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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Early period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Old Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Middle Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 New Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Kadesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Kadesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Battle of Kadesh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Kadesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall_and_demise_of_the_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall_and_demise_of_the_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Downfall and demise of the kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downfall_and_demise_of_the_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Hittite_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Hittite_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Post-Hittite period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Hittite_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_of_the_early_Hittites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_of_the_early_Hittites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Religion of the early Hittites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_of_the_early_Hittites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Pankus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Pankus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 The Pankus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Pankus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Policy_and_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Policy_and_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Foreign Policy and Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Policy_and_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Religion and mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Law </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Law subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_of_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Use of laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Law reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Examples of laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_Hittites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_Hittites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Biblical Hittites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_Hittites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_ancient_Greek_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_ancient_Greek_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 In ancient Greek mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_ancient_Greek_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hittites</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" > 90 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetiete" title="Hetiete – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hetiete" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hethiter" title="Hethiter – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hethiter" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="حيثيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حيثيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitites" title="Hitites – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hitites" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetl%C9%99r" title="Hetlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hetlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1" title="هیتیتلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیتیتلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="হিট্টীয় জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিট্টীয় জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хеттар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хеттар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Хеты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хеты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хети – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хети" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetiti" title="Hetiti – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hetiti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitited" title="Hitited – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hitited" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitites" title="Hitites – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hitites" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itita" title="Itita – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Itita" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetit%C3%A9" title="Chetité – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chetité" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hethiaid" title="Hethiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hethiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittitter" title="Hittitter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hittitter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hethiter" title="Hethiter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hethiter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetid" title="Hetid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hetid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Χετταίοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χετταίοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hititas" title="Hititas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hititas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hititoj" title="Hititoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hititoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitita" title="Hitita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hitita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="هیتی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیتی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittittar" title="Hittittar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hittittar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hittites" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hettiten" title="Hettiten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hettiten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitigh" title="Hitigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hitigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hititas" title="Hititas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hititas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="히타이트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히타이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Խեթեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խեթեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="हत्ती लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हत्ती लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetiti" title="Hetiti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hetiti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Het" title="Orang Het – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Het" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitt%C3%ADtar" title="Hittítar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hittítar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittiti" title="Ittiti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ittiti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חתים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חתים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Hittit" title="Bangsa Hittit – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bangsa Hittit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ხეთები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხეთები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahiti" title="Wahiti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wahiti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEt%C3%AEt" title="Hîtît – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hîtît" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetthaei" title="Hetthaei – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hetthaei" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heti" title="Heti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Heti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetitai" title="Hetitai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hetitai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hititas" title="Hititas – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hititas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hettit%C3%A1k" title="Hettiták – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hettiták" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хетити – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хетити" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitita_(vahoaka)" title="Hitita (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hitita (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="ഹിത്യർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിത്യർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ხეთეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ხეთეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="حيثيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حيثيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het" title="Het – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Het" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ik_(g%C5%AB_gu%C3%B3k)" title="Háik (gū guók) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háik (gū guók)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hettieten" title="Hettieten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hettieten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="हिट्टेली साम्राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिट्टेली साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%83%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="ヒッタイト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒッタイト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hettittene" title="Hettittene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hettittene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hettittane" title="Hettittane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hettittane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Hittites" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ititas" title="Ititas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ititas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xettlar" title="Xettlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xettlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%DB%90%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="د هېتیانو واکمني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هېتیانو واکمني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetyci" title="Hetyci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hetyci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hititas" title="Hititas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hititas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiti%C8%9Bi" title="Hitiți – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hitiți" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Хетты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хетты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitit%C3%ABt" title="Hititët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hititët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hittites" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetiti" title="Chetiti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chetiti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetiti" title="Hetiti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hetiti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaytiyiin" title="Xaytiyiin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xaytiyiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھیتییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیتییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хетити – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хетити" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetiti" title="Hetiti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hetiti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heettil%C3%A4iset" title="Heettiläiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Heettiläiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hettiter" title="Hettiter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hettiter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteo" title="Heteo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Heteo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இட்டைட்டு பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இட்டைட்டு பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ฮิตไทต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮิตไทต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hititler" title="Hititler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hititler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хети – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хети" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="حتی سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حتی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%AA_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ختتىت ئىمپېرىيەسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ختتىت ئىمپېرىيەسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Hitti" title="Người Hitti – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Hitti" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitita" title="Hitita – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hitita" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%A2%AF" title="赫梯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="赫梯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%A2%AF" title="赫梯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="赫梯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hititan" title="Hititan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hititan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetit%C4%81" title="Hetitā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Hetitā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%A2%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="赫梯帝國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赫梯帝國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5406#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Anatolian people of Kussara</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Anatolian culture. For the group described in the Bible, see <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hittites" title="Biblical Hittites">Biblical Hittites</a>. For the pre-Hittite inhabitants of Anatolia, see <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Hittite Empire</div><div class="ib-country-names">𒄩𒀜𒌅𒊭 (Ḫattuša)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1650 BC–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1180 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SealSuppiluliuma.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal seal of the last king Šuppiluliuma II of Hittites"><img alt="Royal seal of the last king Šuppiluliuma II of Hittites" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SealSuppiluliuma.svg/100px-SealSuppiluliuma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SealSuppiluliuma.svg/150px-SealSuppiluliuma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SealSuppiluliuma.svg/200px-SealSuppiluliuma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="409" /></a></div> <div>Royal seal of the last king <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uppiluliuma_II" title="Šuppiluliuma II">Šuppiluliuma II</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Empire_of_the_Hitties.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Hittite Empire at its greatest extent, with Hittite rule c. 1300 BC"><img alt="Map of the Hittite Empire at its greatest extent, with Hittite rule c. 1300 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Empire_of_the_Hitties.png/250px-Empire_of_the_Hitties.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Empire_of_the_Hitties.png/375px-Empire_of_the_Hitties.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Empire_of_the_Hitties.png/500px-Empire_of_the_Hitties.png 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="1469" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of the Hittite Empire at its greatest extent, with Hittite rule <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 BC</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar%E1%B8%ABunta%C5%A1%C5%A1a" title="Tarḫuntašša">Tarḫuntašša</a> (Regnal period of <a href="/wiki/Muwatalli_II" title="Muwatalli II">Muwatalli II</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital-in-exile</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0amu%E1%B8%ABa" title="Šamuḫa">Šamuḫa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hittite_Wars_of_Survival" title="Hittite Wars of Survival">1400–1350 BC</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> (Old Kingdom)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a> (Middle and New Kingdom)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hittite_kings" title="List of Hittite kings">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1650 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Labarna_I" title="Labarna I">Labarna I</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1210–1180 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uppiluliuma_II" title="Šuppiluliuma II">Šuppiluliuma II</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_Pankus">The Pankus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1650 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1180 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Population">200,000+</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Barter Economy</a>, Gold, Copper, Silver and Bronze common barter items of value.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/KarumKanis.svg/20px-KarumKanis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/KarumKanis.svg/30px-KarumKanis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/KarumKanis.svg/40px-KarumKanis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="476" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kanesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanesh">Kanesh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Purushanda" title="Purushanda">Purushanda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pala_(Anatolia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala (Anatolia)">Pala (Anatolia)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Eblaite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Eblaite Kingdom">Third Eblaite Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Assuwa" title="Assuwa">Assuwa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilusa" title="Wilusa">Wilusa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kaskians" title="Kaskians">Kaskians</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumeans</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif/20px-NeoHittiteStates.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif/30px-NeoHittiteStates.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif/40px-NeoHittiteStates.gif 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="380" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cuneform_UZ.svg/40px-Cuneform_UZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cuneform_UZ.svg/60px-Cuneform_UZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cuneform_UZ.svg/80px-Cuneform_UZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="630" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform script</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Cuneiform" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of cuneiform script.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hattusa,_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_04.jpg/260px-Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_04.jpg/390px-Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_04.jpg/520px-Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The Great Temple in the inner city of <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a></figcaption></figure> The Hittites (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhɪtaɪts/</a>) were an <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian</a> <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European people">Indo-European people</a> who formed one of the first major civilizations of <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. Possibly originating from beyond the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> they settled in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> in the early <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a>. The Hittites formed a series of <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a> in north-central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, including the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a> (before 1750 BC), the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kanesh</a> or Nesha kingdom (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1750–1650 BC), and an empire centered on the capital <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a> (around 1650 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorstWaal2019-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2020-4">[4]</a> Known in modern times as the Hittite Empire, it reached its peak during the mid-14th century BC under <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uppiluliuma_I" title="Šuppiluliuma I">Šuppiluliuma I</a>, when it encompassed most of Anatolia and parts of the northern <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>, bordering the rival empires of the Hurri-Mitanni and Assyrians. Between the 15th and 13th centuries BC, the Hittites were one of the dominant powers of the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, coming into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> and the empire of <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>. By the 12th century BC, much of the Hittite Empire was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a>, with the remainder sacked by <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygian</a> newcomers to the region. From the late 12th century BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>, the Hittites splintered into <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">several small independent states</a>, some of which survived until the eighth century BC before succumbing to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>; lacking a unifying <a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">continuity</a>, their descendants scattered and ultimately merged into the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">modern populations</a> of the Levant and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite language</a>—referred to by its speakers as nešili, "the language of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Nesa</a>"—was a distinct member of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>; along with the closely related <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian language</a>, it is the oldest historically attested Indo-European language.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The history of the Hittite civilization is known mostly from <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> texts found in their former territories, and from diplomatic and commercial correspondence found in the various archives of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and the broader <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>; the decipherment of these texts was a key event in the history of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a>. Cultural links to <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">prehistoric Scandinavia</a> have also been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Rise_of_Bronze_Age_Society-8">[8]</a> Scholars once attributed the development of iron-<a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> to the Hittites, who were believed to have monopolized <a href="/wiki/Ironworking" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironworking">ironworking</a> during the Bronze Age. This theory has been increasingly contested in the 21st century,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> with the Late Bronze Age collapse, and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, seeing the slow, comparatively continuous spread of ironworking technology across the region. While there are some iron objects from <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Anatolia">Bronze Age Anatolia</a>, the number is comparable to that of iron objects found in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and in other places from the same period; and only a small number of these objects are weapons.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> X-ray fluorescence spectrometry suggests "that most or all irons from the Bronze Age are derived from" <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The Hittite military also made successful use of <a href="/wiki/Chariot#Hittites" title="Chariot">chariots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britishmuseum-12">[12]</a> Modern interest in the Hittites increased with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> in 1923. The Hittites attracted the attention of Turkish archaeologists such as <a href="/wiki/Halet_%C3%87ambel" title="Halet Çambel">Halet Çambel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahsin_%C3%96zg%C3%BC%C3%A7" title="Tahsin Özgüç">Tahsin Özgüç</a>. During this period, the new field of <a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitology</a> also influenced the naming of Turkish institutions, such as the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Etibank" title="Etibank">Etibank</a> ("Hittite bank"),<a href="#cite_note-Erimtan-13">[13]</a> and the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, built 200 kilometers (120 mi) west of the Hittite capital of Hattusa, which houses the world's most comprehensive exhibition of <a href="/wiki/Hittite_art" title="Hittite art">Hittite art</a> and artifacts. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The Hittites called their kingdom Hattusa (Hatti in Akkadian), a name received from the <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a>, an earlier people who had inhabited and ruled the central Anatolian region until the beginning of the second millennium BC, and who spoke an unrelated language known as <a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The modern conventional name "Hittites" is due to the initial identification of the people of Hattusa with the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hittites" title="Biblical Hittites">Biblical Hittites</a> by 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a>. The Hittites would have called themselves something closer to "Neshites" or "Neshians" after the city of <a href="/wiki/Nesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesha">Nesha</a>, which flourished for some two hundred years until a king named Labarna renamed himself <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili I">Hattusili I</a> (meaning "the man of Hattusa") sometime around 1650 BC and established his capital city at Hattusa.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archeological_discovery">Archeological discovery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Archeological discovery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlacaStandarte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/AlacaStandarte.jpg/170px-AlacaStandarte.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/AlacaStandarte.jpg/255px-AlacaStandarte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/AlacaStandarte.jpg/340px-AlacaStandarte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3243" data-file-height="3381" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_bronze_standards" title="Alaca Höyük bronze standards">Alaca Höyük bronze standard</a> from a third millennium BC pre-Hittite tomb (<a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Furniture_support-_female_sphinx_with_Hathor-style_curls_MET_DP110464.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Furniture_support-_female_sphinx_with_Hathor-style_curls_MET_DP110464.jpg/170px-Furniture_support-_female_sphinx_with_Hathor-style_curls_MET_DP110464.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Furniture_support-_female_sphinx_with_Hathor-style_curls_MET_DP110464.jpg/255px-Furniture_support-_female_sphinx_with_Hathor-style_curls_MET_DP110464.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Furniture_support-_female_sphinx_with_Hathor-style_curls_MET_DP110464.jpg/340px-Furniture_support-_female_sphinx_with_Hathor-style_curls_MET_DP110464.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3227" data-file-height="3791" /></a><figcaption>Ivory Hittite Sphinx, 18th century BC</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_background">Biblical background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biblical background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hittites" title="Biblical Hittites">Biblical Hittites</a></div> Before the archeological discoveries that revealed the Hittite civilization, the only source of information about the Hittites had been the Hebrew Bible. <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Newman" title="Francis William Newman">Francis William Newman</a> expressed the critical view, common in the early 19th century, that, "no Hittite king could have compared in power to the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Judah">King of Judah</a>...".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> As the discoveries in the second half of the 19th century revealed the scale of the Hittite kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sayce" title="Archibald Sayce">Archibald Sayce</a> asserted that, rather than being compared to Judah, the Anatolian civilization "[was] worthy of comparison to the divided Kingdom of Egypt", and was "infinitely more powerful than that of Judah".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Sayce and other scholars also noted that Judah and the Hittites were never enemies in the Hebrew texts; in the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Book of Kings</a>, they supplied the Israelites with cedar, chariots, and horses, and in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> were friends and allies to <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uriah_the_Hittite" title="Uriah the Hittite">Uriah the Hittite</a> was a captain in King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>'s army and counted as one of his "mighty men" in <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1 Chronicles</a> 11. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_discoveries">Initial discoveries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Initial discoveries">edit</a>]</div> French scholar <a href="/wiki/Charles_Texier" title="Charles Texier">Charles Texier</a> found the first Hittite ruins in 1834 but did not identify them as such.<a href="#cite_note-Erimtan-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The first archaeological evidence for the Hittites appeared in tablets found at the <a href="/wiki/Karum_(trade_post)" title="Karum (trade post)">karum</a> of Kanesh (now called <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kültepe</a>), containing records of trade between Assyrian merchants and a certain "land of Hatti". Some names in the tablets were neither Hattic nor Assyrian, but clearly <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2014-19">[19]</a> The script on a monument at <a href="/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fazkale" title="Boğazkale">Boğazkale</a> by a "People of Hattusas" discovered by <a href="/wiki/William_Wright_(missionary)" title="William Wright (missionary)">William Wright</a> in 1884 was found to match peculiar <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">hieroglyphic</a> scripts from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> in Northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. In 1887, excavations at <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> uncovered the diplomatic correspondence of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>. Two of the letters from a "kingdom of Kheta"—apparently located in the same general region as the Mesopotamian references to "land of Hatti"—were written in standard Akkadian cuneiform, but in an unknown language; although scholars could interpret its sounds, no one could understand it. Shortly after this, Sayce proposed that Hatti or Khatti in Anatolia was identical with the "kingdom of Kheta" mentioned in these Egyptian texts, as well as with the biblical Hittites. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a>, agreed that Khatti was probably Kheta, but proposed connecting it with Biblical <a href="/wiki/Kittim" title="Kittim">Kittim</a> rather than with the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hittites" title="Biblical Hittites">Biblical Hittites</a>. Sayce's identification came to be widely accepted over the course of the early 20th century; and the name "Hittite" has become attached to the civilization uncovered at Boğazköy.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hattusa_Yerkapi_rampant.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hattusa_Yerkapi_rampant.JPG/220px-Hattusa_Yerkapi_rampant.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hattusa_Yerkapi_rampant.JPG/330px-Hattusa_Yerkapi_rampant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hattusa_Yerkapi_rampant.JPG/440px-Hattusa_Yerkapi_rampant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a> ramp</figcaption></figure> During sporadic excavations at Boğazköy (<a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a>) that began in 1906, the archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Winckler" title="Hugo Winckler">Hugo Winckler</a> found a royal archive with 10,000 tablets, inscribed in cuneiform Akkadian and the same unknown language as the Egyptian letters from Kheta—thus confirming the identity of the two names. He also proved that the ruins at Boğazköy were the remains of the capital of an empire that, at one point, controlled northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_cup_in_the_shape_of_a_fist,_MFA,_Boston_(11244059164).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Drinking_cup_in_the_shape_of_a_fist%2C_MFA%2C_Boston_%2811244059164%29.jpg/250px-Drinking_cup_in_the_shape_of_a_fist%2C_MFA%2C_Boston_%2811244059164%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Drinking_cup_in_the_shape_of_a_fist%2C_MFA%2C_Boston_%2811244059164%29.jpg/330px-Drinking_cup_in_the_shape_of_a_fist%2C_MFA%2C_Boston_%2811244059164%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Drinking_cup_in_the_shape_of_a_fist%2C_MFA%2C_Boston_%2811244059164%29.jpg/500px-Drinking_cup_in_the_shape_of_a_fist%2C_MFA%2C_Boston_%2811244059164%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Drinking cup in the shape of a fist; 1400–1380 BC, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a></figcaption></figure> Under the direction of the <a href="/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute" title="German Archaeological Institute">German Archaeological Institute</a>, excavations at Hattusa have been under way since 1907, with interruptions during the world wars. Kültepe was successfully excavated by Professor <a href="/wiki/Tahsin_%C3%96zg%C3%BC%C3%A7" title="Tahsin Özgüç">Tahsin Özgüç</a> from 1948 until his death in 2005. Smaller scale excavations have also been carried out in the immediate surroundings of Hattusa, including the rock sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya" title="Yazılıkaya">Yazılıkaya</a>, which contains numerous <a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">rock reliefs</a> portraying the Hittite rulers and the gods of the Hittite pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings">Writings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a>]</div> The Hittites used a variation of cuneiform called <a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite cuneiform</a>. Archaeological expeditions to Hattusa have discovered entire sets of royal archives on cuneiform tablets, written either in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, the diplomatic language of the time, or in the various dialects of the Hittite confederation.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> houses the richest collection of Hittite and Anatolian artifacts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations052_kopie1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations052_kopie1.jpg/170px-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations052_kopie1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations052_kopie1.jpg/255px-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations052_kopie1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations052_kopie1.jpg/340px-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations052_kopie1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1468" /></a><figcaption>Ceremonial vessels in the shape of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_bull" title="Sacred bull">sacred bulls</a>, called Hurri (Day) and Seri (Night) found in <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a>, Hittite Old Kingdom (16th century BC) <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hittite_sites" title="Hittite sites">Hittite sites</a></div> The Hittite kingdom was centered on the lands surrounding Hattusa and Neša (Kültepe), known as "the land Hatti" (URUHa-at-ti). After Hattusa was made the capital, the area encompassed by the bend of the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River" title="Kızılırmak River">Kızılırmak River</a> (Hittite Marassantiya, Greek Halys) was considered the core of the Empire, and some Hittite laws make a distinction between "this side of the river" and "that side of the river". For example, the <a href="/wiki/Bounty_(reward)" title="Bounty (reward)">bounty</a> for an escaped slave who had fled beyond the river is higher than for a slave caught on the near side.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] To the west and south of the core territory lay the region known as <a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwiya</a> in the earliest Hittite texts. This terminology was replaced by the names <a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a> with the rise of those kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Nevertheless, the Hittites continued to refer to the language that originated in these areas as <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>. Prior to the rise of Kizzuwatna, the heart of that territory in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> was first referred to by the Hittites as <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adaniya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal1986-25">[25]</a> Upon its revolt from the Hittites during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ammuna" title="Ammuna">Ammuna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal1986426-26">[26]</a> it assumed the name of Kizzuwatna and successfully expanded northward to encompass the lower <a href="/wiki/Anti-Taurus_Mountains" title="Anti-Taurus Mountains">Anti-Taurus Mountains</a> as well. To the north lived the mountain people called the <a href="/wiki/Kaskians" title="Kaskians">Kaskians</a>. To the southeast of the Hittites lay the Hurrian empire of <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>. At its peak during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mur%C5%A1ili_II" title="Muršili II">Muršili II</a>, the Hittite empire stretched from Arzawa in the west to Mitanni in the east, and included many of the Kaskian territories north as far as <a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a> in the far north-east, as well as south into <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> near the southern border of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_expansions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Indo-European_expansions.jpg/300px-Indo-European_expansions.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Indo-European_expansions.jpg/450px-Indo-European_expansions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Indo-European_expansions.jpg/600px-Indo-European_expansions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption> Scheme of Indo-European language dispersals from c. 4000 to 1000 BC according to the widely held <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a>. – Center: Steppe cultures 1 (black): Anatolian languages (archaic PIE) 2 (black): Afanasievo culture (early PIE) 3 (black) Yamnaya culture expansion (Pontic-Caspian steppe, Danube Valley) (late PIE) 4A (black): Western Corded Ware 4B-C (blue & dark blue): Bell Beaker; adopted by Indo-European speakers 5A-B (red): Eastern Corded ware 5C (red): Sintashta (proto-Indo-Iranian) 6 (magenta): Andronovo 7A (purple): Indo-Aryans (Mittani) 7B (purple): Indo-Aryans (India) [NN] (dark yellow): proto-Balto-Slavic 8 (grey): Greek 9 (yellow):Iranians – [not drawn]: Armenian, expanding from western steppe</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> The ancestors of the Hittites came into <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> between 4400 and 4100 BC, when the Anatolian language family split from (Proto)-Indo-European.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Recent genetic and archaeological research has indicated that Proto-Anatolian speakers arrived in this region sometime between 5000 and 3000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The Proto-Hittite language developed around 2100 BC,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and the Hittite language itself is believed to have been in use in <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">Central Anatolia</a> between the 20th and 12th centuries BC.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The Hittites are first associated with the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a> sometime prior to 1750 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhrt-1995-31">[31]</a> Hittites in Anatolia during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> coexisted with <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>, either by means of conquest or by gradual assimilation.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-cvhjei-33">[33]</a> In archaeological terms, relationships of the Hittites to the <a href="/wiki/Ezero_culture" title="Ezero culture">Ezero culture</a> of the Balkans and <a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> had previously been considered within the migration framework.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Analyses by <a href="/wiki/David_W._Anthony" title="David W. Anthony">David W. Anthony</a> in 2007 concluded that steppe herders who were archaic Indo-European speakers spread into the lower Danube valley about 4200–4000 BC, either causing or taking advantage of the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)" title="Old Europe (archaeology)">Old Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007133-35">[35]</a> He thought their languages "probably included archaic Proto-Indo-European dialects of the kind partly preserved later in Anatolian,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007229-36">[36]</a> and that their descendants later moved into Anatolia at an unknown time but maybe as early as 3000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007262-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a> also thought it was likely that the Anatolians reached the Near East from the north either via the Balkans or the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> in the 3rd millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams199712–16-38">[38]</a> According to Parpola, the appearance of Indo-European speakers from Europe into Anatolia, and the appearance of Hittite, was related to later migrations of Proto-Indo-European speakers from the Yamnaya culture into the Danube Valley at c. 2800 BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola201537–38-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007345,_361–367-40">[40]</a> which was in line with the "customary" assumption that the Anatolian Indo-European language was introduced into Anatolia sometime in the third millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> However, Petra Goedegebuure has shown that the Hittite language has borrowed many words related to agriculture from cultures on their eastern borders, which is evidence of having taken a route across the Caucasus.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> David Reich, Iosif Lazaridis, Songül Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al. have demonstrated that the Hittite route must have been via the Caucasus and not the Balkans, since Yamnaya expansion into the Balkans carried a component of Eastern Hunter Gatherer ancestry that does not exist in any ancient Anatolian DNA samples, which indicates also that Hittites and their cousin groups split off from the Proto Indo Europeans before the formation of the Yamnaya which did admix with Eastern Hunter Gatherers.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The dominant indigenous inhabitants in central Anatolia were Hurrians and Hattians who spoke non-<a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. Some have argued that Hattic was a <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian language</a>, but its affiliation remains uncertain, whilst the <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian language</a> was a near-<a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolate</a> (i.e. it was one of only two or three languages in the <a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian family</a>). There were also <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> colonies in the region during the <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Empire">Old Assyrian Empire</a> (2025–1750 BC); it was from the Assyrian speakers of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a> that the Hittites adopted the <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform script</a>. It took some time before the Hittites established themselves following the collapse of the Old Assyrian Empire in the mid-18th century BC, as is clear from some of the texts included here. For several centuries there were separate Hittite groups, usually centered on various cities. But then strong rulers with their center in Hattusa (modern Boğazkale) succeeded in bringing these together and conquering large parts of central Anatolia to establish the Hittite kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_period">Early period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphinx_Gate,_Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sphinx_Gate%2C_Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_03.jpg/220px-Sphinx_Gate%2C_Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sphinx_Gate%2C_Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_03.jpg/330px-Sphinx_Gate%2C_Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sphinx_Gate%2C_Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_03.jpg/440px-Sphinx_Gate%2C_Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4972" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The Sphinx Gate (<a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Alaca Höyük">Alaca Höyük</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87orum" title="Çorum">Çorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hattusa_reliefs1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Hattusa_reliefs1.jpg/220px-Hattusa_reliefs1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Hattusa_reliefs1.jpg/330px-Hattusa_reliefs1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Hattusa_reliefs1.jpg/440px-Hattusa_reliefs1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Reliefs and hieroglyphs from Chamber 2 at Hattusa built and decorated by Šuppiluliuma II, the last king of the Hittites</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hittite_Chariot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hittite_Chariot.jpg/220px-Hittite_Chariot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hittite_Chariot.jpg/330px-Hittite_Chariot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hittite_Chariot.jpg/440px-Hittite_Chariot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>Hittite chariot, from an Egyptian relief</figcaption></figure> The Hittite state was formed from many small polities in North-Central Anatolia, at the banks of the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River" title="Kızılırmak River">Kızılırmak River</a>, during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 1900–1650 BC).<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The early history of the Hittite kingdom is known through four "cushion-shaped" tablets, (classified as KBo 3.22, KBo 17.21+, KBo 22.1, and KBo 22.2), not made in Ḫattuša, but probably created in <a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesha">Nēša</a>, or another site in Anatolia, that may first have been written in the 18th century BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorstWaal2019189-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2020-4">[4]</a> in Old Hittite language, and three of them using the so-called "Old Script" (OS);<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> although most of the remaining tablets survived only as Akkadian copies made in the 14th and 13th centuries BC. These reveal a rivalry within two branches of the royal family up to the Middle Kingdom; a northern branch first based in <a href="/wiki/Zalpuwa" title="Zalpuwa">Zalpuwa</a> and secondarily <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a>, and a southern branch based in <a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a> (still not found) and the former Assyrian colony of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kanesh</a>. These are distinguishable by their names; the northerners retained language isolate Hattian names, and the southerners adopted Indo-European Hittite and Luwian names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForlanini2010115–135-48">[48]</a> Zalpuwa first attacked <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kanesh</a> under Uhna in 1833 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForlanini2010121-49">[49]</a> And during this <a href="/wiki/Karum_(trade_post)" title="Karum (trade post)">kārum</a> period, when the merchant colony of the Old Assyrian Empire was flourishing in the site, and before the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Pithana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithana">Pithana</a>, the following local kings reigned in Kaneš: Ḫurmili (prior to 1790 BC), Paḫanu (a short time in 1790 BC), Inar (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1790–1775 BC), and Waršama (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1775–1750 BC).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> One set of tablets, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Anitta_(king)" title="Anitta (king)">Anitta</a> text,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> begin by telling how <a href="/wiki/Pithana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithana">Pithana</a> the king of <a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a> conquered neighbouring Neša (<a href="/wiki/Kanesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanesh">Kanesh</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Kuhrt-1995-31">[31]</a> this conquest took place around 1750 BC.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> However, the real subject of these tablets is <a href="/wiki/Pithana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithana">Pithana</a>'s son Anitta (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1745–1720 BC),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForlanini2010122-53">[53]</a> who continued where his father left off and conquered several northern cities: including Hattusa, which he cursed, and also Zalpuwa. This was likely propaganda for the southern branch of the royal family, against the northern branch who had fixed on Hattusa as capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForlanini2010130-54">[54]</a> Another set, the Tale of Zalpuwa, supports Zalpuwa and exonerates the later <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAattu%C5%A1ili_I" title="Ḫattušili I">Ḫattušili I</a> from the charge of sacking <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kanesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForlanini2010130-54">[54]</a> Anitta was succeeded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zuzzu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zuzzu (page does not exist)">Zuzzu</a> (r. 1720–1710 BC);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForlanini2010122-53">[53]</a> but sometime in 1710–1705 BC, Kanesh was destroyed, taking the long-established Assyrian merchant trading system with it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForlanini2010121-49">[49]</a> A Kussaran noble family survived to contest the Zalpuwan/Hattusan family, though whether these were of the direct line of Anitta is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2005-55">[55]</a> Meanwhile, the lords of Zalpa lived on. <a href="/wiki/Huzziya_I" title="Huzziya I">Huzziya I</a>, descendant of a Huzziya of Zalpa, took over Hatti. His son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Labarna_I" title="Labarna I">Labarna I</a>, a southerner from Hurma usurped the throne but made sure to adopt Huzziya's grandson Ḫattušili as his own son and heir. The location of the land of Hurma is believed to be in the mountains south of <a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Kingdom">Old Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Old Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hattusa.rampart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hattusa.rampart.jpg/170px-Hattusa.rampart.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hattusa.rampart.jpg/255px-Hattusa.rampart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hattusa.rampart.jpg/340px-Hattusa.rampart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a> ramp</figcaption></figure> The founding of the Hittite Kingdom is attributed to either Labarna I or <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAattu%C5%A1ili_I" title="Ḫattušili I">Hattusili I</a> (the latter might also have had Labarna as a personal name),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForlanini2010119-57">[57]</a> who conquered the area south and north of Hattusa. Hattusili I campaigned as far as the Semitic <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Yamkhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamkhad">Yamkhad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, where he attacked, but did not capture, its capital of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>. Hattusili I did eventually capture Hattusa and was credited for the foundation of the Hittite Empire. <blockquote>"Hattusili was king, and his sons, brothers, in-laws, family members, and troops were all united. Wherever he went on campaign he controlled the enemy land with force. He destroyed the lands one after the other, took away their power, and made them the borders of the sea. When he came back from campaign, however, each of his sons went somewhere to a country, and in his hand the great cities prospered. But, when later the princes' servants became corrupt, they began to devour the properties, conspired constantly against their masters, and began to shed their blood." </blockquote>This excerpt from The Edict of Telepinu, dating to the 16th century BC, is supposed to illustrate the unification, growth, and prosperity of the Hittites under his rule. It also illustrates the corruption of "the princes", believed to be his sons. The lack of sources leads to uncertainty of how the corruption was addressed. On Hattusili I's deathbed, he chose his grandson, <a href="/wiki/Mursili_I" title="Mursili I">Mursili I</a> (or Murshilish I), as his heir.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_%C4%B0nand%C4%B1k_vase,_a_Hittite_four-handled_large_terracota_vase_with_scenes_in_relief_depicting_a_sacred_wedding_ceremony,_mid_17th_century,_found_in_%C4%B0nand%C4%B1ktepe,_Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations,_Ankara_(26167755270).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_%C4%B0nand%C4%B1k_vase%2C_a_Hittite_four-handled_large_terracota_vase_with_scenes_in_relief_depicting_a_sacred_wedding_ceremony%2C_mid_17th_century%2C_found_in_%C4%B0nand%C4%B1ktepe%2C_Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations%2C_Ankara_%2826167755270%29.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_%C4%B0nand%C4%B1k_vase%2C_a_Hittite_four-handled_large_terracota_vase_with_scenes_in_relief_depicting_a_sacred_wedding_ceremony%2C_mid_17th_century%2C_found_in_%C4%B0nand%C4%B1ktepe%2C_Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations%2C_Ankara_%2826167755270%29.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_%C4%B0nand%C4%B1k_vase%2C_a_Hittite_four-handled_large_terracota_vase_with_scenes_in_relief_depicting_a_sacred_wedding_ceremony%2C_mid_17th_century%2C_found_in_%C4%B0nand%C4%B1ktepe%2C_Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations%2C_Ankara_%2826167755270%29.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="4750" /></a><figcaption>The İnandık vase, also known as a <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyindede_vases" title="Hüseyindede vases">Hüseyindede vase</a>, a large, four-handled Hittite terracotta vase with scenes in relief depicting a sacred wedding ceremony, mid 17th century BC, İnandıktepe, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara</figcaption></figure> Mursili continued the conquests of Hattusili I. In 1595 BC (<a href="/wiki/Middle_chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle chronology">middle chronology</a>) or 1587 BC (low middle chronology), Mursili I conducted a great raid down the Euphrates River, bypassing Assyria and sacking <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, ejecting the <a href="/wiki/Amorite_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite dynasty">Amorite rulers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a> in the process. Rather than incorporate <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> into Hittite domains, Mursili seems to have instead turned control of Babylonia over to his <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> allies, who were to <a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">rule it</a> for the next four centuries. Due to fear of revolts at home, he did not remain in Babylon for long. This lengthy campaign strained the resources of Hatti, and left the capital in a state of near-anarchy. Mursili was assassinated by his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Hantili_I" title="Hantili I">Hantili I</a> during his journey back to Hattusa or shortly after his return home, and the Hittite Kingdom was plunged into chaos. Hantili took the throne. He was able to escape multiple murder attempts on himself, however, his family did not. His wife, <a href="/wiki/Harapsili" class="mw-redirect" title="Harapsili">Harapsili</a> and her son were murdered. In addition, other members of the royal family were killed by <a href="/wiki/Zidanta_I" title="Zidanta I">Zidanta I</a>, who was then murdered by his own son, <a href="/wiki/Ammuna" title="Ammuna">Ammuna</a>. All of the internal unrest among the Hittite royal family led to a decline of power. The Hurrians, a people living in the mountainous region along the upper <a href="/wiki/Tigris_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris River">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates</a> rivers in modern south east Turkey, took advantage of the situation to seize Aleppo and the surrounding areas for themselves, as well as the coastal region of Adaniya, renaming it Kizzuwatna (later <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>). Throughout the remainder of the 16th century BC, the Hittite kings were held to their homelands by dynastic quarrels and warfare with the Hurrians. The Hurrians became the center of power in Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoebuck196693-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The campaigns into <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a> and southern Mesopotamia may be responsible for the reintroduction of cuneiform writing into Anatolia, since the Hittite script is quite different from that of the preceding Assyrian colonial period. The Hittites entered a weak phase of obscure records, insignificant rulers, and reduced domains. This pattern of expansion under strong kings followed by contraction under weaker ones, was to be repeated over and over through the Hittite Kingdom's 500-year history, making events during the waning periods difficult to reconstruct. The political instability of these years of the Old Hittite Kingdom can be explained in part by the nature of the Hittite kingship at that time. During the Old Hittite Kingdom prior to 1400 BC, the king of the Hittites was not viewed by his subjects as a "living god" like the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a> of Egypt, but rather as a first among equals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoebuck196694-61">[61]</a> Only in the later period from 1400 BC until 1200 BC did the Hittite kingship become more centralized and powerful. Also in earlier years the succession was not legally fixed, enabling <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">"War of the Roses"</a>-style rivalries between northern and southern branches. The next monarch of note following Mursili I was <a href="/wiki/Telepinu" class="mw-redirect" title="Telepinu">Telepinu</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 BC), who won a few victories to the southwest, apparently by allying himself with one Hurrian state (Kizzuwatna) against another (Mitanni). Telepinu also attempted to secure the lines of succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForlanini2010115–116-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Kingdom">Middle Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Middle Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg/220px-Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg/330px-Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg/440px-Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>Twelve Hittite gods of the Underworld in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya" title="Yazılıkaya">Yazılıkaya</a>, a sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a></figcaption></figure> The last monarch of the Old Kingdom, Telepinu, reigned until about 1500 BC. Telepinu's reign marked the end of the "Old Kingdom" and the beginning of the lengthy weak phase known as the "Middle Kingdom".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurney196625-63">[63]</a> The period of the 15th century BC is largely unknown with few surviving records.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurney196625–26-64">[64]</a> Part of the reason for both the weakness and the obscurity is that the Hittites were under constant attack, mainly from the Kaskians, a non-<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> people settled along the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. The capital once again went on the move, first to <a href="/wiki/Sapinuwa" title="Sapinuwa">Sapinuwa</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Samuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuha">Samuha</a>. There is an archive in Sapinuwa, but it has not been adequately translated to date. It segues into the "Hittite Empire period" proper, which dates from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tudhaliya_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudhaliya I">Tudhaliya I</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1430 BC. One innovation that can be credited to these early Hittite rulers is the practice of conducting treaties and alliances with neighboring states; the Hittites were thus among the earliest known pioneers in the art of international politics and diplomacy. This is also when the Hittite religion adopted several gods and rituals from the Hurrians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Kingdom">New Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: New Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hattusa,_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_38.jpg/250px-Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_38.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_38.jpg/330px-Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_38.jpg/500px-Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3967" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Tudhaliya IV (relief in <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_Muzeum_B19-45.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ankara_Muzeum_B19-45.jpg/170px-Ankara_Muzeum_B19-45.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ankara_Muzeum_B19-45.jpg/255px-Ankara_Muzeum_B19-45.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ankara_Muzeum_B19-45.jpg/340px-Ankara_Muzeum_B19-45.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Exact replica of a Hittite monument from Fasıllar, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 BC (<a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a>)</figcaption></figure> With the reign of Tudhaliya I (who may actually not have been the first of that name; see also <a href="/wiki/Tudhaliya" title="Tudhaliya">Tudhaliya</a>), the Hittite Kingdom re-emerged from the fog of obscurity and entered the "Hittite Empire period". Many changes were afoot during this time, not the least of which was a strengthening of the kingship. Settlement of the Hittites progressed in the Empire period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoebuck196694-61">[61]</a> However, the Hittite people tended to settle in the older lands of south Anatolia rather than the lands of the Aegean. As this settlement progressed, treaties were signed with neighboring peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoebuck196694-61">[61]</a> During the Hittite Empire period the kingship became hereditary and the king took on a "superhuman aura" and began to be referred to by the Hittite citizens as "My Sun". The kings of the Empire period began acting as a high priest for the whole kingdom – making an annual tour of the Hittite holy cities, conducting festivals and supervising the upkeep of the sanctuaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoebuck196694-61">[61]</a> During his reign (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 BC), King Tudhaliya I, again allied with Kizzuwatna, then vanquished the Hurrian states of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and Mitanni, and expanded to the west at the expense of Arzawa (a Luwian state). Another weak phase followed Tudhaliya I, and the Hittites' <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Wars_of_Survival" title="Hittite Wars of Survival">enemies from all directions</a> were able to advance even to Hattusa and raze it. However, the kingdom recovered its former glory under <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uppiluliuma_I" title="Šuppiluliuma I">Šuppiluliuma I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1350 BC), who again conquered Aleppo. Mitanni was reduced to vassalage by the Assyrians under his son-in-law, and he defeated <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>, another Amorite city-state. With his own sons placed over all of these new conquests and Babylonia still in the hands of the allied <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>, this left Šuppiluliuma the supreme power broker in the known world, alongside Assyria and Egypt, and it was not long before Egypt was seeking an <a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_state" title="Marriage of state">alliance by marriage</a> of another of his sons with the widow of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutankhamen">Tutankhamen</a>. That son was evidently murdered before reaching his destination, and this alliance was never consummated. However, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (1365–1050 BC) once more began to grow in power with the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> in 1365 BC. Ashur-uballit I attacked and defeated <a href="/wiki/Shattiwaza" title="Shattiwaza">Mattiwaza</a> the Mitanni king despite attempts by the Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I, now fearful of growing Assyrian power, attempting to preserve his throne with military support. The lands of the Mitanni and Hurrians were duly appropriated by Assyria, enabling it to encroach on Hittite territory in eastern <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a> annexed Carchemish and northeast Syria from the control of the Hittites.<a href="#cite_note-Roux-65">[65]</a> While Šuppiluliuma I reigned, the Hittite Empire was devastated by <a href="/wiki/Hittite_plague" title="Hittite plague">an epidemic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia">tularemia</a>. The epidemic afflicted the Hittites for decades and tularemia killed Šuppiluliuma I and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Arnuwanda_II" title="Arnuwanda II">Arnuwanda II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> After Šuppiluliuma I's rule, and the brief reign of his eldest son, Arnuwanda II, another son, <a href="/wiki/Mursili_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mursili II">Mursili II</a>, became king (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1330 BC). Having inherited a position of strength in the east, Mursili was able to turn his attention to the west, where he attacked Arzawa. At a point when the Hittites were weakened by the tularemia epidemic, the Arzawans attacked the Hittites, who repelled the attack by sending infected rams to the Arzawans. This was the first recorded use of <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a>. Mursili also attacked a city known as Millawanda (<a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>), which was under the control of <a href="/wiki/Ahhiyawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahhiyawa">Ahhiyawa</a>. More recent research based on new readings and interpretations of the Hittite texts, as well as of the material evidence for Mycenaean contacts with the Anatolian mainland, came to the conclusion that Ahhiyawa referred to <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a>, or at least to a part of it.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce200557–60-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of Kadesh">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramses_IIs_seger_%C3%B6ver_Chetafolket_och_stormningen_av_Dapur,_Nordisk_familjebok.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ramses_IIs_seger_%C3%B6ver_Chetafolket_och_stormningen_av_Dapur%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/250px-Ramses_IIs_seger_%C3%B6ver_Chetafolket_och_stormningen_av_Dapur%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ramses_IIs_seger_%C3%B6ver_Chetafolket_och_stormningen_av_Dapur%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/330px-Ramses_IIs_seger_%C3%B6ver_Chetafolket_och_stormningen_av_Dapur%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ramses_IIs_seger_%C3%B6ver_Chetafolket_och_stormningen_av_Dapur%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/500px-Ramses_IIs_seger_%C3%B6ver_Chetafolket_och_stormningen_av_Dapur%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 2x" data-file-width="2481" data-file-height="1149" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> storming the Hittite fortress of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dapur" title="Siege of Dapur">Dapur</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a></div> Hittite prosperity was mostly dependent on control of the trade routes and metal sources. Because of the importance of Northern Syria to the vital routes linking the <a href="/wiki/Cilician_Gates" title="Cilician Gates">Cilician gates</a> with Mesopotamia, defense of this area was crucial, and was soon put to the test by Egyptian expansion under Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>. The outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a> is uncertain, though it seems that the timely arrival of Egyptian reinforcements prevented total Hittite victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurney1966110-71">[71]</a> The Egyptians forced the Hittites to take refuge in the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Kadesh</a>, but their own losses prevented them from sustaining a siege. This battle took place in the 5th year of Ramesses (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1274 BC by the most commonly used chronology). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Downfall_and_demise_of_the_kingdom">Downfall and demise of the kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Downfall and demise of the kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg/170px-Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg/255px-Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg/340px-Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="3617" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Hittite_peace_treaty" title="Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty">Egypto-Hittite Peace Treaty</a> (c. 1258 BC) between <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili III">Hattusili III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>, the earliest known surviving peace treaty, sometimes called the Treaty of Kadesh after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Archaeology Museum">Istanbul Archaeology Museum</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations080.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations080.jpg/250px-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations080.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations080.jpg/330px-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations080.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations080.jpg/500px-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations080.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a> with a human head and a lion's body; Late Hittite period in <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> </figcaption></figure> After this date, the power of both the Hittites and Egyptians began to decline yet again because of the power of the Assyrians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurney196636-72">[72]</a> The Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> had seized the opportunity to vanquish <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurria</a> and Mitanni, occupy their lands, and expand up to the head of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Muwatalli_II" title="Muwatalli II">Muwatalli</a> was preoccupied with the Egyptians. The Hittites had vainly tried to preserve the Mitanni Kingdom with military support.<a href="#cite_note-Roux-65">[65]</a> Assyria now posed just as great a threat to Hittite trade routes as Egypt ever had. Muwatalli's son, <a href="/wiki/Urhi-Teshub" class="mw-redirect" title="Urhi-Teshub">Urhi-Teshub</a>, took the throne and ruled as king for seven years as <a href="/wiki/Mursili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Mursili III">Mursili III</a> before being ousted by his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili III">Hattusili III</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Hattusili%27s_Civil_War" title="Hattusili's Civil War">brief civil war</a>. In response to increasing Assyrian annexation of Hittite territory, he concluded a peace and alliance with Ramesses II (also fearful of Assyria), presenting his daughter's hand in marriage to the Pharaoh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurney196636-72">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Kadesh">Treaty of Kadesh</a>, one of the oldest completely surviving treaties in history, fixed their mutual boundaries in southern Canaan, and was signed in the 21st year of Rameses (c. 1258 BC). Terms of this treaty included the marriage of one of the Hittite princesses to Ramesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurney196636-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Hattusili's son, <a href="/wiki/Tudhaliya_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudhaliya IV">Tudhaliya IV</a>, was the last strong Hittite king able to keep the Assyrians out of the Hittite heartland to some degree at least, though he too lost much territory to them, and was heavily defeated by <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> of Assyria in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nihriya" title="Battle of Nihriya">Battle of Nihriya</a>. He even temporarily annexed the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, before that too fell to Assyria. The last king, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uppiluliuma_II" title="Šuppiluliuma II">Šuppiluliuma II</a> also managed to win some victories, including a naval battle against <a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a> off the coast of Cyprus.<a href="#cite_note-naval-74">[74]</a> But the Assyrians, under <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a> had by this time annexed much Hittite territory in Asia Minor and Syria, driving out and defeating the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> in the process, who also had eyes on Hittite lands.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hittites#Dubious" title="Talk:Hittites">discuss</a>] Bryce sees the Great Kingdom's end as a gradual disintegration. Pointing to the death of Hattusili as a starting point. Tudhaliya would have to put down rebellions and plots against his rule. This was not abnormal. However the Hittite military were stretched thin, due to a lack of manpower and hits to the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Population">population</a> of the Empire. Putting down revolts and civil wars with brute force was not something Hatti could do to the same extent anymore. Every soldier was also a worker away from the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">economy</a>, such as food production. Thus, casualties from war became ever more costly and unsustainable.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a> had already begun their push down the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coastline, starting from the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>, and continuing all the way to Canaan, founding the state of <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> – taking <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> and Cyprus away from the Hittites en route and cutting off their coveted trade routes. This left the Hittite homelands vulnerable to attack from all directions, and Hattusa was burnt to the ground sometime around 1180 BC following a combined onslaught from new waves of invaders: the Kaskians, <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Bryges</a>. The Hittite Kingdom thus vanished from historical records, much of the territory being seized by Assyria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurney196639-76">[76]</a> Alongside these attacks, many internal issues also led to the end of the Hittite Kingdom. The end of the kingdom was part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Collapse">Bronze Age Collapse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> A study of tree rings of juniper trees growing in the region showed a change to drier conditions from the 13th century BC into the 12th century BC with drought for three consecutive years in 1198, 1197 and 1196 BC.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Hittite_period">Post-Hittite period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Post-Hittite period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hetite_God_in_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hetite_God_in_Aleppo.jpg/250px-Hetite_God_in_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hetite_God_in_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Hetite_God_in_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hetite_God_in_Aleppo.jpg/500px-Hetite_God_in_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwian</a> storm god <a href="/wiki/Tar%E1%B8%ABunz" title="Tarḫunz">Tarḫunz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Aleppo" title="National Museum of Aleppo">National Museum of Aleppo</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></div> By 1160 BC, the political situation in Asia Minor looked vastly different from that of only 25 years earlier. In that year, the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> was defeating the <a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a> (Phrygians) who had been attempting to press into Assyrian colonies in southern Anatolia from the Anatolian highlands, and the Kaska people, the Hittites' old enemies from the northern hill-country between Hatti and the Black Sea, seem to have joined them soon after. The Phrygians had apparently overrun <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> from the West, with recently discovered epigraphic evidence confirming their origins as the Balkan "Bryges" tribe, forced out by the Macedonians. Although the Hittite Kingdom disappeared from Anatolia at this point, there emerged a number of so-called <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a> in Anatolia and northern Syria. They were the successors of the Hittite Kingdom. The most notable Syro-Hittite kingdoms were those at <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melid" class="mw-redirect" title="Melid">Melid</a>. With the ruling family in Carchemish believed to have been a <a href="/wiki/Carchemish#Kuzi-Teshub_I" title="Carchemish">cadet branch</a> of the then defunct central ruling Hittite line. These Syro-Hittite states gradually fell under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (911–608 BC). Carchemish and Melid were made vassals of Assyria under <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> (858–823 BC), and fully incorporated into Assyria during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> (722–705 BC). A large and powerful state known as <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a> occupied much of southern Anatolia. Known as Greek <a href="/wiki/Tibareni" title="Tibareni">Tibarenoi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Τιβαρηνοί), Latin Tibareni, Thobeles in <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, their language may have been Luwian,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> testified to by monuments written using <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> This state too was conquered and incorporated into the vast Neo-Assyrian Empire. Ultimately, both Luwian hieroglyphs and cuneiform were rendered obsolete by an innovation, the <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>, which seems to have entered Anatolia simultaneously from the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean</a> (with the Bryges, who changed their name to Phrygians), and from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> and neighboring peoples in Syria. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlacaStandarte_Hirsch%26Stiere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/AlacaStandarte_Hirsch%26Stiere.jpg/250px-AlacaStandarte_Hirsch%26Stiere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/AlacaStandarte_Hirsch%26Stiere.jpg/330px-AlacaStandarte_Hirsch%26Stiere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/AlacaStandarte_Hirsch%26Stiere.jpg/500px-AlacaStandarte_Hirsch%26Stiere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4715" data-file-height="3223" /></a><figcaption>Bronze Hittite figures of animals (<a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alacastandarte_Hirsch%26L%C3%B6wen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Alacastandarte_Hirsch%26L%C3%B6wen.jpg/220px-Alacastandarte_Hirsch%26L%C3%B6wen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Alacastandarte_Hirsch%26L%C3%B6wen.jpg/330px-Alacastandarte_Hirsch%26L%C3%B6wen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Alacastandarte_Hirsch%26L%C3%B6wen.jpg/440px-Alacastandarte_Hirsch%26L%C3%B6wen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3565" data-file-height="3453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_bronze_standards" title="Alaca Höyük bronze standards">Alaca Höyük bronze standard</a> deer with gold nose and two lions/panthers (<a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a>)</figcaption></figure> The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> was developed by the Hittites.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkurgal2001118-82">[82]</a> The head of the Hittite state was the king, followed by the heir-apparent. The king was the supreme ruler of the land, in charge of being a military commander, judicial authority, as well as a high priest.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> However, some officials exercised independent authority over various branches of the government. One of the most important of these posts in the Hittite society was that of the <a href="/wiki/Gal_mesedi" title="Gal mesedi">gal mesedi</a> (Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Mesedi" title="Mesedi">Royal Bodyguards</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce200222-84">[84]</a> It was superseded by the rank of the <a href="/wiki/Gal_gestin" title="Gal gestin">gal gestin</a> (chief of the wine stewards), who, like the gal mesedi, was generally a member of the royal family. The kingdom's bureaucracy was headed by the <a href="/wiki/Gal_dubsar" title="Gal dubsar">gal dubsar</a> (chief of the xcribes), whose authority did not extend over the lugal dubsar, the king's personal scribe. Egyptian monarchs engaged in diplomacy with two chief Hittite seats, located at Kadesh (a city located on the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a>) and Carchemish (located on the Euphrates river in Southern Anatolia).<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hittite_Kingdom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hittite_Kingdom.png/250px-Hittite_Kingdom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hittite_Kingdom.png/330px-Hittite_Kingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hittite_Kingdom.png/500px-Hittite_Kingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Hittite Empire at its greatest extent under Suppiluliuma I (c.1350–1322) and Mursili II (c.1321–1295).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_of_the_early_Hittites">Religion of the early Hittites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion of the early Hittites">edit</a>]</div> In the Central Anatolian settlement of <a href="/wiki/Ankuwa" title="Ankuwa">Ankuwa</a>, home of the pre-Hittite goddess Kattaha and the worship of other Hattic deities illustrates the ethnic differences in the areas the Hittites tried to control. Kattaha was originally given the name Hannikkun. The usage of the term Kattaha over Hannikkun, according to Ronald Gorny (head of the Alisar regional project in Turkey), was a device to downgrade the pre-Hittite identity of this female deity, and to bring her more in touch with the Hittite tradition. Their reconfiguration of gods throughout their early history such as with Kattaha was a way of legitimizing their authority and to avoid conflicting ideologies in newly included regions and settlements. By transforming local deities to fit their own customs, the Hittites hoped that the traditional beliefs of these communities would understand and accept the changes to become better suited for the Hittite political and economic goals.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Pankus">The Pankus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Pankus">edit</a>]</div> King <a href="/wiki/Telipinu" title="Telipinu">Telipinu</a> (reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1525 – c. 1500 BC) is considered to be the last king of the Old Kingdom of the Hittites. He seized power during a dynastic power struggle. During his reign, he wanted to take care of lawlessness and regulate royal succession. He thus issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Telepinu" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of Telepinu">Edict of Telipinus</a>. In this edict, he designated the Pankus, which was a general assembly, as the high court for constitutional crimes. Crimes such as murder were observed and judged by the Pankus. Kings themselves were also subject to jurisdiction under the Pankus. The Pankus also served as an advisory council for the king. The rules and regulations set out by the edict, and the establishment of the Pankus proved to be very successful and lasted all the way through to end of the New Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The Pankus established a legal code where violence was not a punishment for a crime. Crimes such as a murder and theft, which at the time were punishable by death, in other southwest Asian kingdoms, were not <a href="/wiki/Capital_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital crime">capital crimes</a> under the Hittite law code. Most criminal penalties involved restitution. For example, in cases of thievery, the punishment of that crime would to be to repay what was stolen in equal value.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_Policy_and_Wars">Foreign Policy and Wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Foreign Policy and Wars">edit</a>]</div> The Hittite Great Kingdom frequently took booty people during its wars, which were an important source of labor in food production and replacement of <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#population">population</a> losses.<a href="#cite_note-Bryce_2024_130–134-89">[89]</a> While they had frequent dealings with foreign powers, such as, Bryce thinks they may have had an <a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">non-aggression pact</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ahhiyawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahhiyawa">Ahhiyawa</a>, having taken then traded back <a href="/wiki/Millawanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Millawanda">Millawanda</a> in negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> While the Hittites had a troubled relationship with <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="New Kingdom">Egypt</a>, culminating in the famous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">battle of Kadesh</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Hittite Queens often were influential wielders of power in foreign policy, such as via establishment of marriage alliances. An example of this is Queen <a href="/wiki/Puduhepa" class="mw-redirect" title="Puduhepa">Puduhepa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> With the Hittites internationally being part of the <a href="/wiki/Club_of_great_powers" title="Club of great powers">Club of great powers</a> with Hatti maintaining an alliance with Egypt after the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Hittite_peace_treaty" title="Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty">Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Hatti's northern and eastern frontiers were often unstable as evidenced by <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ganuvara" title="Battle of Ganuvara">Battle of Ganuvara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Wars_of_Survival" title="Hittite Wars of Survival">Hittite Wars of Survival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> While its relationship with Assyria was often troublesome, like around the time of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nihriya" title="Battle of Nihriya">Battle of Nihriya</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> or to its south with <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Battles of Alashiya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> The Hittite economy was an Agro-Pastoral one, growing fruits and vegetables with cattle and sheep being common. Grain silos where usually placed in administrative centers such as Hattusa. In theory the land was owned by the gods, while in practice the King controlled the best lands, with a variety of other ownership forms after this. Land could be granted to you for military service by the King. The workforce working in food production was critical to the economy, thus wars taking men away from this could impact the food output of the Great Kingdom. Temples were an important part of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Shekels, minas and talents where the standard form of 'currency'. They were weights in either, copper, bronze, silver orgold. With the ratio being 40 Shekels equaling 1 Mina, which is different from other great kingdoms where it could be 60 to 1. One shekel being 8.3 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gram</a>. An silver shekel being worth 150l of wheat, you could buy 3,600 square meters land plot for 2-3 shekels silver, with an similar sized vineyard going up to 40 shekels of silver. An male laborer could earn one silver shekel per month, with women half that. You could also be payed in-kind, taking a part of the harvest, this could be more profitable to a wage. Bryce notes that men also did the most physically demanding work.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> Bryce, citing in his book a previous population estimate of 9,000-15,000 for Hattuša, but stating that recent research by Jürgen Seeher now suggest the city would have had a population of 2,300-4,600, with a peak of 5,000 during special occasions at maximum. While the total population of the Kingdom estimated at 140,000-150,000 by Zsolt Simon and Bryce himself giving a figure of 200,000+. Noting that Hatti was able to muster 47,500 thousand troops for Kadesh and could in total have mustered all-in-all ~100,000 for military service, not all necessarily participated in battle or in campaigns, but some may have provided labour service. Thus military campaigns that were costly in lives resulted in difficulties maintaining Hittite food production and economy. With 'booty-people' taken from foreign lands during campaigns would've been important in covering losses in population. The book discusses these figures in relation to the Empire during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili III">Hattusili III</a>, even if Bryce doesn't give exact dates for when these population numbers were actual, they should be understood for this reign.<a href="#cite_note-Bryce_2024_130–134-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> Extant <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li></ul> Extinct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> Reconstructed <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> Hypothetical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> Grammar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Nuristani_language" title="Proto-Nuristani language">Proto-Nuristani</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> Mainstream <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> Alternative and fringe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailivka_culture" title="Mykhailivka culture">Mykhailivka culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> Eastern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usatove_culture" title="Usatove culture">Usatove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> Northern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> Northern/Eastern Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Este_culture" title="Este culture">Este</a></li></ul> South Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishkent_culture" title="Bishkent culture">Bishkent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Hoard_culture" title="Copper Hoard culture">Copper Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Cemetery H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> Central Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li></ul> India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hittites</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> Indo-Aryans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> Iranians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> Nuristanis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> Indo-Aryan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Reconstructed <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li></ul></li></ul> Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> Practices <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Scholars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> Institutes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> Publications <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hattusa_Bronze_Tablet_Cuneiform.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hattusa_Bronze_Tablet_Cuneiform.JPG/170px-Hattusa_Bronze_Tablet_Cuneiform.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hattusa_Bronze_Tablet_Cuneiform.JPG/255px-Hattusa_Bronze_Tablet_Cuneiform.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hattusa_Bronze_Tablet_Cuneiform.JPG/340px-Hattusa_Bronze_Tablet_Cuneiform.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Bronze tablet from Çorum-Boğazköy dating from 1235 BC, photographed at <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndoEuropeanTree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/IndoEuropeanTree.svg/220px-IndoEuropeanTree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/IndoEuropeanTree.svg/330px-IndoEuropeanTree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/IndoEuropeanTree.svg/440px-IndoEuropeanTree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Indo-European family tree in order of first attestation. <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> belongs to the family of Anatolian languages and the oldest written Indo-European language.</figcaption></figure> The Hittite language is recorded fragmentarily from about the 19th century BC (in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kültepe</a> texts, see <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Ishara</a>). It remained in use until about 1100 BC. Hittite is the best attested member of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family, and the Indo-European language for which the earliest surviving written attestation exists, with isolated Hittite loanwords and numerous personal names appearing in an <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Old Assyrian</a> context from as early as the 20th century BC.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The language of the Hattusa tablets was eventually deciphered by a Czech linguist, <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Hrozn%C3%BD" title="Bedřich Hrozný">Bedřich Hrozný</a> (1879–1952), who, on 24 November 1915, announced his results in a lecture at the Near Eastern Society of Berlin. His book about the discovery was printed in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> in 1917, under the title The Language of the Hittites; Its Structure and Its Membership in the Indo-European Linguistic Family.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The preface of the book begins with: <dl><dd>"The present work undertakes to establish the nature and structure of the hitherto mysterious language of the Hittites, and to decipher this language [...] It will be shown that Hittite is in the main an Indo-European language."</dd></dl> The decipherment famously led to the confirmation of the <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_theory" title="Laryngeal theory">laryngeal theory</a> in Indo-European linguistics, which had been predicted several decades before. Due to its marked differences in its structure and phonology, some early <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologists</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Warren_Cowgill" title="Warren Cowgill">Warren Cowgill</a>, had even argued that it should be classified as a sister language to Indo-European languages (<a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a>), rather than a daughter language. By the end of the Hittite Empire, the Hittite language had become a written language of administration and diplomatic correspondence. The population of most of the Hittite Empire by this time spoke Luwian, another Indo-European language of the Anatolian family that had originated to the west of the Hittite region.<a href="#cite_note-Hawkins_1986-101">[101]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Craig_Melchert" title="Craig Melchert">Craig Melchert</a>, the current tendency is to suppose that Proto-Indo-European evolved, and that the "prehistoric speakers" of Anatolian became isolated "from the rest of the PIE speech community, so as not to share in some common innovations."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelchert7-102">[102]</a> Hittite, as well as its Anatolian cousins, split off from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> at an early stage, thereby preserving archaisms that were later lost in the other Indo-European languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasanoff200320_with_footnote_41-103">[103]</a> In Hittite there are many loanwords, particularly religious vocabulary, from the non-Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a> languages. The latter was the language of the Hattians, the local inhabitants of the land of Hatti before being absorbed or displaced by the Hittites. Sacred and magical texts from Hattusa were often written in Hattic, Hurrian, and Luwian, even after Hittite became the norm for other writings.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eflatunpinar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Eflatunpinar.jpg/220px-Eflatunpinar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Eflatunpinar.jpg/330px-Eflatunpinar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Eflatunpinar.jpg/440px-Eflatunpinar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="2142" /></a><figcaption>Monument over a spring at <a href="/wiki/Eflatun_P%C4%B1nar" title="Eflatun Pınar">Eflatun Pınar</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hittite_art" title="Hittite art">Hittite art</a></div> Given the size of the empire, there are relatively few remains of Hittite art. These include some impressive monumental carvings, a number of <a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">rock reliefs</a>, as well as metalwork, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_bronze_standards" title="Alaca Höyük bronze standards">Alaca Höyük bronze standards</a>, carved ivory, and ceramics, including the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyindede_vases" title="Hüseyindede vases">Hüseyindede vases</a>. The Sphinx Gates of <a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Alaca Höyük">Alaca Höyük</a> and Hattusa, with the monument at the spring of <a href="/wiki/Eflatun_P%C4%B1nar" title="Eflatun Pınar">Eflatun Pınar</a>, are among the largest constructed sculptures, along with a number of large recumbent lions, of which the <a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Babylon_(statue)" title="Lion of Babylon (statue)">Lion of Babylon</a> statue at <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> is the largest, if it is indeed Hittite. Nearly all are notably worn. Rock reliefs include the <a href="/wiki/Hanyeri_relief" title="Hanyeri relief">Hanyeri relief</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hemite_relief" title="Hemite relief">Hemite relief</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde_Stele" title="Niğde Stele">Niğde Stele</a> from the end of the 8th century BC is a Luwian monument, from the Post-Hittite period, found in the modern Turkish city of <a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde" title="Niğde">Niğde</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_mythology">Religion and mythology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religion and mythology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations027.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations027.jpg/170px-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations027.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations027.jpg/255px-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations027.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations027.jpg/340px-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations027.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Stag statuette, symbol of a Hittite male god. This figure is used for the <a href="/wiki/Hacettepe_University" title="Hacettepe University">Hacettepe University</a> emblem.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_(1913).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg/220px-T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg/330px-T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg/440px-T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Early Hittite artifact found by <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolley" title="Leonard Woolley">Leonard Woolley</a> (right) in <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite mythology">Hittite mythology</a></div> Hittite religion and mythology were heavily influenced by their <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Mesopotamian mythology">Mesopotamian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hurrians#Religion" title="Hurrians">Hurrian</a> counterparts. In earlier times, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European mythology">Indo-European</a> elements may still be clearly discerned. <a href="/wiki/Weather_god" title="Weather god">Storm gods</a> were prominent in the Hittite pantheon. <a href="/wiki/Tarhunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarhunt">Tarhunt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a>'s Teshub) was referred to as 'The Conqueror', 'The king of Kummiya', 'King of Heaven', 'Lord of the land of Hatti'. He was chief among the gods and his <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> is the bull. As Teshub he was depicted as a bearded man astride two mountains and bearing a club. He was the god of battle and victory, especially when the conflict involved a foreign power.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Teshub was also known for his conflict with the serpent <a href="/wiki/Illuyanka" title="Illuyanka">Illuyanka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The Hittite gods are also honoured with festivals, such as <a href="/wiki/Puruli" title="Puruli">Puruli</a> in the spring, the nuntarriyashas festival in the autumn, and the KI.LAM festival of the gate house where images of the Storm God and up to thirty other idols were paraded through the streets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2002135-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hittite_laws" title="Hittite laws">Hittite laws</a></div> Hittite laws, much like other records of the empire, are recorded on <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform</a> tablets made from baked clay. What is understood to be the Hittite Law Code comes mainly from two clay tablets, each containing 186 articles, and are a <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">collection of practiced laws</a> from across the early Hittite Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Taş-2015-107">[107]</a> In addition to the tablets, monuments bearing Hittite cuneiform inscriptions can be found in central Anatolia describing the government and law codes of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-Sayce-1905-108">[108]</a> The tablets and monuments date from the Old Hittite Kingdom (1650–1500 BC) to what is known as the New Hittite Kingdom (1500–1180 BC).<a href="#cite_note-Roth-1995-109">[109]</a> Between these time periods, different translations can be found that modernize the language<a href="#cite_note-Hoffner-1981-110">[110]</a> and create a series of legal reforms in which many crimes<a href="#cite_note-Taş-2015-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roth-1995-109">[109]</a> are given more humane punishments. These changes could possibly be attributed to the rise of new and different kings throughout the history empire or to the new translations that change the language used in the law codes.<a href="#cite_note-Roth-1995-109">[109]</a> In either case, the law codes of the Hittites provide very specific fines or punishments that are to be issued for specific crimes<a href="#cite_note-Roth-1995-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coogan-2013-111">[111]</a> and have many similarities to Biblical laws found in the books of Exodus and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Coogan-2013-111">[111]</a> In addition to criminal punishments, the law codes also provide instruction on certain situations such as inheritance and death.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_laws">Use of laws</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Use of laws">edit</a>]</div> The law articles used by the Hittites most often outline very specific crimes or offenses, either against the state or against other individuals, and provide a sentence for these offenses. The laws carved in the tablets are an assembly of established social conventions from across the empire. Hittite laws at this time have a prominent lack of equality in punishments in many cases, distinct punishments or compensations for men and women are listed.<a href="#cite_note-Taş-2015-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coogan-2013-111">[111]</a> Free men most often received more compensation for offenses against them than free women did. Slaves, male or female, had very few rights, and could easily be punished or executed by their masters for crimes.<a href="#cite_note-Taş-2015-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coogan-2013-111">[111]</a> Most articles describe destruction of property and personal injury, to which the most common sentence was payment for compensation of the lost property. Again, in these cases men oftentimes receive a greater amount of compensation than women.<a href="#cite_note-Taş-2015-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coogan-2013-111">[111]</a> Other articles describe how marriage of slaves and free individuals should be handled. In any case of separation or estrangement, the free individual, male or female, would keep all but one child that resulted from the marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Roth-1995-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coogan-2013-111">[111]</a> Cases in which capital punishment is recommended in the articles most often seem to come from pre-reform sentences for severe crimes and prohibited sexual pairings. Many of these cases include public torture and execution as punishment for serious crimes against religion. Most of these sentences would begin to go away in the later stages of the Hittite Empire as major law reforms began to occur.<a href="#cite_note-Taş-2015-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roth-1995-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_reform">Law reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Law reform">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SUPPILULIUMA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SUPPILULIUMA.jpg/220px-SUPPILULIUMA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SUPPILULIUMA.jpg/330px-SUPPILULIUMA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SUPPILULIUMA.jpg/440px-SUPPILULIUMA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Post-Hittite period statue of king Šuppiluliuma of the <a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hatay_Archaeology_Museum" title="Hatay Archaeology Museum">Hatay Archaeology Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> While different translations of laws can be seen throughout the history of the empire,<a href="#cite_note-Hoffner-1981-110">[110]</a> the Hittite outlook of law was originally founded on religion and were intended to preserve the authority of the state.<a href="#cite_note-Taş-2015-107">[107]</a> Additionally, punishments had the goal of crime prevention and the protection of individual property rights.<a href="#cite_note-Taş-2015-107">[107]</a> The goals of crime prevention can be seen in the severity of the punishments issued for certain crimes. Capital punishment and torture are specifically mentioned as punishment for more severe crimes against religion and harsh fines for the loss of private property or life. The tablets also describe the ability of the king to pardon certain crimes, but specifically prohibit an individual being pardoned for murder.<a href="#cite_note-Taş-2015-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roth-1995-109">[109]</a> At some point in the 16th or 15th century BC, Hittite law codes move away from torture and capital punishment and to more humanitarian forms of punishments, such as fines.<a href="#cite_note-Taş-2015-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roth-1995-109">[109]</a> Where the old law system was based on retaliation and retribution for crimes, the new system saw punishments that were much more mild, favoring monetary compensation over physical or capital punishment.<a href="#cite_note-Taş-2015-107">[107]</a> Why these drastic reforms happened is not exactly clear, but it is likely that punishing murder with execution was deemed not to benefit any individual or family involved.<a href="#cite_note-Taş-2015-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roth-1995-109">[109]</a> These reforms were not just seen in the realm of capital punishment. Where major fines were to be paid, a severe reduction in penalty can be seen. For example, prior to these major reforms, the payment to be made for the theft of an animal was thirty times the animal's value; after the reforms, the penalty was reduced to half the original fine. Simultaneously, attempts to modernize the language and change the verbiage used in the law codes can be seen during this period of reform.<a href="#cite_note-Taş-2015-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sayce-1905-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roth-1995-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoffner-1981-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_laws">Examples of laws</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Examples of laws">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphinx_Gate,_Hattusa_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg/220px-Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg/330px-Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg/440px-Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Sphinx Gate entrance of the city of <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a></figcaption></figure> Under both the old and reformed Hittite law codes, three main types of punishment can be seen: Death, torture, or compensation/fines.<a href="#cite_note-Taş-2015-107">[107]</a> The articles outlined on the cuneiform tablets provide very specific punishments for crimes committed against the Hittite religion or against individuals. In many, but not all cases, articles describing similar laws are grouped together. More than a dozen consecutive articles describe what are known to be permitted and prohibited sexual pairings.<a href="#cite_note-Roth-1995-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coogan-2013-111">[111]</a> These pairings mostly describe men (sometimes specifically referred to as free men, sometimes just men in general)<a href="#cite_note-Coogan-2013-111">[111]</a> having relations, be they consensual or not, with animals, step-family, relatives of spouses, or concubines.<a href="#cite_note-Taş-2015-107">[107]</a> Many of these articles do not provide specific punishments but, prior to the law reforms, crimes against religion were most often punishable by death. These include incestuous marriages and sexual relations with certain animals.<a href="#cite_note-Roth-1995-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coogan-2013-111">[111]</a> For example, one article states, "If a man has sexual relations with a cow, it is an unpermitted sexual pairing: he will be put to death."<a href="#cite_note-Coogan-2013-111">[111]</a> Similar relations with horses and mules were not subject to capital punishment, but the offender could not become a priest afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-Taş-2015-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roth-1995-109">[109]</a> Actions at the expense of other individuals most often see the offender paying some sort of compensation, be it in the form money, animals, or land. These actions could include the destruction of farmlands, death or injury of livestock, or assault of an individual.<a href="#cite_note-Coogan-2013-111">[111]</a> Several articles also specifically mention acts of the gods. If an animal were to die by certain circumstances, the individual could claim that it died by the hand of a god. Swearing that what they claim was true, it seems that they were exempt from paying compensation to the animal's owner.<a href="#cite_note-Roth-1995-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coogan-2013-111">[111]</a> Injuries inflicted upon animals owned by another individual are almost always compensated with either direct payment, or trading the injured animal with a healthy one owned by the offender.<a href="#cite_note-Coogan-2013-111">[111]</a> Not all laws prescribed in the tablets deal with criminal punishment. For example, the instructions of how the marriage of slaves and division of their children are given in a group of articles, "The slave woman shall take most of the children, with the male slave taking one child."<a href="#cite_note-Coogan-2013-111">[111]</a> Similar instructions are given to the marriage of free individuals and slaves. Other actions include how breaking of engagements are to be handled.<a href="#cite_note-Roth-1995-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coogan-2013-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_Hittites">Biblical Hittites</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Biblical Hittites">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hittites" title="Biblical Hittites">Biblical Hittites</a></div> The Bible refers to people as "Hittites" in several passages. The relationship between these peoples and the Bronze Age Hittite Empire is unclear. In some passages, the Biblical Hittites appear to have own kingdoms, apparently located outside geographic Canaan, and sufficiently powerful to put a Syrian army to flight. In these passages, the Biblical Hittites appear to refer to the Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a>. However, in most of their appearances, the Biblical Hittites are depicted as a people living among the Israelites – Abraham purchases the Patriarchal burial-plot of Machpelah from <a href="/wiki/Ephron_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephron (biblical figure)">Ephron the Hittite</a> and Hittites serve as high military officers in <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>'s army. The nature of this ethnic group is unclear, but has sometimes been interpreted as a local Canaanite tribe who had absorbed Hittite cultural influence from the Syro-Hittite kingdoms to the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2005355–356-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woudstra1981-113">[113]</a> Other biblical scholars (following <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a>) have argued that the Bronze Age Hittites appear in Hebrew Bible literature and apocrypha as "<a href="/wiki/Kittim" title="Kittim">Kittim</a>", a people said to be named for a son of <a href="/wiki/Javan" title="Javan">Javan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_ancient_Greek_mythology">In ancient Greek mythology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In ancient Greek mythology">edit</a>]</div> One single mention of a Trojan ally named Keteians (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Κητειοι) is made by <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>. Some scholars have proposed that the Homeric Keteians correspond to the Bronze Age Hittites.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_plague" title="Hittite plague">Hittite plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hittite_kings" title="List of Hittite kings">List of Hittite kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artifacts_significant_to_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artifacts significant to the Bible">List of artifacts significant to the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_chronology_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Short chronology timeline">Short chronology timeline</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Eisenbrauns. pp. 174–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-083-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-083-3"><bdi>1-57506-083-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metalworking%2FMining+in+the+Levant&rft.btitle=Near+Eastern+Archaeology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57506-083-3&rft.aulast=Muhly&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Waldbaum, Jane C. (1978). From Bronze to Iron. Gothenburg: Paul Astöms Förlag. pp. 56–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJambon2017" class="citation journal cs1">Jambon, Albert (24 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01614724/file/Jambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf">"Bronze Age iron: Meteoritic or not? A chemical strategy"</a> (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 88: 47–53. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JArSc..88...47J">2017JArSc..88...47J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2017.09.008">10.1016/j.jas.2017.09.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55644155">55644155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Bronze+Age+iron%3A+Meteoritic+or+not%3F+A+chemical+strategy&rft.volume=88&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2017-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55644155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2017.09.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JArSc..88...47J&rft.aulast=Jambon&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.sorbonne-universite.fr%2Fhal-01614724%2Ffile%2FJambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britishmuseum-12"><a href="#cite_ref-britishmuseum_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/cultures/middle_east/hittites.aspx">"Hittites"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Trustees of the British Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107205200/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/cultures/middle_east/hittites.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=Hittites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fcultures%2Fmiddle_east%2Fhittites.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erimtan-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erimtan_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erimtan_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErimtan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Erimtan, Can (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922104515/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20455417">"Hittites, Ottomans and Turks: Ağaoğlu Ahmed Bey and the Kemalist Construction of Turkish Nationhood in Anatolia"</a>. Anatolian Studies. 58: 141–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0066154600008711">10.1017/S0066154600008711</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20455417">20455417</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20455417">the original</a> on 22 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=Hittites%2C+Ottomans+and+Turks%3A+A%C4%9Fao%C4%9Flu+Ahmed+Bey+and+the+Kemalist+Construction+of+Turkish+Nationhood+in+Anatolia&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0066154600008711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20455417%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Erimtan&rft.aufirst=Can&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20455417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Ardzinba, Vladislav. (1974): Some Notes on the Typological Affinity Between Hattian and Northwest Caucasian (Abkhazo-Adygian) Languages. In: "Internationale Tagung der Keilschriftforscher der sozialistischen Länder", Budapest, 23–25. April 1974. Zusammenfassung der Vorträge (Assyriologica 1), pp. 10–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCline2021" class="citation book cs1">Cline, Eric H. (2021). "Of Arms and the Man". <a href="/wiki/1177_B.C.:_The_Year_Civilization_Collapsed" title="1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed">1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691208015" title="Special:BookSources/9780691208015"><bdi>9780691208015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+Arms+and+the+Man&rft.btitle=1177+B.C.%3A+The+Year+Civilization+Collapsed&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780691208015&rft.aulast=Cline&rft.aufirst=Eric+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_William_Newman1853" class="citation book cs1">Francis William Newman (1853). A history of the Hebrew monarchy: from the administration of Samuel to the Babylonish Captivity (2nd ed.). London: John Chapman. p. 179 note 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Hebrew+monarchy%3A+from+the+administration+of+Samuel+to+the+Babylonish+Captivity&rft.place=London&rft.pages=179+note+2&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Chapman&rft.date=1853&rft.au=Francis+William+Newman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The Hittites: the story of a forgotten empire By Archibald Henry Sayce Queen's College, Oxford. October 1888. Introduction </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTexier1835" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Texier, Charles (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015036636960;view=1up;seq=372">"Rapport lu, le 15 mai 1835, à l'Académie royale des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres de l'Institut, sur un envoi fait par M. Texier, et contenant les dessins de bas-reliefs découverts par lui près du village de Bogaz-Keui, dans l'Asie mineure"</a> [Report read on 15 May 1835 to the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belle-lettres of the Institute, on a dispatch made by Mr. Texier and containing drawings of bas-reliefs discovered by him near the village of Bogaz-Keui in Asia Minor]. Journal des Savants (in French): 368–376. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428022424/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015036636960;view=1up;seq=372">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+des+Savants&rft.atitle=Rapport+lu%2C+le+15+mai+1835%2C+%C3%A0+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+royale+des+Inscriptions+et+Belles-lettres+de+l%27Institut%2C+sur+un+envoi+fait+par+M.+Texier%2C+et+contenant+les+dessins+de+bas-reliefs+d%C3%A9couverts+par+lui+pr%C3%A8s+du+village+de+Bogaz-Keui%2C+dans+l%27Asie+mineure&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E368-%3C%2Fspan%3E376&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Texier&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015036636960%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2014-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2014_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2014">Kloekhorst 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de/HPM/hpm-en.php?p=anfhet-en">"Rediscovery of the Hittites"</a>. www.hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de&rft.atitle=Rediscovery+of+the+Hittites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de%2FHPM%2Fhpm-en.php%3Fp%3Danfhet-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGüterbock2002" class="citation book cs1">Güterbock, Hans Gustav (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5a8-NudlBx8C&q=Hugo+Winckler+Bo%C4%9Fazk%C3%B6y+capital+empire+that+controlled+northern+syria">Recent Developments in Hittite Archaeology and History: Papers in Memory of Hans G. Güterbock</a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-053-8"><bdi>978-1-57506-053-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Developments+in+Hittite+Archaeology+and+History%3A+Papers+in+Memory+of+Hans+G.+G%C3%BCterbock&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-053-8&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCterbock&rft.aufirst=Hans+Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5a8-NudlBx8C%26q%3DHugo%2BWinckler%2BBo%25C4%259Fazk%25C3%25B6y%2Bcapital%2Bempire%2Bthat%2Bcontrolled%2Bnorthern%2Bsyria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHatırKorkançSchachnerİnce2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hatır, Ergün; Korkanç, Mustafa; Schachner, Andreas; İnce, İsmail (1 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1296207421001096">"The deep learning method applied to the detection and mapping of stone deterioration in open-air sanctuaries of the Hittite period in Anatolia"</a>. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 51: 38–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.culher.2021.07.004">10.1016/j.culher.2021.07.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1296-2074">1296-2074</a>. Retrieved 18 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cultural+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+deep+learning+method+applied+to+the+detection+and+mapping+of+stone+deterioration+in+open-air+sanctuaries+of+the+Hittite+period+in+Anatolia&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.culher.2021.07.004&rft.issn=1296-2074&rft.aulast=Hat%C4%B1r&rft.aufirst=Erg%C3%BCn&rft.au=Korkan%C3%A7%2C+Mustafa&rft.au=Schachner%2C+Andreas&rft.au=%C4%B0nce%2C+%C4%B0smail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS1296207421001096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> The Hittite Empire. Chapter V. Vahan Kurkjian </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> John Marangozis (2003) A Short Grammar of Hieroglyphic Luwian </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal1986-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeal1986_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeal1986">Beal 1986</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal1986426-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeal1986426_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeal1986">Beal 1986</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/82F6A46F99BB62BB588D3EFC130292CE/9781108499798c5_63-82.pdf/anatolian.pdf">"Anatolian"</a>, in: Thomas Olander (ed.), The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective, Cambridge University Press, p. 78: "...the Anatolian split may be dated to the period between 4400–4100 BCE. If Proto-Anatolian indeed first broke up into its daughter languages around the thirty-first century BCE...it would mean that it had some 1,300–1000 years to undergo the specific innovations that define Anatolian as a separate branch..." </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Lazaridis, Iosif, et al., (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/8_25_2022_Manuscript1_ChalcolithicBronzeAge_2.pdf">"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe"</a>, in: Science, 26 Aug 2022, Vol 377, Issue 6609, [Research Article Summary, p. 1]: "Around 7000-5000 years ago, people with ancestry from the Caucasus [...] moved west into Anatolia [...] Some of these migrants may have spoken ancestral forms of Anatolian [...]" </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/82F6A46F99BB62BB588D3EFC130292CE/9781108499798c5_63-82.pdf/anatolian.pdf">"Anatolian"</a>, in: Thomas Olander (ed.), The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective, Cambridge University Press, p. 75: "...a Proto-Hittite ancestor language that may have been spoken only a few generations before the oldest attestations of Kanišite Hittite (twentieth century BCE), i.e. around 2100 BCE..." </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Kroonen, Guus, et al., (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1240524#.YVvHl31Z3IU">"Linguistic supplement to Damgaard et al. 2018: Early Indo-European languages, Anatolian, Tocharian and Indo-Iranian"</a>, in Zenodo 2018, p. 3: "...The Anatolian branch is an extinct subclade of the Indo-European language family attested from the 25th century BCE onwards (see below) that consists of Hittite (known 20th–12th centuries BCE), Luwian (known 20th–7th centuries BCE), and a number of less well-attested members, such as Carian, Lycian, Lydian, and Palai..." </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhrt-1995-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhrt-1995_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhrt-1995_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuhrt1995" class="citation book cs1">Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientneareastc00akuh/page/226">The Ancient Near East, Volume I</a>. London and New York: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientneareastc00akuh/page/226">226–27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16763-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16763-5"><bdi>978-0-415-16763-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=226-27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16763-5&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientneareastc00akuh%2Fpage%2F226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPuhvel1994" class="citation journal cs1">Puhvel, J. 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Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118962961" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118962961"><bdi>978-1118962961</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+directions+in+biocultural+anthropology&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=297&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1118962961&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Molly+K.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Debra+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4DODAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhittite%2Bplague%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrevisanato2007" class="citation journal cs1">Trevisanato, S. I. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17499936/">"The 'Hittite plague', an epidemic of tularemia and the first record of biological warfare"</a>. Medical Hypotheses. 69 (6): 1371–1374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mehy.2007.03.012">10.1016/j.mehy.2007.03.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17499936">17499936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Hypotheses&rft.atitle=The+%27Hittite+plague%27%2C+an+epidemic+of+tularemia+and+the+first+record+of+biological+warfare&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1371-%3C%2Fspan%3E1374&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mehy.2007.03.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17499936&rft.aulast=Trevisanato&rft.aufirst=S.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F17499936%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWindle2004" class="citation book cs1">Windle, Joachim Latacz (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ccQIyA9CW-wC">Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 121–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926308-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926308-0"><bdi>978-0-19-926308-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227092043/https://books.google.com/books?id=ccQIyA9CW-wC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troy+and+Homer%3A+Towards+a+Solution+of+an+Old+Mystery&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926308-0&rft.aulast=Windle&rft.aufirst=Joachim+Latacz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DccQIyA9CW-wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce200557–60-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce200557–60_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2005">Bryce 2005</a>, pp. 57–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckmanBryceCline2012" class="citation journal cs1">Beckman, Gary M.; Bryce, Trevor R.; Cline, Eric H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/061528P.front.pdf">"Writings from the Ancient World: The Ahhiyawa Texts"</a> (PDF). Writings from the Ancient World. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature: 6. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1570-7008">1570-7008</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423201908/http://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/061528P.front.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016. <q>At the very least, perhaps we can say that the Ahhiyawa Problem/Question has been solved and answered after all, for there is now little doubt that Ahhiyawa was a reference by the Hittites to some or all of the Bronze Age Mycenaean world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Writings+from+the+Ancient+World&rft.atitle=Writings+from+the+Ancient+World%3A+The+Ahhiyawa+Texts&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1570-7008&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Gary+M.&rft.au=Bryce%2C+Trevor+R.&rft.au=Cline%2C+Eric+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbl-site.org%2Fassets%2Fpdfs%2Fpubs%2F061528P.front.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurney1966110-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurney1966110_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGurney1966">Gurney 1966</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurney196636-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurney196636_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurney196636_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurney196636_72-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGurney1966">Gurney 1966</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/ramses-hattusili-treaty.htm">"The peace treaty between Ramses II and Hattusili III"</a>. Ancient Egypt: an introduction to the history and culture. December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608080809/http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/ramses-hattusili-treaty.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Egypt%3A+an+introduction+to+the+history+and+culture&rft.atitle=The+peace+treaty+between+Ramses+II+and+Hattusili+III&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reshafim.org.il%2Fad%2Fegypt%2Framses-hattusili-treaty.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-naval-74"><a href="#cite_ref-naval_74-0">^</a> Horst Nowacki, Wolfgang Lefèvre Creating Shapes in Civil and Naval Architecture: A Cross-Disciplinary Comparison Brill, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004173455" title="Special:BookSources/9004173455">9004173455</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2024" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2024). Hattusili: The Hittite Prince who stole an Empire. Bloomsbury. pp. 182–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4182-1"><bdi>978-1-3503-4182-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hattusili%3A+The+Hittite+Prince+who+stole+an+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-3503-4182-1&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurney196639-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurney196639_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGurney1966">Gurney 1966</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpielvolgel2011" class="citation book cs1">Spielvolgel, Jackson (2011). Western Civilization. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1111342142" title="Special:BookSources/978-1111342142"><bdi>978-1111342142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1111342142&rft.aulast=Spielvolgel&rft.aufirst=Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/08/ancient-hittite-empire-tree-study-drought">"Drought may have doomed ancient Hittite empire, tree study reveals"</a>. The Guardian. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Drought+may+have+doomed+ancient+Hittite+empire%2C+tree+study+reveals&rft.date=2023-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Ffeb%2F08%2Fancient-hittite-empire-tree-study-drought&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Barnett, R.D., "Phrygia and the Peoples of Anatolia in the Iron Age", The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. II, Part 2 (1975) p. 422 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> The Georgian historian <a href="/wiki/Ivane_Javakhishvili" title="Ivane Javakhishvili">Ivane Javakhishvili</a> considered Tabal, <a href="/wiki/Tubal" title="Tubal">Tubal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabal_(name)" title="Jabal (name)">Jabal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jubal_(Bible)" title="Jubal (Bible)">Jubal</a> to be ancient <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> tribal designations, and argued that they spoke <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a>, a non-Indo-European language </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020063846/http://www.smie.co/html/cultural_history/hittites/hittites_3.shtml">"The Hittites"</a>, smie.co, 12 September 2008, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smie.co/html/cultural_history/hittites/hittites_3.shtml">the original</a> on 20 October 2017, retrieved 1 September 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=smie.co&rft.atitle=The+Hittites&rft.date=2008-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smie.co%2Fhtml%2Fcultural_history%2Fhittites%2Fhittites_3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkurgal2001118-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkurgal2001118_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkurgal2001">Akurgal 2001</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hitit.htm">"The Hittites"</a>. all about turkey. 5 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170513052831/http://allaboutturkey.com/hitit.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=all+about+turkey&rft.atitle=The+Hittites&rft.date=2017-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutturkey.com%2Fhitit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce200222-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce200222_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2002">Bryce 2002</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Empire of the Hittites". The Old Testament Student. 4 (1): 32–34. 1 September 1884. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F469493">10.1086/469493</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3156304">3156304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Old+Testament+Student&rft.atitle=The+Empire+of+the+Hittites&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1884-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F469493&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3156304%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGorny1995" class="citation journal cs1">Gorny, Ronald (August–November 1995). "Hittite Imperialism and Anti-Imperial Resistance As Viewed from Alișar Höyük". The Archaeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia (299/300): 69–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357346">10.2307/1357346</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357346">1357346</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163346233">163346233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Archaeology+of+Empire+in+Ancient+Anatolia&rft.atitle=Hittite+Imperialism+and+Anti-Imperial+Resistance+As+Viewed+from+Ali%C8%99ar+H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk&rft.issue=299%2F300&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1995-08%2F1995-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163346233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357346%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357346&rft.aulast=Gorny&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Telipinus-Hittite-king#ref52857">"Telipinus Hittite king"</a>. Britannica. 5 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911120159/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Telipinus-Hittite-king#ref52857">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Telipinus+Hittite+king&rft.date=2017-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FTelipinus-Hittite-king%23ref52857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEduljee2017" class="citation web cs1">Eduljee, K.E. (5 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/ranghaya/hittites.htm#governance">"Hittites"</a>. Heritage Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170505033626/http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/ranghaya/hittites.htm#governance">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Institute&rft.atitle=Hittites&rft.date=2017-05-05&rft.aulast=Eduljee&rft.aufirst=K.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritageinstitute.com%2Fzoroastrianism%2Franghaya%2Fhittites.htm%23governance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryce_2024_130–134-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bryce_2024_130–134_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryce_2024_130–134_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2024" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2024). Hattusili: The Hittite Prince who stole an Empire. Bloomsbury. pp. 130–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4182-1"><bdi>978-1-3503-4182-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hattusili%3A+The+Hittite+Prince+who+stole+an+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-3503-4182-1&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2024" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2024). Hattusili: The Hittite Prince who stole an Empire. Bloomsbury. pp. 150–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4182-1"><bdi>978-1-3503-4182-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hattusili%3A+The+Hittite+Prince+who+stole+an+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-3503-4182-1&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Bryce" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevor Bryce">Bryce, Trevor</a> (2023). Warriors of Anatolia: A Concise history of the Hittites. Bloomsbury. pp. 158–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4885-1"><bdi>978-1-3503-4885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+Anatolia%3A+A+Concise+history+of+the+Hittites&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-3503-4885-1&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Bryce" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevor Bryce">Bryce, Trevor</a> (2023). Warriors of Anatolia: A Concise history of the Hittites. Bloomsbury. pp. 196–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4885-1"><bdi>978-1-3503-4885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+Anatolia%3A+A+Concise+history+of+the+Hittites&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-3503-4885-1&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2024" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2024). Hattusili: The Hittite Prince who stole an Empire. Bloomsbury. pp. 95–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4182-1"><bdi>978-1-3503-4182-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hattusili%3A+The+Hittite+Prince+who+stole+an+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-3503-4182-1&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Bryce" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevor Bryce">Bryce, Trevor</a> (2023). Warriors of Anatolia: A Concise history of the Hittites. Bloomsbury. pp. 224–230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4885-1"><bdi>978-1-3503-4885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+Anatolia%3A+A+Concise+history+of+the+Hittites&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-3503-4885-1&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Bryce" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevor Bryce">Bryce, Trevor</a> (2023). Warriors of Anatolia: A Concise history of the Hittites. Bloomsbury. pp. 66–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4885-1"><bdi>978-1-3503-4885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+Anatolia%3A+A+Concise+history+of+the+Hittites&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-3503-4885-1&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Bryce" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevor Bryce">Bryce, Trevor</a> (2023). Warriors of Anatolia: A Concise history of the Hittites. Bloomsbury. pp. 237–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4885-1"><bdi>978-1-3503-4885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+Anatolia%3A+A+Concise+history+of+the+Hittites&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-3503-4885-1&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Bryce" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevor Bryce">Bryce, Trevor</a> (2023). Warriors of Anatolia: A Concise history of the Hittites. Bloomsbury. pp. 238–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4885-1"><bdi>978-1-3503-4885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+Anatolia%3A+A+Concise+history+of+the+Hittites&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-3503-4885-1&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2024" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2024). Hattusili: The Hittite Prince who stole an Empire. Bloomsbury. pp. 213–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4182-1"><bdi>978-1-3503-4182-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hattusili%3A+The+Hittite+Prince+who+stole+an+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-3503-4182-1&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2024" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2024). Hattusili: The Hittite Prince who stole an Empire. Bloomsbury. pp. 213–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4182-1"><bdi>978-1-3503-4182-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hattusili%3A+The+Hittite+Prince+who+stole+an+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-3503-4182-1&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Hrozný, Bedřich, Die Sprache der Hethiter: ihr Bau und ihre Zugehörigkeit zum indogermanischen Sprachstamm: ein Entzifferungsversuch (Leipzig, Germany: J.C. Hinrichs, 1917). </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawkins_1986-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins_1986_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHawkins1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hawkins, David (February 1986). "Writing in Anatolia: Imported and Indigenous Systems". World Archaeology. 17 (3): 363–376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1986.9979976">10.1080/00438243.1986.9979976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/124701">124701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Writing+in+Anatolia%3A+Imported+and+Indigenous+Systems&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E376&rft.date=1986-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1986.9979976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F124701%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelchert7-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelchert7_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMelchert">Melchert</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasanoff200320_with_footnote_41-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasanoff200320_with_footnote_41_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasanoff2003">Jasanoff 2003</a>, p. 20 with footnote 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiren,_Christopher_B." class="citation web cs1">Siren, Christopher B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.comcast.net/~chris.s/hittite-ref.html">"'Hittite/Hurrian Mythology REF 1.2', Myths and Legends"</a>. 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Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472107541" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472107541"><bdi>978-1472107541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Guide+to+the+Greek+Myths&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1472107541&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0KXABAAAQBAJ%26q%3DTeshub%2520Illuyanka%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2002135-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2002135_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2002">Bryce 2002</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-Taş-2015-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taş-2015_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş-2015_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş-2015_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş-2015_107-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş-2015_107-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş-2015_107-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş-2015_107-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş-2015_107-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş-2015_107-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş-2015_107-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş-2015_107-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş-2015_107-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş-2015_107-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş-2015_107-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş-2015_107-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş-2015_107-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaşDinler2015" class="citation journal cs1">Taş, İlknur; Dinler, Veysel (1 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312373101">"Hittite Criminal Law in the Light of Modern Paradigms: Searching for the traces of Modernday Criminal Law in the Past"</a>. 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(1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2165026">"The Hittite Inscriptions"</a>. The Biblical World. 26 (1): 30–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F473607">10.1086/473607</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3140922">3140922</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143295386">143295386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+World&rft.atitle=The+Hittite+Inscriptions&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143295386%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3140922%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F473607&rft.aulast=Sayce&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2165026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roth-1995-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-1995_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-1995_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-1995_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-1995_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-1995_109-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-1995_109-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-1995_109-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-1995_109-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-1995_109-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-1995_109-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-1995_109-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-1995_109-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-1995_109-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-1995_109-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-1995_109-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoth" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, Martha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.g2rp.com/pdfs/LawCollectionsFromMesopotemiaAndAsiaMinor.pdf">"Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor"</a> (PDF). Writings from the Ancient World Society of Biblical Literature. 6: 213–246. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428022130/http://www.g2rp.com/pdfs/LawCollectionsFromMesopotemiaAndAsiaMinor.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Writings+from+the+Ancient+World+Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Law+Collections+from+Mesopotamia+and+Asia+Minor&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.g2rp.com%2Fpdfs%2FLawCollectionsFromMesopotemiaAndAsiaMinor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffner-1981-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffner-1981_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffner-1981_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffner-1981_110-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffner1981" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffner, Harry A. (1981). "The Old Hittite Version of Laws 164–166". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 33 (3/4): 206–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1359903">10.2307/1359903</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1359903">1359903</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159932628">159932628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cuneiform+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Old+Hittite+Version+of+Laws+164%E2%80%93166&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E206-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159932628%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1359903%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1359903&rft.aulast=Hoffner&rft.aufirst=Harry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coogan-2013-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan-2013_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan-2013_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan-2013_111-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan-2013_111-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan-2013_111-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan-2013_111-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan-2013_111-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan-2013_111-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan-2013_111-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan-2013_111-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan-2013_111-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan-2013_111-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan-2013_111-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan-2013_111-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan-2013_111-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2013" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael David (2013). A reader of ancient Near Eastern texts : sources for the study of the Old Testament. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195324921" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195324921"><bdi>978-0195324921</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/796081940">796081940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+reader+of+ancient+Near+Eastern+texts+%3A+sources+for+the+study+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F796081940&rft.isbn=978-0195324921&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2005355–356-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2005355–356_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2005">Bryce 2005</a>, pp. 355–356. </li> <li id="cite_note-Woudstra1981-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Woudstra1981_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoudstra1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marten_Woudstra" title="Marten Woudstra">Woudstra, Marten</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BfG1svPVYyQC&pg=PA60">The Book of Joshua</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802825254" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802825254"><bdi>978-0802825254</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516073138/https://books.google.com/books?id=BfG1svPVYyQC&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Joshua&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0802825254&rft.aulast=Woudstra&rft.aufirst=Marten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfG1svPVYyQC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/HittitesMittanisAryansIndoAryanSuperstrateInMitanniInternet/Hittites,%20Mittanis%20&%20Aryans%20Indo%20Aryan%20superstrate%20in%20Mitanni%20Internet_djvu.txt">"Full text of "Hittites, Mittanis & Aryans Indo Aryan Superstrate in Mitanni Internet""</a>. archive.org. Retrieved 14 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Full+text+of+%22Hittites%2C+Mittanis+%26+Aryans+Indo+Aryan+Superstrate+in+Mitanni+Internet%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FHittitesMittanisAryansIndoAryanSuperstrateInMitanniInternet%2FHittites%2C%2520Mittanis%2520%26%2520Aryans%2520Indo%2520Aryan%2520superstrate%2520in%2520Mitanni%2520Internet_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelder2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kelder, Jorrit (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daciajournal.ro/pdf/DACIA%202004_2005/art12Kelder.pdf">"The Chariots of Ahhiyawa"</a> (PDF). Dacia: 65. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dacia&rft.atitle=The+Chariots+of+Ahhiyawa&rft.pages=65&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kelder&rft.aufirst=Jorrit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daciajournal.ro%2Fpdf%2FDACIA%25202004_2005%2Fart12Kelder.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeled2019" class="citation book cs1">Peled, Ilan (4 November 2019). "HL (Hittite Laws)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cvm7DwAAQBAJ">Law and Gender in the Ancient Near East and the Hebrew Bible</a>. Routledge. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000733457" title="Special:BookSources/9781000733457"><bdi>9781000733457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=HL+%28Hittite+Laws%29&rft.btitle=Law+and+Gender+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+and+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft.isbn=9781000733457&rft.aulast=Peled&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCvm7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAkurgal2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ekrem_Akurgal" title="Ekrem Akurgal">Akurgal, Ekrem</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ1tAAAAMAAJ">The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations</a>. Ankara: Ministry of Culture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789751727565" title="Special:BookSources/9789751727565"><bdi>9789751727565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hattian+and+Hittite+Civilizations&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789751727565&rft.aulast=Akurgal&rft.aufirst=Ekrem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZ1tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2007" class="citation cs2">Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14818-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14818-2"><bdi>978-0-691-14818-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+the+Wheel%2C+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14818-2&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_W._Anthony" title="David W. Anthony">Anthony, David W.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FDqf415wqgC&printsec=frontcover">The horse, the wheel and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world</a>. Princeton, N.J. Woodstock: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14818-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14818-2"><bdi>978-0-691-14818-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+horse%2C+the+wheel+and+language%3A+how+Bronze-Age+riders+from+the+Eurasian+steppes+shaped+the+modern+world&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.+Woodstock&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14818-2&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0FDqf415wqgC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArchi2010" class="citation book cs1">Archi, Alfonso (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gJjwCflv2q4C">"When Did the Hittites Begin to Write in Hittite?"</a>. Pax Hethitica: Studies on the Hittites and Their Neighbours in Honour of Itamar Singer. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 37–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447061193" title="Special:BookSources/9783447061193"><bdi>9783447061193</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=When+Did+the+Hittites+Begin+to+Write+in+Hittite%3F&rft.btitle=Pax+Hethitica%3A+Studies+on+the+Hittites+and+Their+Neighbours+in+Honour+of+Itamar+Singer&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783447061193&rft.aulast=Archi&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgJjwCflv2q4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBachvarova2010" class="citation book cs1">Bachvarova, Mary R. 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Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 66–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444315646" title="Special:BookSources/9781444315646"><bdi>9781444315646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manly+Deeds%3A+Hittite+Admonitory+History+and+Eastern+Mediterranean+Didactic+Epic&rft.btitle=Epic+and+History&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781444315646&rft.aulast=Bachvarova&rft.aufirst=Mary+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAnXbhhN_kpIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarjamovic2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gojko_Barjamovic" title="Gojko Barjamovic">Barjamovic, Gojko</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hB9feN_sbx4C">A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period</a>. 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Atlanta, Ga: Society of Biblical Literature, Scholars Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7885-0551-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7885-0551-3"><bdi>0-7885-0551-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hittite+diplomatic+texts&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Ga&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature%2C+Scholars+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7885-0551-3&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Gary+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhittitediplomati00beck_0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_R._Bryce" title="Trevor R. 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London, New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134159079" title="Special:BookSources/9781134159079"><bdi>9781134159079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+the+Peoples+and+Places+of+Ancient+Western+Asia%3A+The+Near+East+from+the+Early+Bronze+Age+to+the+fall+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781134159079&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAwwNS0diXP4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_R._Bryce" title="Trevor R. 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Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 115–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447061193" title="Special:BookSources/9783447061193"><bdi>9783447061193</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Attempt+at+Reconstructing+the+Branches+of+the+Hittite+Royal+Family+of+the+Early+Kingdom+Period&rft.btitle=Pax+Hethitica%3A+Studies+on+the+Hittites+and+Their+Neighbours+in+Honour+of+Itamar+Singer&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783447061193&rft.aulast=Forlanini&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgJjwCflv2q4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />Gilan, Amir. 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Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110222258" title="Special:BookSources/9783110222258"><bdi>9783110222258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syro-Hittite+Monumental+Art+and+the+Archaeology+of+Performance%3A+The+Stone+Reliefs+at+Carchemish+and+Zincirli+in+the+Earlier+First+Millennium+BCE&rft.place=Berlin-New+York&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783110222258&rft.aulast=Gilibert&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmabklSO8X6IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodnick-Westenholz1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Goodnick_Westenholz" title="Joan Goodnick Westenholz">Goodnick-Westenholz, Joan</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izhhWQEJkrQC">Legends of the Kings of Akkade: The Texts</a>. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780931464850" title="Special:BookSources/9780931464850"><bdi>9780931464850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+of+the+Kings+of+Akkade%3A+The+Texts&rft.place=Winona+Lake&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780931464850&rft.aulast=Goodnick-Westenholz&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DizhhWQEJkrQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Joan_Goodnick_Westenholz" title="Joan Goodnick Westenholz">Goodnick-Westenholz, Joan</a>. "Historical Events and the Process of Their Transformation in Akkadian Heroic Traditions". In <a href="#CITEREFKonstanRaaflaub2010">Konstan & Raaflaub (2010)</a>, pp. 26–50.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGurney1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Gurney" title="Oliver Gurney">Gurney, O.R.</a> (1966). The Hittites. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-020259-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-020259-5"><bdi>0-14-020259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hittites&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-14-020259-5&rft.aulast=Gurney&rft.aufirst=O.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGüterbock1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gustav_G%C3%BCterbock" title="Hans Gustav Güterbock">Güterbock, Hans G.</a> (1983). "Hittite Historiography: A Survey". In <a href="/wiki/Hayim_Tadmor" title="Hayim Tadmor">Tadmor, H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Weinfeld" title="Moshe Weinfeld">Weinfeld, M.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/edcollchap/book/9789004631618/B9789004631618_s004.xml">History, historiography and interpretation: studies in biblical and cuneiform literatures</a>. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University. pp. 21–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-96-52-23459-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-96-52-23459-9"><bdi>978-96-52-23459-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hittite+Historiography%3A+A+Survey&rft.btitle=History%2C+historiography+and+interpretation%3A+studies+in+biblical+and+cuneiform+literatures&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Magnes+Press%2C+Hebrew+University&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-96-52-23459-9&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCterbock&rft.aufirst=Hans+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fedcollchap%2Fbook%2F9789004631618%2FB9789004631618_s004.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffner1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_A._Hoffner" title="Harry A. Hoffner">Hoffner, H.A., Jr.</a> (1973). "The Hittites and Hurrians". In Wiseman, D.J. (ed.). Peoples of the Old Testament Times. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 197–228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hittites+and+Hurrians&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+the+Old+Testament+Times&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Hoffner&rft.aufirst=H.A.%2C+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Hittite studies in honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr: on the occasion of his 65th birthday. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-079-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-079-5"><bdi>1-57506-079-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1bxh2x6">10.5325/j.ctv1bxh2x6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hittite+studies+in+honor+of+Harry+A.+Hoffner+Jr%3A+on+the+occasion+of+his+65th+birthday&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Ind&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5325%2Fj.ctv1bxh2x6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=1-57506-079-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJasanoff2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Jasanoff" title="Jay Jasanoff">Jasanoff, Jay H.</a> (2003). Hittite and the Indo-European Verb. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924905-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924905-3"><bdi>978-0-19-924905-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hittite+and+the+Indo-European+Verb&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924905-3&rft.aulast=Jasanoff&rft.aufirst=Jay+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKloekhorst2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alwin_Kloekhorst" title="Alwin Kloekhorst">Kloekhorst, Alwin</a> (2007). Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16092-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16092-7"><bdi>978-90-04-16092-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Hittite+Inherited+Lexicon&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16092-7&rft.aulast=Kloekhorst&rft.aufirst=Alwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKloekhorst2014" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alwin_Kloekhorst" title="Alwin Kloekhorst">Kloekhorst, Alwin</a> (19 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9794131">Personal names from Kaniš: the oldest Indo-European linguistic material</a>. Farewell symposium Michiel de Vaan. Leiden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Personal+names+from+Kani%C5%A1%3A+the+oldest+Indo-European+linguistic+material&rft.place=Leiden&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft.aulast=Kloekhorst&rft.aufirst=Alwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9794131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKloekhorstWaal2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alwin_Kloekhorst" title="Alwin Kloekhorst">Kloekhorst, Alwin</a>; Waal, Willemijn (2019). "A Hittite Scribal Tradition Predating the Tablet Collections of Ḫattuša?". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie. 109 (2): 189–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fza-2019-0014">10.1515/za-2019-0014</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3199128">1887/3199128</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208141226">208141226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Assyriologie+und+vorderasiatische+Arch%C3%A4ologie&rft.atitle=A+Hittite+Scribal+Tradition+Predating+the+Tablet+Collections+of+%E1%B8%AAattu%C5%A1a%3F&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3199128&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208141226%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fza-2019-0014&rft.aulast=Kloekhorst&rft.aufirst=Alwin&rft.au=Waal%2C+Willemijn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKloekhorst2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alwin_Kloekhorst" title="Alwin Kloekhorst">Kloekhorst, Alwin</a> (2020). "The Authorship of the Old Hittite Palace Chronicle (CTH 8): A Case for Anitta". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 72: 143–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F709313">10.1086/709313</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224830641">224830641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cuneiform+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Authorship+of+the+Old+Hittite+Palace+Chronicle+%28CTH+8%29%3A+A+Case+for+Anitta&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F709313&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224830641%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kloekhorst&rft.aufirst=Alwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKonstanRaaflaub2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Konstan" title="David Konstan">Konstan, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Raaflaub" title="Kurt Raaflaub">Raaflaub, Kurt A.</a>, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnXbhhN_kpIC">Epic and History</a>. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444315646" title="Special:BookSources/9781444315646"><bdi>9781444315646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+and+History&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781444315646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAnXbhhN_kpIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacqueen1986" class="citation book cs1">Macqueen, J. G. (1986). The Hittites and their contemporaries in Asia Minor (Rev. and enlarged ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-02108-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-02108-2"><bdi>0-500-02108-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hittites+and+their+contemporaries+in+Asia+Minor&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Rev.+and+enlarged&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-500-02108-2&rft.aulast=Macqueen&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J.P.</a>; Adams, D.Q. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+D.Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelchert" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Melchert" title="Craig Melchert">Melchert, H. Craig</a>. "The position of Anatolian". In Weiss, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Garrett_(linguist)" title="Andrew Garrett (linguist)">Garrett, Andrew</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/Melchert/The%20Position%20of%20AnatolianRevised3.pdf">Handbook of Indo-European studies</a> (PDF). Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+position+of+Anatolian&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Indo-European+studies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Melchert&rft.aufirst=H.+Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.ucla.edu%2Fpeople%2FMelchert%2FThe%2520Position%2520of%2520AnatolianRevised3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> Listed as "to appear" on his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/Melchert/recent_papers.html">website</a> last updated on 29 May 2020.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelchert2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Melchert" title="Craig Melchert">Melchert, Craig</a> (2020). "Luwian". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFbPDwAAQBAJ">A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages</a>. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 239–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119193296" title="Special:BookSources/9781119193296"><bdi>9781119193296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luwian&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Languages&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781119193296&rft.aulast=Melchert&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLFbPDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMendenhall1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_E._Mendenhall" title="George E. Mendenhall">Mendenhall, George E.</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tenthgenerationo0000mend/">The tenth generation: the origins of the Biblical tradition</a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-1654-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-1654-8"><bdi>0-8018-1654-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+tenth+generation%3A+the+origins+of+the+Biblical+tradition&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-8018-1654-8&rft.aulast=Mendenhall&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftenthgenerationo0000mend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeu1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neu, Erich (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studien-zu-den-bogazkoy-texten-18-erich-neu-der-anitta-text-studien-zu-den-bogazkoy-texten-1974/">Der Anitta-Text</a> (in German). Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01571-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01571-4"><bdi>978-3-447-01571-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Anitta-Text&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=O.+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-3-447-01571-4&rft.aulast=Neu&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudien-zu-den-bogazkoy-texten-18-erich-neu-der-anitta-text-studien-zu-den-bogazkoy-texten-1974%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Studien_zu_den_Bogazkoy-Texten" title="Studien zu den Bogazkoy-Texten">Studien zu den Bogazkoy-Texten</a> 18.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrlin1970" class="citation book cs1">Orlin, Louis L. (1970). Assyrian Colonies in Cappadocia. The Hague: Mouton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assyrian+Colonies+in+Cappadocia&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Orlin&rft.aufirst=Louis+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110816327">10.1515/9783110816327</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParpola2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Parpola, Asko</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rootsofhinduisme0000parp">The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190226909" title="Special:BookSources/9780190226909"><bdi>9780190226909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Hinduism%3A+The+Early+Aryans+and+the+Indus+Civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780190226909&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frootsofhinduisme0000parp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190226909.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190226909.001.0001</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSürenhagen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sürenhagen, Dietrich (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20190801120130/https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_journals/bmsaes/issue_6/s%c3%bcrenhagen.aspx">"Forerunners of the Hattusili-Ramesses treaty"</a>. British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan (6): 59–67. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/bmsaes/issuer/suerenhagen.html">the original</a> on 1 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Museum+Studies+in+Ancient+Egypt+and+Sudan&rft.atitle=Forerunners+of+the+Hattusili-Ramesses+treaty&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2006-10&rft.aulast=S%C3%BCrenhagen&rft.aufirst=Dietrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk%2Fbmsaes%2Fissuer%2Fsuerenhagen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatri2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Patri, Sylvain (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/titel_3507.ahtml">L'alignement syntaxique dans les langues Indo-Européennes d'Anatolie</a> (in French). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05612-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05612-0"><bdi>978-3-447-05612-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27alignement+syntaxique+dans+les+langues+Indo-Europ%C3%A9ennes+d%27Anatolie&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05612-0&rft.aulast=Patri&rft.aufirst=Sylvain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harrassowitz-verlag.de%2Ftitel_3507.ahtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Studien_zu_den_Bogazkoy-Texten" title="Studien zu den Bogazkoy-Texten">Studien zu den Bogazkoy-Texten</a> 49.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoebuck1966" class="citation book cs1">Roebuck, Carl (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofancientti00carl">The World of Ancient Times</a>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Ancient+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Roebuck&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofancientti00carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeeden2013" class="citation journal cs1">Weeden, Mark (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/19090558.pdf">"After the Hittites: The Kingdoms of Karkamish and Palistin in Northern Syria"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. 56 (2): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2041-5370.2013.00055.x">10.1111/j.2041-5370.2013.00055.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+Classical+Studies&rft.atitle=After+the+Hittites%3A+The+Kingdoms+of+Karkamish+and+Palistin+in+Northern+Syria&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2041-5370.2013.00055.x&rft.aulast=Weeden&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F19090558.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYakubovich2020" class="citation book cs1">Yakubovich, Ilya (2020). "Hittite". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFbPDwAAQBAJ">A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages</a>. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 221–237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119193296" title="Special:BookSources/9781119193296"><bdi>9781119193296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hittite&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Languages&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781119193296&rft.aulast=Yakubovich&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLFbPDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBilgin2018" class="citation book cs1">Bilgin, Tayfun (2018). Officials and administration in the Hittite world. Berlin: de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501516627" title="Special:BookSources/9781501516627"><bdi>9781501516627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Officials+and+administration+in+the+Hittite+world&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781501516627&rft.aulast=Bilgin&rft.aufirst=Tayfun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Des origines à la fin de l'ancien royaume hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 1, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007</li> <li>Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 2, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007</li> <li>Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, L'apogée du nouvel empire hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 3, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2008</li> <li>Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Le déclin et la chute de l'empire Hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 4, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2010</li> <li>Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Les royaumes Néo-Hittites, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 5, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2012</li> <li>Imparati, Fiorella. "Aspects De L'organisation De L'État Hittite Dans Les Documents Juridiques Et Administratifs." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 25, no. 3 (1982): 225–67. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3632187">10.2307/3632187</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Martino2022" class="citation book cs1">de Martino, Stefan, ed. (2022). Handbook of Hittite Empire. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-066178-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-066178-1"><bdi>978-3-11-066178-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Hittite+Empire&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Oldenbourg&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-11-066178-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Stone, Damien. The Hittites: Lost Civilizations. United Kingdom, Reaktion Books, 2023.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittites&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hittites" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hittites">Hittites</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hittites#Q5406" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Hittites">Hittites</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hittites" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Hittites">Hittites</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hittites" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hittites">Hittites</a>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about the Hittites <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Hittites">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Hittites&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2023-02-drought-hittite-empire-collapse.html">New research suggests drought accelerated Hittite Empire collapse - Phys.org February 8, 2023</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/getinvolved/member/events/20100407_hittitefrontiers.html">Video lecture at Oriental Institute – Tracking the Frontiers of the Hittite Empire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140411011646/https://oi.uchicago.edu/getinvolved/member/events/20100407_hittitefrontiers.html">Archived</a> 11 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/bogazkale">Pictures of Boğazköy, one of a group of important sites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/yazilikaya">Pictures of Yazılıkaya, one of a group of important sites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/idg/anat/hethbs.htm">Der Anitta Text (at TITUS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070301053227/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article330433.ece">Tahsin Ozguc</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hittites.info">Hittites.info</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hethiter.net/">Hethitologieportal Mainz, by the Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mainz, corpus of texts and extensive bibliographies on all things Hittite</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usaklihoyuk.org">"Missione Archeologica Italiana a Uşaklı Höyük | MAIAC"</a>. usaklihoyuk.org (in Italian). Retrieved 17 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usaklihoyuk.org&rft.atitle=Missione+Archeologica+Italiana+a+U%C5%9Fakl%C4%B1+H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk+%7C+MAIAC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusaklihoyuk.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHittites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://external-preview.redd.it/XQSGeQ4EdaDZ7NTFyYo7r0wNUKogI3NpkDTuw3bhRew.jpg?auto=webp&s=2efd2bf0be391eb4bf5ad3599b87cb190ef74976">Map of Hittite Anatolia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Template:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Template talk:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia">Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bronze Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)#Hittite_documents" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Ahhiyawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assuwa" title="Assuwa">Assuwa League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapalla" title="Hapalla">Hapalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isuwa" title="Isuwa">Isuwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala%C5%A1ma" title="Kalašma">Kalašma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaskians" title="Kaskians">Kaskia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukka_lands" title="Lukka lands">Lukka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mira_(kingdom)" title="Mira (kingdom)">Mira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi" title="Nairi">Nairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_(Anatolia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala (Anatolia)">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Sagalassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushanda" title="Purushanda">Purushanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seha_River_Land" title="Seha River Land">Seha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Shupria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilusa" title="Wilusa">Wilusa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalpuwa" title="Zalpuwa">Zalpuwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tunna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunna">Atuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgum" title="Gurgum">Gurgum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAilakku" title="Ḫilakku">Ḫilakku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kammanu" title="Kammanu">Kammanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Quwê</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Armenia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cilicia_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordyene" title="Gordyene">Gordyene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/17px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/26px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/34px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatolian_peoples28" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:paleturquoise"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anatolian_peoples" title="Template:Anatolian peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anatolian_peoples" title="Template talk:Anatolian peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anatolian_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anatolian peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatolian_peoples28" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carians" title="Carians">Carians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataonia" title="Cataonia">Cataonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucones" title="Caucones">Caucones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isaurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leleges" title="Leleges">Leleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucosyri" title="Leucosyri">Leucosyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycians" title="Lycians">Lycians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lycians" title="Lycians">Termilae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydians" title="Lydians">Lydians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lydians" title="Lydians">Maeonians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariandyni" title="Mariandyni">Mariandyni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milyans" class="mw-redirect" title="Milyans">Milyans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milyans" class="mw-redirect" title="Milyans">Solymi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysians" title="Mysians">Mysians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaic peoples">Palaic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamphylians">Pamphylians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidians">Sidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telchines" title="Telchines">Telchines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">West Pontians</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Vessel_terminating_in_the_forepart_of_a_bull_MET_DT6177.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vessel_terminating_in_the_forepart_of_a_bull_MET_DT6177.jpg/100px-Vessel_terminating_in_the_forepart_of_a_bull_MET_DT6177.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vessel_terminating_in_the_forepart_of_a_bull_MET_DT6177.jpg/150px-Vessel_terminating_in_the_forepart_of_a_bull_MET_DT6177.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vessel_terminating_in_the_forepart_of_a_bull_MET_DT6177.jpg/200px-Vessel_terminating_in_the_forepart_of_a_bull_MET_DT6177.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="1830" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_Mesopotamia95" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_Mesopotamia" title="Template:Timeline of Mesopotamia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Timeline_of_Mesopotamia" title="Template talk:Timeline of Mesopotamia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline_of_Mesopotamia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline of Mesopotamia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_Mesopotamia95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;"> </th> <td colspan="3" style="background:white">Northwestern Mesopotamia </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:white">Northern Mesopotamia </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:white">Southern Mesopotamia </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 3500–2350 BCE </th> <td colspan="6" style="background:white">Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#FFD380"><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> / <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic period</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 2350–2200 BCE </th> <td colspan="9" style="background:#FFB080"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 2200–2100 BCE </th> <td colspan="9" style="background:#F8F3C6"><a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Gutians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 2100–2000 BCE </th> <td colspan="9" style="background:#FFA380"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 2000–1800 BCE </th> <td colspan="3" style="background:#FFD0BD"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> city-states </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#FFFF80"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyrian period</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:palegoldenrod"><a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> city-states </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 1800–1600 BCE </th> <td colspan="2" style="background:#F7C1F7"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old Hittite Kingdom</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#B2CAF6"><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a> (Southern Akkadians) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 1600–1400 BCE </th> <td colspan="6" style="background:#E6C29F"><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>) </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="background:#88D0CC"><a href="/wiki/Kardunia%C5%A1" title="Karduniaš">Karduniaš</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 1400–1200 BCE </th> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFB4DA"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle Hittite Kingdom</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFEB80"> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#FFEB80"><a href="/wiki/Assyria#Middle_Assyrian_Empire_—_Assyrian_resurgence" title="Assyria">Middle Assyria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 1200–1150 BCE </th> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FF8080"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Collapse">Bronze Age Collapse</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>") </td> <td style="background:moccasin"><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 1150–911 BCE </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#C590C5"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8CB9"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neo-Hittite</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">city-states</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:peachpuff"><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-</a> <a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Damascus</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:moccasin"><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#A0B4F0"><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Middle Babylonia</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:lightblue"><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chal-</a> <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">de-</a> <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">ans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">911–729 BCE </th> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#F6DB88"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">729–609 BCE </th> <td colspan="3" style="background:#F6DB88"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#F6DB88"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">626–539 BCE </th> <td colspan="9" style="background:#8EC8FF"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">539–331 BCE </th> <td colspan="9" style="background:mediumspringgreen"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">336–301 BCE </th> <td colspan="9" style="background:#BEFD80"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" style="background:#e6e7e8;">311–129 BCE </th> <td colspan="9" style="background:#99E699"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" style="background:#e6e7e8;">129–63 BCE </th> <td colspan="3" style="background:#99E699"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="background:#80C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" style="background:#e6e7e8;">63 BCE–224 CE </th> <td colspan="3" rowspan="4" style="background:#D29595"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Syria</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" style="background:#e6e7e8;">224–mid 7C </th> <td colspan="6" rowspan="3" style="background:#90D9D5"><a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._imperialism" title="U.S. imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_imperialism" title="Ecological imperialism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_imperialism" title="Green imperialism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Imperialists" title="Liberal Imperialists">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism" title="Theories of imperialism">Theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._imperialism" title="U.S. imperialism">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-78bdfcd464-ll5np","wgBackendResponseTime":437,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.095","walltime":"2.592","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16973,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":418192,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26219,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":445518,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2107.429 1 -total"," 24.61% 518.537 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.22% 404.943 64 Template:Cite_book"," 18.20% 383.627 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 8.35% 175.970 42 Template:Sfn"," 6.40% 134.796 1 Template:Indo-European_topics"," 6.34% 133.614 23 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.90% 124.347 1 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