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Pseudo-Isidore's main object was to provide accused bishops with an array of legal protections amounting to de facto immunity from trial and conviction; to secure episcopal autonomy within the diocese; and to defend the integrity of church property. The forgeries accomplished this goal, in part, by aiming to expand the legal [[Ecclesiastical jurisdiction|jurisdiction]] of the [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: False Decretals |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05773a.htm |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> ==Historical background== Pseudo-Isidore worked in the second quarter of the ninth-century, in the [[Reims Cathedral|archiepiscopal province of Reims]]. A likely candidate is an ordination of [[Ebbo]], then [[archbishop of Rheims]]. His sympathies lay with the rank-and-file Frankish episcopate. Decades of royally sponsored church reform had contributed substantially to the prominence and political importance of Frankish bishops; it also contributed to their legal vulnerability, as the reign of [[Louis I the Pious]] saw a series of sensational episcopal trials and depositions. Pseudo-Isidore was also heir to a long tradition of Carolingian church reform, and his forgeries also include a wide array of themes reflecting Frankish liturgical, doctrinal, educational and administrative aspirations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knibbs|first=Eric|date=2017|title=Ebo of Reims, Pseudo-Isidore and the Date of the False Decretals|journal=Speculum|volume=92|pages=154–156|doi=10.1086/689411|s2cid=164338866}}</ref> =={{anchor|Composition|Textual overview}}Content== A major constituent of Pseudo-Isidore's output consists of a collection of forged [[capitulary]] legislation ascribed to Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. These False Capitularies, which consist mostly of excerpts from genuine biblical, patristic and legal sources, are false primarily in the sense that almost none of them were ever promulgated by the Frankish kings. Among the many genuine items are also select forged capitula that advance the Pseudo-Isidorian program. In a preface, the pseudonymous compiler, [[Benedict Levita|Benedictus Levita]] (Benedict the Deacon) claims that he found these neglected capitularies in the archives of the cathedral at Mainz; and that the former Archbishop [[Otgar of Mainz]] ordered him to collect this material for posterity. Because Benedict seems to acknowledge that Otgar is dead at the time of his writing, it has been possible to date his preface to the years after 847.<ref>Paul Hinschius, Decretales Pseudo-Isidorianae (1863) p. ccviii-ccxiii.</ref> Pseudo-Isidore also developed a small series of more minor forgeries which we find as appendices in manuscripts of the False Decretals. These include the Capitula Angilramni, a brief collection on criminal procedure allegedly given to Bishop Angilram of Metz by [[Pope Hadrian I]]; and a series of excerpts from the Rusticus version of the [[Council of Chalcedon]].<ref>Ed. [[Jean-Baptiste-François Pitra|J.-B. Pitra]], ''Spicilegium Solesmense'', vol. 4, from p. 166, ascribed to the African bishop Verecundus.</ref> ==Authorship== The names assumed by Pseudo-Isidore include Isidorus Mercator (conflated from the names of [[Isidore of Seville]] and [[Marius Mercator]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Schaff |first=Philip |title=New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. IX: Petri - Reuchlin |chapter=Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals and Other Forgeries |url=http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/encyc/encyc09/htm/iv.v.lxxiv.htm}} Hosted at the [[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]].</ref> [[Klaus Zechiel-Eckes]] claims that Pseudo-Isidore did important research at the library of the monastery of Corbie, in the Reims suffragan diocese of Amiens.<ref>Zechiel-Eckes, Klaus. "''Ein Blick in Pseudoisidors Werkstatt: Studien zum Entstehungsprozeß der Falschen Dekretalen mit einem exemplarischen editorischen Anhang"'', ''Francia'' 28 (2001), pp. 37–90.</ref> Zechiel-Eckes believed that the prominent theologian and abbot of Corbie, [[Paschasius Radbertus]] (abbot 842–847) was to be identified with Pseudo-Isidore; and that the earliest phase of work on the forgeries, amounting to a subset of the False Decretals, was completed in the later 830s.<ref>Zechiel-Eckes, K. (2002). "''Auf Pseudoisidors Spur, Fortschritt durch Fälschungen?''". ''MGH Studien und Texte'' '''31'''. p. 1ff.</ref> These theories once commanded wide support, but today they are increasingly disputed. Eric Knibbs has argued that older, traditional dating schemes, which placed the False Decretals in the 840s or early 850s, were essentially correct. Several decretal forgeries contain material that aims to justify [[Ebbo|Ebo]] in his episcopal translation to the bishopric at [[Hildesheim]] after 845.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knibbs|first=Eric|year=2017|title=Ebo of Reims, Pseudo-Isidore, and the Date of the False Decretals|url=https://pseudo-isidore.com/wp-content/uploads/knibbs-ebo-and-pseudo-isidore.pdf|journal=Speculum|volume=92|pages=144–183|doi=10.1086/689411|s2cid=164338866}}</ref> It has also emerged that the decretal forgeries incorporate many items from a mid-ninth-century Corbie manuscript of the works of [[Magnus Felix Ennodius|Ennodius of Pavia]], which would seem to preclude any dates for the decretal forgeries substantially before the 840s.<ref>Eric Knibbs, "Pseudo-Isidore's Ennodius", ''Deutsches Archiv'' 74 (2018) pp. 1–52.</ref> =={{anchor|Manuscript tradition}}Manuscripts== Well over a hundred medieval manuscripts containing Pseudo-Isidorian material survive. The vast majority—around 100—carry copies of the False Decretals.<ref>An incomplete overview listing 80 manuscripts can be found in: Williams, Schafer (1973). ''Codices Pseudo-Isidoriani, A Palaegraphico-Historical Study, Monumenta Iuris Canonici''. Series C. Volume 3.</ref> ==Influence== The final proof of forgery was provided by Calvinist preacher [[David Blondel]], who discovered that the popes from the early centuries quoted extensively from much-later authors and published his findings (''Pseudoisidorus et Turrianus vapulantes'') in 1628.<ref name=":0" /> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== *Fuhrmann, Horst. (1972–73). ''Einfluß und Verbreitung der pseudoisidorischen Fälschungen''. Schriften der [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica]] 24/I–III (1972–73). *Fuhrmann, Horst. "The Pseudo-Isidorian Forgeries", in Wilfried Hartmann and Kenneth Pennington, eds. ''Papal Letters in the Early Middle Ages.'' History of Medieval Canon Law (2001), p.&nbsp;135–195. *Harder, Clara. ''Pseudoisidor und das Papsttum: Funktion und Bedeutung des aposotlischen Stuhls in den pseudoisidorischen Fälschungen'' (Cologne, 2014). *Hartmann, Wilfried and Gerhard Schmitz, eds. ''Fortschritt durch Fälschungen? Ursprung, Gestalt und Wirkungen der pseudoisidorischen Fälschungen. MGH Studien und Texte'' 31 (2002). *Knibbs, Eric. "Ebo of Reims, Pseudo-Isidore and the Date of the False Decretals," ''Speculum'' 92 (2017), p.&nbsp;144–183. *Knibbs, Eric. "Pseudo-Isidore's Ennodius," ''Deutsches Archiv'' 74 (2018), p.&nbsp;1–52. *Patzold, Steffen. ''Gefälschtes Recht aus dem Frühmittelalter: Untersuchungen zur Herstellung und Überlieferung der pseudoisidorischen Dekretalen'' (2015). *Schon, Karl-Georg. ''Die'' ''Capitula Angilramni: Eine prozessrechtliche Fälschung Pseudoisidors.'' MGH Studien und Texte 39 (2006). *Ubl, Karl and Daniel Ziemann, eds. ''Fälschung als Mittel der Politik? Pseudoisidor im Licht der neuen Forschung.'' MGH Studien und Texte 57 (2015). *Zechiel-Eckes, Klaus. “Ein Blick in Pseudoisidors Werkstatt: Studien zum Entstehungsprozeß der Falschen Dekretalen mit einem exemplarischen editorischen Anhang,” ''Francia'' 28 (2001), p.&nbsp;37–90. *Zechiel-Eckes, Klaus. ''Fälschung als Mittel politischer Auseinandersetzung: Ludwig der Fromme (814–840) und die Genese der pseudoisidorischen Dekretalen'' (2011). ==External links== * [http://www.benedictus.mgh.de/ The False Capitularies of Benedictus Levita], ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica''. {{in lang|de|la}}. * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_10_0800-0900-_Isidorus_Mercator.html "Opera Omnia"] by Migne Patrologia Latina, with analytical indexes. {{in lang|la}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:9th-century Christianity]] [[Category:Canon law codifications]] [[Category:Forgers]] [[Category:Hoaxes in France]] [[Category:Unidentified people]] [[Category:Year of birth unknown]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a 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