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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vormärz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vormärz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vormärz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vormärz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_första_revolterna_1848" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_första_revolterna_1848"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>De första revolterna 1848</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_första_revolterna_1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utveckling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utveckling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Utveckling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Utveckling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Utveckling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Utveckling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1848" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1848"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1848</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1849" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1849"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1849</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1849-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tyska revolutionen 1848–1849</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 45 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848er-Revolution_in_den_deutschen_Staaten" title="1848er-Revolution in den deutschen Staaten – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1848er-Revolution in den deutschen Staaten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_1848%E2%80%931849" title="الثورة الألمانية 1848–1849 – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة الألمانية 1848–1849" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniyada_1848-1849-cu_ill%C9%99r_inqilab%C4%B1" title="Almaniyada 1848-1849-cu illər inqilabı – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniyada 1848-1849-cu illər inqilabı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B4%DB%B8-%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B4%DB%B9-%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="آلماندا ۱۸۴۸-۱۸۴۹-جو ایللر اینقیلابی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلماندا ۱۸۴۸-۱۸۴۹-جو ایللر اینقیلابی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_1848%E2%80%941849_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E_%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Рэвалюцыя 1848—1849 гадоў у Германіі – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэвалюцыя 1848—1849 гадоў у Германіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1848_%E2%80%93_1849)" title="Германска революция (1848 – 1849) – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германска революция (1848 – 1849)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_alemanya_de_mar%C3%A7" title="Revolució alemanya de març – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució alemanya de març" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluce_roku_1848_v_N%C4%9Bmecku" title="Revoluce roku 1848 v Německu – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Revoluce roku 1848 v Německu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martsrevolutionen" title="Martsrevolutionen – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Martsrevolutionen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Revolution_1848/1849" title="Deutsche Revolution 1848/1849 – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsche Revolution 1848/1849" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848._aasta_revolutsioonid_Saksa_riikides" title="1848. aasta revolutsioonid Saksa riikides – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1848. aasta revolutsioonid Saksa riikides" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_1848-1849" title="Γερμανικές Επαναστάσεις του 1848-1849 – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανικές Επαναστάσεις του 1848-1849" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849 – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="German revolutions of 1848–1849" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_alemana_de_1848-1849" title="Revolución alemana de 1848-1849 – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución alemana de 1848-1849" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucio_de_1848_en_Germanio" title="Revolucio de 1848 en Germanio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Revolucio de 1848 en Germanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B4%DB%B8_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انقلاب ۱۸۴۸ آلمان – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب ۱۸۴۸ آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_de_Mars" title="Révolution de Mars – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution de Mars" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848%EB%85%84_%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="1848년 독일 혁명 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1848년 독일 혁명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(1848-1849)" title="Գերմանական հեղափոխություն (1848-1849) – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանական հեղափոխություն (1848-1849)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Jerman_1848" title="Revolusi Jerman 1848 – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi Jerman 1848" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzione_tedesca_del_1848-1849" title="Rivoluzione tedesca del 1848-1849 – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivoluzione tedesca del 1848-1849" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="אביב העמים בגרמניה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אביב העמים בגרמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(1848-1849)" title="გერმანიის რევოლუცია (1848-1849) – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიის რევოლუცია (1848-1849)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германиядагы революция – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Германиядагы революция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848.%E2%80%941849._gada_revol%C5%ABcija_V%C4%81cij%C4%81" title="1848.—1849. gada revolūcija Vācijā – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1848.—1849. gada revolūcija Vācijā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(1848-1849)" title="გერმანიაშ რევოლუცია (1848-1849) – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანიაშ რევოლუცია (1848-1849)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Jerman_1848" title="Revolusi Jerman 1848 – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Revolusi Jerman 1848" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maartrevolutie" title="Maartrevolutie – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maartrevolutie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B1848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="ドイツにおける1848年革命 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツにおける1848年革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martsrewolutsion" title="Martsrewolutsion – nordfrisiska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Martsrewolutsion" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusjonen_i_Tyskland_i_1848" title="Revolusjonen i Tyskland i 1848 – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Revolusjonen i Tyskland i 1848" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_tyske_revolusjonen_i_1848" title="Den tyske revolusjonen i 1848 – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den tyske revolusjonen i 1848" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B4%DB%B8_%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%85%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B4%DB%B9_%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="له ۱۸۴۸ زکال څخه تر ۱۸۴۹ زکال پورې د جرمني انقلابونه – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="له ۱۸۴۸ زکال څخه تر ۱۸۴۹ زکال پورې د جرمني انقلابونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewolucja_marcowa" title="Rewolucja marcowa – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rewolucja marcowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_1848_nos_Estados_alem%C3%A3es" title="Revoluções de 1848 nos Estados alemães – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revoluções de 1848 nos Estados alemães" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_de_la_1848_%C3%AEn_Germania" title="Revoluția de la 1848 în Germania – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revoluția de la 1848 în Germania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluziun_tudestga_dal_1848/49" title="Revoluziun tudestga dal 1848/49 – rätoromanska" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Revoluziun tudestga dal 1848/49" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="rätoromanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_1848%E2%80%941849_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Революция 1848—1849 годов в Германии – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Революция 1848—1849 годов в Германии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="German revolutions of 1848–1849" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_1848%E2%80%941849." title="Њемачка револуција 1848—1849. – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Њемачка револуција 1848—1849." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_hullu_vuosi" title="Saksan hullu vuosi – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan hullu vuosi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1848%E2%80%931849" title="การปฏิวัติเยอรมัน ค.ศ. 1848–1849 – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปฏิวัติเยอรมัน ค.ศ. 1848–1849" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_1848%E2%80%941849" title="Німецька революція 1848—1849 – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німецька революція 1848—1849" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BA%A1ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Cách mạng Đức (1848–1849) – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cách mạng Đức (1848–1849)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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För andra betydelser, se <a href="/wiki/Marsrevolutionen_(olika_betydelser)" class="mw-disambig" title="Marsrevolutionen (olika betydelser)">Marsrevolutionen (olika betydelser)</a>.  </i></dd></dl></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r53696904">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background:lightsteelblue; color:black;">Tyska revolutionen<br />1848–1849</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse,_Berlin_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg/250px-Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg/375px-Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg/500px-Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> <div style="">Firande revolutionärer i centrala <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a><br />i mars 1848.</div></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; white-space: nowrap;">Plats</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Tyska_f%C3%B6rbundet" title="Tyska förbundet">Tyska förbundet</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; white-space: nowrap;">Datum</th><td class="" style="">mars 1848 – juli 1849</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; white-space: nowrap;">Karaktär</th><td class="" style="">revolutioner, protester, maktskifte</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; white-space: nowrap;">Syfte</th><td class="" style="">upprätta tysk stat och<br />införa liberal författning</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; white-space: nowrap;">Resultat</th><td class="" style="">upproret nedslaget</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tyska revolutionen 1848–1849</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tyska" title="Tyska">tyska</a>: <span lang="de"><i>Deutsche Revolution 1848/1849</i></span>) bröt ut i mars 1848 och åtminstone dess inledande fas kallas därav också för <b>Marsrevolutionen</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tyska" title="Tyska">tyska</a>: <span lang="de"><i>Märzrevolution</i></span>). Sett i ett större sammanhang var denna revolution inom <a href="/wiki/Tyska_f%C3%B6rbundet" title="Tyska förbundet">Tyska förbundet</a> en del av <a href="/wiki/Revolutionerna_1848" title="Revolutionerna 1848">1848 års revolutioner och uppror</a> som blossade upp i flera länder. </p><p>Vid den här tiden fanns ingen enad tysk stat, utan sedan 1815 fanns Tyska förbundet, vilket bestod av 41 självständiga tyska stater, som inte hade någon gemensam regering och där furstarna efter <a href="/wiki/Wienkongressen" title="Wienkongressen">Wienkongressen</a> hade återfått makten enligt äldre modell.<sup id="cite_ref-Reulecke_2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reulecke_2006-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ideologiskt var den tyska revolutionen splittrad, men störst betydelse fick kraven på <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalare</a> författning och, särskilt utmärkande för den tyska revolutionen, en <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistisk</a> strävan efter en samlad tysk stat.<sup id="cite_ref-LeMO_Vormärz_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMO_Vormärz-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revolutionen slogs slutligen ned i juli 1849, av framförallt <a href="/wiki/Preussen" title="Preussen">preussisk</a> och <a href="/wiki/Kejsard%C3%B6met_%C3%96sterrike" title="Kejsardömet Österrike">österrikisk</a> militär. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakgrund">Bakgrund</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bakgrund" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bakgrund"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vormärz"><span id="Vorm.C3.A4rz"></span>Vormärz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Vormärz" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Vormärz"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Vorm%C3%A4rz" title="Vormärz">Vormärz</a></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Hambacher_Fest_1832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hambacher_Fest_1832.jpg/250px-Hambacher_Fest_1832.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hambacher_Fest_1832.jpg/375px-Hambacher_Fest_1832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hambacher_Fest_1832.jpg/500px-Hambacher_Fest_1832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Hambacher Fest 1832.<br />Politisk demonstration under <a href="/wiki/Vorm%C3%A4rz" title="Vormärz">Vormärz</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Franska_revolutionen" title="Franska revolutionen">Franska revolutionen</a> och de efterföljande <a href="/wiki/Napoleonkrigen" title="Napoleonkrigen">Napoleonkrigen</a> skapade ett ökat stöd för liberalism och nationalism, särskilt inom borgarklassen som hade börjat få större inflytande.<sup id="cite_ref-LeMO_Vormärz_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMO_Vormärz-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Büttner_2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Büttner_2006-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De storpolitiska riktlinjer som efter det franska nederlaget drogs upp på <a href="/wiki/Wienkongressen" title="Wienkongressen">Wienkongressen</a> 1814–1815 innebar dock till stor del en <i>restauration</i>; <a href="/wiki/Tysk-romerska_riket" title="Tysk-romerska riket">Tysk-romerska riket</a> hade upplösts 1806 men ersattes 1815 av <a href="/wiki/Tyska_f%C3%B6rbundet" title="Tyska förbundet">Tyska förbundet</a>, ett förbund av 41 självständiga stater där furstarna behöll makten enligt äldre modell.<sup id="cite_ref-Reulecke_2006_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reulecke_2006-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Detta skapade grogrund för missnöje och opposition. Även den snabbt ökande fattigdomen i befolkningen, i samband med den pågående <a href="/wiki/Industriella_revolutionen" title="Industriella revolutionen">industriella revolutionen</a> och dess nya ekonomiska ordning, bidrog till ökade konflikter.<sup id="cite_ref-LeMO_Vormärz_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMO_Vormärz-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oppositionen bemöttes av reaktionära regimer med repression och censur, men fick ökad kraft efter <a href="/wiki/Julirevolutionen" title="Julirevolutionen">Julirevolutionen</a> i Frankrike 1830, som hade lett till åtminstone något liberalare styre. Denna tid av växande opposition i Tyskland inför revolutionsutbrottet i mars 1848 har fått namnet <a href="/wiki/Vorm%C3%A4rz" title="Vormärz">Vormärz</a>, av <a href="/wiki/Tyska" title="Tyska">tyskans</a> <i>före mars</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_första_revolterna_1848"><span id="De_f.C3.B6rsta_revolterna_1848"></span>De första revolterna 1848</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: De första revolterna 1848" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: De första revolterna 1848"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Revolutionerna_1848" title="Revolutionerna 1848">Revolutionerna 1848</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Åren före 1848 präglades av ökade interna spänningar i flera länder. I januari 1848 utbröt revolter på <a href="/wiki/Kungariket_B%C3%A4gge_Sicilierna" title="Kungariket Bägge Sicilierna">Sicilien</a> och i den <a href="/wiki/Kejsard%C3%B6met_%C3%96sterrike" title="Kejsardömet Österrike">österrikiska</a> delen av norra Italien. Därefter kom den franska <a href="/wiki/Februarirevolutionen_1848" title="Februarirevolutionen 1848">Februarirevolutionen</a> som på bara några dagar ledde till <a href="/wiki/Julimonarkin" title="Julimonarkin">julimonarkins</a> fall och utropandet av den <a href="/wiki/Andra_republiken_(Frankrike)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andra republiken (Frankrike)">andra republiken</a>. Dessa händelser gav kraft och inspiration till oppositionella i såväl de tyska staterna som i andra länder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utveckling">Utveckling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Utveckling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Utveckling"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1848">1848</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: 1848" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: 1848"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:J%C3%B3zsef_Heicke23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/J%C3%B3zsef_Heicke23.jpg/250px-J%C3%B3zsef_Heicke23.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/J%C3%B3zsef_Heicke23.jpg/375px-J%C3%B3zsef_Heicke23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/J%C3%B3zsef_Heicke23.jpg/500px-J%C3%B3zsef_Heicke23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Barrikadbygge av revolutionärer i <a href="/wiki/Wien" title="Wien">Wien</a> i maj 1848.</figcaption></figure> <p>Den 27 februari riktade en grupp radikala liberaler i <a href="/wiki/Storhertigd%C3%B6met_Baden" title="Storhertigdömet Baden">Baden</a>, kallad <i>Mannheimer Volksversammlung</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheims</a> folkförsamling), en <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petition</a> till parlamentet i <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> med politiska krav. Dessa så kallade <i>Märzforderungen</i> (marskrav) blev snabbt förebild för revolutionära grupper i andra tyska stater.<sup id="cite_ref-nls_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nls-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den 1 mars markerade starten på marsrevolutionen, då demonstranter ockuperade parlamentsbyggnaden i Karlsruhe, Badens huvudstad. Den 4 mars bröt den ut i <a href="/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern">Bayern</a> med upplopp i <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a>. Därefter spreds revolutionen inom några dagar till allt fler områden; den 6 mars nådde den <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> och den 13 mars <a href="/wiki/Wien" title="Wien">Wien</a>, för att ta ett par exempel. Runt om i de tyska staterna tillsattes liberala så kallade <i>marsregeringar</i>, Märzregierungen.<sup id="cite_ref-Reulecke_2006_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reulecke_2006-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den 18 maj 1848 sammanträdde för första gången <a href="/wiki/Frankfurtparlamentet" title="Frankfurtparlamentet">Frankfurtparlamentet</a>, det första fritt valda tyska parlamentet, med 600 ledamöter från alla tyska stater.<sup id="cite_ref-LeMO_Revol1848_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMO_Revol1848-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lokalen för detta var <a href="/wiki/Paulskirche" title="Paulskirche">Paulskirche</a> i <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>. </p><p>Efter de initiala framgångarna drabbades man dock snart av flera bakslag och hamnade från mitten av 1848 på defensiven. Revolutionsutbrottet och den snabba utvecklingen hade överraskat de flesta och staternas gamla styren hade till en början stått närmast handfallna. Efter ett tag samlade dock den kontrarevolutionära sidan kraft, samtidigt som revolutionssidans splittring gällande fortsatta mål blev märkbar.<sup id="cite_ref-Reulecke_2006_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reulecke_2006-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1849">1849</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: 1849" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: 1849"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg/250px-Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg/375px-Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg/500px-Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="2229" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frankfurtparlamentet" title="Frankfurtparlamentet">Frankfurtparlamentet</a> i <a href="/wiki/Paulskirche" title="Paulskirche">Paulskirche</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Våren 1849 fick revolutionen delvis ny kraft. Den 27 mars 1849 antog Frankfurtparlamentet en ny författning, <i>Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches</i> (Tyska rikets författning). Den utgick från en förklaring av grundläggande rättigheter, <i>Grundrechtskatalog</i>, presenterad i december året innan och som bland annat inkluderade likhet inför lagen, press-, mötes-, menings- och trosfrihet och rättssäkerhet.<sup id="cite_ref-LeMO_Revol1848_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMO_Revol1848-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den nya konstitutionen skulle dock inte omfatta hela Tyska förbundet, då man bara kunnat enas om en så kallad "lilltysk" lösning där Österrike lämnades utanför. Därmed skulle Preussen bli den dominerande stormakten inom riket. Parlamentet erbjöd den preussiske kungen, <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Vilhelm_IV_av_Preussen" title="Fredrik Vilhelm IV av Preussen">Fredrik Vilhelm IV</a>, att bli kejsare i det nya konstitutionella riket, men han avböjde.<sup id="cite_ref-Reulecke_2006_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reulecke_2006-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ne_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ne-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dessutom var det flera av de tyska staterna som inte godkände den nya författningen.<sup id="cite_ref-LeMO_Revol1848_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMO_Revol1848-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Revolutionens företrädare förfogade inte heller över någon militärkraft som nu kunde mäta sig med motståndet, som inte minst var preussiskt och österrikiskt. Revolutionen slogs definitivt ned i juli 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-LeMO_Revol1848_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMO_Revol1848-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Många av revolutionens liberaler, som inte avrättats eller fängslats, blev politiska flyktingar. En stor del av dessa hamnade i <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a>, där de kom att kallas <i>Forty-Eighters</i> (Fyrtioåttor).<sup id="cite_ref-USA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Reulecke_2006-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Reulecke_2006_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reulecke_2006_1-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reulecke_2006_1-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reulecke_2006_1-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reulecke_2006_1-4"><small>e</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFReulecke2006">Reulecke, Jürgen (2006). ”Vom Wiener Kongreß bis zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs (1814–1914)”. i Ulf Dirlmeier et al. <i><span>Kleine deutsche Geschichte</span></i>. Reclam. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-3-15-017054-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-3-15-017054-0">ISBN 978-3-15-017054-0</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Vom+Wiener+Kongre%C3%9F+bis+zum+Beginn+des+Ersten+Weltkriegs+%281814%E2%80%931914%29&rft.atitle=Kleine+deutsche+Geschichte&rft.aulast=Reulecke&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Reulecke%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Reclam&rft.isbn=978-3-15-017054-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeMO_Vormärz-2">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-LeMO_Vormärz_2-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeMO_Vormärz_2-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeMO_Vormärz_2-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFScriba2014">Scriba, Arnulf (15 september 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927200118/https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/vormaerz-und-revolution">”Vormärz und Revolution 1815–1849”</a> (på tyska). <i><span>Lebendiges Museum Online</span></i>. Deutsches Historisches Museum. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/vormaerz-und-revolution/">originalet</a> den 27 september 2015<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927200118/https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/vormaerz-und-revolution">https://web.archive.org/web/20150927200118/https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/vormaerz-und-revolution</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 17 januari 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Vorm%C3%A4rz+und+Revolution+1815%E2%80%931849&rft.atitle=Lebendiges+Museum+Online&rft.aulast=Scriba&rft.aufirst=Arnulf&rft.au=Scriba%2C+Arnulf&rft.date=15+september+2014&rft.pub=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150927200118%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fkapitel%2Fvormaerz-und-revolution&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Büttner_2006-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Büttner_2006_3-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBüttner2006">Büttner, Sabine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicum.net/purl/3fz121/">”VI. Auswirkungen auf Europa”</a>. <i><span>Die Französische Revolution – eine Online-Einführung: Wirkungsbereiche</span></i>. historicum.net<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.historicum.net/purl/3fz121/">https://www.historicum.net/purl/3fz121/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 23 januari 2016</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=VI.+Auswirkungen+auf+Europa&rft.atitle=Die+Franz%C3%B6sische+Revolution+%E2%80%93+eine+Online-Einf%C3%BChrung%3A+Wirkungsbereiche&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCttner&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft.au=B%C3%BCttner%2C+Sabine&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=historicum.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicum.net%2Fpurl%2F3fz121%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nls-4"><a href="#cite_ref-nls_4-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Niklas Lenhard-Schramm (2014): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=v2suBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA259&lpg=PA259&dq=Mannheimer+Volksversammlung+märzforderungen">Konstrukteure der Nation: Geschichtsprofessoren als politische Akteure in Vormärz und Revolution 1848/49</a> Waxmann. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9783830981596" title="Special:Bokkällor/9783830981596">ISBN 9783830981596</a> Läst 16 maj 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeMO_Revol1848-5">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-LeMO_Revol1848_5-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeMO_Revol1848_5-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeMO_Revol1848_5-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeMO_Revol1848_5-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFScriba2014">Scriba, Arnulf (15 september 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819171028/https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/vormaerz-und-revolution/revolution-1848.html">”Die Revolution von 1848/49”</a> (på tyska). <i><span>Lebendiges Museum Online</span></i>. Deutsches Historisches Museum. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/vormaerz-und-revolution/revolution-1848.html">originalet</a> den 19 oktober 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819171028/https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/vormaerz-und-revolution/revolution-1848.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20160819171028/https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/vormaerz-und-revolution/revolution-1848.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 15 maj 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Die+Revolution+von+1848%2F49&rft.atitle=Lebendiges+Museum+Online&rft.aulast=Scriba&rft.aufirst=Arnulf&rft.au=Scriba%2C+Arnulf&rft.date=15+september+2014&rft.pub=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160819171028%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fkapitel%2Fvormaerz-und-revolution%2Frevolution-1848.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ne-6"><a href="#cite_ref-ne_6-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Lars-Arne Norborg: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/tyskland/historia/tyskland-enas-med-blod-och-järn"><i>Tyskland: Historia: Tyskland enas med blod och järn</i></a> i <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedins</a></i> nätupplaga. Läst 15 maj 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA-7"><a href="#cite_ref-USA_7-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanhistoryusa.com/german-immigration-forty-eighters-cultural-legacy/">German Immigration, the "Forty-Eighters", and their Cultural Legacy</a> American History USA. Läst 16 maj 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151205114226/https://www.americanhistoryusa.com/german-immigration-forty-eighters-cultural-legacy/">Arkiverad</a> 5 december 2015 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848%E2%80%931849&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:March_Revolution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:March Revolution">Tyska revolutionen 1848–1849</a>.<div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:March_Revolution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:March Revolution">Bilder & media</a></div></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist auktoritetsdata navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritetsdata" title="Auktoritetsdata">Auktoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> • <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85054572">sh85054572</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934731n">cb11934731n</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934731n">(data)</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848–1849&oldid=55192136">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyska_revolutionen_1848–1849&oldid=55192136</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tyska_f%C3%B6rbundet" title="Kategori:Tyska förbundet">Tyska förbundet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tyskland_under_1840-talet" title="Kategori:Tyskland under 1840-talet">Tyskland under 1840-talet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tysklands_politiska_historia" title="Kategori:Tysklands politiska historia">Tysklands politiska historia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Revolutioner" title="Kategori:Revolutioner">Revolutioner</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Politik%C3%A5ret_1848" title="Kategori:Politikåret 1848">Politikåret 1848</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Politik%C3%A5ret_1849" title="Kategori:Politikåret 1849">Politikåret 1849</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:1848_i_Tyskland" title="Kategori:1848 i Tyskland">1848 i Tyskland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:1849_i_Tyskland" title="Kategori:1849 i Tyskland">1849 i Tyskland</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Dolda kategorier: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artiklar_med_text_p%C3%A5_tyska" title="Kategori:Artiklar med text på tyska">Artiklar med text på tyska</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar_med_identifierare_fr%C3%A5n_LCCN" title="Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från LCCN">Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar_med_identifierare_fr%C3%A5n_BNF" title="Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från BNF">Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från BNF</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 6 juli 2024 kl. 01.52.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. 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