nāve" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5" title="ब्ल्याक डेथ — maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ब्ल्याक डेथ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahafatesana_Mainty" title="Fahafatesana Mainty — malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahafatesana Mainty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82" title="Црна смрт — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црна смрт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ബ്ലാക്ക് ഡെത്ത് — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്ലാക്ക് ഡെത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%AF%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хар үхэл — mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хар үхэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="काळा प्लेग — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काळा प्लेग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maut_Hitam" title="Maut Hitam — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesta_s-sewda" title="Pesta s-sewda — maltês" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pesta s-sewda" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra — mirandês" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="မဲသေရောဂါ — birmanês" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဲသေရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiltik_mikistli" title="Tiltik mikistli — Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tiltik mikistli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_Dood" title="Swart Dood — baixo-alemão" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swart Dood" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo-alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="कालो मृत्यु — nepalês" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कालो मृत्यु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="हाकुगु मृत्यु — newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हाकुगु मृत्यु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Dood" title="Zwarte Dood — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwarte Dood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartedauden" title="Svartedauden — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svartedauden" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartedauden" title="Svartedauden — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svartedauden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%BC%C3%A6%D0%BB%C3%A6%D1%82" title="Сау мæлæт — ossético" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сау мæлæт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossético" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4" title="ਕਾਲੀ ਮੌਤ — panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲੀ ਮੌਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna_%C5%9Bmier%C4%87" title="Czarna śmierć — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarna śmierć" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" title="تور مرګ — pastó" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تور مرګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moartea_neagr%C4%83" title="Moartea neagră — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moartea neagră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Чёрная смерть — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрная смерть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_niedda" title="Peste niedda — sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Peste niedda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesti_niura" title="Pesti niura — siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pesti niura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Daith" title="Black Daith — scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Black Daith" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_smrt" title="Crna smrt — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crna smrt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="කළු මරණය — cingalês" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කළු මරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierna_smr%C5%A5" title="Čierna smrť — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čierna smrť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crna_smrt" title="Črna smrt — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črna smrt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Capis_sorme" title="Čapis sorme — inari sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Čapis sorme" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="inari sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vdekja_e_Zez%C3%AB" title="Vdekja e Zezë — albanês" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vdekja e Zezë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82" title="Црна смрт — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црна смрт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo recomendado"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den" title="Digerdöden — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Digerdöden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C5%8Frn%C5%8F_%C5%9Bmier%C4%87" title="Czŏrnŏ śmierć — Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czŏrnŏ śmierć" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="கறுப்புச் சாவு — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கறுப்புச் சாவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="กาฬมรณะ — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กาฬมรณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salot_na_Itim" title="Salot na Itim — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salot na Itim" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_%C3%96l%C3%BCm" title="Kara Ölüm — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kara Ölüm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Чорна смерть — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорна смерть" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="سیاہ موت — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاہ موت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_o%CA%BBlim" title="Qora oʻlim — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora oʻlim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1i_Ch%E1%BA%BFt_%C4%90en" title="Cái Chết Đen — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cái Chết Đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesse_des_djins" title="Pesse des djins — valão" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pesse des djins" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itom_nga_Kamatayon" title="Itom nga Kamatayon — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Itom nga Kamatayon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="უჩა ჭირი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უჩა ჭირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hek-s%C3%BA-p%C4%93ng" title="Hek-sú-pēng — min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hek-sú-pēng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/20px-Disambig_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/30px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/40px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></span></span>&#160;<b>Nota:</b> Este artigo é sobre a pandemia. Para a doença, veja <a href="/wiki/Peste" title="Peste">Peste</a>.</div> <table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellpadding="3" border="0" style="width:265px; line-height:1.2em; font-size: 88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="topo padrao" style="text-align:center; background-color:#4682B4; color:white;"><span class="">Peste Negra</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Bubonic_plague-pt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bubonic_plague-pt.svg/300px-Bubonic_plague-pt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bubonic_plague-pt.svg/450px-Bubonic_plague-pt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bubonic_plague-pt.svg/600px-Bubonic_plague-pt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="790" /></a></span><br />Mapa da propagação da peste negra na Europa </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; background-color:lightsteelblue;">Doença </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peste_bub%C3%B4nica" title="Peste bubônica">Peste bubónica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peste_septic%C3%A9mica" title="Peste septicémica">septicémica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peste_pulmonar" class="mw-redirect" title="Peste pulmonar">pneumónica</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; background-color:lightsteelblue;">Local </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%A1sia" title="Eurásia">Eurásia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; background-color:lightsteelblue;">Período </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">1343–1353 (auge) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#4682B4; color:white; line-height:1.5em;">Estatísticas globais </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; background-color:lightsteelblue;">Mortes </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">25–75 milhões (<a href="/wiki/Estimador" title="Estimador">est</a>) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Peste Negra</b> (também conhecida como <b>Grande Peste</b>, <b>Peste</b> ou <b>Praga</b>) foi uma das <a href="/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia">pandemias</a> <a href="/wiki/Lista_de_epidemias_e_pandemias" title="Lista de epidemias e pandemias">mais devastadoras registadas na história humana</a>, tendo resultado na morte de 25 a 75 milhões de pessoas na <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%A1sia" title="Eurásia">Eurásia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-lead_numbers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lead_numbers-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> atingindo o pico na <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> entre os anos de 1347 e 1351. Acredita-se que a <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A9ria" title="Bactéria">bactéria</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i>, que resulta em várias formas de <a href="/wiki/Peste" title="Peste">peste</a> (septicémica, pneumónica e, a mais comum, bubónica), tenha sido a causa.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> A Peste Negra foi o primeiro grande surto europeu de peste e a segunda pandemia da doença.<sup id="cite_ref-john_frith_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-john_frith-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> A praga criou uma série de convulsões religiosas, sociais e económicas, com efeitos profundos no curso da história da Europa. </p><p>A Peste Negra provavelmente teve a sua origem na <a href="/wiki/%C3%81sia_Central" title="Ásia Central">Ásia Central</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> ou na <a href="/wiki/%C3%81sia_Oriental" title="Ásia Oriental">Ásia Oriental</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> de onde viajou ao longo da <a href="/wiki/Rota_da_Seda" title="Rota da Seda">Rota da Seda</a>, atingindo a <a href="/wiki/Crimeia" title="Crimeia">Crimeia</a> em 1343.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_History_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_History-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> De lá, era provavelmente transportada por pulgas que viviam nos ratos que viajavam em navios mercantes <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_G%C3%AAnova" title="República de Gênova">genoveses</a>, espalhando-se por toda a bacia do Mediterrâneo, atingindo o resto da Europa através da península italiana. </p><p>Estima-se que a Peste Negra tenha matado entre 30% a 60% da população da Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlchon200331The_Significance_of_the_Old_World_Disease_Experience_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlchon200331The_Significance_of_the_Old_World_Disease_Experience-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> No total, censos dos últimos anos estimam que a peste pode ter reduzido a <a href="/wiki/Popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o_mundial" title="População mundial">população mundial</a> de 475 milhões para 350–375 milhões no <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIV</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> A população da Europa demorou cerca de 200 anos a recuperar o nível anterior<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> e algumas regiões (como <a href="/wiki/Floren%C3%A7a" title="Florença">Florença</a>) recuperaram apenas no <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIX" title="Século XIX">século XIX</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENauert2006142_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENauert2006142-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJussilaMajoral2018_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJussilaMajoral2018-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldthwaite200928The_Economy_of_Renassaince_Florence_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldthwaite200928The_Economy_of_Renassaince_Florence-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> A peste retornou várias vezes como surtos até ao início do <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XX" title="Século XX">século XX</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologia">Etimologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar secção: Etimologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Etimologia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Escritores europeus contemporâneos descreveram a doença da peste, em <a href="/wiki/Latim" title="Latim">latim</a>, como <i>pestis</i> ou <i>pestilentia</i> — equivalente a "pestilência"; <i>epidemia</i> — continuando com a mesma escrita na língua portuguesa; e <i>mortalitas</i> — equivalente a "mortalidade".<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionay_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dictionay-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Em inglês antes do século XVIII, o evento era chamado de "peste" ou "grande peste", "a praga" ou "grande morte".<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionay_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dictionay-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettHollister2009326_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettHollister2009326-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox201184_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox201184-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Posteriormente à pandemia, "o primeiro <i>murrain</i>" ou "primeira peste" foi aplicada, para distinguir o fenômeno de meados do século XIV de outras doenças infecciosas e epidemias de peste.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>nota 1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionay_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dictionay-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> A pandemia de 1347 não foi referida especificamente como "negra" nos séculos XIV e XV em nenhuma língua europeia, embora a expressão "morte negra" tenha sido ocasionalmente aplicada a doenças fatais de antemão.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionay_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dictionay-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A frase "morte negra" (<i><span lang="la">mors nigra</span></i>) foi usada em 1350 por Simon de Covino ou Couvin, um astrónomo belga, que escreveu o poema "Sobre o julgamento do sol em uma festa de Saturno" (<i><span lang="la">De judicio Solis in convivio Saturni</span></i>), que atribui a peste a uma conjunção de Júpiter e Saturno.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> Em 1908, Gasquet alegou que o uso do nome <i><span lang="la">atra mors</span></i> para a epidemia do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIV</span> apareceu pela primeira vez em um livro de 1631 sobre a história dinamarquesa de J. I. Pontanus: "Comummente e pelos seus efeitos, eles chamavam de morte negra" (<i><span lang="la">Vulgo &amp; ab effectu atram mortem vocitabant</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasquet20077_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasquet20077-22"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontano2013&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=HaExAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA476&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_476&#93;&#91;&#91;Carlos_IV_do_Sacro_Império_Romano-Germânico&#124;Carolus_IV,_imp&#93;&#93;_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontano2013[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=HaExAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA476&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_476][[Carlos_IV_do_Sacro_Império_Romano-Germânico|Carolus_IV,_imp]]-23"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> O nome espalhou-se pela <a href="/wiki/Escandin%C3%A1via" title="Escandinávia">Escandinávia</a> e depois pela <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">Alemanha</a>, tornando-se gradualmente associado à epidemia de meados do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIV</span> como um nome próprio. </p><p>Contudo, <i><span lang="la">atra mors</span></i> é um termo usado para se referir à febre pestilencial (<i><span lang="la">febris pestilentialis</span></i>) já no <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XII</span>, <i>Sobre os sinais e sintomas de doenças</i> (em <a href="/wiki/Latim" title="Latim">latim</a>: De signis et sinthomatibus egritudinum) pelo médico francês Gilles de Corbeil.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_CorbeilRose2006_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_CorbeilRose2006-25"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Em inglês, o termo foi usado pela primeira vez em 1755.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionay_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dictionay-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan2012&#91;https&#58;//archive.org/details/naturalhistoryNc2Pont/page/n57/mode/2up_24&#93;Capítulo_I:_Of_the_Air_and_its_Phenomena_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan2012[https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryNc2Pont/page/n57/mode/2up_24]Capítulo_I:_Of_the_Air_and_its_Phenomena-26"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cronologia">Cronologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar secção: Cronologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Cronologia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origens">Origens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar secção: Origens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Origens"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Blackdeath2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Blackdeath2.gif/220px-Blackdeath2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Blackdeath2.gif/330px-Blackdeath2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Blackdeath2.gif/440px-Blackdeath2.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Propagação da peste na Eurásia ocidental, 1346–1353</figcaption></figure> <p>A doença da peste, causada por <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i>, é geralmente presente em populações de <a href="/wiki/Siphonaptera" title="Siphonaptera">pulgas</a> transportadas por <a href="/wiki/Roedores" title="Roedores">roedores</a> terrestres, incluindo <a href="/wiki/Marmota" title="Marmota">marmotas</a> em várias áreas,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiegler2013&#91;http&#58;//1.droppdf.com/files/E4cqC/the-black-death-philip-ziegler.pdf_121–122&#93;Capítulo_1:_Origins_of_Nature_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiegler2013[http://1.droppdf.com/files/E4cqC/the-black-death-philip-ziegler.pdf_121–122]Capítulo_1:_Origins_of_Nature-27"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> incluindo <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, oeste da <a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%A1bia" title="Arábia">Arábia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curdist%C3%A3o" title="Curdistão">Curdistão</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia_do_Norte" title="Índia do Norte">Norte da Índia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deserto_de_Gobi" title="Deserto de Gobi">Deserto de Gobi</a>, no Norte da <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, e <a href="/wiki/%C3%81sia_Central" title="Ásia Central">Ásia Central</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiegler2013&#91;http&#58;//1.droppdf.com/files/E4cqC/the-black-death-philip-ziegler.pdf_114–115&#93;Capítulo_1:_Origins_of_Nature_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiegler2013[http://1.droppdf.com/files/E4cqC/the-black-death-philip-ziegler.pdf_114–115]Capítulo_1:_Origins_of_Nature-28"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohn2008&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&amp;pg=PA31&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_31&#93;Black_Death_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2008[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&amp;pg=PA31&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_31]Black_Death-29"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> Devido às mudanças climáticas na Ásia, os roedores começaram a fugir dos <a href="/wiki/Pradaria" title="Pradaria">prados</a> secos para áreas mais populosas, espalhando a doença.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETignorAdelmanAron2011_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETignorAdelmanAron2011-30"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> Em outubro de 2010, <a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica_m%C3%A9dica" title="Genética médica">médicos geneticistas</a> sugeriram que todas as três grandes ondas da peste tiveram a sua origem na China.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> Pesquisas em 2017 sobre sepulturas <a href="/wiki/Nestorianismo" title="Nestorianismo">nestorianas</a> datadas de 1338 a 1339, perto de <a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Quirguist%C3%A3o" title="Quirguistão">Quirguistão</a>, com inscrições referentes a peste, levaram muitos <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologia" title="Epidemiologia">epidemiologistas</a> a pensar que marcam o surto da <a href="/wiki/Epidemia" title="Epidemia">epidemia</a>; de onde poderia facilmente se espalhar para a China e para a <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="color:gray;white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Por_favor,_seja_claro" title="Wikipédia:Por favor, seja claro"><span title="O texto exige esclarecimento ou retirada de jargões">necessário esclarecer</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>Pesquisas em 2018 encontraram evidências de <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i> num antigo túmulo sueco, que pode ter sido a causa do que foi descrito como o declínio neolítico por volta de 3000 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">a.C.</a>, em que as populações europeias diminuíram significativamente.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> Em 2013, os pesquisadores confirmaram especulações anteriores de que a causa da <a href="/wiki/Praga_de_Justiniano" title="Praga de Justiniano">Praga de Justiniano</a> (541–542 d.C., com recorrências até 750) foi <i>Yersinia pestis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A conquista mongol da China no <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIII</span> causou um declínio na agricultura e no comércio. A recuperação económica foi observada no início do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIV</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchettFairbankFranke1978585Capítulo_7:_Shun-Ti_and_the_end_of_Yüan_rule_in_China_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchettFairbankFranke1978585Capítulo_7:_Shun-Ti_and_the_end_of_Yüan_rule_in_China-37"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> Na década de 1330, muitos desastres e pragas naturais levaram à fome generalizada, começando em 1331, com uma praga mortal aparecendo logo depois.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchettFairbankFranke1978556–557Capítulo_6:_Mid-Yüan_Politics_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchettFairbankFranke1978556–557Capítulo_6:_Mid-Yüan_Politics-38"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> Epidemias, que podem ter incluído a peste, mataram cerca de 25 milhões na Ásia durante quinze anos antes de chegar a <a href="/wiki/Constantinopla" title="Constantinopla">Constantinopla</a> em 1347.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohn2008&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&amp;pg=PA31&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_31&#93;Black_Death_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2008[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&amp;pg=PA31&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_31]Black_Death-29"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A doença pode ter viajado ao longo da <a href="/wiki/Rota_da_Seda" title="Rota da Seda">Rota da Seda</a> com exércitos e comerciantes <a href="/wiki/Mong%C3%B3is" title="Mongóis">mongóis</a>, ou poderia até ter chegado de navio.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> No final de 1346, relatos de pestes chegaram aos portos da Europa: "a Índia foi despovoada, e a <a href="/wiki/Tart%C3%A1ria" title="Tartária">Tartária</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mesopot%C3%A2mia" title="Mesopotâmia">Mesopotâmia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADria" title="Síria">Síria</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nia" title="Arménia">Arménia</a> estavam cobertas de cadáveres".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeckerBabington1859&#91;https&#58;//archive.org/stream/epidemicsofmiddl00heck#page/20/mode/2up_21&#93;_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckerBabington1859[https://archive.org/stream/epidemicsofmiddl00heck#page/20/mode/2up_21]-41"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Segundo diversos relatos, a peste foi introduzida pela primeira vez na Europa por comerciantes <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_G%C3%AAnova" title="República de Gênova">genoveses</a> da cidade portuária de <a href="/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sia_(Crimeia)" title="Teodósia (Crimeia)">Kaffa,</a> na Crimeia, em 1347.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Durante um prolongado cerco à cidade pelo exército mongol sob <a href="/wiki/Jani_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Jani Beg">Jani Beg</a>, cujo exército sofria da doença, o exército <a href="/wiki/Guerra_biol%C3%B3gica" title="Guerra biológica">catapultou cadáveres infectados</a> sobre as <a href="/wiki/Muralha" title="Muralha">muralhas</a> da cidade de Kaffa para infectar os habitantes dentro da cidade. Os comerciantes genoveses fugiram, levando a peste de navio para a <a href="/wiki/Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Sicília">Sicília</a> e depois para a península italiana, de onde se espalhou para o norte.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> Seja essa hipótese precisa ou não, é claro que várias condições existentes, como guerras, fome, clima e <a href="/wiki/Desigualdade_social" title="Desigualdade social">desigualdade social</a>, contribuíram para a gravidade da Peste Negra. Entre muitos outros culpados de contágio por peste, a desnutrição, mesmo que distante, também contribuiu para uma perda imensa na população europeia, pois enfraquecia o sistema imunológico.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surto_na_Europa">Surto na Europa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar secção: Surto na Europa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Surto na Europa"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parece ter havido várias introduções na Europa. A peste atingiu a Sicília em outubro de 1347,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorio1791&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=61ba_15kBXIC&amp;pg=PA561&amp;lpg=PA561&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_561&#93;–&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=61ba_15kBXIC&amp;pg=PA562&amp;lpg=PA562&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_562&#93;Michaelis_Platiensis_–_Capítulo_XXVI:_De_pace_faeta_inter_Reginam_Johannam_neptem_Regis_Robert_cum_duce_Johanne,_cum_Regno_Sicilie,_quo_tempore_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorio1791[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=61ba_15kBXIC&amp;pg=PA561&amp;lpg=PA561&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_561]–[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=61ba_15kBXIC&amp;pg=PA562&amp;lpg=PA562&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_562]Michaelis_Platiensis_–_Capítulo_XXVI:_De_pace_faeta_inter_Reginam_Johannam_neptem_Regis_Robert_cum_duce_Johanne,_cum_Regno_Sicilie,_quo_tempore-46"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> transportada por doze <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A9" title="Galé">galés</a> genovesas e rapidamente se espalhou por toda a ilha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorio1791&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=61ba_15kBXIC&amp;pg=PA428&amp;lpg=PA428&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_428&#93;Nicolai_Specialis_–_Capítulo_XIV:_De_navali_bello_opud_Infulam_Pontii,_ubi_Siculorum_claffis_dividea_eft_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorio1791[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=61ba_15kBXIC&amp;pg=PA428&amp;lpg=PA428&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_428]Nicolai_Specialis_–_Capítulo_XIV:_De_navali_bello_opud_Infulam_Pontii,_ubi_Siculorum_claffis_dividea_eft-47"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> As galés de <a href="/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sia_(Crimeia)" title="Teodósia (Crimeia)">Kaffa</a> chegaram a Génova e Veneza em janeiro de 1348, mas foi o surto em <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, algumas semanas depois, que marcou o ponto de entrada para o norte da Itália. No final de janeiro, uma das galés expulsas da Itália chegou a <a href="/wiki/Marselha" title="Marselha">Marselha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Smet1841&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=OGtdAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA280&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_280&#93;Breve_chronicon_Elnosense_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Smet1841[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=OGtdAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA280&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_280]Breve_chronicon_Elnosense-48"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Da Itália, a doença espalhou-se para o noroeste por toda a Europa, atingindo a <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a> que foi atingida pelo calor — a epidemia ocorreu nas primeiras semanas de julho,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> Portugal e Inglaterra em junho de 1348, continuando também a espalhar-se para o leste e norte através de Alemanha, Escócia e Escandinávia de 1348 a 1350. Foi introduzida na Noruega em 1349, quando um navio desembarcou em <a href="/wiki/Ask%C3%B8y" title="Askøy">Askøy</a>, espalhando-se depois para Bjørgvin (moderna <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>) e <a href="/wiki/Isl%C3%A2ndia" title="Islândia">Islândia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson200097–123Part_II_–_Under_Foreign_Rule,_1262-c.1800_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson200097–123Part_II_–_Under_Foreign_Rule,_1262-c.1800-50"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Peste_negra_Inglaterra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Peste_negra_Inglaterra.jpg/250px-Peste_negra_Inglaterra.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Peste_negra_Inglaterra.jpg/375px-Peste_negra_Inglaterra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Peste_negra_Inglaterra.jpg/500px-Peste_negra_Inglaterra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2697" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption>Pessoas na Inglaterra enterrando vítimas de peste negra</figcaption></figure> <p>Por fim, continuou a propagar-se para o noroeste da Rússia em 1351.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> A peste foi menos comum em partes da Europa com comércio menos desenvolvido com os seus vizinhos e através de <a href="/wiki/Quarentena" title="Quarentena">quarentenas</a>, incluindo a maioria do <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs_Basco" title="País Basco">País Basco</a>, partes isoladas da Bélgica, da <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Países Baixos">Holanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%B4nia" class="mw-redirect" title="Polônia">Polônia</a> e aldeias alpinas isoladas de todo o continente.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuchora-Walske2013&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=sgJO7dOq1pUC&amp;pg=PA53&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_53&#93;Capítulo_4:_History_Poland&#39;s_Perseverance_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuchora-Walske2013[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=sgJO7dOq1pUC&amp;pg=PA53&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_53]Capítulo_4:_History_Poland&#39;s_Perseverance-52"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Segundo alguns epidemiologistas, períodos de clima desfavorável dizimaram populações de roedores infectados pela peste e forçaram as suas pulgas a procurar hospedeiros alternativos,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> induzindo surtos de peste que frequentemente atingiam o pico do verão quente do Mediterrâneo,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> bem como durante os frio meses de outono dos estados do sul do Báltico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunKroll2004_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunKroll2004-55"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> No entanto, outros pesquisadores não acham que a peste tenha-se tornado endémica na Europa ou na população de ratos. A doença varreu repetidamente os transportadores de roedores, de modo a que as pulgas desapareceram até que um novo surto da Ásia Central repetisse o processo.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> Foi demonstrado que os surtos ocorrem aproximadamente quinze anos após um período mais quente e húmido em áreas onde a peste é endémica em outras espécies, como <a href="/wiki/Gerbilo" title="Gerbilo">gerbos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surto_no_Médio_Oriente"><span id="Surto_no_M.C3.A9dio_Oriente"></span>Surto no Médio Oriente</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar secção: Surto no Médio Oriente" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Surto no Médio Oriente"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A peste atingiu várias regiões do Médio Oriente durante a <a href="/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia">pandemia</a>, levando a um grave despovoamento e mudanças permanentes nas estruturas económicas e sociais. Pode ter-se espalhado da Ásia Central com os <a href="/wiki/Mong%C3%B3is" title="Mongóis">mongóis</a> para um posto comercial na Crimeia, de nome Kaffa, controlado pela <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_G%C3%AAnova" title="República de Gênova">República de Génova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> Quando roedores infectados infectaram novos roedores, a doença espalhou-se por toda a região. No outono de 1347, a peste atingiu <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> no Egipto, através do comércio do porto com <a href="/wiki/Constantinopla" title="Constantinopla">Constantinopla</a> e outros portos no <a href="/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro">Mar Negro</a>. Durante 1347, a doença viajou para o leste, para <a href="/wiki/Gaza" title="Gaza">Gaza</a>, e para o norte, ao longo da costa leste, para as cidades modernas do <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADbano" title="Líbano">Líbano</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADria" title="Síria">Síria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> e <a href="/wiki/Territ%C3%B3rios_palestinianos" title="Territórios palestinianos">Palestina</a>, incluindo <a href="/wiki/Ascal%C3%A3o" title="Ascalão">Ashkelon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(Israel)" title="Acre (Israel)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusal%C3%A9m" title="Jerusalém">Jerusalém</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADdon" title="Sídon">Sidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco">Damasco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> e <a href="/wiki/Alepo" title="Alepo">Alepo</a>. Em dois anos, a peste espalhou-se por todo o império muçulmano, da Arábia ao norte da África.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2005_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2005-59"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> Entre 1348 e 1349, a doença atingiu <a href="/wiki/Antioquia" title="Antioquia">Antioquia</a>. Os moradores da cidade fugiram para o norte, mas a maioria acabou morrendo durante a viagem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarreld2016_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarreld2016-60"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Meca" title="Meca">Meca</a> foi infectada em 1349. Durante o mesmo ano, os registos mostram que a cidade de <a href="/wiki/Mossul" title="Mossul">Mosul</a> sofreu uma epidemia maciça e a cidade de <a href="/wiki/Bagd%C3%A1" title="Bagdá">Bagdade</a> passou por uma segunda ronda da doença. </p><p>Os estudiosos religiosos muçulmanos ensinaram que a peste era um "martírio e misericórdia" de Deus, garantindo o lugar do crente no paraíso. Para os não crentes, foi um castigo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2005_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2005-59"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> Alguns médicos muçulmanos alertaram contra a tentativa de prevenir ou tratar uma doença enviada por Deus. Outros adoptaram muitas das mesmas medidas e tratamentos preventivos para a peste usada pelos europeus. À semelhança dos europeus, esses médicos muçulmanos também dependiam dos escritos dos antigos gregos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causas">Causas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar secção: Causas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Causas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Yersinia_pestis_fluorescent.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Yersinia_pestis_fluorescent.jpeg/220px-Yersinia_pestis_fluorescent.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Yersinia_pestis_fluorescent.jpeg/330px-Yersinia_pestis_fluorescent.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Yersinia_pestis_fluorescent.jpeg/440px-Yersinia_pestis_fluorescent.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2294" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i> (aumento de 200 ×), a bactéria que causa a peste bubónica</figcaption></figure> <p>O conhecimento médico havia estagnado durante a <a href="/wiki/Idade_M%C3%A9dia" title="Idade Média">Idade Média</a>. O relato mais autoritário da época veio da faculdade de medicina de Paris, num relatório ao <a href="/wiki/Filipe_VI_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Filipe VI de França">rei da França</a> que culpava os céus, na forma de uma <a href="/wiki/Conjun%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(astronomia)" title="Conjunção (astronomia)">conjunção</a> de três planetas em 1345 que causou uma "grande peste no ar".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox2011&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=1O_PX2wVD0sC&amp;pg=PA159&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_159&#93;Part_Two:_Explanations_and_Responses_–_IV:_Scientific_explanations:_The_report_of_the_Paris_medical_faculty,_October_1348_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox2011[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=1O_PX2wVD0sC&amp;pg=PA159&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_159]Part_Two:_Explanations_and_Responses_–_IV:_Scientific_explanations:_The_report_of_the_Paris_medical_faculty,_October_1348-61"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> Este relatório tornou-se no primeiro e mais amplamente divulgado de uma série de folhetos sobre a peste que buscavam dar conselhos aos que sofrem. O facto de a praga ter sido causada pelo mau ar tornou-se a teoria mais amplamente aceite na época, a <a href="/wiki/Teoria_miasm%C3%A1tica" title="Teoria miasmática">teoria</a> do miasma. A palavra <i>praga</i> não se referia inicialmente a uma doença específica, e apenas a recorrência de surtos durante a Idade Média deu a ela o significado que persiste na medicina moderna. </p><p>A importância da <a href="/wiki/Higiene" title="Higiene">higiene</a> foi reconhecida apenas no <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIX</span>; até então, as ruas eram geralmente imundas, com animais vivos de todo tipo e abundantes parasitas, facilitando a propagação de doenças transmissíveis. Um avanço médico precoce como resultado da Peste Negra foi o estabelecimento da ideia de quarentena na cidade-estado de <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Ragusa" title="República de Ragusa">Ragusa</a> (moderna <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, Croácia) em 1377, após contínuos surtos.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoje, a explicação dominante para a peste negra é a <i>teoria</i> da <i>peste</i>, que atribui o surto a <i>Yersinia pestis</i>, também responsável por uma epidemia iniciada no sul da China em 1865, que se espalhou mais tarde para a Índia.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> A investigação do agente patogénico que causou a praga do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIX</span> foi iniciada por equipas de cientistas que visitaram Hong Kong em 1894, entre os quais o bacteriologista franco-suíço <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Yersin" title="Alexandre Yersin">Alexandre Yersin</a>, após o qual o agente patogénico foi nomeado.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristakosOleaSerre2005&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=KU_VvAYFMykC&amp;pg=PA110&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_110&#93;III._Black_Death:_The_Background_–_B._The_Controversy_About_the_Epidemiologic_Nature_of_Black_Death_–_Modern_Etiology_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristakosOleaSerre2005[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=KU_VvAYFMykC&amp;pg=PA110&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_110]III._Black_Death:_The_Background_–_B._The_Controversy_About_the_Epidemiologic_Nature_of_Black_Death_–_Modern_Etiology-64"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> O mecanismo pelo qual <i>Y. pestis</i> é normalmente transmitido foi estabelecido em 1898 por Paul-Louis Simond e descobriu-se que envolvia picadas de pulgas cujos intestinos estavam obstruídos pela replicação de <i>Y. pestis</i> vários dias após a alimentação em um hospedeiro infectado. Esse bloqueio mata as pulgas e leva-as a um comportamento alimentar agressivo e tenta eliminar o bloqueio por <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B4mito" title="Vômito">regurgitação</a>, resultando em milhares de bactérias da peste sendo liberadas no local de alimentação, infectando o hospedeiro. No entanto, a modelagem da peste <a href="/wiki/Epizootia" title="Epizootia">epizoótica</a> observada em <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A3o-da-pradaria" title="Cão-da-pradaria">cães-da-pradaria</a>, sugere que reservatórios ocasionais de infecção, como uma carcaça infecciosa, em vez de "pulgas bloqueadas", são uma explicação melhor para o comportamento epizoótico observado da doença na natureza.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O <a href="/wiki/Historiador" title="Historiador">historiador</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Aidan_Gasquet" title="Francis Aidan Gasquet">Francis Aidan Gasquet</a> escreveu sobre a Grande Peste em 1893, sugerindo que "parecia ser alguma forma da praga oriental ou bubónica comum".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasquet2014_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasquet2014-66"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> Ele conseguiu adoptar a epidemiologia da peste bubónica pela peste negra para a segunda edição em 1908, implicando ratos e pulgas no processo, e sua interpretação foi amplamente aceite para outras epidemias antigas e medievais, como a <a href="/wiki/Praga_de_Justiniano" title="Praga de Justiniano">peste de Justiniano</a>, que ocorreu no <a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Bizantino" title="Império Bizantino">Império Bizantino</a> de 541 a 700 d.C.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristakosOleaSerre2005&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=KU_VvAYFMykC&amp;pg=PA111&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_111&#93;III._Black_Death:_The_Background_–_B._The_Controversy_About_the_Epidemiologic_Nature_of_Black_Death_–_Modern_Etiology_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristakosOleaSerre2005[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=KU_VvAYFMykC&amp;pg=PA111&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_111]III._Black_Death:_The_Background_–_B._The_Controversy_About_the_Epidemiologic_Nature_of_Black_Death_–_Modern_Etiology-67"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uma estimativa da <a href="/wiki/Taxa_de_letalidade" title="Taxa de letalidade">taxa de mortalidade de casos</a> para a <a href="/wiki/Peste_bub%C3%B4nica" title="Peste bubônica">peste bubónica</a> moderna, após a introdução de <a href="/wiki/Antibi%C3%B3tico" title="Antibiótico">antibióticos</a>, é de 11%, embora possa ser maior em regiões subdesenvolvidas.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> Os sintomas da doença incluem febre de 38–41 <a href="/wiki/Grau_Celsius" title="Grau Celsius">°C</a>, dores de cabeça, <a href="/wiki/Artralgia" title="Artralgia">dores nas articulações</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1usea" title="Náusea">náuseas</a> e vómitos, e uma sensação geral de mal-estar. Deixados sem tratamento, dos que contraem a peste bubónica, 80% morrem em oito dias.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotaro200526_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotaro200526-69"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> Já a <a href="/wiki/Peste_pulmonar" class="mw-redirect" title="Peste pulmonar">peste pneumónica</a> tem uma taxa de mortalidade de 90 a 95%. Os sintomas incluem febre, tosse e <a href="/wiki/Hemoptise" title="Hemoptise">escarro com sangue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne200415–20Capítulo_2:_The_Black_Death_and_Modern_Medicine_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne200415–20Capítulo_2:_The_Black_Death_and_Modern_Medicine-70"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> À medida que a doença progride, o escarro torna-se vermelho vivo. A <a href="/wiki/Peste_septic%C3%A9mica" title="Peste septicémica">peste septicémica</a> é a menos comum das três formas, com uma taxa de mortalidade próxima a 100%. Os sintomas são febre alta e manchas roxas na pele (<a href="/wiki/P%C3%BArpura_(sintoma)" title="Púrpura (sintoma)">púrpura</a> devido à <a href="/wiki/Coagula%C3%A7%C3%A3o_intravascular_disseminada" title="Coagulação intravascular disseminada">coagulação intravascular disseminada</a>). Nos casos de peste pneumónica e particularmente septicémica, o progresso da doença é tão rápido que muitas vezes não há tempo para o desenvolvimento de linfonodos aumentados.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne2004&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&amp;pg=PA62&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_8&#93;Capítulo_1:_Overview:_Plague_in_the_Middle_Ages_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne2004[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&amp;pg=PA62&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_8]Capítulo_1:_Overview:_Plague_in_the_Middle_Ages-71"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Várias teorias alternativas, implicando outras doenças na pandemia da Peste Negra, também foram propostas por alguns cientistas modernos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evidência_de_ADN"><span id="Evid.C3.AAncia_de_ADN"></span>Evidência de ADN</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar secção: Evidência de ADN" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Evidência de ADN"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Bubonic_plague_victims-mass_grave_in_Martigues,_France_1720-1721.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bubonic_plague_victims-mass_grave_in_Martigues%2C_France_1720-1721.jpg/220px-Bubonic_plague_victims-mass_grave_in_Martigues%2C_France_1720-1721.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bubonic_plague_victims-mass_grave_in_Martigues%2C_France_1720-1721.jpg/330px-Bubonic_plague_victims-mass_grave_in_Martigues%2C_France_1720-1721.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bubonic_plague_victims-mass_grave_in_Martigues%2C_France_1720-1721.jpg/440px-Bubonic_plague_victims-mass_grave_in_Martigues%2C_France_1720-1721.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption> Esqueletos numa vala comum de 1720 a 1721 em <a href="/wiki/Martigues" title="Martigues">Martigues</a>, França, renderam evidências moleculares do ramo <i>orientalis</i> de <i>Yersinia pestis</i>, o organismo responsável pela peste bubónica. A segunda pandemia de peste bubónica esteve activa na Europa desde 1347, o início da peste negra, até 1750</figcaption></figure> <p>Em 1998, Drancourt et al. relataram a detecção de ADN de <i>Y. pestis</i> na polpa dental humana de um túmulo medieval.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> Outra equipe liderada por Tom Gilbert questionou essa identificação e as técnicas empregues, afirmando que esse método "não nos permite confirmar a identificação de Y. pestis como agente etiológico da Peste Negra e das pragas subsequentes. Além disso, a utilidade da técnica de ADN publicada com base em dentes antigos, usada para diagnosticar bacteremias fatais em epidemias históricas, ainda aguarda confirmação independente".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A confirmação definitiva do papel de <i>Y. pestis</i> chegou em 2010 com uma publicação no <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_Pathogens" title="PLOS Pathogens">PLOS Pathogens</a></i> de Haensch et al.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> Eles avaliaram a presença de <a href="/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico">ADN</a> / <a href="/wiki/%C3%81cido_ribonucleico" title="Ácido ribonucleico">RNA</a> com técnicas de <a href="/wiki/Rea%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_cadeia_da_polimerase" title="Reação em cadeia da polimerase">reação em cadeia da polimerase</a> (PCR) para <i>Y. pestis</i> das <i>cavidades</i> <a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%A9olo_dent%C3%A1rio" title="Alvéolo dentário">dentárias</a> em esqueletos humanos de valas comuns no norte, centro e sul da Europa, associadas arqueologicamente com a Peste Negra e ressurgimentos subsequentes. Os autores concluíram que essa nova pesquisa, juntamente com análises anteriores do sul da França e da Alemanha, "encerra o debate sobre a causa da Peste Negra e demonstra inequivocamente que <i>Y. pestis</i> foi o agente causador da peste epidémica que devastou a Europa. durante a Idade Média ". Em 2011, esses resultados foram confirmados com evidências genéticas derivadas de vítimas da Peste Negra no cemitério de East Smithfield, na Inglaterra. Schuenemann et al. concluiu em 2011 "que a peste negra na Europa medieval foi causada por uma variante de <i>Y. pestis</i> que pode não existir mais".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mais tarde em 2011, Bos et al. relatou na <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i> o primeiro rascunho do genoma de <i>Y. pestis</i> a partir de vítimas da peste do mesmo cemitério de East Smithfield e concluiu que o ramo que causou a Peste Negra é ancestral relativamente aos ramos mais modernos de <i>Y. pestis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Desde essa época, outros trabalhos em genomas confirmaram ainda mais a localização filogenética da cepa <i>Y. pestis</i> responsável pela Peste Negra como a ancestral das epidemias posteriores da peste,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> incluindo a terceira pandemia de peste,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> causada por um ramo descendente da responsável pela <a href="/wiki/Praga_de_Justiniano" title="Praga de Justiniano">Praga de Justiniano</a>. Além disso, os genomas da peste significativamente mais antigos, na pré-história, foram recuperados.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O ADN retirado de 25 esqueletos de Londres do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIV</span> mostrou que a peste é de um ramo de <i>Y. pestis</i> quase idêntico ao que atingiu Madagascar em 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-the_guardian_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_guardian-80"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequências"><span id="Consequ.C3.AAncias"></span>Consequências</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar secção: Consequências" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Consequências"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo&#32;principal: <a href="/wiki/Consequ%C3%AAncias_da_Peste_Negra" title="Consequências da Peste Negra">Consequências da Peste Negra</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortes">Mortes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar secção: Mortes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Mortes"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Dance_of_Death_(CCLXIIIIv).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Dance_of_Death_%28CCLXIIIIv%29.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Dance_of_Death_%28CCLXIIIIv%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Dance_of_Death_%28CCLXIIIIv%29.jpg/330px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Dance_of_Death_%28CCLXIIIIv%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Dance_of_Death_%28CCLXIIIIv%29.jpg/440px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Dance_of_Death_%28CCLXIIIIv%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="1769" /></a><figcaption>Inspirado na Peste Negra, <i>A Dança da Morte</i>, ou <i><a href="/wiki/Dan%C3%A7a_macabra" title="Dança macabra">Danse Macabre</a></i>, uma <a href="/wiki/Alegoria" title="Alegoria">alegoria</a> sobre a universalidade da morte, era um motivo de pintura comum no final do período medieval</figcaption></figure> <p>Não há números exatos para o número de mortos, variando amplamente por localidade. Nos <a href="/wiki/Centro_urbano" title="Centro urbano">centros urbanos</a>, quanto maior a população antes do surto, maior a duração do período de mortalidade.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> Estima-se que a peste tenha matado cerca de 25 a 75 milhões de pessoas na <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%A1sia" title="Eurásia">Eurásia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lead_numbers_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lead_numbers-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> A taxa de mortalidade da Peste Negra no <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIV</span> foi maior que o surto da <i>yersinia pestis</i> que ocorreu na Índia no <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XX</span>, matando até 3% da população em certas cidades do país.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBjork2010_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBjork2010-84"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O historiador americano Philip Daileader, acredita que durante quatro anos, 45 a 50% da população europeia teriam morrido de peste.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaileader2004_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaileader2004-85"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> O norueguês Ole Benedictow, supõe que a população no continente europeu naquela época estaria em torno de 80 milhões de habitantes. A partir disso, sugere que o número de mortes pode ter acometido 60% da população na Europa — cerca de 50 milhões morreram na Peste Negra.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> Em 1348, a peste espalhou-se de uma forma tão rápida que, antes dos médicos ou autoridades governamentais pudessem planejar uma forma de rastrear sua origem, 30% da população européia já havia sido dizimada pela doença; nas grandes cidades, não era raro encontrar dados evidenciando 50% de mortes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristakosOleaSerre2005110–114III._Black_Death:_The_Background_–_B._The_Controversy_About_the_Epidemiologic_Nature_of_Black_Death_–_Modern_Etiology;_C._Interdisciplinay_Sources_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristakosOleaSerre2005110–114III._Black_Death:_The_Background_–_B._The_Controversy_About_the_Epidemiologic_Nature_of_Black_Death_–_Modern_Etiology;_C._Interdisciplinay_Sources-88"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup> Metade da população de Paris morreu. Na Itália, a população de <a href="/wiki/Floren%C3%A7a" title="Florença">Florença</a> foi reduzida de 110–120 mil habitantes em 1338 para 50 mil em 1351. Pelo menos 60% da população de <a href="/wiki/Hamburgo" title="Hamburgo">Hamburgo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> pereceram,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup> e uma porcentagem semelhante em <a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a> pode ter acometido os moradores da cidade,<sup id="cite_ref-the_guardian_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_guardian-80"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> com um número de mortos de aproximadamente 62 mil entre 1346 e 1353.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETignorAdelmanAron2011407_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETignorAdelmanAron2011407-90"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>nota 2<span>]</span></a></sup> Os registros fiscais de Florença sugerem que 80% da população da cidade morreram em quatro meses em 1348.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBjork2010_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBjork2010-84"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> Antes de 1350, havia cerca de 170 mil assentamentos na Alemanha, sendo reduzido em quase 40 mil em 1450.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWunderli1992&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=zhDIS1dgPI8C&amp;pg=PA52&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_52&#93;Capítulo_IV:_Walpurgisnacht_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWunderli1992[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=zhDIS1dgPI8C&amp;pg=PA52&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_52]Capítulo_IV:_Walpurgisnacht-93"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup> A doença contornou algumas áreas, sendo que as áreas mais isoladas sofreram menos pelo contágio pandêmico. A peste não esteve presente em <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a>, França, até a virada do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XV</span>, impactando de modo menos severo também em <a href="/wiki/Condado_de_Hainaut" title="Condado de Hainaut">Hainaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finl%C3%A2ndia" title="Finlândia">Finlândia</a>, norte alemão e áreas da Polônia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBjork2010_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBjork2010-84"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monge" title="Monge">Monges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freira" title="Freira">freiras</a> e <a href="/wiki/Padre" title="Padre">padres</a> foram especialmente atingidos, pois estavam em contato direto ao cuidarem das vítimas da doença.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettHollister2009329_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettHollister2009329-94"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Doutielt3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Doutielt3.jpg/220px-Doutielt3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Doutielt3.jpg/330px-Doutielt3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Doutielt3.jpg/440px-Doutielt3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Ilustração dos cidadãos de <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> enterrando as vítimas da peste (<a href="/wiki/Circa" title="Circa">c</a> 1353)</figcaption></figure> <p>O médico do <a href="/wiki/Papado_de_Avinh%C3%A3o" title="Papado de Avinhão">papado de Avinhão</a>, Raimundo Chalmel de Vinario, observou que a taxa de mortalidade e surtos decresceram em 1347–48, 1362, 1371 e 1382, de acordo com o tratado <i>De epidemica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne2012&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA354&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_354&#93;Vienna,_Austria_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne2012[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA354&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_354]Vienna,_Austria-95"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> No primeiro surto (1347–48), dois terços da população contraíram a peste e a maioria dos pacientes morreram. No segundo (1362), metade da população ficou doente, mas apenas alguns morreram. No terceiro (1371), um décimo foi afetado e muitos sobreviveram, enquanto que na quarta ocorrência (1382), apenas um em cada vinte pessoas adoeceram, sobrevivendo a maioria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne2012&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA354&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_354&#93;Vienna,_Austria_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne2012[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA354&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_354]Vienna,_Austria-95"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> Na Europa, durante a década de 1380, afetou predominantemente crianças.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBjork2010_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBjork2010-84"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> O médico papal reconheceu que o tratamento através da <a href="/wiki/Sangria_(medicina)" title="Sangria (medicina)">sangria</a> era ineficaz — embora continuasse indicando este tratamento para membros da <a href="/wiki/Santa_S%C3%A9#Cúria_Romana" title="Santa Sé">Cúria Romana</a> — alegando que todos os casos verdadeiros de peste eram causados por fatores <a href="/wiki/Astrologia" title="Astrologia">astrológicos</a> e incuráveis; ele próprio nunca foi capaz de efetuar uma cura.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne2012&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA334&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_334&#93;–&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA339&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_339&#93;Syndenham,_Thomas_(1625–1689)_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne2012[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA334&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_334]–[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA339&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_339]Syndenham,_Thomas_(1625–1689)-96"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A estimativa de mortalidade mais amplamente aceita para o <a href="/wiki/Oriente_M%C3%A9dio" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriente Médio">Oriente Médio</a> durante esse período — incluindo <a href="/wiki/Iraque" title="Iraque">Iraque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Irão">Irão</a> e Síria, é de cerca de um terço da população.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> A Peste Negra matou cerca de 40% da população do <a href="/wiki/Egito" title="Egito">Egito</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup> No Cairo, houve dois surtos da peste entre 1430 e 1460, durando um pouco mais que quatro meses em ambos os surtos: no primeiro surto (1430), matou em torno de 90 mil, enquanto que no segundo (1460), cerca de 70 mil pessoas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorsch2014129Plague_Depopulation_and_Irrigation_Decay_in_Medieval_Egypt_—_Measuring_Rural_Depopulation_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorsch2014129Plague_Depopulation_and_Irrigation_Decay_in_Medieval_Egypt_—_Measuring_Rural_Depopulation-99"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span>[</span>nota 3<span>]</span></a></sup> Estima-se que naquele período, Cairo tivesse uma população de 600 mil habitantes — possivelmente a maior cidade a oeste da China, estipulando algo entre 200–240 mil mortes em menos de um ano.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne201265_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne201265-101"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Económica"><span id="Econ.C3.B3mica"></span>Económica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar secção: Económica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Económica"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Com um declínio populacional tão grande causado pela peste, os salários aumentaram em resposta à escassez de mão de obra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheidel2017292–93;_304_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheidel2017292–93;_304-102"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup> Os proprietários de terras também foram pressionados a substituir as rendas por serviços de trabalho, num esforço para manter os inquilinos.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meio_Ambiente">Meio Ambiente</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar secção: Meio Ambiente" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Meio Ambiente"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alguns historiadores acreditam que as inúmeras mortes provocadas pela peste arrefeceram o clima, libertando terras e desencadeando <a href="/wiki/Reflorestamento" title="Reflorestamento">reflorestamentos</a>. Isto pode ter levado à <a href="/wiki/Pequena_Idade_do_Gelo" title="Pequena Idade do Gelo">Pequena Idade do Gelo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perseguições"><span id="Persegui.C3.A7.C3.B5es"></span>Perseguições</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar secção: Perseguições" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Perseguições"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O renovado fervor religioso e o <a href="/wiki/Fanatismo" title="Fanatismo">fanatismo</a> floresceram com o despoletar da peste negra. Vários grupos, como judeus, <a href="/wiki/Frade" title="Frade">frades</a>, estrangeiros, mendigos, <a href="/wiki/Peregrino" class="mw-redirect" title="Peregrino">peregrinos</a>, muçulmanos,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENirenberg2015&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=AqAEogEACAAJ&amp;pg=PA231&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_231&#93;–&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=AqAEogEACAAJ&amp;pg=PA232&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_232&#93;Epilogue_–_The_Black_Death_and_Beyond_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENirenberg2015[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=AqAEogEACAAJ&amp;pg=PA231&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_231]–[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=AqAEogEACAAJ&amp;pg=PA232&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_232]Epilogue_–_The_Black_Death_and_Beyond-104"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup> leprosos, <a href="/wiki/Sodomia" title="Sodomia">sodomitas</a> e ciganos, foram alvos de perseguições e igualmente considerados culpados pela disseminação da doença e outros com doenças de pele como <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Psor%C3%ADase" title="Psoríase">psoríase</a> foram mortos em toda a Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2008&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=pd31uoEVw0sC&amp;pg=PA144&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_144&#93;Capítulo_5:_A_Persecuting_Society_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2008[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=pd31uoEVw0sC&amp;pg=PA144&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_144]Capítulo_5:_A_Persecuting_Society-105"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Como os curandeiros e os governos do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIV</span> não tinham quaisquer ferramentas para explicar ou parar a doença, os europeus voltaram-se para forças <a href="/wiki/Astrologia" title="Astrologia">astrológicas</a>, terremotos e envenenamento de poços pelos judeus como possíveis razões para surtos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettHollister2009326_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettHollister2009326-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Muitos acreditavam que a epidemia era um <a href="/wiki/Castigo_divino" title="Castigo divino">castigo de Deus</a> pelos seus pecados, e poderiam ser aliviados com <a href="/wiki/Perd%C3%A3o" title="Perdão">o perdão de Deus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Houve muitos ataques contra comunidades judaicas.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup> No massacre de Estrasburgo, em fevereiro de 1349, cerca de 2 mil judeus foram assassinados. Em agosto de 1349, as comunidades judaicas em <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B4nia_(Alemanha)" title="Colônia (Alemanha)">Colônia</a> foram aniquiladas. Em 1351, 60 comunidades judaicas maiores e 150 menores haviam sido destruídas.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup> Durante esse período, muitos judeus mudaram-se para a <a href="/wiki/Reino_da_Pol%C3%B4nia_(1025%E2%80%931385)" title="Reino da Polônia (1025–1385)">Polônia</a>, onde foram recebidos calorosamente pelo rei <a href="/wiki/Casimiro_III_da_Pol%C3%B4nia" title="Casimiro III da Polônia">Casimiro, o Grande</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottfried2010&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=oK4HTBcdSJsC&amp;pg=PA74&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Casimir&amp;f=false_74&#93;Capítulo_4:_The_Plague’s_Progress_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottfried2010[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=oK4HTBcdSJsC&amp;pg=PA74&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Casimir&amp;f=false_74]Capítulo_4:_The_Plague’s_Progress-109"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar secção: Social" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Social"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg/220px-The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg/330px-The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg/440px-The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/O_Triunfo_da_Morte" title="O Triunfo da Morte">O Triunfo da Morte</a>, de</i> <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel,_o_Velho" title="Pieter Bruegel, o Velho">Pieter Bruegel</a>, reflete o levante social e o terror que se seguiu à peste, que devastou a Europa medieval</figcaption></figure> <p>Uma teoria que foi avançada é que a devastação em Florença causada pela Peste Negra, que atingiu a Europa entre 1348 e 1350, resultou em uma mudança na visão mundial das pessoas na Itália do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIV</span> e levou ao <a href="/wiki/Renascimento" title="Renascimento">Renascimento</a>. A Itália foi particularmente afetada pela peste, e especula-se que a familiaridade resultante com a morte fez com que os pensadores pensassem mais nas suas vidas na Terra, em vez de na <a href="/wiki/Espiritualidade" title="Espiritualidade">espiritualidade</a> e na vida após a morte.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchman2011_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchman2011-110"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup> Também se argumentou que a Peste Negra provocou uma nova onda de piedade, manifestada no <a href="/wiki/Mecenato" title="Mecenato">patrocínio</a> de obras de arte religiosas.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup> No entanto, isso não explica completamente por que o Renascimento ocorreu especificamente na Itália no <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIV</span>. A Peste Negra foi uma pandemia que afetou toda a Europa das formas descritas, não apenas a Itália. O surgimento do Renascimento na Itália foi provavelmente o resultado da complexa interação dos fatores acima, em combinação com um influxo de estudiosos gregos após a <a href="/wiki/Queda_de_Constantinopla" title="Queda de Constantinopla">queda do Império Bizantino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrotton200628–61Capítulo_1:_A_Global_Renaissance;_Capítulo_2:_The_Humanist_Script;_Capítulo_3:_Church_and_State_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrotton200628–61Capítulo_1:_A_Global_Renaissance;_Capítulo_2:_The_Humanist_Script;_Capítulo_3:_Church_and_State-112"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A peste foi carregada por pulgas em navios que retornavam dos portos da Ásia, espalhando-se rapidamente devido à falta de saneamento adequado: a população da Inglaterra, então com cerca de 4,2 milhões, perdeu 1,4 milhão de pessoas devido à peste bubónica. A população de Florença estava quase pela metade no ano de 1347. Como resultado da dizimação na população, o valor da classe trabalhadora aumentou e os plebeus passaram a gozar de mais liberdade. Para responder à crescente necessidade de mão de obra, os trabalhadores viajaram em busca da posição mais favorável economicamente.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetzley1998&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;id=l5YneYz5CrUC&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=florence+1347_Citação&#93;_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetzley1998[https://books.google.com.br/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;id=l5YneYz5CrUC&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=florence+1347_Citação]-113"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup> O declínio demográfico devido à peste teve consequências económicas: os preços dos alimentos caíram e os valores da terra caíram de 30 a 40% na maior parte da Europa entre 1350 e 1400. Os proprietários enfrentaram uma grande perda, mas, para alguns homens e mulheres comuns, foi um golpe de sorte. Os sobreviventes da peste descobriram não apenas que os preços dos alimentos eram mais baratos, mas também que as terras eram mais abundantes, e muitos deles herdaram propriedades de seus parentes mortos, e isso provavelmente ajudou a desestabilizar o <a href="/wiki/Feudalismo" title="Feudalismo">feudalismo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauseMaltby2000&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;id=M_U8gA2cl9YC&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=demographic+collapse+relieved_217&#93;_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauseMaltby2000[https://books.google.com.br/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;id=M_U8gA2cl9YC&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=demographic+collapse+relieved_217]-114"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A propagação da doença foi significativamente mais desenfreada em áreas de pobreza. <a href="/wiki/Epidemia" title="Epidemia">As epidemias</a> devastaram cidades, principalmente crianças. As pestes eram facilmente disseminadas por piolhos, água potável não sanitária, exércitos ou por falta de saneamento. As crianças foram as mais atingidas porque muitas doenças, como tifo e sífilis congênita, atingem o sistema imunológico, deixando as crianças sem chance de lutar. As crianças nas residências da cidade foram mais afetadas pela propagação de doenças do que as crianças dos mais abastados.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt200230;_39;_69;_166_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200230;_39;_69;_166-115"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup> A Peste Negra causou uma maior agitação à estrutura social e política de Florença do que as epidemias posteriores. Apesar de um número significativo de mortes entre os membros das classes dominantes, o governo de Florença continuou a funcionar durante esse período. As reuniões formais dos representantes eleitos foram suspensas durante o auge da epidemia devido às condições caóticas da cidade, mas um pequeno grupo de funcionários foi nomeado para conduzir os assuntos da cidade, o que garantiu a continuidade do governo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattyHatty1999&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=V0yJQXmGODgC&amp;pg=PA89&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_89&#93;Capítulo_4:_Disordered_Bodies_in_Abundance_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattyHatty1999[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=V0yJQXmGODgC&amp;pg=PA89&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_89]Capítulo_4:_Disordered_Bodies_in_Abundance-116"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muitas evidências históricas mostram que a terceira pandemia tem muitos casos relatados mundialmente que revelaram ou criaram grandes problemas sociais e desigualdades raciais.<sup id="cite_ref-Echenberg_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Echenberg-117"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup> Muitos dos portos infectados durante a peste eram, na época, colônias britânicas. Isso significa que nessas colônias o <a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Brit%C3%A2nico" title="Império Britânico">Império Britânico</a> foi responsável pela maioria das ações utilizadas para prevenir a doença.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatterjee_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatterjee-118"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></a></sup> Devido a isso, os britânicos frequentemente acabavam impondo práticas médicas de higiene ocidental e medidas radicais de quarentena em países provinciais como Índia, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81frica_do_Sul" title="África do Sul">África do Sul</a> e Hong Kong. Essas medidas sanitárias ocidentais impostas eram novas nessas áreas, causando medo e apreensão aos nativos por parte do governo britânico. Na Índia, quarentenas severas foram inicialmente implementadas pelos governos britânicos, levando ao ressentimento da Índia em relação às medidas de quarentena.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatterjee_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatterjee-118"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></a></sup> Na África do Sul, quando a praga estourou na <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B4nia_do_Cabo" class="mw-redirect" title="Colônia do Cabo">Colônia do Cabo</a>, o governo britânico tomou uma decisão radical de mover um grande grupo de sul-africanos nativos para áreas periféricas da cidade, na qual historiadores defendem a ideia de que o afastamento decorrente de tal mudança ocasionou a <a href="/wiki/Segrega%C3%A7%C3%A3o_racial" title="Segregação racial">segregação racial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></a></sup> Em Hong Kong, os britânicos aplicaram muitas práticas médicas não convencionais, como levar vítimas da peste em barcos à água e resfriar as vítimas da peste com gelo, o que assustou muitos residentes chineses e os levou a migrarem de volta para a <a href="/wiki/China_continental" title="China continental">China continental</a>, onde a doença era mais intensa.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outra área afetada foi durante o grande incêndio de Honolulu (1900) que causou a destruição da região de <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, com mais de 7 mil residentes chineses e japoneses desabrigados.<sup id="cite_ref-Echenberg_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Echenberg-117"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup> Nos Estados Unidos, quando a praga atingiu <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_(Calif%C3%B3rnia)" title="São Francisco (Califórnia)">São Francisco</a>, houve um grande conflito social no fator do conselho médico da cidade, implementando uma quarentena estrita em todo o distrito de Chinatown depois de descobrirem apenas um caso de praga, fazendo com que muitos questionassem se o problema era causado ou não pelo preconceito racial — de que os residentes de Chinatown possuíam hábitos de má higienização e, portanto, proliferando a peste.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recorrências"><span id="Recorr.C3.AAncias"></span>Recorrências</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Editar secção: Recorrências" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Recorrências"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segunda_pandemia_de_peste">Segunda pandemia de peste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Editar secção: Segunda pandemia de peste" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Segunda pandemia de peste"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Great_plague_of_london-1665.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Great_plague_of_london-1665.jpg/190px-Great_plague_of_london-1665.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Great_plague_of_london-1665.jpg/285px-Great_plague_of_london-1665.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Great_plague_of_london-1665.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Grande_Peste_de_Londres" title="Grande Peste de Londres">Grande Peste de Londres</a>, o último grande surto da peste bubônica na Inglaterra, em 1665, matou até 100 mil pessoas</figcaption></figure> <p>A peste voltou repetidamente a assombrar a Europa e o Mediterrâneo ao longo dos séculos XIV a XVII.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter2009&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=x2EBkPNnUXEC&amp;pg=PA25&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_25&#93;Capítulo_1:_Plague_and_Society_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2009[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=x2EBkPNnUXEC&amp;pg=PA25&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_25]Capítulo_1:_Plague_and_Society-123"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></a></sup> Segundo Jean-Noël Biraben, a peste estava presente em algum lugar da Europa todos os anos entre 1346 e 1671.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHays1998&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=iMHmn9c38QgC&amp;pg=PA58&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_58&#93;Capítulo_3:_The_Great_Plague_Pandemic_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHays1998[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=iMHmn9c38QgC&amp;pg=PA58&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_58]Capítulo_3:_The_Great_Plague_Pandemic-124"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></a></sup> No entanto, há pesquisadores que não possuem certeza a respeito do período exposto por Biraben.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></a></sup> A segunda pandemia foi particularmente disseminada nos anos seguintes: 1360–1363; 1374; 1400; 1438–1439; 1456–1457; 1464–1466; 1481–1485; 1500–1503; 1518–1531; 1544–1548; 1563–1566; 1573–1588; 1596–1599; 1602–1611; 1623–1640; 1644–1654; e 1664–1667. Os surtos subsequentes, embora graves, marcaram um retrocesso da maior parte da Europa (<span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XVIII</span>) e norte da África (<span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIX</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHays2005&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC&amp;pg=PA46&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_46&#93;Capítulo_7:_Second_Plague_Pandemic,_1346–1844_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHays2005[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC&amp;pg=PA46&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_46]Capítulo_7:_Second_Plague_Pandemic,_1346–1844-126"><span>[</span>123<span>]</span></a></sup> Segundo Geoffrey Parker, "só a França perdeu quase um milhão de pessoas devido à peste na epidemia de 1628–1631".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20017_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20017-127"><span>[</span>124<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Na Inglaterra, na ausência de números do censo, os historiadores propõem uma série de números da população pré-incidente de seis milhões em 1300,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorsch2009Capítulo_2:_Mortality,_Irrigation,_and_Landholders_in_Mamluk_Egypt_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorsch2009Capítulo_2:_Mortality,_Irrigation,_and_Landholders_in_Mamluk_Egypt-128"><span>[</span>125<span>]</span></a></sup> e uma população pós-incidente de 1,5 milhões.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1999&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=aUr31ZoNGuAC&amp;pg=PA63&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_63&#93;Capítulo_3:_Early_Middle_English_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1999[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=aUr31ZoNGuAC&amp;pg=PA63&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_63]Capítulo_3:_Early_Middle_English-129"><span>[</span>126<span>]</span></a></sup> No final de 1350, a Peste Negra diminuiu, mas ocorreram outros surtos em 1361–1362, 1369, 1379–1383, 1389–1393 e durante a primeira metade do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XV</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_History_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_History-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Um surto em 1471 atingiu 10 a 15% da população, enquanto a taxa de mortalidade da peste de 1479 a 1480 poderia ter chegado a 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottfried2010xviIntroduction_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottfried2010xviIntroduction-130"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup> Os surtos mais gerais na Inglaterra de <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Tudor" title="Casa de Tudor">Tudor</a> e <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Stuart" title="Casa de Stuart">Stuart</a> parecem ter começado em 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589, 1603, 1625 e 1636, finalizando com a <a href="/wiki/Grande_Praga_de_Londres" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Praga de Londres">Grande Peste de Londres</a> em 1665.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span>[</span>128<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68913260/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Chevalier_Roze_%C3%A0_la_Tourette_-_1720.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Chevalier_Roze_%C3%A0_la_Tourette_-_1720.PNG/200px-Chevalier_Roze_%C3%A0_la_Tourette_-_1720.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Chevalier_Roze_%C3%A0_la_Tourette_-_1720.PNG/300px-Chevalier_Roze_%C3%A0_la_Tourette_-_1720.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Chevalier_Roze_%C3%A0_la_Tourette_-_1720.PNG/400px-Chevalier_Roze_%C3%A0_la_Tourette_-_1720.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="1087" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pintura contemporânea de <a href="/wiki/Marselha" title="Marselha">Marselha</a> durante a Grande Peste em 1720</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Piazza_Mercatello_durante_la_peste_del_1656_-_Spadaro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Piazza_Mercatello_durante_la_peste_del_1656_-_Spadaro.jpg/200px-Piazza_Mercatello_durante_la_peste_del_1656_-_Spadaro.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Piazza_Mercatello_durante_la_peste_del_1656_-_Spadaro.jpg/300px-Piazza_Mercatello_durante_la_peste_del_1656_-_Spadaro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Piazza_Mercatello_durante_la_peste_del_1656_-_Spadaro.jpg/400px-Piazza_Mercatello_durante_la_peste_del_1656_-_Spadaro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="851" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pintura contemporânea de <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1poles" title="Nápoles">Nápoles</a> durante a peste de Nápoles em 1656</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Em 1566, estimasse que 25 mil pessoas tenham morrido da peste em Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2002&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&amp;pg=PA25&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_25&#93;Capítulo_2:_London_and_Paris,_the_Setting_of_Life_and_Death_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2002[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&amp;pg=PA25&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_25]Capítulo_2:_London_and_Paris,_the_Setting_of_Life_and_Death-132"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup> Durante os séculos XVI e XVII, a peste esteve presente em Paris cerca de 30% do tempo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2002_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2002-133"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup> A Peste Negra devastou a Europa por três anos antes de continuar na Rússia, onde a doença estava presente em algum lugar do país 25 vezes entre 1350 e 1490.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne2004&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&amp;pg=PA62&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_62&#93;Capítulo_4:_Effects_of_The_Black_Death_on_European_Society_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne2004[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&amp;pg=PA62&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_62]Capítulo_4:_Effects_of_The_Black_Death_on_European_Society-134"><span>[</span>131<span>]</span></a></sup> As epidemias de peste devastaram Londres em 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636 e 1665,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2002&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&amp;pg=PA24&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_24&#93;Capítulo_2:_London_and_Paris,_the_Setting_of_Life_and_Death_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2002[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&amp;pg=PA24&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_24]Capítulo_2:_London_and_Paris,_the_Setting_of_Life_and_Death-135"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup> reduzindo a sua população entre 10 a 30% durante esses anos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampion19931–17_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampion19931–17-136"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup> Mais de 10% da população de <a href="/wiki/Amesterd%C3%A3o" title="Amesterdão">Amsterdão</a> morreu em 1623–1625 e novamente em 1635–1636, 1655 e 1664.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoordegraafValk1996230_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoordegraafValk1996230-137"><span>[</span>134<span>]</span></a></sup> A peste ocorreu em <a href="/wiki/Veneza" title="Veneza">Veneza</a> 22 vezes entre 1361 e 1528.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPullan2005&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=2DlGaWQBDQEC&amp;pg=PA151&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_151&#93;Capítulo_7:_Wage-Earners_and_the_Venetian_Economy,_1550–1630_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPullan2005[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=2DlGaWQBDQEC&amp;pg=PA151&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_151]Capítulo_7:_Wage-Earners_and_the_Venetian_Economy,_1550–1630-138"><span>[</span>135<span>]</span></a></sup> A peste de 1576–1577 obteve um aumento de 28% no índice de mortalidade em Veneza — equivalente a 50 mil mortes em uma população de 180 mil venezianos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindemann1999&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=fQxAkrbksTEC&amp;pg=PA41&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_41&#93;Capítulo_2:_Epidemics_and_Infectious_Diseases_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindemann1999[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=fQxAkrbksTEC&amp;pg=PA41&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_41]Capítulo_2:_Epidemics_and_Infectious_Diseases-139"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup> Os surtos tardios na Europa central incluíram a Peste italiana de 1629–1631, associada a movimentos de tropas durante a <a href="/wiki/Guerra_dos_Trinta_Anos" title="Guerra dos Trinta Anos">Guerra dos Trinta Anos</a>, e a <a href="/wiki/Grande_Peste_de_Viena" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Peste de Viena">Grande Peste de Viena</a> em 1679. Mais de 60% da população da Noruega morreu em 1348–1350.<sup id="cite_ref-forskning_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forskning-140"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup> O último surto de peste devastou <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> em 1654.<sup id="cite_ref-cripkl_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cripkl-141"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedictow2006146–158Capítulo_16:_Norway_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedictow2006146–158Capítulo_16:_Norway-142"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Na primeira metade do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XVII</span>, uma peste reivindicou cerca de 1,7 milhão de vítimas na Itália, ou cerca de 14% da população.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelock1937359–60_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelock1937359–60-143"><span>[</span>140<span>]</span></a></sup> Em 1656, a Peste de Nápoles matou cerca de metade dos 300 mil habitantes de <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1poles" title="Nápoles">Nápoles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span>[</span>141<span>]</span></a></sup> Mais de 1,25 milhões de mortes resultaram da extrema incidência de peste na Espanha do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XVII</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1973Capítulo_15:_The_Seventeenth-Century_Decline_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1973Capítulo_15:_The_Seventeenth-Century_Decline-145"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup> A peste de 1649 provavelmente reduziu a população de <a href="/wiki/Sevilha" title="Sevilha">Sevilha</a> pela metade. A epidemia também alastrou-se durante a <a href="/wiki/Grande_Guerra_do_Norte" title="Grande Guerra do Norte">Grande Guerra do Norte</a> (1700–1721), disputa entre o <a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Sueco" title="Império Sueco">Império Sueco</a> contra o <a href="/wiki/Czarado_da_R%C3%BAssia" title="Czarado da Rússia">Czarado da Rússia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup> matando cerca de 100 mil e 300 mil, respectivamente, entre os anos de 1709 e 1713.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander2002&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&amp;pg=PA21&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_21&#93;Capítulo_1:_Plague_Epidemics_and_Antiplague_Precautions_in_Russia_to_1770_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2002[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&amp;pg=PA21&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_21]Capítulo_1:_Plague_Epidemics_and_Antiplague_Precautions_in_Russia_to_1770-148"><span>[</span>145<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBray2004&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=djPWGnvBm08C&amp;pg=PA72&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_72&#93;Capítulo_8:_The_Black_Death_(part_3)_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBray2004[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=djPWGnvBm08C&amp;pg=PA72&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_72]Capítulo_8:_The_Black_Death_(part_3)-149"><span>[</span>146<span>]</span></a></sup> A peste matou dois terços dos habitantes de <a href="/wiki/Hels%C3%ADnquia" title="Helsínquia">Helsínquia</a> e reivindicou um terço da população de <a href="/wiki/Estocolmo" title="Estocolmo">Estocolmo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2009&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=sB7rtxDpeB4C&amp;pg=PA9&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_9&#93;A_Beutiful,_Hungry_Landscape_Approaching_Stockholm_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2009[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=sB7rtxDpeB4C&amp;pg=PA9&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_9]A_Beutiful,_Hungry_Landscape_Approaching_Stockholm-151"><span>[</span>148<span>]</span></a></sup> A última grande epidemia da Europa Ocidental ocorreu em 1720 em Marselha.<sup id="cite_ref-forskning_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forskning-140"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup> A peste russa de 1770–1772 matou até 100 mil pessoas em <a href="/wiki/Moscou" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscou">Moscovo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup> Estima-se que 60 mil pessoas morreram durante a peste de Caragea em 1813–1814, 20 a 30 mil delas em <a href="/wiki/Bucareste" title="Bucareste">Bucareste</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIonescu1974287–293_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIonescu1974287–293-153"><span>[</span>150<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Peste Negra devastou também grande parte do <a href="/wiki/Mundo_isl%C3%A2mico" title="Mundo islâmico">mundo islâmico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakersLanslorEskelner2019&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=RHu7DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT350&amp;lpg=PT350&amp;dq=The+Islamic+World+to+1600:+The+Mongol+Invasions+(The+Black+Death)+ucalgary&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ovRLrCh-9z&amp;sig=ACfU3U352ZLyyQxH0tGechfcjlNVbXig8Q&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjs95-D1vXpAhWbLLkGHVzrDwYQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=snippet&amp;q=peste%20mundo%20&amp;f=false_Seção_13&#93;_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakersLanslorEskelner2019[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=RHu7DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT350&amp;lpg=PT350&amp;dq=The+Islamic+World+to+1600:+The+Mongol+Invasions+(The+Black+Death)+ucalgary&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ovRLrCh-9z&amp;sig=ACfU3U352ZLyyQxH0tGechfcjlNVbXig8Q&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjs95-D1vXpAhWbLLkGHVzrDwYQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=snippet&amp;q=peste%2520mundo%2520&amp;f=false_Seção_13]-154"><span>[</span>151<span>]</span></a></sup> A peste estava presente em pelo menos um local no mundo islâmico praticamente todos os anos entre 1500 e 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne200849Volume_1:_Animal_Diseases_(Zoonoses)_and_Epidemic_Diseases_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne200849Volume_1:_Animal_Diseases_(Zoonoses)_and_Epidemic_Diseases-155"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup> A peste atingiu várias vezes as cidades do norte da África. <a href="/wiki/Argel" title="Argel">Argel</a> perdeu 30 a 50 mil habitantes em 1620–1621 e novamente em 1654–1657, 1665, 1691 e 1740–1742.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavisDavis2003_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavisDavis2003-156"><span>[</span>153<span>]</span></a></sup> A peste permaneceu um grande evento na sociedade <a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Otomano" title="Império Otomano">otomana</a> até ao segundo quarto do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIX</span>. Entre 1701 e 1750, trinta e sete epidemias maiores e menores foram registradas em <a href="/wiki/Constantinopla" title="Constantinopla">Constantinopla</a>, e outras trinta e uma entre 1751 e 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadrierePublishers2018_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadrierePublishers2018-157"><span>[</span>154<span>]</span></a></sup> Bagdade sofreu severamente com as visitas da peste e, por vezes, dois terços da população foi exterminada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssawi1988&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&amp;pg=PA104&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_104&#93;Capítulo_24:_Plagues_and_Floods_in_Baghdad,_1822_and_1831_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssawi1988[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&amp;pg=PA104&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_104]Capítulo_24:_Plagues_and_Floods_in_Baghdad,_1822_and_1831-158"><span>[</span>155<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terceira_pandemia_de_peste">Terceira pandemia de peste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Editar secção: Terceira pandemia de peste" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Terceira pandemia de peste"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68913260/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:411px;max-width:411px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Man_being_injected_by_doctor,_during_the_outbreak_of_bubonic_Wellcome_V0029287.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Man_being_injected_by_doctor%2C_during_the_outbreak_of_bubonic_Wellcome_V0029287.jpg/203px-Man_being_injected_by_doctor%2C_during_the_outbreak_of_bubonic_Wellcome_V0029287.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Man_being_injected_by_doctor%2C_during_the_outbreak_of_bubonic_Wellcome_V0029287.jpg/305px-Man_being_injected_by_doctor%2C_during_the_outbreak_of_bubonic_Wellcome_V0029287.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Man_being_injected_by_doctor%2C_during_the_outbreak_of_bubonic_Wellcome_V0029287.jpg/406px-Man_being_injected_by_doctor%2C_during_the_outbreak_of_bubonic_Wellcome_V0029287.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3306" data-file-height="2180" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Paciente com peste sendo injetado por um médico em 1897 em <a href="/wiki/Carachi" title="Carachi">Carachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paquist%C3%A3o" title="Paquistão">Paquistão</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Picture_of_Manchurian_Plague_victims_in_1910_-1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Picture_of_Manchurian_Plague_victims_in_1910_-1911.jpg/200px-Picture_of_Manchurian_Plague_victims_in_1910_-1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Picture_of_Manchurian_Plague_victims_in_1910_-1911.jpg/300px-Picture_of_Manchurian_Plague_victims_in_1910_-1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Picture_of_Manchurian_Plague_victims_in_1910_-1911.jpg/400px-Picture_of_Manchurian_Plague_victims_in_1910_-1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="616" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Imagem das vítimas de <a href="/wiki/Peste_pulmonar" class="mw-redirect" title="Peste pulmonar">peste pulmonar</a> em 1910–11 na <a href="/wiki/Manch%C3%BAria" title="Manchúria">Manchúria</a>, China</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A terceira pandemia de peste (1855) foi uma grande pandemia de <a href="/wiki/Peste_bub%C3%B4nica" title="Peste bubônica">peste bubônica</a> que começou em <a href="/wiki/Iun%C3%A3" title="Iunã">Iunã</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, durante o quinto ano do imperador <a href="/wiki/Xianfeng" title="Xianfeng">Xianfeng</a> da <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Dinastia Qing">dinastia Qing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn2003&#91;https&#58;//archive.org/details/blackdeathtransf00samu/page/336_336&#93;_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn2003[https://archive.org/details/blackdeathtransf00samu/page/336_336]-159"><span>[</span>156<span>]</span></a></sup> Espalhou-se por todos os continentes habitados e vitimou 10–12 milhões de pessoas somente na Índia e China,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span>[</span>157<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span>[</span>158<span>]</span></a></sup> tornando uma das <a href="/wiki/Lista_de_epidemias" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista de epidemias">pandemias mais mortais</a> da história — estima-se que mais de 15 milhões de pessoas mundialmente.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span>[</span>159<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span>[</span>160<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-john_frith_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-john_frith-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Um <a href="/wiki/Reservat%C3%B3rio_natural" title="Reservatório natural">reservatório natural</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Nicho" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicho">nicho</a> da peste centrou-se no oeste de Iunã. A terceira pandemia de peste se originou na área após um rápido influxo de <a href="/wiki/Han_(etnia)" title="Han (etnia)">chineses Han</a> demandarem por minerais, principalmente o <a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre">cobre</a>, na segunda metade do século XIX.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict1996&#91;https&#58;//archive.org/details/bubonicplagueinn00bene/page/47/mode/2up_47&#93;_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict1996[https://archive.org/details/bubonicplagueinn00bene/page/47/mode/2up_47]-164"><span>[</span>161<span>]</span></a></sup> Em 1850, a população se expandiu para mais de 7 milhões de pessoas. O aumento do transporte em toda a região colocou as pessoas em contato com pulgas infectadas pela peste, o principal vetor entre o rato de peito amarelo — <i>Rattus flavipectus</i> — e humanos. Muitos trouxeram pulgas e ratos de volta às crescentes áreas urbanas, onde pequenos surtos às vezes atingiam proporções epidêmicas. A praga se espalhou ainda mais depois que as disputas entre os mineiros chineses Han e <a href="/wiki/Hui_(povo)" title="Hui (povo)">muçulmanos Hui</a> no início da década de 1850 irromperam em uma revolta violenta, conhecida como a <a href="/wiki/Revolta_dos_Panthay" title="Revolta dos Panthay">Revolta dos Panthay</a>, que levou a novos deslocamentos por movimentos de tropas e migrações de refugiados. O surto da peste ajudou a recrutar pessoas para a <a href="/wiki/Rebeli%C3%A3o_Taiping" title="Rebelião Taiping">Rebelião Taiping</a>. A praga começou a aparecer nas províncias de <a href="/wiki/Quancim" title="Quancim">Guangxi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Cant%C3%A3o_(prov%C3%ADncia)" title="Cantão (província)">Guangdong</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Ain%C3%A3o" title="Ainão">Ilha de Hainan</a> e depois no delta do <a href="/wiki/Rio_das_P%C3%A9rolas" title="Rio das Pérolas">rio das Pérolas</a>, incluindo Guangdong e <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. Embora o historiador <a href="/wiki/William_H._McNeill" title="William H. McNeill">William H. McNeill</a> e outros acreditassem que a praga tenha sido trazida do interior para as regiões costeiras por tropas que retornavam das batalhas contra os rebeldes muçulmanos, Benedict sugeriu evidências a favor do crescente e lucrativo comércio de <a href="/wiki/%C3%93pio" title="Ópio">ópio</a>, que começou depois de cerca de 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict1996&#91;https&#58;//archive.org/details/bubonicplagueinn00bene/page/47/mode/2up_47&#93;_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict1996[https://archive.org/details/bubonicplagueinn00bene/page/47/mode/2up_47]-164"><span>[</span>161<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict1996&#91;https&#58;//archive.org/details/bubonicplagueinn00bene/page/70/mode/2up_70&#93;_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict1996[https://archive.org/details/bubonicplagueinn00bene/page/70/mode/2up_70]-165"><span>[</span>162<span>]</span></a></sup> Na cidade de <a href="/wiki/Cant%C3%A3o_(cidade)" title="Cantão (cidade)">Guangzhou</a>, a partir de março de 1894, a doença matou 80 mil pessoas em poucas semanas. O tráfego diário de água na cidade vizinha de Hong Kong espalhou rapidamente a doença. Em dois meses, após 100 mil mortes, as taxas de mortalidade caíram abaixo das taxas de epidemia, mas a doença continuou a ser endêmica em Hong Kong até 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span>[</span>163<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doze surtos de peste na Austrália entre 1900 e 1925 resultaram em mais de mil mortes, principalmente em Sydney. Isso levou ao estabelecimento de um Departamento de Saúde Pública no país, que realizou algumas pesquisas de ponta sobre a transmissão da peste de pulgas de ratos a humanos através do bacilo <i>Yersinia pestis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span>[</span>164<span>]</span></a></sup> A primeira epidemia de peste na América do Norte foi a praga de São Francisco de 1900 a 1904, seguida por outro surto em 1907 a 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2003_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2003-168"><span>[</span>165<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEchenberg2007&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=qw1M_3amPcQC&amp;pg=PA236&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_236&#93;;_&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=qw1M_3amPcQC&amp;pg=PA240&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_240&#93;Capítulo_8:_Black_Plague_Creeps_into_America_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEchenberg2007[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=qw1M_3amPcQC&amp;pg=PA236&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_236];_[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=qw1M_3amPcQC&amp;pg=PA240&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_240]Capítulo_8:_Black_Plague_Creeps_into_America-169"><span>[</span>166<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraut1995&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=EIqwDj9umzYC&amp;pg=PA96&amp;vq=1907&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q=1907&amp;f=false_96&#93;Capítulo_4:_A_Plague_of_Nativism:_The_Cases_of_Chick_Gin_and_“Typhoid_Mary”_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraut1995[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=EIqwDj9umzYC&amp;pg=PA96&amp;vq=1907&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q=1907&amp;f=false_96]Capítulo_4:_A_Plague_of_Nativism:_The_Cases_of_Chick_Gin_and_“Typhoid_Mary”-170"><span>[</span>167<span>]</span></a></sup> De acordo com a <a href="/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Mundial_da_Sa%C3%BAde" title="Organização Mundial da Saúde">Organização Mundial da Saúde</a> (OMS), a pandemia foi considerada ativa até 1960, quando o número de vítimas mundiais caiu para 200 ao ano.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrater2009&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=3_65UNS3sbAC&amp;pg=PA175&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_175&#93;_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrater2009[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=3_65UNS3sbAC&amp;pg=PA175&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_175]-171"><span>[</span>168<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os métodos modernos de tratamento incluem <a href="/wiki/Inseticida" title="Inseticida">inseticidas</a>, uso de <a href="/wiki/Antibi%C3%B3tico" title="Antibiótico">antibióticos</a> e uma vacina contra a peste. Teme-se que a bactéria da peste possa desenvolver resistência a medicamentos e novamente voltar a ser uma grande ameaça à saúde. Um caso de uma forma resistente à droga da bactéria foi encontrado em <a href="/wiki/Madag%C3%A1scar" title="Madagáscar">Madagascar</a> em 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span>[</span>169<span>]</span></a></sup> Um novo surto em Madagascar foi relatado em novembro de 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span>[</span>170<span>]</span></a></sup> Em outubro de 2017, o surto mais mortal da peste nos tempos modernos atingiu Madagascar, matando 170 pessoas e infectando milhares.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span>[</span>171<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2 id="Notas" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso.">Notas</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O termo "murrain" possui um significado obsoleto para várias doenças infecciosas que afetam <a href="/wiki/Bovinos" title="Bovinos">bovinos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ovis_aries" title="Ovis aries">ovinos</a>. Literalmente significa "morte" e era usado na época medieval.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Enquanto relatos contemporâneos afirmam a criação de inúmeras <a href="/wiki/Vala_comum" title="Vala comum">valas</a> em resposta ao grande número de mortos, investigações científicas recentes de uma cova no centro de Londres encontraram indivíduos bem preservados enterrados em sepulturas isoladas e espaçadas de maneira uniforme, sugerindo algum planejamento estratégico e enterros associados ao <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%A3o" title="Cristão">cristãos</a> naquele período.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evidências primárias quantitativas, incluindo números de mortos diariamente, apoiam essa conclusão.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorsch2014129Plague_Depopulation_and_Irrigation_Decay_in_Medieval_Egypt_—_Measuring_Rural_Depopulation_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorsch2014129Plague_Depopulation_and_Irrigation_Decay_in_Medieval_Egypt_—_Measuring_Rural_Depopulation-99"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"></div> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lead_numbers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-lead_numbers_1-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-lead_numbers_1-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Fontes para o número de mortes: <a href="#CITEREFAberth2021">Aberth 2021</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBenedictow2021">Benedictow 2021</a>, pp.&#160;869–877; <a href="#CITEREFChristakosOleaSerreWang2005">Christakos et al. 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/plague">«Plague»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Mundial_da_Sa%C3%BAde" title="Organização Mundial da Saúde">Organização Mundial da Saúde</a>. 31 de outubro de 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Plague&amp;rft.date=2017-10-31&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Mundial+da+Sa%C3%BAde&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fen%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fplague&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-john_frith-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-john_frith_3-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-john_frith_3-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Frith, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jmvh.org/article/the-history-of-plague-part-1-the-three-great-pandemics/">«The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics»</a>. Journal of Military and Veterans' Health. <b>20</b> (2)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=The+History+of+Plague+%93+Part+1.+The+Three+Great+Pandemics&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Frith&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjmvh.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-history-of-plague-part-1-the-three-great-pandemics%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jen Pinkowski (15 de junho de 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-women-rsquo-s-teeth-reveal-origins-of-14-century-black-death/">«Ancient Women's Teeth Reveal Origins of 14-Century Black Death»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 15 de junho de 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Jen+Pinkowski&amp;rft.btitle=Ancient+Women%99s+Teeth+Reveal+Origins+of+14-Century+Black+Death&amp;rft.date=2022-06-15&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Scientific+American&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fancient-women-rsquo-s-teeth-reveal-origins-of-14-century-black-death%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Julia Hollingsworth (24 de novembro de 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/23/asia/plague-china-history-intl-hnk-scli/index.html">«A history of the plague in China, from ancient times to Mao -- and now»</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Julia+Hollingsworth&amp;rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+plague+in+China%2C+from+ancient+times+to+Mao+--+and+now&amp;rft.date=2019-11-24&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=CNN&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2019%2F11%2F23%2Fasia%2Fplague-china-history-intl-hnk-scli%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bramanti, B; Stenseth, NC; Walløe, L; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27722858">«Plague: A Disease Which Changed the Path of Human Civilization»</a>. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. <b>918</b>: 1–26. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-94-024-0888-1" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-94-024-0888-1">978-94-024-0888-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0065-2598">0065-2598</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27722858">27722858</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-024-0890-4_1">10.1007/978-94-024-0890-4_1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Plague%3A+A+Disease+Which+Changed+the+Path+of+Human+Civilization&amp;rft.au=Stenseth%2C+NC&amp;rft.au=Wall%C3%B8e%2C+L&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.aulast=Bramanti&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.isbn=978-94-024-0888-1&amp;rft.issn=0065-2598&amp;rft.pages=1-26&amp;rft.volume=918&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F27722858&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-024-0890-4_1&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27722858&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (<a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_manut:_Uso_expl%C3%ADcito_de_et_al." title="Categoria:!CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al.">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_7-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_7-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death">«Black Death – Causes, Facts, and Consequences»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709135155/https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death">Cópia arquivada em 9 de julho de 2019</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Black+Death+%93+Causes%2C+Facts%2C+and+Consequences&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBlack-Death&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_History-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_History_8-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_History_8-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mike Ibeji (17 de fevereiro de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/blackdisease_01.shtml">«Black Death»</a>. BBC – History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Mike+Ibeji&amp;rft.btitle=Black+Death&amp;rft.date=2011-02-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=BBC+%93+History&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fmiddle_ages%2Fblackdisease_01.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlchon200331The_Significance_of_the_Old_World_Disease_Experience-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlchon200331The_Significance_of_the_Old_World_Disease_Experience_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlchon2003">Alchon 2003</a>, p.&#160;31, The Significance of the Old World Disease Experience.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/international-programs/historical-est-worldpop.html">«Historical Estimates of World Population»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Departamento_do_Censo_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Departamento do Censo dos Estados Unidos">Departamento do Censo dos Estados Unidos</a>. 5 de julho de 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Historical+Estimates+of+World+Population&amp;rft.date=2018-07-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Departamento+do+Censo+dos+Estados+Unidos&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Finternational-programs%2Fhistorical-est-worldpop.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Peter Jay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/">«A Distant Mirror»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(revista)" title="Time (revista)">Time</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de maio de 2020</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2050585,00.html">Cópia arquivada em 17 de julho de 2000</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Peter+Jay&amp;rft.btitle=A+Distant+Mirror&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Time&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENauert2006142-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENauert2006142_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNauert2006">Nauert 2006</a>, p.&#160;142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJussilaMajoral2018-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJussilaMajoral2018_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJussilaMajoral2018">Jussila &amp; Majoral 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldthwaite200928The_Economy_of_Renassaince_Florence-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldthwaite200928The_Economy_of_Renassaince_Florence_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldthwaite2009">Goldthwaite 2009</a>, p.&#160;28, The Economy of Renassaince Florence.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Dictionay-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionay_15-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionay_15-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionay_15-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionay_15-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionay_15-4">e</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/280254">«Black Death, n.»</a> 3.ª ed. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 13 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Black+Death%2C+n.&amp;rft.edition=3.%AA&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+English+Dictionary&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F280254&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettHollister2009326-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettHollister2009326_16-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettHollister2009326_16-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennettHollister2009">Bennett &amp; Hollister 2009</a>, p.&#160;326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox201184-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox201184_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorrox2011">Horrox 2011</a>, p.&#160;84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/rinderpest">«Rinderpest – animal disease»</a>. Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 23 de abril de 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Rinderpest+%93+animal+disease&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Britannica&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Frinderpest&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Simonis de Covino (1350). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9078277z/f25.image">«Manuscrit Simonis de Covino, Leodiensis, libellus de judicio Solis in convivio Saturni»</a> (em latim e francês). <a href="/wiki/Gallica" title="Gallica">Gallica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Simonis+de+Covino&amp;rft.btitle=Manuscrit+Simonis+de+Covino%2C+Leodiensis%2C+libellus+de+judicio+Solis+in+convivio+Saturni&amp;rft.date=1350&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Gallica&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b9078277z%2Ff25.image&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Simonis de Covino (1350). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeana.eu/en/item/9200365/BibliographicResource_3000148094694">«Simonis de Covino, Leodiensis, carmen de judicio Solis in convivio Saturni.»</a> (em latim e inglês). <a href="/wiki/Europeana" title="Europeana">Europeana</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Simonis+de+Covino&amp;rft.btitle=Simonis+de+Covino%2C+Leodiensis%2C+carmen+de+judicio+Solis+in+convivio+Saturni.&amp;rft.date=1350&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Europeana&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeana.eu%2Fen%2Fitem%2F9200365%2FBibliographicResource_3000148094694&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasquet20077-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasquet20077_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGasquet2007">Gasquet 2007</a>, p.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontano2013&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=HaExAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA476&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_476&#93;&#91;&#91;Carlos_IV_do_Sacro_Império_Romano-Germânico&#124;Carolus_IV,_imp&#93;&#93;-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontano2013[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=HaExAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA476&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_476][[Carlos_IV_do_Sacro_Império_Romano-Germânico|Carolus_IV,_imp]]_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPontano2013">Pontano 2013</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=HaExAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA476&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">476</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_IV_do_Sacro_Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano-Germ%C3%A2nico" title="Carlos IV do Sacro Império Romano-Germânico">Carolus IV, imp</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/358397">«Notes to the Origin of the Expression: ≪ Atra Mors ≫»</a>. <b>8</b> (2). Isis. Maio de 1926. pp.&#160;328–332. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F358397">10.1086/358397</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 13 de maio de 2020</span> &#8211; via <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Notes+to+the+Origin+of+the+Expression%3A+%89%AA+Atra+Mors+%89%AB&amp;rft.date=1926-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=328-332&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fpdfplus%2F10.1086%2F358397&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F358397&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_CorbeilRose2006-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_CorbeilRose2006_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_CorbeilRose2006">de Corbeil &amp; Rose 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan2012&#91;https&#58;//archive.org/details/naturalhistoryNc2Pont/page/n57/mode/2up_24&#93;Capítulo_I:_Of_the_Air_and_its_Phenomena-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan2012[https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryNc2Pont/page/n57/mode/2up_24]Capítulo_I:_Of_the_Air_and_its_Phenomena_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPontoppidan2012">Pontoppidan 2012</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryNc2Pont/page/n57/mode/2up">24</a>, Capítulo I: Of the Air and its Phenomena.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiegler2013&#91;http&#58;//1.droppdf.com/files/E4cqC/the-black-death-philip-ziegler.pdf_121–122&#93;Capítulo_1:_Origins_of_Nature-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiegler2013[http://1.droppdf.com/files/E4cqC/the-black-death-philip-ziegler.pdf_121–122]Capítulo_1:_Origins_of_Nature_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZiegler2013">Ziegler 2013</a>, pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1.droppdf.com/files/E4cqC/the-black-death-philip-ziegler.pdf">121–122</a>, Capítulo 1: Origins of Nature.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiegler2013&#91;http&#58;//1.droppdf.com/files/E4cqC/the-black-death-philip-ziegler.pdf_114–115&#93;Capítulo_1:_Origins_of_Nature-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiegler2013[http://1.droppdf.com/files/E4cqC/the-black-death-philip-ziegler.pdf_114–115]Capítulo_1:_Origins_of_Nature_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZiegler2013">Ziegler 2013</a>, pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1.droppdf.com/files/E4cqC/the-black-death-philip-ziegler.pdf">114–115</a>, Capítulo 1: Origins of Nature.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2008&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&amp;pg=PA31&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_31&#93;Black_Death-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohn2008[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&amp;pg=PA31&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_31]Black_Death_29-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohn2008[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&amp;pg=PA31&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_31]Black_Death_29-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohn2008">Kohn 2008</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&amp;pg=PA31&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">31</a>, Black Death.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETignorAdelmanAron2011-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETignorAdelmanAron2011_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTignorAdelmanAron2011">Tignor, Adelman &amp; Aron 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Nicholas Wade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/health/01plague.html">«Europe's Plagues Came From China, Study Finds»</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Nicholas+Wade&amp;rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Plagues+Came+From+China%2C+Study+Finds&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F11%2F01%2Fhealth%2F01plague.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Nicholas Wade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/">«Black Death's Origins Traced to China»</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E7D8133FF932A35752C1A9669D8B63">Cópia arquivada em 1 de novembro de 2010</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Nicholas+Wade&amp;rft.btitle=Black+Death%27s+Origins+Traced+to+China&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Eroshenko, Galina A; Nosov, Nikita Yu; Krasnov, Yaroslav M.; et al. (26 de outubro de 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5658180/">«Yersinia pestis strains of ancient phylogenetic branch 0.ANT are widely spread in the high-mountain plague foci of Kyrgyzstan»</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" title="PLOS ONE">PLoS One</a>. <b>12</b> (10): e0187230. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5658180">5658180</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29073248">29073248</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0187230">10.1371/journal.pone.0187230</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 13 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Yersinia+pestis+strains+of+ancient+phylogenetic+branch+0.ANT+are+widely+spread+in+the+high-mountain+plague+foci+of+Kyrgyzstan&amp;rft.au=Krasnov%2C+Yaroslav+M.&amp;rft.au=Nosov%2C+Nikita+Yu&amp;rft.aufirst=Galina+A&amp;rft.aulast=Eroshenko&amp;rft.date=2017-10-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1932-6203&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=e0187230&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5658180&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5658180%2F&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0187230&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29073248&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (<a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_manut:_Uso_expl%C3%ADcito_de_et_al." title="Categoria:!CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al.">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sarah Zhang (6 de dezembro de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/12/4900-year-old-case-plague-sweden/577315/">«An Ancient Case of the Plague Could Rewrite History»</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_(revista)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic (revista)">The Atlantic</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Sarah+Zhang&amp;rft.btitle=An+Ancient+Case+of+the+Plague+Could+Rewrite+History&amp;rft.date=2018-12-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+Atlantic&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2018%2F12%2F4900-year-old-case-plague-sweden%2F577315%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys.org/news/2013-05-modern-lab-ages-plague-dna.html">«Modern lab reaches across the ages to resolve plague DNA debate»</a>. Phys.org. 20 de maio de 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+lab+reaches+across+the+ages+to+resolve+plague+DNA+debate&amp;rft.date=2013-05-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Phys.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2013-05-modern-lab-ages-plague-dna.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/01/28/plague-dna-found-in-ancient-teeth-shows-medieval-black-death-1500-year-pandemic-caused-by-same-disease/">«Plague DNA found in ancient teeth shows medieval Black Death, 1,500-year pandemic caused by same disease»</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a>. 25 de janeiro de 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Plague+DNA+found+in+ancient+teeth+shows+medieval+Black+Death%2C+1%2C500-year+pandemic+caused+by+same+disease&amp;rft.date=2015-01-25&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=National+Post&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2014%2F01%2F28%2Fplague-dna-found-in-ancient-teeth-shows-medieval-black-death-1500-year-pandemic-caused-by-same-disease%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchettFairbankFranke1978585Capítulo_7:_Shun-Ti_and_the_end_of_Yüan_rule_in_China-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchettFairbankFranke1978585Capítulo_7:_Shun-Ti_and_the_end_of_Yüan_rule_in_China_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchettFairbankFranke1978">Twitchett, Fairbank &amp; Franke 1978</a>, p.&#160;585, Capítulo 7: Shun-Ti and the end of Yüan rule in China.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchettFairbankFranke1978556–557Capítulo_6:_Mid-Yüan_Politics-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchettFairbankFranke1978556–557Capítulo_6:_Mid-Yüan_Politics_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchettFairbankFranke1978">Twitchett, Fairbank &amp; Franke 1978</a>, pp.&#160;556–557, Capítulo 6: Mid-Yüan Politics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sussman, George D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22080795">«Was the black death in India and China?»</a>. Bulletin of the History of Medicine. <b>85</b> (3): 319–355. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22080795">22080795</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fbhm.2011.0054">10.1353/bhm.2011.0054</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Was+the+black+death+in+India+and+China%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=George+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Sussman&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=319-355&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F22080795&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbhm.2011.0054&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22080795&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Malcolm Moore (1 de novembro de 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8102278/Black-Death-may-have-originated-in-China.html">«Black Death may have originated in China»</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Black+Death+may+have+originated+in+China&amp;rft.au=Malcolm+Moore&amp;rft.date=2010-11-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fchina%2F8102278%2FBlack-Death-may-have-originated-in-China.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckerBabington1859&#91;https&#58;//archive.org/stream/epidemicsofmiddl00heck#page/20/mode/2up_21&#93;-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeckerBabington1859[https://archive.org/stream/epidemicsofmiddl00heck#page/20/mode/2up_21]_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeckerBabington1859">Hecker &amp; Babington 1859</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/epidemicsofmiddl00heck#page/20/mode/2up">21</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wheelis, M. (Setembro de 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12194776">«Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa.»</a>. Emerging Infectious Diseases. <b>8</b> (9): 971–975. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732530">2732530</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12194776">12194776</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid0809.010536">10.3201/eid0809.010536</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Biological+warfare+at+the+1346+siege+of+Caffa.&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Wheelis&amp;rft.date=2002-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=971-975&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2732530&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F12194776&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid0809.010536&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12194776&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Barras, V.; Greub, G. (1 de junho de 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24894605">«History of biological warfare and bioterrorism.»</a>. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. <b>20</b> (6): 497–502. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24894605">24894605</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2F1469-0691.12706">10.1111/1469-0691.12706</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=History+of+biological+warfare+and+bioterrorism.&amp;rft.au=Greub%2C+G.&amp;rft.aufirst=V.&amp;rft.aulast=Barras&amp;rft.date=2014-06-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=497-502&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F24894605&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1469-0691.12706&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24894605&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">John Seven (16 de abril de 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/black-death-timeline">«The Black Death: A Timeline of the Gruesome Pandemic»</a>. <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 15 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=John+Seven&amp;rft.btitle=The+Black+Death%3A+A+Timeline+of+the+Gruesome+Pandemic&amp;rft.date=2020-04-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=History&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fblack-death-timeline&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Köpke, Nikola; Baten, Jörg (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/47594/1/574888918.pdf">«The biological standard of living in Europe during the last two millennia»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Tubinga" title="Universidade de Tubinga">Universidade de Tubinga</a>: Tübinger Diskussionsbeiträge (265): 3–4; 20. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS1361491604001388">10.1017/S1361491604001388</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 15 de maio de 2020</span> &#8211; via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/47368">Eberhard-Karls – Universität Tuebingen</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=The+biological+standard+of+living+in+Europe+during+the+last+two+millennia&amp;rft.au=Baten%2C+J%C3%B6rg&amp;rft.aufirst=Nikola&amp;rft.aulast=K%C3%B6pke&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=265&amp;rft.pages=3-4%3B+20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.econstor.eu%2Fbitstream%2F10419%2F47594%2F1%2F574888918.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1361491604001388&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorio1791&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=61ba_15kBXIC&amp;pg=PA561&amp;lpg=PA561&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_561&#93;–&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=61ba_15kBXIC&amp;pg=PA562&amp;lpg=PA562&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_562&#93;Michaelis_Platiensis_–_Capítulo_XXVI:_De_pace_faeta_inter_Reginam_Johannam_neptem_Regis_Robert_cum_duce_Johanne,_cum_Regno_Sicilie,_quo_tempore-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorio1791[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=61ba_15kBXIC&amp;pg=PA561&amp;lpg=PA561&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_561]–[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=61ba_15kBXIC&amp;pg=PA562&amp;lpg=PA562&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_562]Michaelis_Platiensis_–_Capítulo_XXVI:_De_pace_faeta_inter_Reginam_Johannam_neptem_Regis_Robert_cum_duce_Johanne,_cum_Regno_Sicilie,_quo_tempore_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregorio1791">Gregorio 1791</a>, pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=61ba_15kBXIC&amp;pg=PA561&amp;lpg=PA561&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">561</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=61ba_15kBXIC&amp;pg=PA562&amp;lpg=PA562&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">562</a>, Michaelis Platiensis – Capítulo XXVI: De pace faeta inter Reginam Johannam neptem Regis Robert cum duce Johanne, cum Regno Sicilie, quo tempore.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorio1791&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=61ba_15kBXIC&amp;pg=PA428&amp;lpg=PA428&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_428&#93;Nicolai_Specialis_–_Capítulo_XIV:_De_navali_bello_opud_Infulam_Pontii,_ubi_Siculorum_claffis_dividea_eft-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorio1791[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=61ba_15kBXIC&amp;pg=PA428&amp;lpg=PA428&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_428]Nicolai_Specialis_–_Capítulo_XIV:_De_navali_bello_opud_Infulam_Pontii,_ubi_Siculorum_claffis_dividea_eft_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregorio1791">Gregorio 1791</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=61ba_15kBXIC&amp;pg=PA428&amp;lpg=PA428&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">428</a>, Nicolai Specialis – Capítulo XIV: De navali bello opud Infulam Pontii, ubi Siculorum claffis dividea eft.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Smet1841&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=OGtdAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA280&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_280&#93;Breve_chronicon_Elnosense-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Smet1841[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=OGtdAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA280&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_280]Breve_chronicon_Elnosense_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Smet1841">de Smet 1841</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=OGtdAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA280&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">280</a>, Breve chronicon Elnosense.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ole Benedictow (Março de 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/black-death-greatest-catastrophe-ever">«The Black Death: The Greatest Catastrophe Ever»</a>. <b>55</b> (3). History Today<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 15 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=The+Black+Death%3A+The+Greatest+Catastrophe+Ever&amp;rft.au=Ole+Benedictow&amp;rft.date=2005-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fblack-death-greatest-catastrophe-ever&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson200097–123Part_II_–_Under_Foreign_Rule,_1262-c.1800-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson200097–123Part_II_–_Under_Foreign_Rule,_1262-c.1800_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2000">Karlsson 2000</a>, pp.&#160;97–123, Part II – Under Foreign Rule, 1262-c.1800.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Welford, Mark; Bossak, Brian H. (Junho de 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230538526_Revisiting_the_Medieval_Black_Death_of_1347-1351_Spatiotemporal_Dynamics_Suggestive_of_an_Alternate_Causation">«Revisiting the Medieval Black Death of 1347–1351: Spatiotemporal Dynamics Suggestive of an Alternate Causation»</a>. <b>4</b> (5). Geography Compass. pp.&#160;561–575. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1749-8198">1749-8198</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-8198.2010.00335.x">10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00335.x</a> &#8211; via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Medieval+Black+Death+of+1347%931351%3A+Spatiotemporal+Dynamics+Suggestive+of+an+Alternate+Causation&amp;rft.au=Bossak%2C+Brian+H.&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.aulast=Welford&amp;rft.date=2010-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1749-8198&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=561-575&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F230538526_Revisiting_the_Medieval_Black_Death_of_1347-1351_Spatiotemporal_Dynamics_Suggestive_of_an_Alternate_Causation&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-8198.2010.00335.x&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuchora-Walske2013&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=sgJO7dOq1pUC&amp;pg=PA53&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_53&#93;Capítulo_4:_History_Poland&#39;s_Perseverance-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuchora-Walske2013[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=sgJO7dOq1pUC&amp;pg=PA53&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_53]Capítulo_4:_History_Poland&#39;s_Perseverance_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuchora-Walske2013">Zuchora-Walske 2013</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=sgJO7dOq1pUC&amp;pg=PA53&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">53</a>, Capítulo 4: History Poland's Perseverance.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Samia, Noelle I.; Kausrud, Kyrre Linné; Heesterbeek, Hans; et al. (30 de agosto de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21856946">«Dynamics of the plague-wildlife-human system in Central Asia are controlled by two epidemiological thresholds.»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>. <b>108</b> (35): 14527–32. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3167548">3167548</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21856946">21856946</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1015946108">10.1073/pnas.1015946108</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 16 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Dynamics+of+the+plague-wildlife-human+system+in+Central+Asia+are+controlled+by+two+epidemiological+thresholds.&amp;rft.au=Heesterbeek%2C+Hans&amp;rft.au=Kausrud%2C+Kyrre+Linn%C3%A9&amp;rft.aufirst=Noelle+I.&amp;rft.aulast=Samia&amp;rft.date=2011-08-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=35&amp;rft.pages=14527-32&amp;rft.volume=108&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3167548&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F21856946&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1015946108&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21856946&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (<a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_manut:_Uso_expl%C3%ADcito_de_et_al." title="Categoria:!CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al.">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cohn JR., Samuel K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18575083">«Epidemiology of the Black Death and successive waves of plague.»</a>. Bibliography of the History of Medicine (27): 74–100. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630035">2630035</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18575083">18575083</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 16 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Epidemiology+of+the+Black+Death+and+successive+waves+of+plague.&amp;rft.aufirst=Samuel+K.&amp;rft.aulast=Cohn+JR.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=27&amp;rft.pages=74-100&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2630035&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F18575083&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18575083&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunKroll2004-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunKroll2004_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBraunKroll2004">Braun &amp; Kroll 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Baggaley, Kate (23 de fevereiro de 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/bubonic-plague-was-serial-visitor-european-middle-ages">«Bubonic plague was a serial visitor in European Middle Ages»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_News" title="Science News">Science News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 16 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Kate&amp;rft.aulast=Baggaley&amp;rft.btitle=Bubonic+plague+was+a+serial+visitor+in+European+Middle+Ages&amp;rft.date=2015-02-23&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Science+News&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Farticle%2Fbubonic-plague-was-serial-visitor-european-middle-ages&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schmid, Boris V.; Büntgen, Ulf; Easterday, W. Ryan; et al. (10 de março de 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25713390">«Climate-driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe.»</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. <b>112</b> (10): 3020–5. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4364181">4364181</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25713390">25713390</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1412887112">10.1073/pnas.1412887112</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 16 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Climate-driven+introduction+of+the+Black+Death+and+successive+plague+reintroductions+into+Europe.&amp;rft.au=B%C3%BCntgen%2C+Ulf&amp;rft.au=Easterday%2C+W.+Ryan&amp;rft.aufirst=Boris+V.&amp;rft.aulast=Schmid&amp;rft.date=2015-03-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=3020-5&amp;rft.volume=112&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4364181&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F25713390&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1412887112&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25713390&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (<a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_manut:_Uso_expl%C3%ADcito_de_et_al." title="Categoria:!CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al.">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Green, Monica H. (24 de dezembro de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/afriques/2125">«Putting Africa on the Black Death map: Narratives from genetics and history»</a>. Institut des Mondes Africains. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2108-6796">2108-6796</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4000%2Fafriques.2125">10.4000/afriques.2125</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 16 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Putting+Africa+on+the+Black+Death+map%3A+Narratives+from+genetics+and+history&amp;rft.aufirst=Monica+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Green&amp;rft.date=2018-12-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=2108-6796&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fafriques%2F2125&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fafriques.2125&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2005-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2005_59-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2005_59-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarreld2016-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarreld2016_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarreld2016">Harreld 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox2011&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=1O_PX2wVD0sC&amp;pg=PA159&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_159&#93;Part_Two:_Explanations_and_Responses_–_IV:_Scientific_explanations:_The_report_of_the_Paris_medical_faculty,_October_1348-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox2011[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=1O_PX2wVD0sC&amp;pg=PA159&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_159]Part_Two:_Explanations_and_Responses_–_IV:_Scientific_explanations:_The_report_of_the_Paris_medical_faculty,_October_1348_61-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorrox2011">Horrox 2011</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=1O_PX2wVD0sC&amp;pg=PA159&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">159</a>, Part Two: Explanations and Responses – IV: Scientific explanations: The report of the Paris medical faculty, October 1348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Mackowiak, Philip A.; Sehdev, Paul S. (1 de novembro de 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/35/9/1071/330421">«The Origin of Quarantine»</a>. <b>35</b> (9). Clinical Infectious Diseases. pp.&#160;1071–1072. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12398064">12398064</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F344062">10.1086/344062</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 16 de maio de 2020</span> &#8211; via <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Quarantine&amp;rft.au=Sehdev%2C+Paul+S.&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Mackowiak&amp;rft.date=2002-11-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1071-1072&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fcid%2Farticle%2F35%2F9%2F1071%2F330421&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F344062&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12398064&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Achtman, Mark; Zurth, Kerstin; Morelli, Giovanna; et al. (23 de novembro de 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10570195">«Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.»</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. <b>96</b> (24): 14043–8. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC24187">24187</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10570195">10570195</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.24.14043">10.1073/pnas.96.24.14043</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 16 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Yersinia+pestis%2C+the+cause+of+plague%2C+is+a+recently+emerged+clone+of+Yersinia+pseudotuberculosis.&amp;rft.au=Morelli%2C+Giovanna&amp;rft.au=Zurth%2C+Kerstin&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.aulast=Achtman&amp;rft.date=1999-11-23&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=14043-8&amp;rft.volume=96&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC24187&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F10570195&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.96.24.14043&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10570195&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (<a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_manut:_Uso_expl%C3%ADcito_de_et_al." title="Categoria:!CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al.">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristakosOleaSerre2005&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=KU_VvAYFMykC&amp;pg=PA110&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_110&#93;III._Black_Death:_The_Background_–_B._The_Controversy_About_the_Epidemiologic_Nature_of_Black_Death_–_Modern_Etiology-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristakosOleaSerre2005[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=KU_VvAYFMykC&amp;pg=PA110&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_110]III._Black_Death:_The_Background_–_B._The_Controversy_About_the_Epidemiologic_Nature_of_Black_Death_–_Modern_Etiology_64-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristakosOleaSerre2005">Christakos, Olea &amp; Serre 2005</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=KU_VvAYFMykC&amp;pg=PA110&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">110</a>, III. Black Death: The Background – B. The Controversy About the Epidemiologic Nature of Black Death – Modern Etiology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Webb, Colleen T.; Brooks, Christopher P.; Gage, Kenneth L.; Antolin, Michael F. (7 de abril de 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1434514">«Classic flea-borne transmission does not drive plague epizootics in prairie dogs»</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. <b>103</b> (16): 6236–41. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..103.6236W">2006PNAS..103.6236W</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1434514">1434514</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16603630">16603630</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510090103">10.1073/pnas.0510090103</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Classic+flea-borne+transmission+does+not+drive+plague+epizootics+in+prairie+dogs&amp;rft.au=Antolin%2C+Michael+F.&amp;rft.au=Brooks%2C+Christopher+P.&amp;rft.au=Gage%2C+Kenneth+L.&amp;rft.aufirst=Colleen+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Webb&amp;rft.date=2006-04-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=6236-41&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1434514&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1434514&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PNAS..103.6236W&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0510090103&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16603630&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasquet2014-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasquet2014_66-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGasquet2014">Gasquet 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristakosOleaSerre2005&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=KU_VvAYFMykC&amp;pg=PA111&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_111&#93;III._Black_Death:_The_Background_–_B._The_Controversy_About_the_Epidemiologic_Nature_of_Black_Death_–_Modern_Etiology-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristakosOleaSerre2005[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=KU_VvAYFMykC&amp;pg=PA111&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_111]III._Black_Death:_The_Background_–_B._The_Controversy_About_the_Epidemiologic_Nature_of_Black_Death_–_Modern_Etiology_67-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristakosOleaSerre2005">Christakos, Olea &amp; Serre 2005</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=KU_VvAYFMykC&amp;pg=PA111&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">111</a>, III. Black Death: The Background – B. The Controversy About the Epidemiologic Nature of Black Death – Modern Etiology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/plague/faq/index.html#mortality">«Plague Home – What is the death rate of plague?»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centros_de_Controle_e_Preven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Doen%C3%A7as" title="Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças">Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 17 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Plague+Home+%93+What+is+the+death+rate+of+plague%3F&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Centros+de+Controle+e+Preven%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+Doen%C3%A7as&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fplague%2Ffaq%2Findex.html%23mortality&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETotaro200526-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotaro200526_69-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTotaro2005">Totaro 2005</a>, p.&#160;26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne200415–20Capítulo_2:_The_Black_Death_and_Modern_Medicine-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne200415–20Capítulo_2:_The_Black_Death_and_Modern_Medicine_70-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByrne2004">Byrne 2004</a>, pp.&#160;15–20, Capítulo 2: The Black Death and Modern Medicine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne2004&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&amp;pg=PA62&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_8&#93;Capítulo_1:_Overview:_Plague_in_the_Middle_Ages-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne2004[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&amp;pg=PA62&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_8]Capítulo_1:_Overview:_Plague_in_the_Middle_Ages_71-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByrne2004">Byrne 2004</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&amp;pg=PA62&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">8</a>, Capítulo 1: Overview: Plague in the Middle Ages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Drancourt, Michel; Aboudharam, Gérard; Signoli, Michel; et al. (13 de outubro de 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9770538">«Detection of 400-year-old Yersinia pestis DNA in human dental pulp: an approach to the diagnosis of ancient septicemia.»</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. <b>95</b> (21): 12637–40. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22883">22883</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9770538">9770538</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.21.12637">10.1073/pnas.95.21.12637</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Detection+of+400-year-old+Yersinia+pestis+DNA+in+human+dental+pulp%3A+an+approach+to+the+diagnosis+of+ancient+septicemia.&amp;rft.au=Aboudharam%2C+G%C3%A9rard&amp;rft.au=Signoli%2C+Michel&amp;rft.aufirst=Michel&amp;rft.aulast=Drancourt&amp;rft.date=1998-10-13&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=12637-40&amp;rft.volume=95&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC22883&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F9770538&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.95.21.12637&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9770538&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (<a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_manut:_Uso_expl%C3%ADcito_de_et_al." title="Categoria:!CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al.">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14766912">«Absence of Yersinia pestis-specific DNA in human teeth from five European excavations of putative plague victims.»</a>. Microbiology. <b>150</b> (Pt 2). Fevereiro de 2004: 341–354. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14766912">14766912</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.26594-0">10.1099/mic.0.26594-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Absence+of+Yersinia+pestis-specific+DNA+in+human+teeth+from+five+European+excavations+of+putative+plague+victims.&amp;rft.date=2004-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=Pt+2&amp;rft.pages=341-354&amp;rft.volume=150&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F14766912&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fmic.0.26594-0&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14766912&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Haensch, Stephanie; Bianucci, Raffaella; Signoli, Michel; et al. (Outubro de 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20949072">«Distinct clones of Yersinia pestis caused the black death.»</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_Pathogens" title="PLOS Pathogens">PLoS Pathogens</a>. <b>6</b> (10): e1001134. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2951374">2951374</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20949072">20949072</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1001134">10.1371/journal.ppat.1001134</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Distinct+clones+of+Yersinia+pestis+caused+the+black+death.&amp;rft.au=Bianucci%2C+Raffaella&amp;rft.au=Signoli%2C+Michel&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephanie&amp;rft.aulast=Haensch&amp;rft.date=2010-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=e1001134&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2951374&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F20949072&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1001134&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20949072&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (<a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_manut:_Uso_expl%C3%ADcito_de_et_al." title="Categoria:!CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al.">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schuenemann, Verena J.; Bos, Kirsten; DeWitte, Sharon; et al. (20 de setembro de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21876176">«Targeted enrichment of ancient pathogens yielding the pPCP1 plasmid of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death.»</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. <b>108</b> (38): E746–52. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179067">3179067</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21876176">21876176</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1105107108">10.1073/pnas.1105107108</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Targeted+enrichment+of+ancient+pathogens+yielding+the+pPCP1+plasmid+of+Yersinia+pestis+from+victims+of+the+Black+Death.&amp;rft.au=Bos%2C+Kirsten&amp;rft.au=DeWitte%2C+Sharon&amp;rft.aufirst=Verena+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Schuenemann&amp;rft.date=2011-09-20&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=38&amp;rft.pages=E746-52&amp;rft.volume=108&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3179067&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F21876176&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1105107108&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21876176&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. 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Consultado em 18 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=A+draft+genome+of+Yersinia+pestis+from+victims+of+the+Black+Death.&amp;rft.au=Golding%2C+G.+Brian&amp;rft.au=Schuenemann%2C+Verena+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=Kirsten+I.&amp;rft.aulast=Bos&amp;rft.date=2011-10-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=7370&amp;rft.pages=506-10&amp;rft.volume=478&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3690193&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F21993626&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10549&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21993626&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. 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Nature Communications. <b>10</b> (1): 4470. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6775055">6775055</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31578321">31578321</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-12154-0">10.1038/s41467-019-12154-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Phylogeography+of+the+second+plague+pandemic+revealed+through+analysis+of+historical+Yersinia+pestis+genomes.&amp;rft.au=Keller%2C+Marcel&amp;rft.au=Tukhbatova%2C+Rezeda+I.&amp;rft.aufirst=Maria+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Spyrou&amp;rft.date=2019-10-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=4470&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6775055&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F31578321&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-019-12154-0&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31578321&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. 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Consultado em 18 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Yersinia+pestis+and+the+plague+of+Justinian+541-543+AD%3A+a+genomic+analysis.&amp;rft.au=Harbeck%2C+Michaela&amp;rft.au=Klunk%2C+Jennifer&amp;rft.aufirst=David+M&amp;rft.aulast=Wagner&amp;rft.date=2014-04-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=319-26&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F24480148&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2813%2970323-2&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24480148&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. 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Cell. <b>163</b> (3): 571–582. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4644222">4644222</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26496604">26496604</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2015.10.009">10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.009</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 19 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Early+Divergent+Strains+of+Yersinia+pestis+in+Eurasia+5%2C000+Years+Ago.&amp;rft.au=Erik%2C+Morten&amp;rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Allentoft+Kasper&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon&amp;rft.aulast=Rasmussen&amp;rft.date=2015-10-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=571-582&amp;rft.volume=163&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4644222&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F26496604&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2015.10.009&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26496604&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (<a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_manut:_Uso_expl%C3%ADcito_de_et_al." title="Categoria:!CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al.">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_guardian-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-the_guardian_80-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-the_guardian_80-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Vanessa Thorpe (29 de março de 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/mar/29/black-death-not-spread-rat-fleas-london-plague">«Black death skeletons reveal pitiful life of 14th-century Londoners»</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 19 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Vanessa+Thorpe&amp;rft.btitle=Black+death+skeletons+reveal+pitiful+life+of+14th-century+Londoners&amp;rft.date=2014-03-29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+Guardian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2014%2Fmar%2F29%2Fblack-death-not-spread-rat-fleas-london-plague&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">James Morgan (30 de março de 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-26770334">«Black Death skeletons unearthed by Crossrail project»</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 19 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=James+Morgan&amp;rft.btitle=Black+Death+skeletons+unearthed+by+Crossrail+project&amp;rft.date=2014-03-30&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-26770334&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16392633">«Duration of urban mortality for the 14th-century Black Death epidemic»</a>. Human Biology. <b>77</b> (3). Junho de 2005: 291–303. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16392633">16392633</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fhub.2005.0051">10.1353/hub.2005.0051</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 16 de julho de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Duration+of+urban+mortality+for+the+14th-century+Black+Death+epidemic&amp;rft.date=2005-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=291-303&amp;rft.volume=77&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F16392633&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhub.2005.0051&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16392633&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><cite class="citation news">ABC/Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/01/29/2149185.htm">«Black death 'discriminated' between victims (ABC News in Science)»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de maio de 2020</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220120404/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/01/29/2149185.htm">Cópia arquivada em 20 de dezembro de 2016</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Black+death+%27discriminated%27+between+victims+%28ABC+News+in+Science%29&amp;rft.au=ABC%2FReuters&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fscience%2Farticles%2F2008%2F01%2F29%2F2149185.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li><li><cite class="citation web">Kristen Philipkoski (3 de outubro de 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2001/10/black-deaths-gene-code-cracked/">«Black Death's Gene Code Cracked»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired" title="Wired">Wired</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Kristen+Philipkoski&amp;rft.btitle=Black+Death%27s+Gene+Code+Cracked&amp;rft.date=2001-10-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Wired&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2001%2F10%2Fblack-deaths-gene-code-cracked%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rwjf.org/en/blog/2013/12/the_five_deadliesto.html">«The Five Deadliest Outbreaks and Pandemics in History»</a>. RWJF. 16 de dezembro de 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 4 de junho de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=The+Five+Deadliest+Outbreaks+and+Pandemics+in+History&amp;rft.date=2013-12-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=RWJF&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rwjf.org%2Fen%2Fblog%2F2013%2F12%2Fthe_five_deadliesto.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1576875.stm">«Health: De-coding the Black Death»</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 3 de outubro de 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Health%3A+De-coding+the+Black+Death&amp;rft.date=2001-10-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F1576875.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li><li><cite class="citation web">Matt McGrath (12 de outubro de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/health-15278366">«Black Death genetic code 'built<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Matt+McGrath&amp;rft.btitle=Black+Death+genetic+code+%27built%27&amp;rft.date=2011-10-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fhealth-15278366&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBjork2010-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBjork2010_84-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBjork2010_84-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBjork2010_84-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBjork2010_84-3">d</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBjork2010">Bjork 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaileader2004-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaileader2004_85-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaileader2004">Daileader 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/late-middle-ages.html">«Late Middle Ages»</a>. The Great Courses<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 23 de julho de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Late+Middle+Ages&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+Great+Courses&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreatcourses.com%2Fcourses%2Flate-middle-ages.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ole Benedictow (3 de março de 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/black-death-greatest-catastrophe-ever">«The Black Death: The Greatest Catastrophe Ever»</a>. <b>55</b> (3). History Today<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 23 de julho de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=The+Black+Death%3A+The+Greatest+Catastrophe+Ever&amp;rft.au=Ole+Benedictow&amp;rft.date=2005-03-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fblack-death-greatest-catastrophe-ever&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristakosOleaSerre2005110–114III._Black_Death:_The_Background_–_B._The_Controversy_About_the_Epidemiologic_Nature_of_Black_Death_–_Modern_Etiology;_C._Interdisciplinay_Sources-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristakosOleaSerre2005110–114III._Black_Death:_The_Background_–_B._The_Controversy_About_the_Epidemiologic_Nature_of_Black_Death_–_Modern_Etiology;_C._Interdisciplinay_Sources_88-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristakosOleaSerre2005">Christakos, Olea &amp; Serre 2005</a>, pp.&#160;110–114, III. Black Death: The Background – B. The Controversy About the Epidemiologic Nature of Black Death – Modern Etiology; C. Interdisciplinay Sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Katherine Schulz Richard (17 de janeiro de 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/global-impacts-of-the-black-death-1434480">«The Global Impacts of the Black Death»</a>. ThoughtCo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 26 de julho de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Katherine+Schulz+Richard&amp;rft.btitle=The+Global+Impacts+of+the+Black+Death&amp;rft.date=2020-01-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=ThoughtCo.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fglobal-impacts-of-the-black-death-1434480&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETignorAdelmanAron2011407-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETignorAdelmanAron2011407_90-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTignorAdelmanAron2011">Tignor, Adelman &amp; Aron 2011</a>, p.&#160;407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dick, Henry C.; Pringle, Jamie K.; Sloane, Barney; et al. (Julho de 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440315001508">«Detection and characterisation of Black Death burials by multi-proxy geophysical methods»</a>. Journal of Archaeological Science. <b>59</b>: 132–141. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2015.04.010">10.1016/j.jas.2015.04.010</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 26 de julho de 2020</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.keele.ac.uk/500/1/pringle_may_15.pdf">Cópia arquivada <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 23 de abril de 2015</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Detection+and+characterisation+of+Black+Death+burials+by+multi-proxy+geophysical+methods&amp;rft.au=Pringle%2C+Jamie+K.&amp;rft.au=Sloane%2C+Barney&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Dick&amp;rft.date=2015-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.pages=132-141&amp;rft.volume=59&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0305440315001508&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2015.04.010&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (<a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_manut:_Uso_expl%C3%ADcito_de_et_al." title="Categoria:!CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al.">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWunderli1992&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=zhDIS1dgPI8C&amp;pg=PA52&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_52&#93;Capítulo_IV:_Walpurgisnacht-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWunderli1992[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=zhDIS1dgPI8C&amp;pg=PA52&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_52]Capítulo_IV:_Walpurgisnacht_93-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWunderli1992">Wunderli 1992</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=zhDIS1dgPI8C&amp;pg=PA52&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">52</a>, Capítulo IV: Walpurgisnacht.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettHollister2009329-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettHollister2009329_94-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennettHollister2009">Bennett &amp; Hollister 2009</a>, p.&#160;329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne2012&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA354&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_354&#93;Vienna,_Austria-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne2012[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA354&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_354]Vienna,_Austria_95-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne2012[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA354&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_354]Vienna,_Austria_95-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByrne2012">Byrne 2012</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA354&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">354</a>, Vienna, Austria.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne2012&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA334&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_334&#93;–&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA339&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_339&#93;Syndenham,_Thomas_(1625–1689)-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne2012[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA334&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_334]–[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA339&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_339]Syndenham,_Thomas_(1625–1689)_96-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByrne2012">Byrne 2012</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA334&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">334</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;pg=PA339&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">339</a>, Syndenham, Thomas (1625–1689).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mark Lewis (3 de abril de 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/03/books/review/the-great-mortality-plague-to-world-drop-dead.html">«<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>The Great Mortality': Plague to World: Drop Dead»</a>. The New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 27 de julho de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Mark+Lewis&amp;rft.btitle=%27The+Great+Mortality%27%3A+Plague+to+World%3A+Drop+Dead&amp;rft.date=2005-04-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F04%2F03%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fthe-great-mortality-plague-to-world-drop-dead.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lotfy, Wael M. (Julho de 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090123213001380">«Plague in Egypt: Disease biology, history and contemporary analysis: A minireview»</a>. Journal of Advanced Research. <b>6</b> (4): 549–554. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506964">4506964</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26199744">26199744</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jare.2013.11.002">10.1016/j.jare.2013.11.002</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 27 de julho de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Plague+in+Egypt%3A+Disease+biology%2C+history+and+contemporary+analysis%3A+A+minireview&amp;rft.aufirst=Wael+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Lotfy&amp;rft.date=2015-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=549-554&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4506964&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2090123213001380&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jare.2013.11.002&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26199744&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorsch2014129Plague_Depopulation_and_Irrigation_Decay_in_Medieval_Egypt_—_Measuring_Rural_Depopulation-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorsch2014129Plague_Depopulation_and_Irrigation_Decay_in_Medieval_Egypt_—_Measuring_Rural_Depopulation_99-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorsch2014129Plague_Depopulation_and_Irrigation_Decay_in_Medieval_Egypt_—_Measuring_Rural_Depopulation_99-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorsch2014">Borsch 2014</a>, p.&#160;129, Plague Depopulation and Irrigation Decay in Medieval Egypt — Measuring Rural Depopulation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne201265-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne201265_101-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByrne2012">Byrne 2012</a>, p.&#160;65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheidel2017292–93;_304-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheidel2017292–93;_304_102-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScheidel2017">Scheidel 2017</a>, pp.&#160;292–93; 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kate Ravilious (27 de fevereiro de 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4755328.stm">«Europe's chill linked to disease»</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 19 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Kate+Ravilious&amp;rft.btitle=Europe%27s+chill+linked+to+disease&amp;rft.date=2006-02-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F4755328.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENirenberg2015&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=AqAEogEACAAJ&amp;pg=PA231&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_231&#93;–&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=AqAEogEACAAJ&amp;pg=PA232&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_232&#93;Epilogue_–_The_Black_Death_and_Beyond-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENirenberg2015[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=AqAEogEACAAJ&amp;pg=PA231&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_231]–[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=AqAEogEACAAJ&amp;pg=PA232&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_232]Epilogue_–_The_Black_Death_and_Beyond_104-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNirenberg2015">Nirenberg 2015</a>, pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=AqAEogEACAAJ&amp;pg=PA231&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">231</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=AqAEogEACAAJ&amp;pg=PA232&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">232</a>, Epilogue – The Black Death and Beyond.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2008&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=pd31uoEVw0sC&amp;pg=PA144&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_144&#93;Capítulo_5:_A_Persecuting_Society-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2008[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=pd31uoEVw0sC&amp;pg=PA144&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_144]Capítulo_5:_A_Persecuting_Society_105-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore2008">Moore 2008</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=pd31uoEVw0sC&amp;pg=PA144&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">144</a>, Capítulo 5: A Persecuting Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/black-death">«Black Death»</a>. History. 30 de março de 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 20 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Black+Death&amp;rft.date=2020-03-30&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=History&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fmiddle-ages%2Fblack-death&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Richard Gottheil, Joseph Jacobs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3349-black-death">«Black Death»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Judaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Enciclopédia Judaica">Enciclopédia Judaica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 20 de maio de 2020</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804223403/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1114&amp;letter=B">Cópia arquivada em 4 de agosto de 2011</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Richard+Gottheil%2C+Joseph+Jacobs&amp;rft.btitle=Black+Death&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Enciclop%C3%A9dia+Judaica&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F3349-black-death&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishhistory.com/">«The Black Death»</a>. Jewish History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 20 de maio de 2020</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishhistory.org/the-black-death/">Cópia arquivada em 17 de dezembro de 2011</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=The+Black+Death&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Jewish+History&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishhistory.com%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottfried2010&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=oK4HTBcdSJsC&amp;pg=PA74&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Casimir&amp;f=false_74&#93;Capítulo_4:_The_Plague’s_Progress-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottfried2010[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=oK4HTBcdSJsC&amp;pg=PA74&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Casimir&amp;f=false_74]Capítulo_4:_The_Plague’s_Progress_109-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGottfried2010">Gottfried 2010</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=oK4HTBcdSJsC&amp;pg=PA74&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Casimir&amp;f=false">74</a>, Capítulo 4: The Plague’s Progress.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchman2011-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchman2011_110-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuchman2011">Tuchman 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umb.edu/offices_directory">«The End of Europe's Middle Ages – Black Death»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Massachusetts" title="Universidade de Massachusetts">UMass Boston</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 17 de junho de 2020</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Phil%20281b/Philosophy%20of%20Magic/Dante.%20etc/Philosophers/End/bluedot/blackdeath.html">Cópia arquivada em 13 de outubro de 1997</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=The+End+of+Europe%27s+Middle+Ages+%93+Black+Death&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=UMass+Boston&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umb.edu%2Foffices_directory&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrotton200628–61Capítulo_1:_A_Global_Renaissance;_Capítulo_2:_The_Humanist_Script;_Capítulo_3:_Church_and_State-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrotton200628–61Capítulo_1:_A_Global_Renaissance;_Capítulo_2:_The_Humanist_Script;_Capítulo_3:_Church_and_State_112-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrotton2006">Brotton 2006</a>, pp.&#160;28–61, Capítulo 1: A Global Renaissance; Capítulo 2: The Humanist Script; Capítulo 3: Church and State.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENetzley1998&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;id=l5YneYz5CrUC&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=florence+1347_Citação&#93;-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetzley1998[https://books.google.com.br/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;id=l5YneYz5CrUC&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=florence+1347_Citação]_113-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNetzley1998">Netzley 1998</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;id=l5YneYz5CrUC&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=florence+1347">Citação</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauseMaltby2000&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;id=M_U8gA2cl9YC&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=demographic+collapse+relieved_217&#93;-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauseMaltby2000[https://books.google.com.br/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;id=M_U8gA2cl9YC&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=demographic+collapse+relieved_217]_114-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHauseMaltby2000">Hause &amp; Maltby 2000</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;id=M_U8gA2cl9YC&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=demographic+collapse+relieved">217</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200230;_39;_69;_166-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt200230;_39;_69;_166_115-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolt2002">Holt 2002</a>, pp.&#160;30; 39; 69; 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattyHatty1999&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=V0yJQXmGODgC&amp;pg=PA89&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_89&#93;Capítulo_4:_Disordered_Bodies_in_Abundance-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattyHatty1999[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=V0yJQXmGODgC&amp;pg=PA89&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_89]Capítulo_4:_Disordered_Bodies_in_Abundance_116-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHattyHatty1999">Hatty &amp; Hatty 1999</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=V0yJQXmGODgC&amp;pg=PA89&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">89</a>, Capítulo 4: Disordered Bodies in Abundance.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Echenberg-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Echenberg_117-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Echenberg_117-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Echenberg, Myron (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078978">«Pestis redux: the initial years of the third bubonic plague pandemic, 1894-1901»</a>. Journal of World History. <b>13</b> (2): 429–49. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20712094">20712094</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2002.0033">10.1353/jwh.2002.0033</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Pestis+redux%3A+the+initial+years+of+the+third+bubonic+plague+pandemic%2C+1894-1901&amp;rft.aufirst=Myron&amp;rft.aulast=Echenberg&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=429-49&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20078978&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.2002.0033&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20712094&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatterjee-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chatterjee_118-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chatterjee_118-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chatterjee, Srilata (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145931">«Plague and politics in Bengal 1896 to 1898»</a>. Indian History Congress. <b>66</b>: 1194–1201. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Plague+and+politics+in+Bengal+1896+to+1898&amp;rft.aufirst=Srilata&amp;rft.aulast=Chatterjee&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=2249-1937&amp;rft.pages=1194-1201&amp;rft.volume=66&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44145931&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Swanson, Maynard W. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/180639">«The Sanitation Syndrome: Bubonic Plague and Urban Native Policy in the Cape Colony, 1900–1909»</a>. The Journal of African History. <b>18</b> (3): 387–410. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-5138">1469-5138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11632219">11632219</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700027328">10.1017/S0021853700027328</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=The+Sanitation+Syndrome%3A+Bubonic+Plague+and+Urban+Native+Policy+in+the+Cape+Colony%2C+1900%931909&amp;rft.aufirst=Maynard+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Swanson&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1469-5138&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=387-410&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F180639&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853700027328&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11632219&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/189268">«Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-Century China»</a>. Sage Publications, Inc. <b>14</b> (2). Abril de 1988: 107–155. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0097-7004">0097-7004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11620272">11620272</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F009770048801400201">10.1177/009770048801400201</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Bubonic+Plague+in+Nineteenth-Century+China&amp;rft.date=1988-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0097-7004&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=107-155&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F189268&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009770048801400201&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11620272&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Trauner, Joan B. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25157817">«The Chinese as Medical Scapegoats in San Francisco, 1870-1905»</a>. University of California Press. <b>57</b> (1): 70–87. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F25157817">10.2307/25157817</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=The+Chinese+as+Medical+Scapegoats+in+San+Francisco%2C+1870-1905&amp;rft.aufirst=Joan+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Trauner&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=70-87&amp;rft.volume=57&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25157817&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25157817&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Vavlas, Belinda A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?clear=10&amp;p10_accession_num=ysu1299600446">«Anti-Chinese Discrimination in Twentieth Century America: Perceptions of Chinese Americans During the Third Bubonic Plague Pandemic in San Francisco, 1900-1908»</a>. Youngstown State University / OhioLINK. 104&#160;páginas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Anti-Chinese+Discrimination+in+Twentieth+Century+America%3A+Perceptions+of+Chinese+Americans+During+the+Third+Bubonic+Plague+Pandemic+in+San+Francisco%2C+1900-1908&amp;rft.aufirst=Belinda+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Vavlas&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.ohiolink.edu%2Fapexprod%2Frws_olink%2Fr%2F1501%2F10%3Fclear%3D10%26p10_accession_num%3Dysu1299600446&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2009&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=x2EBkPNnUXEC&amp;pg=PA25&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_25&#93;Capítulo_1:_Plague_and_Society-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter2009[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=x2EBkPNnUXEC&amp;pg=PA25&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_25]Capítulo_1:_Plague_and_Society_123-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPorter2009">Porter 2009</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=x2EBkPNnUXEC&amp;pg=PA25&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">25</a>, Capítulo 1: Plague and Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHays1998&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=iMHmn9c38QgC&amp;pg=PA58&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_58&#93;Capítulo_3:_The_Great_Plague_Pandemic-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHays1998[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=iMHmn9c38QgC&amp;pg=PA58&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_58]Capítulo_3:_The_Great_Plague_Pandemic_124-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHays1998">Hays 1998</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=iMHmn9c38QgC&amp;pg=PA58&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">58</a>, Capítulo 3: The Great Plague Pandemic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Roosen, Joris; Curtis, Daniel R. (Janeiro de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/1/17-0477_article">«Dangers of Noncritical Use of Historical Plague Data»</a>. Emerging Infectious Diseases. <b>24</b> (1): 103–110. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5749453">5749453</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid2401.170477">10.3201/eid2401.170477</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 20 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Dangers+of+Noncritical+Use+of+Historical+Plague+Data&amp;rft.au=Curtis%2C+Daniel+R.&amp;rft.aufirst=Joris&amp;rft.aulast=Roosen&amp;rft.date=2018-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=103-110&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5749453&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwwnc.cdc.gov%2Feid%2Farticle%2F24%2F1%2F17-0477_article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid2401.170477&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHays2005&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC&amp;pg=PA46&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_46&#93;Capítulo_7:_Second_Plague_Pandemic,_1346–1844-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHays2005[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC&amp;pg=PA46&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_46]Capítulo_7:_Second_Plague_Pandemic,_1346–1844_126-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHays2005">Hays 2005</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC&amp;pg=PA46&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">46</a>, Capítulo 7: Second Plague Pandemic, 1346–1844.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20017-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20017_127-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker2001">Parker 2001</a>, p.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorsch2009Capítulo_2:_Mortality,_Irrigation,_and_Landholders_in_Mamluk_Egypt-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorsch2009Capítulo_2:_Mortality,_Irrigation,_and_Landholders_in_Mamluk_Egypt_128-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorsch2009">Borsch 2009</a>, Capítulo 2: Mortality, Irrigation, and Landholders in Mamluk Egypt.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1999&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=aUr31ZoNGuAC&amp;pg=PA63&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_63&#93;Capítulo_3:_Early_Middle_English-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1999[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=aUr31ZoNGuAC&amp;pg=PA63&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_63]Capítulo_3:_Early_Middle_English_129-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace1999">Wallace 1999</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=aUr31ZoNGuAC&amp;pg=PA63&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">63</a>, Capítulo 3: Early Middle English.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottfried2010xviIntroduction-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottfried2010xviIntroduction_130-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGottfried2010">Gottfried 2010</a>, p.&#160;xvi, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/voices/voices_salisbury.shtml">«Voices of the Powerless»</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>. 29 de agosto de 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 21 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Voices+of+the+Powerless&amp;rft.date=2002-08-29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=BBC+Radio+4&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Fhistory%2Fvoices%2Fvoices_salisbury.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2002&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&amp;pg=PA25&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_25&#93;Capítulo_2:_London_and_Paris,_the_Setting_of_Life_and_Death-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2002[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&amp;pg=PA25&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_25]Capítulo_2:_London_and_Paris,_the_Setting_of_Life_and_Death_132-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding2002">Harding 2002</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&amp;pg=PA25&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">25</a>, Capítulo 2: London and Paris, the Setting of Life and Death.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2002-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2002_133-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding2002">Harding 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne2004&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&amp;pg=PA62&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_62&#93;Capítulo_4:_Effects_of_The_Black_Death_on_European_Society-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne2004[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&amp;pg=PA62&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_62]Capítulo_4:_Effects_of_The_Black_Death_on_European_Society_134-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByrne2004">Byrne 2004</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&amp;pg=PA62&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">62</a>, Capítulo 4: Effects of The Black Death on European Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2002&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&amp;pg=PA24&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_24&#93;Capítulo_2:_London_and_Paris,_the_Setting_of_Life_and_Death-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2002[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&amp;pg=PA24&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_24]Capítulo_2:_London_and_Paris,_the_Setting_of_Life_and_Death_135-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding2002">Harding 2002</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&amp;pg=PA24&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">24</a>, Capítulo 2: London and Paris, the Setting of Life and Death.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampion19931–17-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampion19931–17_136-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampion1993">Champion 1993</a>, pp.&#160;1–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoordegraafValk1996230-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoordegraafValk1996230_137-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoordegraafValk1996">Noordegraaf &amp; Valk 1996</a>, p.&#160;230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPullan2005&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=2DlGaWQBDQEC&amp;pg=PA151&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_151&#93;Capítulo_7:_Wage-Earners_and_the_Venetian_Economy,_1550–1630-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPullan2005[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=2DlGaWQBDQEC&amp;pg=PA151&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_151]Capítulo_7:_Wage-Earners_and_the_Venetian_Economy,_1550–1630_138-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPullan2005">Pullan 2005</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=2DlGaWQBDQEC&amp;pg=PA151&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">151</a>, Capítulo 7: Wage-Earners and the Venetian Economy, 1550–1630.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindemann1999&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=fQxAkrbksTEC&amp;pg=PA41&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_41&#93;Capítulo_2:_Epidemics_and_Infectious_Diseases-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindemann1999[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=fQxAkrbksTEC&amp;pg=PA41&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_41]Capítulo_2:_Epidemics_and_Infectious_Diseases_139-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindemann1999">Lindemann 1999</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=fQxAkrbksTEC&amp;pg=PA41&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">41</a>, Capítulo 2: Epidemics and Infectious Diseases.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forskning-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-forskning_140-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-forskning_140-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Harald Aastorp (1 de agosto de 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forskning.no/historie-pest-bakterier/svartedauden-enda-verre-enn-antatt/1047487">«Svartedauden enda verre enn antatt»</a> (em norueguês). Forskning.no<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 25 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Harald+Aastorp&amp;rft.btitle=Svartedauden+enda+verre+enn+antatt&amp;rft.date=2004-08-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Forskning.no&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforskning.no%2Fhistorie-pest-bakterier%2Fsvartedauden-enda-verre-enn-antatt%2F1047487&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cripkl-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cripkl_141-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Øivind Larsen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michaeljournal.no/i/2005/07/Book-review-Black-Death-and-hard-facts">«Book review: Black Death and hard facts»</a>. <b>2</b>. Michael Journal. pp.&#160;252–6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 25 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Book+review%3A+Black+Death+and+hard+facts&amp;rft.au=%C3%98ivind+Larsen&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.pages=252-6&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michaeljournal.no%2Fi%2F2005%2F07%2FBook-review-Black-Death-and-hard-facts&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedictow2006146–158Capítulo_16:_Norway-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedictow2006146–158Capítulo_16:_Norway_142-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedictow2006">Benedictow 2006</a>, pp.&#160;146–158, Capítulo 16: Norway.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelock1937359–60-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelock1937359–60_143-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBelock1937">Belock 1937</a>, pp.&#160;359–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naplesldm.com/goldenage.php">«Naples in the 1600s»</a>. Naplesldm. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 28 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Naples+in+the+1600s&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Naplesldm&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naplesldm.com%2Fgoldenage.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1973Capítulo_15:_The_Seventeenth-Century_Decline-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1973Capítulo_15:_The_Seventeenth-Century_Decline_145-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne1973">Payne 1973</a>, Capítulo 15: The Seventeenth-Century Decline.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm">«The Seventeenth-Century Decline»</a>. The Library of Iberian Resources Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 28 de maio de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Stanley+G.+Payne&amp;rft.btitle=The+Seventeenth-Century+Decline&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+Library+of+Iberian+Resources+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fpayne1%2Fpayne15.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kathy McDonough. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scandinavian.washington.edu/">«The Empire of Poland and the Baltic Nations»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Washington" title="Universidade de Washington">Universidade de Washington</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 5 de junho de 2020</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Poland/mocarstwo_polskie.htm">Cópia arquivada em 11 de outubro de 2008</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Kathy+McDonough&amp;rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+Poland+and+the+Baltic+Nations&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Universidade+de+Washington&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscandinavian.washington.edu%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2002&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&amp;pg=PA21&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_21&#93;Capítulo_1:_Plague_Epidemics_and_Antiplague_Precautions_in_Russia_to_1770-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander2002[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&amp;pg=PA21&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_21]Capítulo_1:_Plague_Epidemics_and_Antiplague_Precautions_in_Russia_to_1770_148-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2002">Alexander 2002</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&amp;pg=PA21&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">21</a>, Capítulo 1: Plague Epidemics and Antiplague Precautions in Russia to 1770.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBray2004&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=djPWGnvBm08C&amp;pg=PA72&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_72&#93;Capítulo_8:_The_Black_Death_(part_3)-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBray2004[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=djPWGnvBm08C&amp;pg=PA72&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_72]Capítulo_8:_The_Black_Death_(part_3)_149-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBray2004">Bray 2004</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=djPWGnvBm08C&amp;pg=PA72&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">72</a>, Capítulo 8: The Black Death (part 3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-150">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myhelsinki.fi/en/see-and-do/sights/old-church-park-ruttopuisto">«Old Church Park - Ruttopuisto»</a>. Helsingin kaupunki<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 5 de junho de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Old+Church+Park+-+Ruttopuisto&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Helsingin+kaupunki&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myhelsinki.fi%2Fen%2Fsee-and-do%2Fsights%2Fold-church-park-ruttopuisto&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2009&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=sB7rtxDpeB4C&amp;pg=PA9&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_9&#93;A_Beutiful,_Hungry_Landscape_Approaching_Stockholm-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2009[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=sB7rtxDpeB4C&amp;pg=PA9&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_9]A_Beutiful,_Hungry_Landscape_Approaching_Stockholm_151-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2009">Griffiths 2009</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=sB7rtxDpeB4C&amp;pg=PA9&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">9</a>, A Beutiful, Hungry Landscape Approaching Stockholm.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Melikishvili, Alexander (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/cns-archive/antiplague/melikishvili.pdf">«Genesis of the Anti-Plague System: The Tsarist Period»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Critical Reviews in Microbiology. <b>32</b> (1): 19–31. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.204.1976">10.1.1.204.1976</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16610335">16610335</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10408410500496763">10.1080/10408410500496763</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 6 de junho de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Genesis+of+the+Anti-Plague+System%3A+The+Tsarist+Period&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander&amp;rft.aulast=Melikishvili&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=19-31&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.204.1976&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nonproliferation.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fcns-archive%2Fantiplague%2Fmelikishvili.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10408410500496763&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16610335&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIonescu1974287–293-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIonescu1974287–293_153-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIonescu1974">Ionescu 1974</a>, pp.&#160;287–293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakersLanslorEskelner2019&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=RHu7DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT350&amp;lpg=PT350&amp;dq=The+Islamic+World+to+1600:+The+Mongol+Invasions+(The+Black+Death)+ucalgary&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ovRLrCh-9z&amp;sig=ACfU3U352ZLyyQxH0tGechfcjlNVbXig8Q&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjs95-D1vXpAhWbLLkGHVzrDwYQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=snippet&amp;q=peste%20mundo%20&amp;f=false_Seção_13&#93;-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakersLanslorEskelner2019[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=RHu7DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT350&amp;lpg=PT350&amp;dq=The+Islamic+World+to+1600:+The+Mongol+Invasions+(The+Black+Death)+ucalgary&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ovRLrCh-9z&amp;sig=ACfU3U352ZLyyQxH0tGechfcjlNVbXig8Q&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjs95-D1vXpAhWbLLkGHVzrDwYQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=snippet&amp;q=peste%2520mundo%2520&amp;f=false_Seção_13]_154-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakersLanslorEskelner2019">Bakers, Lanslor &amp; Eskelner 2019</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=RHu7DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT350&amp;lpg=PT350&amp;dq=The+Islamic+World+to+1600:+The+Mongol+Invasions+(The+Black+Death)+ucalgary&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ovRLrCh-9z&amp;sig=ACfU3U352ZLyyQxH0tGechfcjlNVbXig8Q&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjs95-D1vXpAhWbLLkGHVzrDwYQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=snippet&amp;q=peste%20mundo%20&amp;f=false">Seção 13</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne200849Volume_1:_Animal_Diseases_(Zoonoses)_and_Epidemic_Diseases-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne200849Volume_1:_Animal_Diseases_(Zoonoses)_and_Epidemic_Diseases_155-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByrne2008">Byrne 2008</a>, p.&#160;49, Volume 1: Animal Diseases (Zoonoses) and Epidemic Diseases.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavisDavis2003-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavisDavis2003_156-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavisDavis2003">Davis &amp; Davis 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadrierePublishers2018-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadrierePublishers2018_157-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadrierePublishers2018">Ladriere &amp; Publishers 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssawi1988&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&amp;pg=PA104&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_104&#93;Capítulo_24:_Plagues_and_Floods_in_Baghdad,_1822_and_1831-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssawi1988[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&amp;pg=PA104&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_104]Capítulo_24:_Plagues_and_Floods_in_Baghdad,_1822_and_1831_158-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIssawi1988">Issawi 1988</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&amp;pg=PA104&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">104</a>, Capítulo 24: Plagues and Floods in Baghdad, 1822 and 1831.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn2003&#91;https&#58;//archive.org/details/blackdeathtransf00samu/page/336_336&#93;-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn2003[https://archive.org/details/blackdeathtransf00samu/page/336_336]_159-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohn2003">Cohn 2003</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackdeathtransf00samu/page/336">336</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stenseth, Nils Chr. (8 de agosto de 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/321/5890/773.full">«Plague Through History»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a>. <b>321</b> (5890): 773–774. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1161496">10.1126/science.1161496</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 28 de junho de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Plague+Through+History&amp;rft.aufirst=Nils+Chr.&amp;rft.aulast=Stenseth&amp;rft.date=2008-08-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=5890&amp;rft.pages=773-774&amp;rft.volume=321&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F321%2F5890%2F773.full&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1161496&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-161">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48182646">«Plague deaths: Quarantine lifted after couple die of bubonic plague»</a>. BBC. 7 de maio de 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 5 de janeiro de 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Plague+deaths%3A+Quarantine+lifted+after+couple+die+of+bubonic+plague&amp;rft.date=2019-05-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-48182646&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-162">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Nils Chr Stenseth (8 de agosto de 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/321/5890/773">«Plague Through History»</a>. <b>321</b> (5890). Science. pp.&#160;773–74. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1161496">10.1126/science.1161496</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Plague+Through+History&amp;rft.au=Nils+Chr+Stenseth&amp;rft.date=2008-08-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.issue=5890&amp;rft.pages=773-74&amp;rft.volume=321&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F321%2F5890%2F773&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1161496&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-163">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Josh Sanburn (26 de outubro de 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2027479_2027486_2027498,00.html">«Top 10 Terrible Epidemics: The Third Plague Pandemic»</a>. Time. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 5 de janeiro de 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Josh+Sanburn&amp;rft.btitle=Top+10+Terrible+Epidemics%3A+The+Third+Plague+Pandemic&amp;rft.date=2010-10-26&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.issn=0040-781X&amp;rft.pub=Time&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C2027479_2027486_2027498%2C00.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict1996&#91;https&#58;//archive.org/details/bubonicplagueinn00bene/page/47/mode/2up_47&#93;-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict1996[https://archive.org/details/bubonicplagueinn00bene/page/47/mode/2up_47]_164-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict1996[https://archive.org/details/bubonicplagueinn00bene/page/47/mode/2up_47]_164-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict1996">Benedict 1996</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bubonicplagueinn00bene/page/47/mode/2up">47</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict1996&#91;https&#58;//archive.org/details/bubonicplagueinn00bene/page/70/mode/2up_70&#93;-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict1996[https://archive.org/details/bubonicplagueinn00bene/page/70/mode/2up_70]_165-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict1996">Benedict 1996</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bubonicplagueinn00bene/page/70/mode/2up">70</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-166">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pryor, E G (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11614750/">«The great plague of Hong Kong»</a>. Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. <b>15</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cultus.hk/middle_ages/plagueHK.pdf">61–70</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11614750">11614750</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=The+great+plague+of+Hong+Kong&amp;rft.aufirst=E+G&amp;rft.aulast=Pryor&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.pages=61-70&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F11614750%2F&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11614750&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sydney.edu.au/medicine/museum/mwmuseum/index.php/Bubonic_Plague_comes_to_Sydney_in_1900">«Bubonic Plague Comes to Sydney in 1900»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Sydney" title="Universidade de Sydney">Universidade de Sydney</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 28 de junho de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Bubonic+Plague+Comes+to+Sydney+in+1900&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Universidade+de+Sydney&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsydney.edu.au%2Fmedicine%2Fmuseum%2Fmwmuseum%2Findex.php%2FBubonic_Plague_comes_to_Sydney_in_1900&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2003-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2003_168-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChase2003">Chase 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEchenberg2007&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=qw1M_3amPcQC&amp;pg=PA236&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_236&#93;;_&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=qw1M_3amPcQC&amp;pg=PA240&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_240&#93;Capítulo_8:_Black_Plague_Creeps_into_America-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEchenberg2007[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=qw1M_3amPcQC&amp;pg=PA236&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_236];_[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=qw1M_3amPcQC&amp;pg=PA240&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_240]Capítulo_8:_Black_Plague_Creeps_into_America_169-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEchenberg2007">Echenberg 2007</a>, pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=qw1M_3amPcQC&amp;pg=PA236&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">236</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=qw1M_3amPcQC&amp;pg=PA240&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">240</a>, Capítulo 8: Black Plague Creeps into America.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraut1995&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=EIqwDj9umzYC&amp;pg=PA96&amp;vq=1907&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q=1907&amp;f=false_96&#93;Capítulo_4:_A_Plague_of_Nativism:_The_Cases_of_Chick_Gin_and_“Typhoid_Mary”-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraut1995[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=EIqwDj9umzYC&amp;pg=PA96&amp;vq=1907&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q=1907&amp;f=false_96]Capítulo_4:_A_Plague_of_Nativism:_The_Cases_of_Chick_Gin_and_“Typhoid_Mary”_170-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraut1995">Kraut 1995</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=EIqwDj9umzYC&amp;pg=PA96&amp;vq=1907&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q=1907&amp;f=false">96</a>, Capítulo 4: A Plague of Nativism: The Cases of Chick Gin and “Typhoid Mary”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrater2009&#91;https&#58;//books.google.com.br/books?id=3_65UNS3sbAC&amp;pg=PA175&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_175&#93;-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrater2009[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=3_65UNS3sbAC&amp;pg=PA175&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false_175]_171-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrater2009">Frater 2009</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=3_65UNS3sbAC&amp;pg=PA175&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">175</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-172">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">T.V. Padma (23 de março de 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scidev.net/global/disease/news/drugresistant-plague-a-major-threat-say-scient.html">«Drug-resistant plague a 'major threat', say scientists»</a>. Science and Development Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 4 de julho de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=T.V.+Padma&amp;rft.btitle=Drug-resistant+plague+a+%27major+threat%27%2C+say+scientists&amp;rft.date=2007-03-23&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Science+and+Development+Network&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scidev.net%2Fglobal%2Fdisease%2Fnews%2Fdrugresistant-plague-a-major-threat-say-scient.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/csr/don/21-november-2014-plague/en/">«Plague – Madagascar»</a>. <i>Organização Mundial da Saúde</i>. 21 de novembro de 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 4 de julho de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=Plague+%93+Madagascar&amp;rft.date=2014-11-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Mundial+da+Sa%C3%BAde&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fcsr%2Fdon%2F21-november-2014-plague%2Fen%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-174">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Alexandra Wexler, Amir Antoy (16 de novembro de 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/madagascar-wrestles-with-worst-outbreak-of-plague-in-half-a-century-1510788541">«Madagascar Wrestles With Worst Outbreak of Plague in Half a Century»</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 4 de julho de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Alexandra+Wexler%2C+Amir+Antoy&amp;rft.btitle=Madagascar+Wrestles+With+Worst+Outbreak+of+Plague+in+Half+a+Century&amp;rft.date=2017-11-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+Wall+Street+Journal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fmadagascar-wrestles-with-worst-outbreak-of-plague-in-half-a-century-1510788541&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Editar secção: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Bibliografia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r60995074">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAberth2021" class="citation book">Aberth J (2021). <i>In The Black Death: A New History of the Great Mortality in Europe, 1347-1500</i>. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0199937981" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0199937981">978-0199937981</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft.aulast=Aberth&amp;rft.btitle=In+The+Black+Death%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Great+Mortality+in+Europe%2C+1347-1500&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0199937981&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBenedictow2021" class="citation book">Benedictow OJ (2021). <i>The Complete History of the Black Death</i>. [S.l.]: The Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1783275168" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1783275168">978-1783275168</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=OJ&amp;rft.aulast=Benedictow&amp;rft.btitle=The+Complete+History+of+the+Black+Death&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1783275168&amp;rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChristakosOleaSerreWang2005" class="citation book">Christakos G, Olea RA, Serre ML, Wang LL, Yu HL (2005). <i>Interdisciplinary Public Health Reasoning and Epidemic Modelling: the Case of Black Death</i>. [S.l.]: Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-3-540-25794-3" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-3-540-25794-3">978-3-540-25794-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Olea%2C+RA&amp;rft.au=Serre%2C+ML&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+LL&amp;rft.au=Yu%2C+HL&amp;rft.aufirst=G&amp;rft.aulast=Christakos&amp;rft.btitle=Interdisciplinary+Public+Health+Reasoning+and+Epidemic+Modelling%3A+the+Case+of+Black+Death&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-25794-3&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAlchon2003" class="citation book">Alchon, Suzanne Austin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=YiHHnV08ebkC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_atb&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective</i></a>. [S.l.]: University of New Mexico Press. 213&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8263-2871-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8263-2871-7">978-0-8263-2871-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Suzanne+Austin&amp;rft.aulast=Alchon&amp;rft.btitle=A+Pest+in+the+Land%3A+New+World+Epidemics+in+a+Global+Perspective&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8263-2871-7&amp;rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYiHHnV08ebkC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_atb%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2002" class="citation book">Alexander, John T. (12 de dezembro de 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster</i></a>. [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 408&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-1953-4799-9" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-1953-4799-9">978-0-1953-4799-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=John+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Alexander&amp;rft.btitle=Bubonic+Plague+in+Early+Modern+Russia%3A+Public+Health+and+Urban+Disaster&amp;rft.date=2002-12-12&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-1953-4799-9&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIcljzNyv4EgC%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2016" class="citation book">Armstrong, Dorsey (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/the-black-death-the-worlds-most-devastating-plague.html"><i>The Black Death: The World's Most Devastating Plague</i></a>. <i>The Great Courses</i>. [S.l.: s.n.] <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01FWOO2G6">B01FWOO2G6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Dorsey&amp;rft.aulast=Armstrong&amp;rft.btitle=The+Black+Death%3A+The+World%27s+Most+Devastating+Plague&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreatcourses.com%2Fcourses%2Fthe-black-death-the-worlds-most-devastating-plague.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBakersLanslorEskelner2019" class="citation book">Bakers, Martin; Lanslor, Tobias; Eskelner, Mikael (7 de novembro de 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Vida_na_Idade_M%C3%A9dia.html?id=RHu7DwAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Vida na Idade Média</i></a>. [S.l.]: Cambridge Stanford Books. 273&#160;páginas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Eskelner%2C+Mikael&amp;rft.au=Lanslor%2C+Tobias&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin&amp;rft.aulast=Bakers&amp;rft.btitle=Vida+na+Idade+M%C3%A9dia&amp;rft.date=2019-11-07&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+Stanford+Books&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FVida_na_Idade_M%25C3%25A9dia.html%3Fid%3DRHu7DwAAQBAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBelock1937" class="citation book">Belock, Julius (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Bev%C3%B6lkerungsgeschichte_Italiens.html?id=iQUEAQAAIAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Bevölkerungsgeschichte Italiens</i></a>. <b>3</b>. [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Julius&amp;rft.aulast=Belock&amp;rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerungsgeschichte+Italiens&amp;rft.date=1937&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FBev%25C3%25B6lkerungsgeschichte_Italiens.html%3Fid%3DiQUEAQAAIAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBenedict1996" class="citation book">Benedict, Carol Ann (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Bubonic_Plague_in_Nineteenth_century_Chi.html?id=gxa7jcVIR9MC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-century China</i></a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 256&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780804726610" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9780804726610">9780804726610</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Carol+Ann&amp;rft.aulast=Benedict&amp;rft.btitle=Bubonic+Plague+in+Nineteenth-century+China&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780804726610&amp;rft.place=Stanford&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FBubonic_Plague_in_Nineteenth_century_Chi.html%3Fid%3Dgxa7jcVIR9MC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBenedictow2006" class="citation book">Benedictow, Ole Jørgen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=KjLHAOE7irsC&amp;vq=Oslo+1654&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>The Black Death, 1346–1353: The Complete History</i></a> ilustrada, reimpressão ed. [S.l.]: Boydell &amp; Brewer. 433&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-8438-3214-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-8438-3214-0">978-1-8438-3214-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Ole+J%C3%B8rgen&amp;rft.aulast=Benedictow&amp;rft.btitle=The+Black+Death%2C+1346%931353%3A+The+Complete+History&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=ilustrada%2C+reimpress%C3%A3o&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-8438-3214-0&amp;rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKjLHAOE7irsC%26vq%3DOslo%2B1654%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBennettHollister2009" class="citation book">Bennett, Judith M.; Hollister, C. Warren (23 de junho de 2009) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Medieval_Europe_A_Short_History.html?id=TT8TAQAAIAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Medieval Europe: A Short History</i></a> 10.ª ed. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: McGraw-Hill Companies, Incorporated. 383&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-0729-5515-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-0729-5515-6">978-0-0729-5515-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Hollister%2C+C.+Warren&amp;rft.aufirst=Judith+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Bennett&amp;rft.btitle=Medieval+Europe%3A+A+Short+History&amp;rft.date=2009-06-23&amp;rft.edition=10.%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-0729-5515-6&amp;rft.place=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Companies%2C+Incorporated&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FMedieval_Europe_A_Short_History.html%3Fid%3DTT8TAQAAIAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBjork2010" class="citation book">Bjork, Robert E. (24 de junho de 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages.html?id=fT8qAQAAMAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages: 4 Volumes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Indiana" title="Universidade de Indiana">Universidade de Indiana</a>: Oxford University Press. 1962&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-1986-6262-4" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-1986-6262-4">978-0-1986-6262-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Bjork&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Middle+Ages%3A+4+Volumes&amp;rft.date=2010-06-24&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-1986-6262-4&amp;rft.place=Universidade+de+Indiana&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Oxford_Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages.html%3Fid%3DfT8qAQAAMAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBorsch2009" class="citation book">Borsch, Stuart J. (15 de setembro de 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=QcF7AAAAQBAJ&amp;vq=millions&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>The Black Death in Egypt and England: A Comparative Study</i></a>. [S.l.]: University of Texas Press. 207&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-2927-8317-1" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-2927-8317-1">978-0-2927-8317-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Stuart+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Borsch&amp;rft.btitle=The+Black+Death+in+Egypt+and+England%3A+A+Comparative+Study&amp;rft.date=2009-09-15&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-2927-8317-1&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQcF7AAAAQBAJ%26vq%3Dmillions%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBorsch2014" class="citation book">Borsch, Stuart J. (2014). «7». In: Monica H., Green. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&amp;context=tmg"><i>Plague Depopulation and Irrigation Decay in Medieval Egypt</i></a>. <b>1</b>. [S.l.]: Western Michigan University. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-942401-04-9" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-942401-04-9">978-1-942401-04-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.atitle=7&amp;rft.aufirst=Stuart+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Borsch&amp;rft.btitle=Plague+Depopulation+and+Irrigation+Decay+in+Medieval+Egypt&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-942401-04-9&amp;rft.pub=Western+Michigan+University&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.wmich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1013%26context%3Dtmg&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBraunKroll2004" class="citation book">Braun, Frank; Kroll, Stefan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/St%C3%A4dtesystem_und_Urbanisierung_im_Ostse.html?id=kwOzlHo7h0QC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Städtesystem und Urbanisierung im Ostseeraum in der frühen Neuzeit: Wirtschaft, Baukultur und historische Informationssysteme&#160;: Beiträge des wissenschaftlichen Kolloquiums in Wismar vom 4. und 5. September 2003</i></a> (em alemão). [S.l.]: LIT Verlag Münster. 334&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-3-8258-7396-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-3-8258-7396-7">978-3-8258-7396-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Kroll%2C+Stefan&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank&amp;rft.aulast=Braun&amp;rft.btitle=St%C3%A4dtesystem+und+Urbanisierung+im+Ostseeraum+in+der+fr%C3%BChen+Neuzeit%3A+Wirtschaft%2C+Baukultur+und+historische+Informationssysteme+%3A+Beitr%C3%A4ge+des+wissenschaftlichen+Kolloquiums+in+Wismar+vom+4.+und+5.+September+2003&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-8258-7396-7&amp;rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FSt%25C3%25A4dtesystem_und_Urbanisierung_im_Ostse.html%3Fid%3DkwOzlHo7h0QC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBray2004" class="citation book">Bray, R. S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=djPWGnvBm08C&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Armies of Pestilence: The Impact of Disease on History</i></a>. [S.l.]: James Clarke &amp; Co. 258&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-2271-7240-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-2271-7240-7">978-0-2271-7240-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Bray&amp;rft.btitle=Armies+of+Pestilence%3A+The+Impact+of+Disease+on+History&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-2271-7240-7&amp;rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdjPWGnvBm08C%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBrotton2006" class="citation book">Brotton, Jerry (27 de abril de 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Renaissance_A_Very_Short_Introductio.html?id=6EgSDAAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. <b>148</b>. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. 148&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-1928-0163-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-1928-0163-0">978-0-1928-0163-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2399-7168">2399-7168</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Jerry&amp;rft.aulast=Brotton&amp;rft.btitle=The+Renaissance%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&amp;rft.date=2006-04-27&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-1928-0163-0&amp;rft.issn=2399-7168&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Renaissance_A_Very_Short_Introductio.html%3Fid%3D6EgSDAAAQBAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFByrne2004" class="citation book">Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Black Death</i></a>. [S.l.]: Greenwood Publishing Group. 231&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-3133-2492-5" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-3133-2492-5">978-0-3133-2492-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+Patrick&amp;rft.aulast=Byrne&amp;rft.btitle=The+Black+Death&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-3133-2492-5&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyw3HmjRvVQMC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFByrne2008" class="citation book">Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.dk/MedHist/Sygdomme/PDF/Encyclopedia_of_Pestilence_Pandemics_and_Plagues.pdf"><i>Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A–M</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <b>1–2</b>. [S.l.]: Greenwood Publishing Group. 917&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-313-34101-4" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-313-34101-4">978-0-313-34101-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+Patrick&amp;rft.aulast=Byrne&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Pestilence%2C+Pandemics%2C+and+Plagues%3A+A%93M&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-313-34101-4&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.dk%2FMedHist%2FSygdomme%2FPDF%2FEncyclopedia_of_Pestilence_Pandemics_and_Plagues.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFByrne2012" class="citation book">Byrne, Joseph Patrick (31 de janeiro de 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Encyclopedia of the Black Death</i></a>. <b>1</b>. [S.l.]: ABC-CLIO. 429&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-5988-4253-1" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-5988-4253-1">978-1-5988-4253-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+Patrick&amp;rft.aulast=Byrne&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Black+Death&amp;rft.date=2012-01-31&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-5988-4253-1&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5KtDfvlSrDAC%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCantor2001" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cantor" title="Norman Cantor">Cantor, Norman F.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/In_the_Wake_of_the_Plague.html?id=5QK_5hVmDz4C&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World it Made</i></a>. [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon &amp; Schuster">Simon &amp; Schuster</a>. 245&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-6848-5735-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-6848-5735-0">978-0-6848-5735-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Cantor&amp;rft.btitle=In+the+Wake+of+the+Plague%3A+The+Black+Death+and+the+World+it+Made&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-6848-5735-0&amp;rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FIn_the_Wake_of_the_Plague.html%3Fid%3D5QK_5hVmDz4C%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChampion1993" class="citation book">Champion, J. A. I. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Epidemic_Disease_in_London.html?id=XFMgAQAAIAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Epidemic Disease in London: A Collection of Working Papers Given at the Symposium 'Epidemic Disease in London: from the Black Death to Cholera' Held at the Institute of Historical Research, 19 March 1992</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Londres" title="Universidade de Londres">Universidade de Londres</a>: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Historical_Research" title="Institute of Historical Research">Institute of Historical Research</a>. 88&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-8713-4818-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-8713-4818-7">978-1-8713-4818-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+A.+I.&amp;rft.aulast=Champion&amp;rft.btitle=Epidemic+Disease+in+London%3A+A+Collection+of+Working+Papers+Given+at+the+Symposium+%27Epidemic+Disease+in+London%3A+from+the+Black+Death+to+Cholera%27+Held+at+the+Institute+of+Historical+Research%2C+19+March+1992&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-8713-4818-7&amp;rft.place=Universidade+de+Londres&amp;rft.pub=Institute+of+Historical+Research&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FEpidemic_Disease_in_London.html%3Fid%3DXFMgAQAAIAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChase2003" class="citation book">Chase, Marilyn (18 de março de 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Barbary_Plague.html?id=o9yPYXIYwkAC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Barbary Plague: The Black Death in Victorian San Francisco</i></a>. [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House Publishing Group</a>. 288&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-5883-6285-8" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-5883-6285-8">978-1-5883-6285-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Marilyn&amp;rft.aulast=Chase&amp;rft.btitle=The+Barbary+Plague%3A+The+Black+Death+in+Victorian+San+Francisco&amp;rft.date=2003-03-18&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-5883-6285-8&amp;rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Barbary_Plague.html%3Fid%3Do9yPYXIYwkAC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChristakosOleaSerre;2005" class="citation book">Christakos, George; Olea, Ricardo A.; Serre;, Marc L.; et al. (24 de junho de 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Interdisciplinary_Public_Health_Reasonin.html?id=KU_VvAYFMykC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Interdisciplinary Public Health Reasoning and Epidemic Modelling: The Case of Black Death</i></a>. [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. 319&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-3-5402-5794-3" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-3-5402-5794-3">978-3-5402-5794-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Olea%2C+Ricardo+A.&amp;rft.au=Serre%3B%2C+Marc+L.&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft.aulast=Christakos&amp;rft.btitle=Interdisciplinary+Public+Health+Reasoning+and+Epidemic+Modelling%3A+The+Case+of+Black+Death&amp;rft.date=2005-06-24&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-5402-5794-3&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FInterdisciplinary_Public_Health_Reasonin.html%3Fid%3DKU_VvAYFMykC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCohn2003" class="citation book">Cohn, Samuel Kline (30 de janeiro de 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Black_Death_Transformed.html?id=gAz5K8a8AVcC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe</i></a>. [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing_Plc" title="Bloomsbury Publishing Plc">Bloomsbury Publishing Plc</a>. 318&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-3407-0647-3" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-3407-0647-3">978-0-3407-0647-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Samuel+Kline&amp;rft.aulast=Cohn&amp;rft.btitle=The+Black+Death+Transformed%3A+Disease+and+Culture+in+Early+Renaissance+Europe&amp;rft.date=2003-01-30&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-3407-0647-3&amp;rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+Plc&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Black_Death_Transformed.html%3Fid%3DgAz5K8a8AVcC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2018" class="citation book">Crawford, Dorothy (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/deadly-companions-9780198815440?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;"><i>Deadly Companions: How Microbes Shaped Our History</i></a>. <i>Oxford University Press</i>. [S.l.: s.n.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Dorothy&amp;rft.aulast=Crawford&amp;rft.btitle=Deadly+Companions%3A+How+Microbes+Shaped+Our+History&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fdeadly-companions-9780198815440%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDavisDavis2003" class="citation book">Davis, Robert C.; Davis, Robert D. (16 de setembro de 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Christian_Slaves_Muslim_Masters.html?id=5q9zcB3JS40C&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800</i></a>. [S.l.]: Palgrave Macmillan. 246&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-3337-1966-4" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-3337-1966-4">978-0-3337-1966-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Davis%2C+Robert+D.&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Davis&amp;rft.btitle=Christian+Slaves%2C+Muslim+Masters%3A+White+Slavery+in+the+Mediterranean%2C+the+Barbary+Coast+and+Italy%2C+1500%931800&amp;rft.date=2003-09-16&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-3337-1966-4&amp;rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FChristian_Slaves_Muslim_Masters.html%3Fid%3D5q9zcB3JS40C%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDaileader2004" class="citation book">Daileader, Philip (1 de janeiro de 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Early_Middle_Ages.html?id=lkiJPwAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Early Middle Ages, Parte 1</i></a>. [S.l.]: Teaching Company. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-5658-5914-2" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-5658-5914-2">978-1-5658-5914-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.aulast=Daileader&amp;rft.btitle=The+Early+Middle+Ages%2C+Parte+1&amp;rft.date=2004-01-01&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-5658-5914-2&amp;rft.pub=Teaching+Company&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Early_Middle_Ages.html%3Fid%3DlkiJPwAACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFde_CorbeilRose2006" class="citation book">de Corbeil, Gilles; Rose, Valentin (22 de junho de 2006) [1907]. Rose, Valentin, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=W-JLstM4cU4C&amp;redir_esc=y&amp;hl=pt-BR"><i>Egidii Corboliensis Viaticus de signis et symptomatibus aegritudium</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>: In aedibus B.G. Teubneri. 125&#160;páginas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Rose%2C+Valentin&amp;rft.aufirst=Gilles&amp;rft.aulast=de+Corbeil&amp;rft.btitle=Egidii+Corboliensis+Viaticus+de+signis+et+symptomatibus+aegritudium&amp;rft.date=2006-06-22&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.pub=In+aedibus+B.G.+Teubneri&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-JLstM4cU4C%26redir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Dpt-BR&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFde_Smet1841" class="citation book">de Smet, Joseph Jean (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Corpus_chronicorum_Flandriae_Tomus_Secun.html?id=YjhGnQAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Corpus chronicorum Flandriae. Tomus Secundus: Recueil des chroniques de Flandre&#160;; 2</i></a> (em latim). <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_Austr%C3%ADaca" title="Biblioteca Nacional Austríaca">Biblioteca Nacional Austríaca</a>: Hayez</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+Jean&amp;rft.aulast=de+Smet&amp;rft.btitle=Corpus+chronicorum+Flandriae.+Tomus+Secundus%3A+Recueil+des+chroniques+de+Flandre+%3B+2&amp;rft.date=1841&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Biblioteca+Nacional+Austr%C3aca&amp;rft.pub=Hayez&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FCorpus_chronicorum_Flandriae_Tomus_Secun.html%3Fid%3DYjhGnQAACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEchenberg2007" class="citation book">Echenberg, Myron (8 de janeiro de 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Plague_Ports.html?id=qw1M_3amPcQC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague,1894-1901</i></a>. [S.l.]: New York University Press. 347&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8147-2232-9" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8147-2232-9">978-0-8147-2232-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Myron&amp;rft.aulast=Echenberg&amp;rft.btitle=Plague+Ports%3A+The+Global+Urban+Impact+of+Bubonic+Plague%2C1894-1901&amp;rft.date=2007-01-08&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2232-9&amp;rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FPlague_Ports.html%3Fid%3Dqw1M_3amPcQC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFrater2009" class="citation book">Frater, Jamie (3 de novembro de 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=3_65UNS3sbAC&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>The Ultimate Book of Top Ten Lists: A Mind-Boggling Collection of Fun, Fascinating and Bizarre Facts on Movies, Music, Sports, Crime, Ce</i></a>. [S.l.]: Simon and Schuster. 720&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9781569758007" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9781569758007">9781569758007</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Jamie&amp;rft.aulast=Frater&amp;rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Book+of+Top+Ten+Lists%3A+A+Mind-Boggling+Collection+of+Fun%2C+Fascinating+and+Bizarre+Facts+on+Movies%2C+Music%2C+Sports%2C+Crime%2C+Ce&amp;rft.date=2009-11-03&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781569758007&amp;rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_65UNS3sbAC%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGasquet2014" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Aidan_Gasquet" title="Francis Aidan Gasquet">Gasquet, Francis Aidan</a> (5 de dezembro de 2014) [1893]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Great_Pestilence_a_D_1348_1349_Now_C.html?id=EPSQVE39UyAC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Great Pestilence (a. D. 1348-1349) Now Commonly Known as the Black Death</i></a>. Biblioteca Pública de Lyon: Simpkin Mars Hall. 244&#160;páginas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Francis+Aidan&amp;rft.aulast=Gasquet&amp;rft.btitle=The+Great+Pestilence+%28a.+D.+1348-1349%29+Now+Commonly+Known+as+the+Black+Death&amp;rft.date=2014-12-05&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Biblioteca+P%C3%BAblica+de+Lyon&amp;rft.pub=Simpkin+Mars+Hall&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Great_Pestilence_a_D_1348_1349_Now_C.html%3Fid%3DEPSQVE39UyAC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGasquet2007" class="citation book">Gasquet, Francis Aidan (14 de fevereiro de 2007) [1.ª pub. 1908]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Black_Death_of_1348_and_1349.html?id=5wMAAAAAYAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Black Death of 1348 and 1349</i></a> 2.ª ed. [S.l.]: G. Bell. 272&#160;páginas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Francis+Aidan&amp;rft.aulast=Gasquet&amp;rft.btitle=The+Black+Death+of+1348+and+1349&amp;rft.date=2007-02-14&amp;rft.edition=2.%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=G.+Bell&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Black_Death_of_1348_and_1349.html%3Fid%3D5wMAAAAAYAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGoldthwaite2009" class="citation book">Goldthwaite, Richard A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Economy_of_Renaissance_Florence.html?id=OM2ckx49QFYC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Economy of Renaissance Florence</i></a>. [S.l.]: JHU Press. 649&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8018-8982-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8018-8982-0">978-0-8018-8982-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Goldthwaite&amp;rft.btitle=The+Economy+of+Renaissance+Florence&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8982-0&amp;rft.pub=JHU+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Economy_of_Renaissance_Florence.html%3Fid%3DOM2ckx49QFYC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGottfried2010" class="citation book">Gottfried, Robert S. (11 de maio de 2010) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Black_Death.html?id=oK4HTBcdSJsC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe</i></a>. [S.l.]: Simon &amp; Schuster. 203&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-4391-1846-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-4391-1846-7">978-1-4391-1846-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Gottfried&amp;rft.btitle=The+Black+Death%3A+Natural+and+Human+Disaster+in+Medieval+Europe&amp;rft.date=2010-05-11&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4391-1846-7&amp;rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FBlack_Death.html%3Fid%3DoK4HTBcdSJsC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGregorio1791" class="citation book">Gregorio, Rosario (1791). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Bibliotheca_scriptorum_qui_res_in_Sicili.html?id=7tUwAQAAMAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Bibliotheca scriptorum qui res in Sicilia gestas sub Aragonum imperio retulere: Eam uti accessionem ad Historicam bibliothecam Carusii instruxit, Volume 1</i></a> (em latim). [S.l.]: Ex Regio typographeo. 556&#160;páginas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Rosario&amp;rft.aulast=Gregorio&amp;rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+scriptorum+qui+res+in+Sicilia+gestas+sub+Aragonum+imperio+retulere%3A+Eam+uti+accessionem+ad+Historicam+bibliothecam+Carusii+instruxit%2C+Volume+1&amp;rft.date=1791&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Ex+Regio+typographeo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FBibliotheca_scriptorum_qui_res_in_Sicili.html%3Fid%3D7tUwAQAAMAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2009" class="citation book">Griffiths, Tony (25 de novembro de 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=sB7rtxDpeB4C&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Stockholm: A Cultural History</i></a>. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. 257&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-1997-4499-2" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-1997-4499-2">978-0-1997-4499-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Tony&amp;rft.aulast=Griffiths&amp;rft.btitle=Stockholm%3A+A+Cultural+History&amp;rft.date=2009-11-25&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-1997-4499-2&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsB7rtxDpeB4C%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHarreld2016" class="citation book">Harreld, Donald J. (13 de julho de 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/An_Economic_History_of_the_World_Since_1.html?id=YUjyvQAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>An Economic History of the World Since 1400</i></a>. [S.l.]: Teaching Company, LLC. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-6299-7313-5" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-6299-7313-5">978-1-6299-7313-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Harreld&amp;rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+the+World+Since+1400&amp;rft.date=2016-07-13&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-6299-7313-5&amp;rft.pub=Teaching+Company%2C+LLC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FAn_Economic_History_of_the_World_Since_1.html%3Fid%3DYUjyvQAACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHays1998" class="citation book">Hays, J. N. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Burdens_of_Disease.html?id=iMHmn9c38QgC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Burdens of Disease: Epidemics and Human Response in Western History</i></a>. [S.l.]: Rutgers University Press. 361&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8135-2528-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8135-2528-0">978-0-8135-2528-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Hays&amp;rft.btitle=The+Burdens+of+Disease%3A+Epidemics+and+Human+Response+in+Western+History&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2528-0&amp;rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Burdens_of_Disease.html%3Fid%3DiMHmn9c38QgC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHays2005" class="citation book">Hays, J. N. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Epidemics_and_Pandemics.html?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History</i></a>. [S.l.]: ABC-CLIO. 513&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-8510-9658-9" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-8510-9658-9">978-1-8510-9658-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Hays&amp;rft.btitle=Epidemics+and+Pandemics%3A+Their+Impacts+on+Human+History&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-8510-9658-9&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FEpidemics_and_Pandemics.html%3Fid%3DGyE8Qt-kS1kC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHauseMaltby2000" class="citation book">Hause, Steven C.; Maltby, William S. (1º de julho de 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Dead_and_the_Living_in_Paris_and_Lon.html?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Essentials of Western Civilization: A History of European Society to 1715</i></a>. <b>1</b>. [S.l.]: Wadsworth. 464&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-5345-7871-8" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-5345-7871-8">978-0-5345-7871-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Maltby%2C+William+S.&amp;rft.aufirst=Steven+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Hause&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Western+Civilization%3A+A+History+of+European+Society+to+1715&amp;rft.date=2000-07-01&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5345-7871-8&amp;rft.pub=Wadsworth&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Dead_and_the_Living_in_Paris_and_Lon.html%3Fid%3DJCPXfSUlUV8C%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHarding2002" class="citation book">Harding, Vanessa (20 de junho de 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Essentials_of_Western_Civilization.html?id=M_U8gA2cl9YC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500-1670</i></a>. [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. 343&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-5218-1126-2" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-5218-1126-2">978-0-5218-1126-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Vanessa&amp;rft.aulast=Harding&amp;rft.btitle=The+Dead+and+the+Living+in+Paris+and+London%2C+1500-1670&amp;rft.date=2002-06-20&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5218-1126-2&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FEssentials_of_Western_Civilization.html%3Fid%3DM_U8gA2cl9YC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHattyHatty1999" class="citation book">Hatty, Suzanne E.; Hatty, James (4 de novembro de 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=V0yJQXmGODgC&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>The Disordered Body: Epidemic Disease and Cultural Transformation</i></a>. [S.l.]: SUNY Press. 362&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-7914-4365-1" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-7914-4365-1">978-0-7914-4365-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Hatty%2C+James&amp;rft.aufirst=Suzanne+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Hatty&amp;rft.btitle=The+Disordered+Body%3A+Epidemic+Disease+and+Cultural+Transformation&amp;rft.date=1999-11-04&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4365-1&amp;rft.pub=SUNY+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV0yJQXmGODgC%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHeckerBabington1859" class="citation book">Hecker, Justus Friedrich Karl; Babington, Benjamin Guy (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/epidemicsofmiddl00heck#page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Epidemics – The Middle Ages</i></a> 3.ª ed. Londres: Trübner &amp; Company. 392&#160;páginas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Babington%2C+Benjamin+Guy&amp;rft.aufirst=Justus+Friedrich+Karl&amp;rft.aulast=Hecker&amp;rft.btitle=Epidemics+%93+The+Middle+Ages&amp;rft.date=1859&amp;rft.edition=3.%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Londres&amp;rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Company&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fepidemicsofmiddl00heck%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy1997" class="citation book">Herlihy, David (28 de setembro de 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Black_Death_and_the_Transformation_o.html?id=J5XeBQwrjLwC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Black Death and the Transformation of the West</i></a>. [S.l.]: Harvard University Press. 117&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-6740-7613-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-6740-7613-6">978-0-6740-7613-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Herlihy&amp;rft.btitle=The+Black+Death+and+the+Transformation+of+the+West&amp;rft.date=1997-09-28&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-6740-7613-6&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Black_Death_and_the_Transformation_o.html%3Fid%3DJ5XeBQwrjLwC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHolt2002" class="citation book">Holt, Mack P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Renaissance_and_Reformation_France_1500.html?id=F856QgAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Renaissance and Reformation France, 1500-1648</i></a>. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. 263&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-1987-3165-8" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-1987-3165-8">978-0-1987-3165-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Mack+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Holt&amp;rft.btitle=Renaissance+and+Reformation+France%2C+1500-1648&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-1987-3165-8&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FRenaissance_and_Reformation_France_1500.html%3Fid%3DF856QgAACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHorrox2011" class="citation book">Horrox, Rosemary (12 de agosto de 2011) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Black_death.html?id=tR8eAQAAIAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Black Death</i></a>. Col: Manchester Medieval Sources Series. <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Michigan" title="Universidade de Michigan">Universidade de Michigan</a>: Manchester University Press. 364&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-7190-3497-8" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-7190-3497-8">978-0-7190-3497-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Rosemary&amp;rft.aulast=Horrox&amp;rft.btitle=The+Black+Death&amp;rft.date=2011-08-12&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3497-8&amp;rft.place=Universidade+de+Michigan&amp;rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&amp;rft.series=Manchester+Medieval+Sources+Series&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Black_death.html%3Fid%3DtR8eAQAAIAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFIonescu1974" class="citation book">Ionescu, Şerban (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/books/NNL_ALEPH990029807220205171/NLI"><i>Bucureştii în vremea fanarioţilor</i></a> (em romeno). <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>: Dacia. 322&#160;páginas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=%C5%9Eerban&amp;rft.aulast=Ionescu&amp;rft.btitle=Bucure%C5%9Ftii+%C3%AEn+vremea+fanario%C5%A3ilor&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Cluj-Napoca&amp;rft.pub=Dacia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nli.org.il%2Fen%2Fbooks%2FNNL_ALEPH990029807220205171%2FNLI&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFIssawi1988" class="citation book">Issawi, Charles (14 de julho de 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>The Fertile Crescent, 1800–1914: A Documentary Economic History</i></a>. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. 520&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-1953-6421-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-1953-6421-7">978-0-1953-6421-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.aulast=Issawi&amp;rft.btitle=The+Fertile+Crescent%2C+1800%931914%3A+A+Documentary+Economic+History&amp;rft.date=1988-07-14&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-1953-6421-7&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2TGkO7G43oC%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJussilaMajoral2018" class="citation book">Jussila, Heikki; Majoral, Roser (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=hV-1DwAAQBAJ&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_book_other_versions"><i>Sustainable Development and Geographical Space: Issues of Population, Environment, Globalization and Education in Marginal Regions</i></a>. [S.l.]: Routledge. 382&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-3517-2481-4" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-3517-2481-4">978-1-3517-2481-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Majoral%2C+Roser&amp;rft.aufirst=Heikki&amp;rft.aulast=Jussila&amp;rft.btitle=Sustainable+Development+and+Geographical+Space%3A+Issues+of+Population%2C+Environment%2C+Globalization+and+Education+in+Marginal+Regions&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-3517-2481-4&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhV-1DwAAQBAJ%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26source%3Dgbs_book_other_versions&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKarlsson2000" class="citation book">Karlsson, Gunnar (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=4eRLXJpf2EoC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Iceland's 1100 Years: The History of a Marginal Society</i></a>. [S.l.]: C. Hurst &amp; Co. Publishers. 418&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-8506-5420-9" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-8506-5420-9">978-1-8506-5420-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Gunnar&amp;rft.aulast=Karlsson&amp;rft.btitle=Iceland%27s+1100+Years%3A+The+History+of+a+Marginal+Society&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-8506-5420-9&amp;rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4eRLXJpf2EoC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKelly2005" class="citation book">Kelly, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Great_Mortality.html?id=YjazX20h560C&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, The Most Devastating Plague of All Time</i></a>. [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. 364&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-0600-0692-1" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-0600-0692-1">978-0-0600-0692-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Kelly&amp;rft.btitle=The+Great+Mortality%3A+An+Intimate+History+of+the+Black+Death%2C+The+Most+Devastating+Plague+of+All+Time&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-0600-0692-1&amp;rft.pub=HarperCollins&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Great_Mortality.html%3Fid%3DYjazX20h560C%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKohn2008" class="citation book">Kohn, George C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Encyclopedia_of_Plague_and_Pestilence.html?id=QJEUAQAAIAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present</i></a> 3.ª ed. [S.l.]: Facts On File. 529&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8160-6935-4" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8160-6935-4">978-0-8160-6935-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=George+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Kohn&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Plague+and+Pestilence%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.edition=3.%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6935-4&amp;rft.pub=Facts+On+File&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FEncyclopedia_of_Plague_and_Pestilence.html%3Fid%3DQJEUAQAAIAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKraut1995" class="citation book">Kraut, Alan M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=EIqwDj9umzYC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Silent Travelers: Germs, Genes, and the Immigrant Menace</i></a>. [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Johns_Hopkins" title="Universidade Johns Hopkins">Universidade Johns Hopkins</a>. 369&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8018-5096-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8018-5096-7">978-0-8018-5096-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Kraut&amp;rft.btitle=Silent+Travelers%3A+Germs%2C+Genes%2C+and+the+Immigrant+Menace&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5096-7&amp;rft.pub=Universidade+Johns+Hopkins&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEIqwDj9umzYC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill1976" class="citation book">McNeill, William H. (1976). <i>Plagues and Peoples</i>. <i>Anchor/Doubleday</i>. [S.l.: s.n.] <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-385-11256-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-385-11256-7">978-0-385-11256-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=William+H.&amp;rft.aulast=McNeill&amp;rft.btitle=Plagues+and+Peoples&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-385-11256-7&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <bdi> <cite id="CITEREFMcNeill1976" class="citation book">McNeill, William H. (1976). <i>Plagues and Peoples</i>. <i>Anchor/Doubleday</i>. [S.l.: s.n.] <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-385-11256-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-385-11256-7">978-0-385-11256-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=William+H.&amp;rft.aulast=McNeill&amp;rft.btitle=Plagues+and+Peoples&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-385-11256-7&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></bdi> <cite id="CITEREFMcNeill1976" class="citation book">McNeill, William H. (1976). <i>Plagues and Peoples</i>. <i>Anchor/Doubleday</i>. [S.l.: s.n.] <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-385-11256-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-385-11256-7">978-0-385-11256-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=William+H.&amp;rft.aulast=McNeill&amp;rft.btitle=Plagues+and+Peoples&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-385-11256-7&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLindemann1999" class="citation book">Lindemann, Mary (28 de outubro de 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=fQxAkrbksTEC&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe</i></a>. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. 249&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-5214-2354-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-5214-2354-0">978-0-5214-2354-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary&amp;rft.aulast=Lindemann&amp;rft.btitle=Medicine+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+Europe&amp;rft.date=1999-10-28&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5214-2354-0&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfQxAkrbksTEC%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLadrierePublishers2018" class="citation book">Ladriere, J.; Publishers, Peeters (22 de março de 2018) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?hl=pt-BR&amp;id=RQR9kiMp2o8C&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q="><i>Turcica: 1969–1999</i></a>. <b>1–30</b>. [S.l.]: Isd. 120&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-9-0429-0801-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-9-0429-0801-7">978-9-0429-0801-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Publishers%2C+Peeters&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=Ladriere&amp;rft.btitle=Turcica%3A+1969%931999&amp;rft.date=2018-03-22&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-9-0429-0801-7&amp;rft.pub=Isd&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Dpt-BR%26id%3DRQR9kiMp2o8C%26focus%3Dsearchwithinvolume%26q%3D&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMoore2008" class="citation book">Moore, Robert I. (15 de abril de 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Formation_of_a_Persecuting_Society.html?id=pd31uoEVw0sC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Authority and Deviance in Western Europe 950-1250</i></a> 2.ª ed. [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley &amp; Sons">John Wiley &amp; Sons</a>. 240&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-4051-7242-4" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-4051-7242-4">978-1-4051-7242-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&amp;rft.aulast=Moore&amp;rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+a+Persecuting+Society%3A+Authority+and+Deviance+in+Western+Europe+950-1250&amp;rft.date=2008-04-15&amp;rft.edition=2.%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7242-4&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Formation_of_a_Persecuting_Society.html%3Fid%3Dpd31uoEVw0sC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNetzley1998" class="citation book">Netzley, Patricia D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Life_During_the_Renaissance.html?id=l5YneYz5CrUC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Life During the Renaissance</i></a>. [S.l.]: Lucent Books. 96&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-5600-6375-9" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-5600-6375-9">978-1-5600-6375-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Patricia+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Netzley&amp;rft.btitle=Life+During+the+Renaissance&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-5600-6375-9&amp;rft.pub=Lucent+Books&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FLife_During_the_Renaissance.html%3Fid%3Dl5YneYz5CrUC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNirenberg2015" class="citation book">Nirenberg, David (26 de maio de 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Communities_of_Violence.html?id=AqAEogEACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages - Updated Edition</i></a>. [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. 328&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-6911-6576-9" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-6911-6576-9">978-0-6911-6576-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Nirenberg&amp;rft.btitle=Communities+of+Violence%3A+Persecution+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+Ages+-+Updated+Edition&amp;rft.date=2015-05-26&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-6911-6576-9&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FCommunities_of_Violence.html%3Fid%3DAqAEogEACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNoordegraafValk1996" class="citation book">Noordegraaf, L.; Valk, Gerrit (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/De_gave_Gods.html?id=GLzfmgEACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>De gave Gods: de pest in Holland vanaf de late Middeleeuwen</i></a> (em neerlandês). [S.l.]: Bert Bakker. 288&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-9-0351-1777-8" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-9-0351-1777-8">978-9-0351-1777-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Valk%2C+Gerrit&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft.aulast=Noordegraaf&amp;rft.btitle=De+gave+Gods%3A+de+pest+in+Holland+vanaf+de+late+Middeleeuwen&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-9-0351-1777-8&amp;rft.pub=Bert+Bakker&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FDe_gave_Gods.html%3Fid%3DGLzfmgEACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPontano2013" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pontano" title="Giovanni Pontano">Pontano, Giovanni Giovano</a> (5 de agosto de 2013) [1.ª pub. 1631]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Rerum_Danicarum_historia.html?id=FvBXAAAAcAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Rerum Danicarum historia</i></a> (em latim). [S.l.]: Hondius. 812&#160;páginas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Giovanni+Giovano&amp;rft.aulast=Pontano&amp;rft.btitle=Rerum+Danicarum+historia&amp;rft.date=2013-08-05&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Hondius&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FRerum_Danicarum_historia.html%3Fid%3DFvBXAAAAcAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFScottDuncan2015" class="citation book">Scott, Susan; Duncan, Christopher J. (21 de julho de 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Biology_of_Plagues.html?id=9xAUuAAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Biology of Plagues: Evidence from Historical Populations</i></a>. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. 436&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-5210-1776-3" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-5210-1776-3">978-0-5210-1776-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Duncan%2C+Christopher+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan&amp;rft.aulast=Scott&amp;rft.btitle=Biology+of+Plagues%3A+Evidence+from+Historical+Populations&amp;rft.date=2015-07-21&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5210-1776-3&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FBiology_of_Plagues.html%3Fid%3D9xAUuAAACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPayne1973" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1 de janeiro de 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/A_History_of_Spain_and_Portugal.html?id=Do9-7xYWIycC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>A History of Spain and Portugal</i></a>. <b>1</b>. [S.l.]: University of Wisconsin Press. 712&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-2990-6270-5" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-2990-6270-5">978-0-2990-6270-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Payne&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Spain+and+Portugal&amp;rft.date=1973-01-01&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-2990-6270-5&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FA_History_of_Spain_and_Portugal.html%3Fid%3DDo9-7xYWIycC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFParker2001" class="citation book">Parker, Geoffrey (21 de dezembro de 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=qy8y8rHgucoC&amp;pg=PA7&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Europe in Crisis: 1598-1648</i></a> 2.ª ed. [S.l.]: John Wiley &amp; Sons. 348&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-6312-2028-2" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-6312-2028-2">978-0-6312-2028-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&amp;rft.aulast=Parker&amp;rft.btitle=Europe+in+Crisis%3A+1598-1648&amp;rft.date=2001-12-21&amp;rft.edition=2.%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-6312-2028-2&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqy8y8rHgucoC%26pg%3DPA7%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPontoppidan2012" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Pontoppidan" title="Erik Pontoppidan">Pontoppidan, Erik</a> (9 de outubro de 2012) [1755]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Natural_History_of_Norway.html?id=3OglUqRf_soC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Natural History of Norway...: Translated from the Danish Original</i></a>. Biblioteca Pública de Lyon: A. Linde. 292&#160;páginas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Erik&amp;rft.aulast=Pontoppidan&amp;rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Norway...%3A+Translated+from+the+Danish+Original&amp;rft.date=2012-10-09&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Biblioteca+P%C3%BAblica+de+Lyon&amp;rft.pub=A.+Linde&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Natural_History_of_Norway.html%3Fid%3D3OglUqRf_soC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPorter2009" class="citation book">Porter, Stephen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Great_Plague.html?id=x2EBkPNnUXEC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Great Plague</i></a>. [S.l.]: Amberley Publishing. 192&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-8486-8087-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-8486-8087-6">978-1-8486-8087-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen&amp;rft.aulast=Porter&amp;rft.btitle=The+Great+Plague&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-8486-8087-6&amp;rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Great_Plague.html%3Fid%3Dx2EBkPNnUXEC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPullan2005" class="citation book">Pullan, Brian (10 de novembro de 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Crisis_and_Change_in_the_Venetian_Econom.html?id=2DlGaWQBDQEC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Crisis and Change in the Venetian Economy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</i></a> reimpressão ed. [S.l.]: Taylor &amp; Francis. 232&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-4153-7700-3" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-4153-7700-3">978-0-4153-7700-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rft.aulast=Pullan&amp;rft.btitle=Crisis+and+Change+in+the+Venetian+Economy+in+the+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&amp;rft.date=2005-11-10&amp;rft.edition=reimpress%C3%A3o&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-4153-7700-3&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FCrisis_and_Change_in_the_Venetian_Econom.html%3Fid%3D2DlGaWQBDQEC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFScheidel2017" class="citation book">Scheidel, Walter (9 de janeiro de 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Great_Leveler.html?id=NgZpDQAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century</i></a>. [S.l.]: Princeton University Press. 536&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-4008-8460-5" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-4008-8460-5">978-1-4008-8460-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Walter&amp;rft.aulast=Scheidel&amp;rft.btitle=The+Great+Leveler%3A+Violence+and+the+History+of+Inequality+from+the+Stone+Age+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&amp;rft.date=2017-01-09&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8460-5&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Great_Leveler.html%3Fid%3DNgZpDQAAQBAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFShrewsbury2005" class="citation book">Shrewsbury, J. F. D. (10 de novembro de 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/A_History_of_Bubonic_Plague_in_the_Briti.html?id=ATOlhaEvN3wC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles</i></a>. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. 680&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-5210-2247-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-5210-2247-7">978-0-5210-2247-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+F.+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Shrewsbury&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Bubonic+Plague+in+the+British+Isles&amp;rft.date=2005-11-10&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5210-2247-7&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FA_History_of_Bubonic_Plague_in_the_Briti.html%3Fid%3DATOlhaEvN3wC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTignorAdelmanAron;2011" class="citation book">Tignor, Robert; Adelman, Jeremy; Aron;, Stephen; et al. (31 de maio de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.tm/books?id=qe8cuQAACAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A History of the World from the Beginnings of Humankind to the Present</i></a> 3.ª ed. [S.l.]: W W Norton &amp; Company Incorporated. 992&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-3931-4972-2" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-3931-4972-2">978-0-3931-4972-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Adelman%2C+Jeremy&amp;rft.au=Aron%3B%2C+Stephen&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Tignor&amp;rft.btitle=Worlds+Together%2C+Worlds+Apart%3A+A+History+of+the+World+from+the+Beginnings+of+Humankind+to+the+Present&amp;rft.date=2011-05-31&amp;rft.edition=3.%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-3931-4972-2&amp;rft.pub=W+W+Norton+%26+Company+Incorporated&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.tm%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqe8cuQAACAAJ%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTotaro2005" class="citation book">Totaro, Rebecca Carol Noel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Suffering_in_Paradise.html?id=cF1lAAAAMAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Suffering in Paradise: The Bubonic Plague in English Literature from More to Milton</i></a>. Universidade de Michigan: Duquesne University Press. 242&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8207-0362-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8207-0362-6">978-0-8207-0362-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Carol+Noel&amp;rft.aulast=Totaro&amp;rft.btitle=Suffering+in+Paradise%3A+The+Bubonic+Plague+in+English+Literature+from+More+to+Milton&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8207-0362-6&amp;rft.place=Universidade+de+Michigan&amp;rft.pub=Duquesne+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FSuffering_in_Paradise.html%3Fid%3DcF1lAAAAMAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTuchman2011" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Tuchman" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Tuchman">Tuchman, Barbara W.</a> (3 de agosto de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/A_Distant_Mirror.html?id=BmRoOIwLWhsC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century</i></a>. [S.l.]: Random House Publishing Group. 784&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-3077-9369-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-3077-9369-0">978-0-3077-9369-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Barbara+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Tuchman&amp;rft.btitle=A+Distant+Mirror%3A+The+Calamitous+14th+Century&amp;rft.date=2011-08-03&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-3077-9369-0&amp;rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FA_Distant_Mirror.html%3Fid%3DBmRoOIwLWhsC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTwigg1985" class="citation book">Twigg, Graham (1 de janeiro de 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Black_Death.html?id=cH5rAAAAMAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Black Death: A Biological Reappraisal</i></a>. [S.l.]: Schocken Books. 254&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8052-3955-3" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8052-3955-3">978-0-8052-3955-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Graham&amp;rft.aulast=Twigg&amp;rft.btitle=The+Black+Death%3A+A+Biological+Reappraisal&amp;rft.date=1985-01-01&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8052-3955-3&amp;rft.pub=Schocken+Books&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Black_Death.html%3Fid%3DcH5rAAAAMAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTwitchettFairbankFranke;1978" class="citation book">Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King; Franke;, Herbert; et al. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Cambridge_History_of_China_Volume_6.html?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368</i></a>. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. 896&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-5212-4331-5" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-5212-4331-5">978-0-5212-4331-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.au=Fairbank%2C+John+King&amp;rft.au=Franke%3B%2C+Herbert&amp;rft.aufirst=Denis+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Twitchett&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+6%2C+Alien+Regimes+and+Border+States%2C+907-1368&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5212-4331-5&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Cambridge_History_of_China_Volume_6.html%3Fid%3DiN9Tdfdap5MC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWallace1999" class="citation book">Wallace, David (21 de janeiro de 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=Fn4RogEACAAJ&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;source=gbs_book_other_versions"><i>The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature</i></a>. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. 1066&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-5214-4420-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-5214-4420-0">978-0-5214-4420-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Wallace&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Medieval+English+Literature&amp;rft.date=1999-01-21&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5214-4420-0&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFn4RogEACAAJ%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26source%3Dgbs_book_other_versions&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWunderli1992" class="citation book">Wunderli, Richard M. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Peasant_Fires.html?id=zhDIS1dgPI8C&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Peasant Fires: The Drummer of Niklashausen</i></a>. [S.l.]: Indiana University Press. 156&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-2532-0751-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-2532-0751-7">978-0-2532-0751-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Wunderli&amp;rft.btitle=Peasant+Fires%3A+The+Drummer+of+Niklashausen&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-2532-0751-7&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FPeasant_Fires.html%3Fid%3DzhDIS1dgPI8C%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFZiegler2013" class="citation book">Ziegler, Philip (17 de janeiro de 2013) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;id=Q3crAAAAYAAJ&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=Yersinia+pestis"><i>The Black Death</i></a> 2.ª ed. [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. 312&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-5712-8711-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-5712-8711-6">978-0-5712-8711-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.aulast=Ziegler&amp;rft.btitle=The+Black+Death&amp;rft.date=2013-01-17&amp;rft.edition=2.%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5712-8711-6&amp;rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fredir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26id%3DQ3crAAAAYAAJ%26focus%3Dsearchwithinvolume%26q%3DYersinia%2Bpestis&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFZuchora-Walske2013" class="citation book">Zuchora-Walske, Christine (1 de janeiro de 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Poland.html?id=sgJO7dOq1pUC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Poland – Countries of the World</i></a>. [S.l.]: ABDO. 144&#160;páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-6178-3634-3" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-6178-3634-3">978-1-6178-3634-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.aufirst=Christine&amp;rft.aulast=Zuchora-Walske&amp;rft.btitle=Poland+%93+Countries+of+the+World&amp;rft.date=2013-01-01&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-6178-3634-3&amp;rft.pub=ABDO&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FPoland.html%3Fid%3DsgJO7dOq1pUC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f9f9f9); color: inherit; width: 238px; padding: 5px; spacing: 0px; text-align: center; float: right;"> <div style="float: left; vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/33px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/44px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 30px; line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle;">O <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="commons:Página principal">Commons</a> possui uma <i>categoria</i> com imagens e outros ficheiros sobre <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_Death?uselang=pt">Peste Negra</a></span></b></div> </div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/plague">«Plague»</a> (em inglês). Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Plague&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fen%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fplague&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/plague/faq/index.html">«Plague»</a> (em inglês). Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeste+Negra&amp;rft.btitle=Plague&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fplague%2Ffaq%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peste_Negra" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Peste_Negra" title="Predefinição:Peste Negra"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Peste Negra (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peste_Negra" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peste Negra</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Yersinia_pestis"><i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="text-align:center;">Temática</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Consequ%C3%AAncias_da_Peste_Negra" title="Consequências da Peste Negra">Consequências</a> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persegui%C3%A7%C3%B5es_durante_a_Peste_Negra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perseguições durante a Peste Negra (página não existe)">Perseguições</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Massacre_da_Basileia" title="Massacre da Basileia">Massacre da Basileia</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="text-align:center;">Por região</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Peste_Negra_na_Inglaterra" title="Peste Negra na Inglaterra">Inglaterra</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Grande_Peste_de_Londres" title="Grande Peste de Londres">Grande Peste de Londres</a>)</span> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra_na_Fran%C3%A7a&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peste Negra na França (página não existe)">França</a> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra_na_It%C3%A1lia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peste Negra na Itália (página não existe)">Itália</a> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peste_Negra_em_San_Francisco&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peste Negra em San Francisco (página não existe)">San Francisco</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="text-align:center;">Cultura popular</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Os_Noivos" title="Os Noivos">I Promessi Sposi</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1827)</span> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ring_a_Ring_O%27_Roses&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ring a Ring O&#39; Roses (página não existe)">Ring a Ring O' Roses</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1881)</span> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinagre_dos_Quatro_Ladr%C3%B5es&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinagre dos Quatro Ladrões (página não existe)">Vinagre dos Quatro Ladrões</a> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Can%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Geissler&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Canções de Geissler (página não existe)">Canções de Geissler</a> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Dan%C3%A7a_macabra" title="Dança macabra">Dança macabra</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:6em; text-align:left; background-color:#F5F5F5"><div style="text-align:center;">Obras</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Decamer%C3%A3o" title="Decamerão">Decameron</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1353)</span> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronaca_fiorentina_di_Marchionne_di_Coppo_Stefani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronaca fiorentina di Marchionne di Coppo Stefani (página não existe)">Cronaca fiorentina</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1386)</span> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Journal_of_the_Plague_Year&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="A Journal of the Plague Year (página não existe)">A Journal of the Plague Year</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1722)</span> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Peste" title="A Peste">La Peste</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947)</span> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doomsday_Book&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Doomsday Book (página não existe)">Doomsday Book</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <i><a href="/wiki/World_Without_End_(livro)" title="World Without End (livro)">World Without End</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:6em; text-align:left; background-color:#F5F5F5"><div style="text-align:center;">Mídia</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/O_S%C3%A9timo_Selo" title="O Sétimo Selo">Det Sjunde Inseglet</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957)</span> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <i><a href="/wiki/World_Without_End_(miniss%C3%A9rie)" title="World Without End (minissérie)">World Without End</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2012)</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relacionados</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9dico_da_peste" title="Médico da peste">Médico da peste</a> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_pre%C3%A7os" title="Revolução dos preços">Revolução dos preços</a> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Lenda_do_envenenamento_dos_po%C3%A7os" title="Lenda do envenenamento dos poços">Lenda do envenenamento dos poços</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Página de categoria"><img alt="Página de categoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/24px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/32px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Categoria:Peste_Negra" title="Categoria:Peste Negra">Categoria</a> &#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/16px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/32px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_Death" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Black Death">Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epidemias,_pandemias_e_surtos_notáveis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Epidemias" title="Predefinição:Epidemias"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Epidemias" title="Predefinição Discussão:Epidemias"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Epidemias&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epidemias,_pandemias_e_surtos_notáveis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epidemia" title="Epidemia">Epidemias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia">pandemias</a> e <a href="/wiki/Surto" title="Surto">surtos</a> notáveis</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locais</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Idade antiga</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r57040861">.mw-parser-output .sep-list{font-weight:bold}</style><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peste_de_Atenas" title="Peste de Atenas">Peste de Atenas</a> (429–426 AEC)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peste_antonina" title="Peste antonina">Peste antonina</a> (165–180 DEC)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peste_de_Cipriano" title="Peste de Cipriano">Peste de Cipriano</a> (250–266)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Idade pós-clássica</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Praga_de_Justiniano" title="Praga de Justiniano">Praga de Justiniano</a> (541–542)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Praga_romana_de_590" title="Praga romana de 590">Praga romana</a> (590)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Praga_de_664" title="Praga de 664">Peste de 664</a> (664–689)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Epidemia_de_var%C3%ADola_japonesa_de_735%E2%80%93737" title="Epidemia de varíola japonesa de 735–737">Varíola japonesa</a> (735–737)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peste Negra</a> (1347–1351)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sudor_anglicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudor anglicus">Sudor anglicus</a> (1485–1551)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Século XVII</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grande_peste_de_Londres" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande peste de Londres">Grande peste de Londres</a> (1665–1666)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grande_peste_de_Viena" title="Grande peste de Viena">Grande peste de Viena</a> (1679)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Século XVIII</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Peste_de_Marselha" title="Grande Peste de Marselha">Grande Peste de Marselha</a> (1720–1722)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Peste_de_1738" title="Grande Peste de 1738">Grande Peste de 1738</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Século XIX</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pandemia_de_gripe_de_1889-1890" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandemia de gripe de 1889-1890">Pandemia de gripe de 1889-1890</a> (ou "Gripe Russa")</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Século XX</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surto_de_var%C3%ADola_na_Iugosl%C3%A1via_de_1972" title="Surto de varíola na Iugoslávia de 1972">Varíola na Iugoslávia</a> (1972)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surto_do_v%C3%ADrus_Nipah_na_Mal%C3%A1sia_em_1998-1999" title="Surto do vírus Nipah na Malásia em 1998-1999">Nipah na Malásia</a> (1998–1999)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Século XXI</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Epidemia_de_c%C3%B3lera_no_Zimb%C3%A1bue_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Epidemia de cólera no Zimbábue (2008–2009)">Cólera no Zimbábue</a> (2008–2009)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Epidemia_de_c%C3%B3lera_no_Haiti_em_2010" title="Epidemia de cólera no Haiti em 2010">Cólera no Haiti</a> (2010)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surto_de_Ebola_na_%C3%81frica_Ocidental" title="Surto de Ebola na África Ocidental">Ebola no Oeste da África</a> (2013–2016)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surto_de_v%C3%ADrus_%C3%89bola_na_Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_do_Congo_em_2014" title="Surto de vírus Ébola na República Democrática do Congo em 2014">Ebola na República Democrática do Congo</a> (2014)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surto_de_c%C3%B3lera_no_I%C3%AAmen_(2016%E2%80%93presente)" title="Surto de cólera no Iêmen (2016–presente)">Cólera no Iêmen</a> (2016–presente)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surtos_do_v%C3%ADrus_Nipah_em_Querala" title="Surtos do vírus Nipah em Querala">Nipah em Querala</a> (2018)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surto_de_%C3%A9bola_em_Kivu_de_2018%E2%80%932020" class="mw-redirect" title="Surto de ébola em Kivu de 2018–2020">Ebola em Kivu</a> (2018–2020)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surto_de_sarampo_em_Samoa_em_2019" title="Surto de sarampo em Samoa em 2019">Sarampo em Samoa</a> (2019–2020)</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Globais</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia_de_gripe_de_1510&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandemia de gripe de 1510 (página não existe)">Pandemia de gripe</a> (1510)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia_de_gripe_de_1557&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandemia de gripe de 1557 (página não existe)">Pandemia de gripe</a> (1557)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Segunda_pandemia_de_peste&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Segunda pandemia de peste (página não existe)">Segunda pandemia de peste</a> (1348–século XIX)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primeira_pandemia_de_c%C3%B3lera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Primeira pandemia de cólera (página não existe)">Primeira pandemia de cólera</a> (1816–1826)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Segunda_pandemia_de_c%C3%B3lera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Segunda pandemia de cólera (página não existe)">Segunda pandemia de cólera</a> (1829–1851)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terceira_pandemia_de_c%C3%B3lera" class="mw-redirect" title="Terceira pandemia de cólera">Terceira pandemia de cólera</a> (1852–1860)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terceira_pandemia_de_peste&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Terceira pandemia de peste (página não existe)">Terceira pandemia de peste</a> (1855–1960)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarta_pandemia_de_c%C3%B3lera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Quarta pandemia de cólera (página não existe)">Quarta pandemia de cólera</a> (1863–1879)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinta_pandemia_de_c%C3%B3lera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Quinta pandemia de cólera (página não existe)">Quinta pandemia de cólera</a> (1881–1896)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gripe_russa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gripe russa">Gripe russa</a> (1889–1890)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sexta_pandemia_de_c%C3%B3lera" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexta pandemia de cólera">Sexta pandemia de cólera</a> (1899–1923)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gripe_espanhola" title="Gripe espanhola">Gripe espanhola</a> (1918–1920)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gripe_asi%C3%A1tica" title="Gripe asiática">Gripe asiática</a> (1957–1958)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tima_pandemia_de_c%C3%B3lera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sétima pandemia de cólera (página não existe)">Sétima pandemia de cólera</a> (1961–1975)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gripe_de_Hong_Kong" title="Gripe de Hong Kong">Gripe de Hong Kong</a> (1968–1970)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADndrome_da_imunodefici%C3%AAncia_adquirida#Epidemiologia" title="Síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida">HIV/AIDS</a> (1981–presente)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Epidemia_de_SARS" title="Epidemia de SARS">SARS</a> (2002–2004)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gripe_avi%C3%A1ria" title="Gripe aviária">Gripe aviária</a> (2003–2005)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surtos_de_caxumba_no_s%C3%A9culo_XXI&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Surtos de caxumba no século XXI (página não existe)">Surtos de caxumba no século XXI</a> (2009)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surtos_de_peste_em_Madagascar_no_s%C3%A9culo_XXI&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Surtos de peste em Madagascar no século XXI (página não existe)">Surtos de peste em Madagascar no século XXI</a> (2008–2017)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pandemia_de_gripe_A_de_2009" title="Pandemia de gripe A de 2009">Gripe suína</a> (2009–2010)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Epidemia_de_MERS" title="Epidemia de MERS">MERS</a> (2012–2015)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Epidemia_de_chicungunha_na_Am%C3%A9rica_de_2013-2014" title="Epidemia de chicungunha na América de 2013-2014">Chicungunha</a> (2013–2014)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Epidemia_de_febre_zica_em_2015%E2%80%932016" title="Epidemia de febre zica em 2015–2016">Zica</a> (2015–2016)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19" title="Pandemia de COVID-19">COVID-19</a> (2019–presente)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surto_de_var%C3%ADola_s%C3%ADmia_em_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Surto de varíola símia em 2022">Varíola dos macacos</a> (2022–presente)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atuais</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADndrome_da_imunodefici%C3%AAncia_adquirida#Epidemiologia" title="Síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida">HIV/AIDS</a> (1981–presente)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surto_de_c%C3%B3lera_no_I%C3%AAmen_(2016%E2%80%93presente)" title="Surto de cólera no Iêmen (2016–presente)">Cólera no Iêmen</a> (2016–presente)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19" title="Pandemia de COVID-19">COVID-19</a> (2019–presente)</span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surto_de_var%C3%ADola_s%C3%ADmia_em_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Surto de varíola símia em 2022">Varíola dos macacos</a> (2022–presente)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Endemia" title="Endemia">Endemia</a></span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erradica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_doen%C3%A7as_infecciosas" title="Erradicação de doenças infecciosas">Erradicação de doenças infecciosas</a></span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_epidemias" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista de epidemias">Lista de epidemias</a></span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Mundial_da_Sa%C3%BAde" title="Organização Mundial da Saúde">Organização Mundial da Saúde</a></span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paciente_zero" title="Paciente zero">Paciente zero</a></span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emerg%C3%AAncia_de_Sa%C3%BAde_P%C3%BAblica_de_%C3%82mbito_Internacional" title="Emergência de Saúde Pública de Âmbito Internacional">PHEIC</a></span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quarentena" title="Quarentena">Quarentena</a></span>&#160;&#160;•&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vigil%C3%A2ncia_epidemiol%C3%B3gica" title="Vigilância epidemiológica">Vigilância epidemiológica</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="História_da_Europa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#ffd191"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Europa" title="Predefinição:História da Europa"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";background:#ffd191;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; 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text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Antiguidade_Cl%C3%A1ssica" title="Antiguidade Clássica">Antiguidade<br />Clássica</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9cia_Cl%C3%A1ssica" title="Grécia Clássica">Grécia Clássica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Romana" title="República Romana">República Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_helen%C3%ADstico" title="Período helenístico">Período helenístico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano" title="Império Romano">Império Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_cristianismo#Cristianismo_primitivo_(33-325)" title="História do cristianismo">Cristianismo primitivo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crise_do_terceiro_s%C3%A9culo" title="Crise do terceiro século">Crise do Terceiro Século</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queda_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano_do_Ocidente" title="Queda do Império Romano do Ocidente">Queda do Império Romano do Ocidente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiguidade_Tardia" title="Antiguidade Tardia">Antiguidade Tardia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ffe0b5; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Idade_M%C3%A9dia" title="Idade Média">Idade<br />Média</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em; background:#ffe0b5; text-align: center; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Alta_Idade_M%C3%A9dia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alta Idade Média">Alta<br />Id. Média</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristianiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Cristianização">Cristianização</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_Viking" title="Era Viking">Era Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estados_Papais" title="Estados Papais">Estados Papais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalismo" title="Feudalismo">Feudalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_Franco" title="Reino Franco">Frância</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Carol%C3%ADngio" title="Império Carolíngio">Império Carolíngio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglaterra_anglo-sax%C3%A3" title="Inglaterra anglo-saxã">Inglaterra anglo-saxã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migra%C3%A7%C3%B5es_dos_povos_b%C3%A1rbaros" title="Migrações dos povos bárbaros">Migrações bárbaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_B%C3%BAlgaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Império Búlgaro">Império Búlgaro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primeiro_Imp%C3%A9rio_B%C3%BAlgaro" title="Primeiro Império Búlgaro">Primeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segundo_Imp%C3%A9rio_B%C3%BAlgaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Segundo Império Búlgaro">Segundo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblicas_mar%C3%ADtimas" title="Repúblicas marítimas">Repúblicas marítimas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Amalfi" title="República de Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_G%C3%AAnova" title="República de Gênova">Gênova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Pisa" title="República de Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Veneza" title="República de Veneza">Venice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_das_Ast%C3%BArias" title="Reino das Astúrias">Reino das Astúrias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_Lombardo" title="Reino Lombardo">Reino Lombardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinastia_merov%C3%ADngia" title="Dinastia merovíngia">Reino Merovíngio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_Ostrog%C3%B3tico" title="Reino Ostrogótico">Reino Ostrogótico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_Suevo" title="Reino Suevo">Reino Suevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_Visig%C3%B3tico" title="Reino Visigótico">Reino Visigótico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAssia_de_Kiev" title="Rússia de Kiev">Rússia de Kiev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em; background:#ffe0b5; text-align: center; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Baixa_Idade_M%C3%A9dia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baixa Idade Média">Baixa<br />Id. Média</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condado_Portucalense" title="Condado Portucalense">Condado Portucalense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroa_de_Arag%C3%A3o" title="Coroa de Aragão">Coroa de Aragão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruzadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruzadas">Cruzadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Cisma_do_Oriente" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Cisma do Oriente">Grande Cisma do Oriente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_dos_Cem_Anos" title="Guerra dos Cem Anos">Guerra dos Cem Anos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_S%C3%A9rvio" title="Império Sérvio">Império Sérvio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o_mongol_da_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasão mongol da Europa">Invasão mongol da Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaquismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Monaquismo">Monaquismo</a></li> 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Anos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarquia_absoluta" title="Monarquia absoluta">Monarquia absoluta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Otomano" title="Império Otomano">Império Otomano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Império Português">Império Português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Espanhol" title="Império Espanhol">Império Espanhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_das_Duas_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="República das Duas Nações">Comunidade Polaco-Lituana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetmanato" title="Hetmanato">Hetmanato Cossaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Sueco" title="Império Sueco">Império Sueco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_das_Sete_Prov%C3%ADncias_Unidas_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="República das Sete Províncias Unidas dos Países Baixos">República Holandesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Brit%C3%A2nico" title="Império Britânico">Império Britânico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarquia_de_Habsburgo" title="Monarquia de Habsburgo">Monarquia de Habsburgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Russo" title="Império Russo">Império Russo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iluminismo" title="Iluminismo">Iluminismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ffe0b5; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_mundo#Europa" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="História do mundo">Era Moderna</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Diverg%C3%AAncia" title="Grande Divergência">Grande Divergência</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Industrial" title="Revolução Industrial">Revolução Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Francesa" title="Revolução Francesa">Revolução Francesa</a></li> <li><a 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Europa">Pandemia de COVID-19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ffe0b5; text-align: center;">Ver também</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_arte_ocidental" title="História da arte ocidental">Arte da Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_gen%C3%A9tica_da_Europa" title="História genética da Europa">História genética da Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_cristianismo" title="História do cristianismo">História do cristianismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_regi%C3%A3o_do_Mediterr%C3%A2neo" title="História da região do Mediterrâneo">História da região do Mediterrâneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Uni%C3%A3o_Europeia" title="História da União Europeia">História da União Europeia</a></li> <li><a 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title="Alta Idade Média">Alta<br />Idade Média</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguidade_Tardia" title="Antiguidade Tardia">Antiguidade Tardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristianiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Cristianização">Cristianização</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_Viking" title="Era Viking">Era Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Bizantino" title="Império Bizantino">Império Bizantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Carol%C3%ADngio" title="Império Carolíngio">Império Carolíngio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglaterra_anglo-sax%C3%A3" title="Inglaterra anglo-saxã">Inglaterra anglo-saxã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migra%C3%A7%C3%B5es_dos_povos_b%C3%A1rbaros" title="Migrações dos povos bárbaros">Migrações dos povos bárbaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primeiro_Imp%C3%A9rio_B%C3%BAlgaro" title="Primeiro Império Búlgaro">Primeiro Império Búlgaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queda_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano_do_Ocidente" title="Queda do Império Romano do Ocidente">Queda do Império Romano do Ocidente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_da_Arm%C3%AAnia_(Idade_M%C3%A9dia)" title="Reino da Armênia (Idade Média)">Reino da Armênia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_da_Cro%C3%A1cia_(Idade_M%C3%A9dia)" title="Reino da Croácia (Idade Média)">Reino da Croácia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_das_Ast%C3%BArias" title="Reino das Astúrias">Reino das Astúrias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_Lombardo" title="Reino Lombardo">Reino Lombardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinastia_merov%C3%ADngia" title="Dinastia merovíngia">Reino Merovíngio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_Ostrog%C3%B3tico" title="Reino Ostrogótico">Reino Ostrogótico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_Suevo" title="Reino Suevo">Reino Suevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_V%C3%A2ndalo" title="Reino Vândalo">Reino Vândalo</a></li> <li><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Manuscript_Illumination_with_the_Visitation_in_an_Initial_D%2C_from_a_Choir_Book_MET_sf31-134-3s1.jpg/160px-Manuscript_Illumination_with_the_Visitation_in_an_Initial_D%2C_from_a_Choir_Book_MET_sf31-134-3s1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="2490" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Joana_d%27Arc" title="Joana d&#39;Arc"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joan_of_Arc_miniature_graded.jpg/80px-Joan_of_Arc_miniature_graded.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joan_of_Arc_miniature_graded.jpg/120px-Joan_of_Arc_miniature_graded.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joan_of_Arc_miniature_graded.jpg/160px-Joan_of_Arc_miniature_graded.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1812" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nobreza" title="Nobreza"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Franz_Wolfgang_Rohrich_-_Bildnis_einer_Dame_mit_einem_ihrer_S%C3%B6hne.jpg/80px-Franz_Wolfgang_Rohrich_-_Bildnis_einer_Dame_mit_einem_ihrer_S%C3%B6hne.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Franz_Wolfgang_Rohrich_-_Bildnis_einer_Dame_mit_einem_ihrer_S%C3%B6hne.jpg/120px-Franz_Wolfgang_Rohrich_-_Bildnis_einer_Dame_mit_einem_ihrer_S%C3%B6hne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Franz_Wolfgang_Rohrich_-_Bildnis_einer_Dame_mit_einem_ihrer_S%C3%B6hne.jpg/160px-Franz_Wolfgang_Rohrich_-_Bildnis_einer_Dame_mit_einem_ihrer_S%C3%B6hne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2410" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ede4b7; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Baixa_Idade_M%C3%A9dia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baixa Idade Média">Baixa<br />Idade Média</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condado_Portucalense" title="Condado Portucalense">Condado Portucalense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruzada" title="Cruzada">Cruzadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escol%C3%A1stica" title="Escolástica">Escolástica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalismo" title="Feudalismo">Feudalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Cisma" title="Grande Cisma">Grande Cisma do Oriente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o_Mongol_na_Europa" title="Invasão Mongol na Europa">Invasão Mongol na Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest%C3%A3o_das_Investiduras" title="Questão das Investiduras">Questão das Investiduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_Arm%C3%A9nio_da_Cil%C3%ADcia" title="Reino Arménio da Cilícia">Reino Arménio da Cilícia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano-Germ%C3%A2nico" title="Sacro Império Romano-Germânico">Sacro Império Romano-Germânico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segundo_Imp%C3%A9rio_B%C3%BAlgaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Segundo Império Búlgaro">Segundo Império Búlgaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senhoria" title="Senhoria">Senhorialismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ede4b7; text-align: center;">Séculos<br />XIV e XV</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascens%C3%A3o_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_Otomano" title="Ascensão do Império Otomano">Ascensão do Império Otomano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Habsburgo" title="Casa de Habsburgo">Casa de Habsburgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crise_do_s%C3%A9culo_XIV" title="Crise do século XIV">Crise do século XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducado_da_Borgonha" title="Ducado da Borgonha">Ducado da Borgonha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Cisma_do_Ocidente" title="Grande Cisma do Ocidente">Grande Cisma do Ocidente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Depress%C3%A3o_(s%C3%A9culo_XV)" title="Grande Depressão (século XV)">Grande Depressão (século XV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_das_Rosas" title="Guerra das Rosas">Guerra das Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_dos_Cem_Anos" title="Guerra dos Cem Anos">Guerra dos Cem Anos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerras_Hussitas" title="Guerras Hussitas">Guerras Hussitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanismo_renascentista" title="Humanismo renascentista">Humanismo renascentista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequena_Idade_do_Gelo" title="Pequena Idade do Gelo">Pequena Idade do Gelo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peste Negra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queda_de_Constantinopla" title="Queda de Constantinopla">Queda de Constantinopla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolta_dos_camponeses_na_Inglaterra_em_1381" title="Revolta dos camponeses na Inglaterra em 1381">Revolta dos camponeses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revoltas_do_final_da_Idade_M%C3%A9dia" title="Revoltas do final da Idade Média">Revoltas finais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_medieval" title="Universidade medieval">Universidade medieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ede4b7; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Cultura_medieval" title="Cultura medieval">Cultura</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4eac7; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Arte_da_Idade_M%C3%A9dia" title="Arte da Idade Média">Artes</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arte_bizantina" title="Arte bizantina">Bizantina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arte_sass%C3%A2nida" title="Arte sassânida">Sassânida</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arte_viking" title="Arte viking">Viking</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arte_pr%C3%A9-rom%C3%A2nica" title="Arte pré-românica">Pré-românica</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arte_dos_povos_germ%C3%A2nicos" title="Arte dos povos germânicos">Germânica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arte_hiberno-sax%C3%B3nica" title="Arte hiberno-saxónica">Hiberno-saxônica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arte_anglo-sax%C3%B3nica" title="Arte anglo-saxónica">Anglo-saxônica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arte_visig%C3%B3tica" title="Arte visigótica">Visigótica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arte_merov%C3%ADngia" title="Arte merovíngia">Merovíngia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arte_carol%C3%ADngia" title="Arte carolíngia">Carolíngia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arte_otoniana" title="Arte otoniana">Otoniana</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arte_rom%C3%A2nica" title="Arte românica">Românica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arte_isl%C3%A2mica" title="Arte islâmica">Islâmica</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arte_hispano-mu%C3%A7ulmana" title="Arte hispano-muçulmana">Hispano-muçulmana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arte_mud%C3%A9jar" title="Arte mudéjar">Mudejar</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arte_g%C3%B3tica" title="Arte gótica">Gótica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estilo_manuelino" title="Estilo manuelino">Manuelina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4eac7; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Arquitetura_da_Idade_M%C3%A9dia" title="Arquitetura da Idade Média">Arquitetura</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arquitetura_bizantina" title="Arquitetura bizantina">Bizantina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arquitetura_carol%C3%ADngia" title="Arquitetura carolíngia">Carolíngia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arquitetura_otoniana" title="Arquitetura otoniana">Otoniana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arquitetura_rom%C3%A2nica" title="Arquitetura românica">Românica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arquitetura_g%C3%B3tica" title="Arquitetura gótica">Gótica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4eac7; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Filosofia_medieval" title="Filosofia medieval">Filosofia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Filosofia_crist%C3%A3" title="Filosofia cristã">Cristã ocidental</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agostinismo" title="Agostinismo">Agostinismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escolasticismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Escolasticismo">Escolasticismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanismo" title="Humanismo">Humanismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanismo_crist%C3%A3o" title="Humanismo cristão">Humanismo cristão</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Filosofia_do_Renascimento" title="Filosofia do Renascimento">Renascentismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tomismo" title="Tomismo">Tomismo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Leste-asiática <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neoconfucionismo" title="Neoconfucionismo">Neoconfucionismo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Indiana <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Filosofia_isl%C3%A2mica" title="Filosofia islâmica">Islâmica</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Averro%C3%ADsmo" title="Averroísmo">Averroísmo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena">Avicenismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iluminacionismo" title="Iluminacionismo">Iluminacionismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calam" class="mw-redirect" title="Calam">Calam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Filosofia_isl%C3%A2mica_cl%C3%A1ssica" title="Filosofia islâmica clássica">Clássica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Filosofia_sufi" title="Filosofia sufi">Sufi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Filosofia_judaica" title="Filosofia judaica">Judaica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4eac7; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Literatura_medieval" title="Literatura medieval">Literatura</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Literatura_%C3%A1rabe" title="Literatura árabe">Árabe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Literatura_catal%C3%A3#Esplendor_Medieval" title="Literatura catalã">Catalã</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Literatura_coreana" title="Literatura coreana">Coreana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Literatura_medieval_da_Escandin%C3%A1via" title="Literatura medieval da Escandinávia">Escandinava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Literatura_medieval_francesa" title="Literatura medieval francesa">Francesa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Literatura_inglesa" title="Literatura inglesa">Inglesa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Literatura_do_Jap%C3%A3o#Per.C3.ADodo_medieval_.281195_a_1600.29" title="Literatura do Japão">Japonesa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Literatura_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos#Literatura_em_neerland.C3.AAs_m.C3.A9dio_.281150-1500.29" title="Literatura dos Países Baixos">Neerlandesa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4eac7; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Guerra_na_Idade_M%C3%A9dia" title="Guerra na Idade Média">Guerra</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_na_Idade_M%C3%A9dia#Armas_da_Idade_Média" title="Guerra na Idade Média">Armamentos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalaria_medieval" title="Cavalaria medieval">Cavalaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavaleiro" title="Cavaleiro">Cavaleiros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulheres_na_cavalaria_medieval" title="Mulheres na cavalaria medieval">Cavaleiras</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homem_de_armas" title="Homem de armas">Homem de armas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peonagem" title="Peonagem">Peonagem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torneio_medieval" title="Torneio medieval">Torneios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4eac7; text-align: center;">Outros</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artes_liberais" title="Artes liberais">Artes liberais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelo" title="Castelo">Castelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%AAncia_medieval" title="Ciência medieval">Ciências</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culin%C3%A1ria_medieval" title="Culinária medieval">Culinária</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glosadores" title="Glosadores">Glosadores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Inquisição">Inquisição</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_espanhola" title="Inquisição espanhola">Espanhola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_medieval" title="Inquisição medieval">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_portuguesa" title="Inquisição portuguesa">Portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_romana" title="Inquisição romana">Romana</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenda_Dourada" title="Lenda Dourada">Lenda Dourada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicina_medieval" title="Medicina medieval">Medicina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticismo" title="Monasticismo">Monasticismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobreza" title="Nobreza">Nobreza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palafr%C3%A9m" title="Palafrém">Palafrém</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poesia_medieval" title="Poesia medieval">Poesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_na_Idade_M%C3%A9dia" title="Teatro na Idade Média">Teatro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecnologia_medieval" title="Tecnologia medieval">Tecnologias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#e3d58c"><div><div style="float: left;">&#160;«&#160;<b><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Idade_Antiga" title="Predefinição:Idade Antiga">Idade Antiga</a></b></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Página de categoria"><img alt="Página de categoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/24px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/32px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Idade_M%C3%A9dia" title="Categoria:Idade Média">Categoria</a></b>&#160;&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/16px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/24px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/32px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Idade_M%C3%A9dia" title="Portal:Idade Média">Portal</a></b>&#160;&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/16px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42005" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q42005">Q42005</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Biblioteca Nacional da França">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124641040">124641040</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Grande Enciclopédia Soviética">BRE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/4682568">4682568</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Faceted_Application_of_Subject_Terminology" title="Faceted Application of Subject Terminology">FAST</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" 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background-color: #F9F9F9; text-align: center; margin-top:10px; margin-left: 0; clear: both;"><li style="display: inline;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; margin: auto 1.5em"><span style="margin-right: 0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:P_history.svg" title="Portal da história"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/25px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/38px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/50px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hist%C3%B3ria" title="Portal:História">Portal da história</a></span></span></li> <li style="display: inline;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; margin: auto 1.5em"><span style="margin-right: 0.5em"><span 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