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Vilhelms Ostvalds — Vikipēdija

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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zinātniskā darbība</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zinātniskā_darbība-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galvenie_darbi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galvenie_darbi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Galvenie darbi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galvenie_darbi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatūra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatūra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literatūra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatūra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atsauces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atsauces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Atsauces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atsauces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ārējās_saites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ārējās_saites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ārējās saites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ārējās_saites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vilhelms Ostvalds</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 81 valodā" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 valoda</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – afrikandu" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikandu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="فيلهلم أوستفالد – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلهلم أوستفالد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="فيلهلم اوستفالد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلهلم اوستفالد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Ostvald" title="Vilhelm Ostvald – azerbaidžāņu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vilhelm Ostvald" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidžāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="ویلهلم اوستوالد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلهلم اوستوالد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Вільгельм Фрыдрых Оствальд – baltkrievu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вільгельм Фрыдрых Оствальд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltkrievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Вільгельм Оствальд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вільгельм Оствальд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Вилхелм Оствалд – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вилхелм Оствалд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ফ্রিডরিখ ভিলহেল্ম অস্টভাল্ড – bengāļu" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রিডরিখ ভিলহেল্ম অস্টভাল্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – bosniešu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – velsiešu" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velsiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – dāņu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BB%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BC_%CE%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Βίλχελμ Όστβαλντ – grieķu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βίλχελμ Όστβαλντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grieķu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="labs raksts"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – igauņu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="igauņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – basku" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="ویلهلم اوستوالد – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلهلم اوستوالد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – somu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="somu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – skotu gēlu" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotu gēlu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – galisiešu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93" title="וילהלם אוסטוולד – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וילהלם אוסטוולד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B4_%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4" title="Վիլհելմ Օստվալդ – armēņu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիլհելմ Օստվալդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – itāļu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="ヴィルヘルム・オストヴァルト – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィルヘルム・オストヴァルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ვილჰელმ ოსტვალდი – gruzīnu" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვილჰელმ ოსტვალდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84_%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%B0%9C%ED%8A%B8" title="빌헬름 오스트발트 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빌헬름 오스트발트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Ostwald" title="Gulielmus Ostwald – latīņu" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latīņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – lietuviešu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lietuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – malagasu" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Вилхелм Оствалд – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вилхелм Оствалд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="വിൽഹെം ഓസ്റ്റ് വാൾഡ് – malajalu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിൽഹെം ഓസ്റ്റ് വാൾഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Вильхелм Оствальд – mongoļu" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вильхелм Оствальд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="विल्हेल्म ओस्टवाल्ड – marathu" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विल्हेल्म ओस्टवाल्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="ویلهلم اوستوالد – mazanderāņu" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویلهلم اوستوالد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – oksitāņu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88" title="ولیہلم اوسٹوالڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ولیہلم اوسٹوالڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – kečvu" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečvu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Оствальд, Вильгельм – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оствальд, Вильгельм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="आस्ट्टाल्ट् फ्रिडरिक् विल्हेल्म् – sanskrits" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आस्ट्टाल्ट् फ्रिडरिक् विल्हेल्म्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – serbu–horvātu" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbu–horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald – slovāku" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovāku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – slovēņu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – albāņu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Ostvald" title="Vilhelm Ostvald – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vilhelm Ostvald" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="வில்ஹெம் ஆஸ்ட்வால்டு – tamilu" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வில்ஹெம் ஆஸ்ட்வால்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D2%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Вилһелм Оствальд – tatāru" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вилһелм Оствальд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Вільгельм Оствальд – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільгельм Оствальд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%81%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88" title="ولہلم اوسٹوالڈ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولہلم اوسٹوالڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – uzbeku" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – vjetnamiešu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – varaju" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德 – vu ķīniešu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ვილჰელმ ოსტვალდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვილჰელმ ოსტვალდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – jorubu" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德 – ķīniešu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" 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class="infobox vcard" style="width:26em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width: 100%; text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:120%; text-align:center;">Vilhelms Ostvalds<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Wilhelm Ostwald</i></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Wilhelm_Ostwald.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vilhelms Ostvalds"><img alt="Vilhelms Ostvalds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wilhelm_Ostwald.jpg/225px-Wilhelm_Ostwald.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wilhelm_Ostwald.jpg/338px-Wilhelm_Ostwald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wilhelm_Ostwald.jpg/450px-Wilhelm_Ostwald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="825" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: center;">Personīgā informācija </th></tr> <tr> <th>Dzimis </th> <td><a href="/wiki/1853._gads" title="1853. gads">1853</a>.&#160;gada <a href="/wiki/2._septembris" title="2. septembris">2.&#160;septembrī</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Valsts karogs: Krievijas Impērija"><img alt="Valsts karogs: Krievijas Impērija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABga" title="Rīga">Rīga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vidzemes_guber%C5%86a" title="Vidzemes guberņa">Vidzemes guberņa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krievijas_Imp%C4%93rija" title="Krievijas Impērija">Krievijas Impērija</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(tagad <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Latvia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Latvija"><img alt="Karogs: Latvija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Latvija" title="Latvija">Latvija</a>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Miris </th> <td><a href="/wiki/1932._gads" title="1932. gads">1932</a>.&#160;gada <a href="/wiki/4._apr%C4%ABlis" title="4. aprīlis">4.&#160;aprīlī</a> (78&#160;gadi)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Valsts karogs: Vācija"><img alt="Valsts karogs: Vācija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leipciga" title="Leipciga">Leipciga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veim%C4%81ras_Republika" title="Veimāras Republika">Vācijas Impērija</a> (tagad <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81cija" title="Vācija">Vācija</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tautība </th> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81cbaltietis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācbaltietis">vācbaltietis</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="width: 100%; text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: center;">Zinātniskā darbība </th></tr> <tr> <th>Zinātne </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmija" title="Ķīmija">ķīmija</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Studenti </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pauls_Valdens" title="Pauls Valdens">Pauls Valdens</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Valters_Nernsts" title="Valters Nernsts">Valters Nernsts</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sasniegumi, atklājumi </th> <td>Ostvalda atšķaidīšanas likums, Ostvalda process, <a href="/wiki/Mols" title="Mols">mola</a> jēdziens </td></tr> <tr> <th>Apbalvojumi </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobela_pr%C4%93mija_%C4%B7%C4%ABmij%C4%81" title="Nobela prēmija ķīmijā">Nobela prēmija ķīmijā</a> (<a href="/wiki/1909" class="mw-redirect" title="1909">1909</a>) </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vilhelms Ostvalds</b> (<a href="/wiki/V%C4%81cu_valoda" title="Vācu valoda">vācu</a>: <span lang="de"><i>Wilhelm Ostwald</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/1853._gads" title="1853. gads">1853</a>.&#160;gada <a href="/wiki/2._septembris" title="2. septembris">2.&#160;septembris</a>&#160;— <a href="/wiki/1932._gads" title="1932. gads">1932</a>.&#160;gada <a href="/wiki/4._apr%C4%ABlis" title="4. aprīlis">4.&#160;aprīlis</a>) bija <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81cbaltie%C5%A1i" title="Vācbaltieši">vācbaltiešu</a> ķīmiķis, filozofs. Viņš ir vienīgais <a href="/wiki/Latvija" title="Latvija">Latvijā</a> dzimušais un strādājušais <a href="/wiki/Nobela_pr%C4%93mija_%C4%B7%C4%ABmij%C4%81" title="Nobela prēmija ķīmijā">Nobela prēmijas</a> laureāts (1909), kas to saņēma par <a href="/wiki/Katalizators" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalizators">katalīzes</a> pētījumiem, kā arī par fundamentālo principu izpēti attiecībā uz ķīmisko līdzsvaru un <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmiska_reakcija" class="mw-redirect" title="Ķīmiska reakcija">ķīmisko reakciju</a> ātrumu.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dzīvesgājums"><span id="Dz.C4.ABvesg.C4.81jums"></span>Dzīvesgājums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilhelms_Ostvalds&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Dzīvesgājums" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilhelms_Ostvalds&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Dzīvesgājums"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dzimis 1853. gadā Rīgā mucinieku meistara Gotfrīda Vilhelma Ostvalda (1824—1903) un viņa sievas Elizabetes Leiķeles (1824—1903) ģimenē. Viņa vecākais brālis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ei%C5%BEens_Ostvalds&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eižens Ostvalds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Eižens Ostvalds</a> bija mežzinātnieks, <a href="/wiki/Latvijas_Universit%C4%81te" title="Latvijas Universitāte">Latvijas Universitātes</a> docents (1920). Mācījās <a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABgas_1._%C4%A3imn%C4%81zija" class="mw-redirect" title="Rīgas 1. ģimnāzija">Rīgas reālģimnāzijā</a> (1864—1871). Ostvalds krievu valodu prata vāji, un, ģimnāziju beidzot, viņam nācās kārtot krievu valodas pēceksāmenu. Studēja ķīmiju <a href="/wiki/Tartu_Universit%C4%81te" title="Tartu Universitāte">Tērbatas Universitātē (TU)</a> (1872—1875), iestājās studentu korporācijā <i><a href="/wiki/Fraternitas_Rigensis" title="Fraternitas Rigensis">Fraternitas Rigensis</a></i> (filistrs). Pēc studiju beigšanas strādāja par asistentu TU Fizikas institūtā, tad TU Ķīmijas institūtā, kur aizstāvēja disertāciju (1878), tika habilitēts (1880) un ievēlēts par privātdocentu TU Ķīmijas institūtā (1880—1881). Jau Tērbatā izcēlās ar savām unikālajām prāta spējām un prasmi jaunas aparatūras izgudrošanā, 1877. gadā izveidojot <a href="/wiki/Piknometrs" title="Piknometrs">piknometru</a>&#160;— ierīci šķidruma blīvuma mērīšanai. <a href="/wiki/1880" class="mw-redirect" title="1880">1880</a>. gadā viņš apprecējās ar Helēnu fon Reiheri (<i>Reyher</i>), viņu ģimenē piedzima pieci bērni. </p><p>1881. gadā Ostvalds atgriezās Rīgā un strādāja par ķīmijas profesoru <a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABgas_Politehnisk%C4%81_augstskola" title="Rīgas Politehniskā augstskola">Rīgas politehnikumā</a> (1881—1887), bija <a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABgas_Dabasp%C4%93tnieku_biedr%C4%ABba" title="Rīgas Dabaspētnieku biedrība">Rīgas Dabaspētnieku biedrības</a> loceklis. Ķīmijas eksperimentu veikšanai viņš izgatavoja jaunu mēraparatūru&#160;— <a href="/wiki/Termostats" title="Termostats">termostatu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reostats&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reostats (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">reostatu</a> un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viskozimetrs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Viskozimetrs (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">viskozimetru</a>. Rīgas periodā viņš izdeva "Vispārīgās ķīmijas mācību grāmatu" (<i>Lehrbuch der Allgemeinen Chemie</i>, 1884). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Baltijas_p%C4%81rkrievo%C5%A1ana" title="Baltijas pārkrievošana">Baltijas pārkrievošanas</a> laikā 1885. gadā Ostvalds izstājās no Krievijas Ķīmijas un fizikas biedrības, kur bija uzņemts ar D. Mendeļejeva un A. Butļerova ieteikumu. Kad 1887. gadā <a href="/wiki/Leipcigas_Universit%C4%81te" title="Leipcigas Universitāte">Leipcigas Universitātē</a> atbrīvojās <a href="/wiki/Fizik%C4%81l%C4%81_%C4%B7%C4%ABmija" title="Fizikālā ķīmija">fizikālās ķīmijas</a> profesūra (tolaik vienīgā fizikālās ķīmijas profesūra Vācijā) katedru piedāvāja 34 gadus vecajam Vilhelmam Ostvaldam. Leipcigas Universitātē viņš kopā ar saviem līdzstrādniekiem izveidoja moderno fizikālo ķīmiju. Kā galvenie atklājumi ir uzskatāmi darbi par <a href="/wiki/Katal%C4%ABze" title="Katalīze">katalīzi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmiskais_l%C4%ABdzsvars&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ķīmiskais līdzsvars (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">ķīmisko līdzsvaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija" title="Ķīmiskā reakcija">ķīmiskās reakcijas</a> ātrumu. 1904. gadā viņu aicināja uzstāties pasaules Zinātnes un Mākslas kongresa filozofijas sekcijā <a href="/wiki/Sentluisa" title="Sentluisa">Sentluisā</a>. Vienu akadēmisko gadu Ostvalds lasīja lekcijas fizikālķīmijā un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nat%C5%ABrfilozofija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Natūrfilozofija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">natūrfilosofijā</a> <a href="/wiki/H%C4%81rvarda_Universit%C4%81te" title="Hārvarda Universitāte">Hārvarda Universitātē</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masa%C4%8D%C5%ABsetsas_Tehnolo%C4%A3iju_instit%C5%ABts" title="Masačūsetsas Tehnoloģiju institūts">Masačūsetsas Tehnoloģiju institūtā</a> un <a href="/wiki/Kolumbijas_Universit%C4%81te" title="Kolumbijas Universitāte">Kolumbijas Universitātē</a> (1905—1906). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Grabst%C3%A4tteWilhelmOstwald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Grabst%C3%A4tteWilhelmOstwald.jpg/200px-Grabst%C3%A4tteWilhelmOstwald.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Grabst%C3%A4tteWilhelmOstwald.jpg/300px-Grabst%C3%A4tteWilhelmOstwald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Grabst%C3%A4tteWilhelmOstwald.jpg/400px-Grabst%C3%A4tteWilhelmOstwald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>Urna ar Vilhelma Ostvalda pelniem iemūrēta klintī dzimtas īpašumā Grosbotenē</figcaption></figure> <p>Leipcigas Universitātē viņam radās konflikts ar konservatīvi noskaņotajiem Filozofijas fakultātes profesoriem. Pēc atgriešanās no ASV <a href="/wiki/1906" class="mw-redirect" title="1906">1906</a>. gadā Ostvalds priekšlaicīgi emeritējās 53 gadu vecumā un atlikušo mūža daļu nodevās saviem vaļaspriekiem un natūrfilozofisko uzskatu attīstīšanai. 1909. gadā viņam piešķīra Nobela prēmiju ķīmijā. 1911. gadā Ostvalds tika uzņemts Leipcigas <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%ABvm%C5%ABrnieki" class="mw-redirect" title="Brīvmūrnieki">brīvmūrnieku</a> ložā "<i>Zu den drei Ringen</i>", vēlāk viņš kļuva par lielložas "<i>Zur aufgehenden Sonne</i>" lielmeistara vietnieku, no 1914. gada par goda lielmeistaru. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pirmais_pasaules_kar%C5%A1" title="Pirmais pasaules karš">Pirmā pasaules kara</a> laikā apsīka viņa starptautiskie kontakti un Ostvalds pievērsās krāsu pētīšanai savā 1916. gadā izveidotajā mājas laboratorijā. Viņš bija kaislīgs gleznotājs, šim nolūkam viņš pats gatavoja krāsas un izstrādāja oriģinālu krāsu teoriju, kas ietekmējusi tādu gleznotāju kā <a href="/wiki/Pauls_Kl%C4%93" title="Pauls Klē">Paula Klē</a> un <a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABts_Mondri%C4%81ns" title="Pīts Mondriāns">Pīta Mondriāna</a> uzskatus. </p><p>Miris Leipcigas slimnīcā 1932. gadā, urna ar viņa pelniem iemūrēta klintī viņa zemes īpašumā "Enerģija" Grosbotenē (tagad <a href="/wiki/Grimma" title="Grimma">Grimmas</a> daļa) pie Leipcigas, kas kopš 2009. gada nosaukta par Vilhelma Ostvalda parku (<i>Wilhelm-Ostwald-Park</i>). </p><p>1989. gadā Leipcigā tika nodibināta Vilhelma Ostvalda ģimnāzija (<i>Wilhelm-Ostwald-Gymnasium</i>), 2003. gada 1. augustā Rīgā tika nodibināta Ostvalda vidusskola. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zinātniskā_darbība"><span id="Zin.C4.81tnisk.C4.81_darb.C4.ABba"></span>Zinātniskā darbība</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilhelms_Ostvalds&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Labot sadaļu: Zinātniskā darbība" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilhelms_Ostvalds&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Zinātniskā darbība"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Ostwald_vant_Hoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ostwald_vant_Hoff.jpg/300px-Ostwald_vant_Hoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ostwald_vant_Hoff.jpg/450px-Ostwald_vant_Hoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Ostwald_vant_Hoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Vilhelms Ostvalds (pa labi) savā laboratorijā</figcaption></figure> <p>Laikā, kad Ostvalds strādāja par ķīmijas profesoru Rīgā, par <a href="/wiki/Elektrol%C4%ABts" title="Elektrolīts">elektrolītu</a> struktūru un disociācijas procesiem bija visai miglains priekšstats. Lai pārbaudītu savas <a href="/wiki/Hipot%C4%93ze" title="Hipotēze">hipotēzes</a>, viņš izveidoja savu pētnieku komandu, uzaicinot uz Rīgu tolaik nepazīstamo zviedru ķīmiķi <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arr%C4%93niuss" title="Svante Arrēniuss">Svanti Arrēniusu</a> un iesaistot darbā studentu <a href="/wiki/Pauls_Valdens" title="Pauls Valdens">Paulu Valdenu</a>. Abi sekoja viņam līdzi uz Leipcigu, kur viņu panākumi drīz vien vainagojās ar pasaules slavu. Viņa Tartu un Rīgas perioda pētījumi šķīšanas teorijā noveda pie "Ostvalda atšķaidīšanas likuma" (<i>Ostwaldsche Verdünnungsgesetz</i>) postulēšanas <a href="/wiki/1888" class="mw-redirect" title="1888">1888</a>. gadā. Ap 1900. gadu Ostvalds ieviesis ķīmijā jēdzienu <a href="/wiki/Mols" title="Mols">mols</a>, lai apzīmētu katras vielas molekulāro svaru. <a href="/wiki/1902" class="mw-redirect" title="1902">1902</a>. gadā viņš patentēja slāpekļskābes iegūšanai izmantojamo "Ostvalda procesu", kas vēlāk kalpoja par pamatu <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ksl%C4%ABgais_m%C4%93slojums&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mākslīgais mēslojums (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">mākslīgā mēslojuma</a> un <a href="/wiki/Spr%C4%81gstvielas" title="Sprāgstvielas">sprāgstvielu</a> ražošanai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galvenie_darbi">Galvenie darbi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilhelms_Ostvalds&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Labot sadaļu: Galvenie darbi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilhelms_Ostvalds&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Galvenie darbi"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Volumenchemische Studien über Affinität</i> (1877)</li> <li><i>Lehrbuch der Allgemeinen Chemie</i> (1884)</li> <li><i>Grundriss der Allgemeinen Chemie</i> (1889)</li> <li><i>Hand- und Hilfsbuch zur Ausführung physikalisch-chemischer Messungen</i> (1893)</li> <li><i>Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, Stöchiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre</i> (1887—1937)</li> <li>Ostvalds ir radījis arī savu dabas filozofijas mācību, kuras attīstīšanai viņš izdeva žurnālu "Annalen der Naturphilosophie" (1901—1921).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatūra"><span id="Literat.C5.ABra"></span>Literatūra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilhelms_Ostvalds&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Labot sadaļu: Literatūra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilhelms_Ostvalds&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Literatūra"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Vilhelma_Ostvalda_piemineklis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/3/30/Vilhelma_Ostvalda_piemineklis.jpg/200px-Vilhelma_Ostvalda_piemineklis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/3/30/Vilhelma_Ostvalda_piemineklis.jpg/300px-Vilhelma_Ostvalda_piemineklis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/3/30/Vilhelma_Ostvalda_piemineklis.jpg/400px-Vilhelma_Ostvalda_piemineklis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Vilhelma Ostvalda piemineklis Krišjāņa Barona ielā Rīgā, iepretī pirmajai Rīgas Politehniskās augstskolas ēkai</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Domschke, Jan-Peter: Wilhelm Ostwald, eine Kurzbiografie&#160;— Großbothen&#160;: Wilhelm-Ostwald-Gesellschaft, 2000</li> <li>Domschke, Jan-Peter: Wilhelm Ostwald: Chemiker, Wissenschaftstheoretiker, Organisator&#160;— 1. Auflage.&#160;— Köln&#160;: Pahl-Rugenstein, 1982</li> <li>Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (Frankfurt/Main): Historische Stätten der Chemie: Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald&#160;— Leipzig/Großbothen, 1. September 2005.</li> <li>Krajewski, Markus: Restlosigkeit. Weltprojekte um 1900, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 2006, S. 64-140.</li> <li>Ulrich Becker/Fritz Wollenberg: Eine Sprache für die Wissenschaft. Beiträge und Materialien des Interlinguistik-Kolloquiums für Wilhelm Ostwald, am 9. Nov. 1996, an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</li> <li>Lothar Dunsch: <i> Das Portrait: Wilhelm Ostwald</i>. In: <i>Chemie in unserer Zeit</i>., 16. Jahrgang, Dezember 1982, S.186-196. Verlag Chemie</li> <li>Ostwald, Grete: Wilhelm Ostwald. Mein Vater, Berlin 1953</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atsauces">Atsauces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilhelms_Ostvalds&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Labot sadaļu: Atsauces" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilhelms_Ostvalds&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Atsauces"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1909/index.html">«The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909»</a>. Nobel Foundation.</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ārējās_saites"><span id=".C4.80r.C4.93j.C4.81s_saites"></span>Ārējās saites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilhelms_Ostvalds&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Labot sadaļu: Ārējās saites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilhelms_Ostvalds&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Ārējās saites"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vikikr%C4%81tuve" title="Vikikrātuve">Vikikrātuvē</a> par šo tēmu ir pieejami <a href="/wiki/Multivides" title="Multivides">multivides</a> faili. Skatīt: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wilhelm_Ostwald" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wilhelm Ostwald">Vilhelms Ostvalds</a></b></i>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wilhelm-Ostwald"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(angliski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/ostwald-wilhelm"><i>Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</i> raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(vāciski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/c/ostval-d-vil-gel-m-364ffd">Krievijas Lielās enciklopēdijas raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(krieviski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/wilhelm-ostwald/"><i>Encyclopædia Universalis</i> raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(franciski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/nauka_i_tehnika/himiya/OSTVALD_VILGELM.html">Enciklopēdijas <i>Krugosvet</i> raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(krieviski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lza.lv/ZV/zv031500.htm">Jānis Stradiņš. Vienīgais Nobela prēmijas laureāts no Latvijas.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080225210832/http://www.lza.lv/ZV/zv031500.htm">Arhivēts</a> 2008.&#160;gada 25.&#160;februārī, <i><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> vietnē.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1909/ostwald-lecture.html">Nobela prēmijas lekcija <i>On Catalysis</i> 1909. gada 12. decembrī</a> (angliski)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1909/ostwald-bio.html">Biogrāfija no Nobelprize.org mājas lapas</a> (angliski)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilhelm-ostwald.de/">Vilhelma Ostvalda biedrība</a> (vāciski)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ostwaldgedenkstaette.de/">Ostvalda piemiņas vietas un arhīvs</a><sup title="Novecojusi saite">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Link rot">novecojusi&#160;saite</a>]</sup> (vāciski)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tu-harburg.de/b/hapke/ostwklas.html">Biogrāfija</a> (vāciski)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.arcor.de/dyck-berlin/index.htm">Ostvalda raksti un grāmatas par krāsām</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080114225701/http://home.arcor.de/dyck-berlin/index.htm">Arhivēts</a> 2008.&#160;gada 14.&#160;janvārī, <i><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> vietnē.(vāciski)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.arcor.de/wilhelm-ostwald/index.htm">Informācija angliski</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001030338/http://home.arcor.de/wilhelm-ostwald/index.htm">Arhivēts</a> 2007.&#160;gada 1.&#160;oktobrī, <i><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> vietnē.</li> <li>Ostvalda autobiogrāfija: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012132/http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=5555"><i>Dzīves līnijas</i> 1. sēj.</a> (vāciski)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012243/http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=5556"><i>Dzīves līnijas</i> 2. sēj.</a> (vāciski)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011818/http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=5557"><i>Dzīves līnijas</i> 3. sēj.</a> (vāciski)</li></ul></li></ul> <table class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:#fff179;">Apbalvojumi </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="30%" style="background:#FFFFFF;">Priekštecis:<br /><b> <a href="/wiki/Ernests_Rezerfords" title="Ernests Rezerfords">Ernests Rezerfords</a> </b> </td> <td width="40%" style="text-align: center; background:#FFFFFF;"><b> <a href="/wiki/Nobela_pr%C4%93mija_%C4%B7%C4%ABmij%C4%81" title="Nobela prēmija ķīmijā">Nobela prēmija ķīmijā</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1909" class="mw-redirect" title="1909">1909</a> </td> <td width="30%" style="background:#FFFFFF;">Pēctecis:<br /><b> <a href="/wiki/Oto_Vallahs" title="Oto Vallahs">Oto Vallahs</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-skatīt"><a href="/wiki/Veidne:Nobela_pr%C4%93mija_%C4%B7%C4%ABmij%C4%81" title="Veidne:Nobela prēmija ķīmijā"><abbr title="Skatīt šo veidni" style=";;;background:none transparent;border:none;">s</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskusija"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veidnes_diskusija:Nobela_pr%C4%93mija_%C4%B7%C4%ABmij%C4%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Veidnes diskusija:Nobela prēmija ķīmijā (vēl nav uzrakstīts)"><abbr title="Diskusija par šo veidni" style="color:#002bb8;;;;background:none transparent;border:none;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-labot"><a class="external text" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veidne:Nobela_pr%C4%93mija_%C4%B7%C4%ABmij%C4%81&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Labot šo veidni" style=";;;background:none transparent;border:none;">l</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Nobela_pr%C4%93mijas_laure%C4%81ti_%C4%B7%C4%ABmij%C4%81" title="Nobela prēmijas laureāti ķīmijā">Nobela prēmijas laureāti ķīmijā</a></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;">1901</span> <a href="/wiki/Jakobs_van%27t_Hofs" title="Jakobs van&#39;t Hofs">van't Hofs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1902</span> <a href="/wiki/Hermanis_Emils_Fi%C5%A1ers" title="Hermanis Emils Fišers">H. E. Fišers</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1903</span> <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arr%C4%93niuss" title="Svante Arrēniuss">Arrēniuss</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1904</span> <a href="/wiki/Viljams_Remzijs" title="Viljams Remzijs">Remzijs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1905</span> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80dolfs_fon_Beiers" title="Ādolfs fon Beiers">fon Beiers</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1906</span> <a href="/wiki/Anr%C4%AB_Muas%C4%81ns" title="Anrī Muasāns">Muasāns</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1907</span> <a href="/wiki/Eduards_Buhners" title="Eduards Buhners">Buhners</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1908</span> <a href="/wiki/Ernests_Rezerfords" title="Ernests Rezerfords">Rezerfords</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1909</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ostvalds</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1910</span> <a href="/wiki/Oto_Vallahs" title="Oto Vallahs">Vallahs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1911</span> <a href="/wiki/Marija_Sklodovska-Kir%C4%AB" title="Marija Sklodovska-Kirī">Sklodovska-Kirī</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1912</span> <a href="/wiki/Viktors_Gri%C5%86%C4%81rs" title="Viktors Griņārs">Griņārs</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Sabatier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Sabatier (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Sabatjē</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1913</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Werner&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Werner (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Verners</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1914</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_William_Richards&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore William Richards (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Ričardss</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1915</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Willstätter (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Vilšteters</a></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1916</span></span></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1917</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1918</span> <a href="/wiki/Fricis_H%C4%81bers" title="Fricis Hābers">Hābers</a></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1919</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1920</span> <a href="/wiki/Valters_Nernsts" title="Valters Nernsts">Nernsts</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1921</span> <a href="/wiki/Frederiks_Sodijs" title="Frederiks Sodijs">Sodijs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1922</span> <a href="/wiki/Fr%C4%81nsiss_Astons" title="Frānsiss Astons">Astons</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1923</span> <a href="/wiki/Frics_Pregls" title="Frics Pregls">Pregls</a></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1924</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1925</span> <a href="/wiki/Rihards_Zigmondi" title="Rihards Zigmondi">Zigmondi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;">1926</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Svedberg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor Svedberg (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Svedbergs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1927</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Otto_Wieland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Vīlands</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1928</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Windaus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Windaus (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Vindauss</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1929</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Harden&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Harden (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Hardens</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">fon Eilers-Čelpils</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1930</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Fischer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Fischer (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">H. Fišers</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1931</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bosch&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Bosch (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Bošs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C4%ABdrihs_Bergiuss" title="Frīdrihs Bergiuss">Bergiuss</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1932</span> <a href="/wiki/%C4%92rvings_Lengm%C4%ABrs" title="Ērvings Lengmīrs">Lengmīrs</a></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1933</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1934</span> <a href="/wiki/Harolds_J%C5%ABrijs" title="Harolds Jūrijs">Jūrijs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1935</span> <a href="/wiki/Frederiks_%C5%BDolio-Kir%C4%AB" title="Frederiks Žolio-Kirī">F. Žolio-Kirī</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C4%93na_%C5%BDolio-Kir%C4%AB" title="Irēna Žolio-Kirī">I. Žolio-Kirī</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1936</span> <a href="/wiki/Peters_Debajs" title="Peters Debajs">Debajs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1937</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Haworth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Haworth (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Hovorts</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Karrer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Karrer (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Karers</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1938</span> <a href="/wiki/Rihards_K%C5%ABns" title="Rihards Kūns">Kūns</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1939</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Butenandt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Butenandt (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Butenands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopold Ružička (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Ružička</a></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1940</span></span></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1941</span></span></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1942</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1943</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_de_Hevesy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George de Hevesy (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Heveši</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1944</span> <a href="/wiki/Oto_H%C4%81ns" title="Oto Hāns">Hāns</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1945</span> <a href="/wiki/Arturi_Ilmari_Virtanens" title="Arturi Ilmari Virtanens">Virtanens</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1946</span> <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEeimss_Samners" title="Džeimss Samners">Samners</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Northrop&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Northrop (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Nortrops</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Meredith_Stanley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Stenlijs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1947</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Robinson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Robinson (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Robinsons</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1948</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arne_Tiselius&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arne Tiselius (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Tisēliuss</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1949</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Giauque&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Giauque (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Džioks</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1950</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Diels&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Diels (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Dīlss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurts_Alders" title="Kurts Alders">Alders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;">1951</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_McMillan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin McMillan (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Makmillans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glenns_S%C4%ABborgs" title="Glenns Sīborgs">Sīborgs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1952</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archer_Martin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Archer Martin (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Mārtins</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Synge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Synge (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Sings</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1953</span> <a href="/wiki/Hermanis_%C5%A0taudingers" title="Hermanis Štaudingers">Štaudingers</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1954</span> <a href="/wiki/Lainuss_Polings" title="Lainuss Polings">Polings</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1955</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincent_du_Vigneaud&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincent du Vigneaud (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">du Vigneauds</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1956</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Hinšelvūds</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Semyonov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Semyonov (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Semjonovs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1957</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Todd&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Todd (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Tods</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1958</span> <a href="/wiki/Frederiks_Sengers" title="Frederiks Sengers">Sengers</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1959</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Heirovskis</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1960</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willard_Libby&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Willard Libby (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Libijs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1961</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melvin_Calvin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Melvin Calvin (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Kelvins</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1962</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Perutz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Perutz (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Peručs</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Kendrew&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Kendrew (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Kendrū</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1963</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Ziegler (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Cīglers</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giulio_Natta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Giulio Natta (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Nata</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1964</span> <a href="/wiki/Dorotija_Kraufuta_Hod%C5%BEkina" title="Dorotija Kraufuta Hodžkina">Hodžkina</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1965</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Burns_Woodward&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Burns Woodward (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Vudvorts</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1966</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mulliken&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Mulliken (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Malikens</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1967</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Eigen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Eigen (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Eižens</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Norrish&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Norrish (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Norišs</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Porter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George Porter (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Porters</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1968</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lars_Onsager&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lars Onsager (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Onsagers</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1969</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Derek_Barton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Derek Barton (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Bartons</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odd_Hassel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Odd Hassel (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Hasels</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1970</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Federico_Leloir&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Federico Leloir (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Leloirs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1971</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Herzberg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Herzberg (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Hercbergs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1972</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Anfinsen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Anfinsen (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Anfinsens</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Moore&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford Moore (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Mūrs</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Howard_Stein&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Howard Stein (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Šteins</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1973</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Otto_Fischer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Otto Fischer (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">E. O. Fišers</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Wilkinson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Vilkinsons</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1974</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Flory&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Flory (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Florijs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1975</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cornforth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Cornforth (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Kornforts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vladimirs_Prelogs" title="Vladimirs Prelogs">Prelogs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;">1976</span> <a href="/wiki/Viljams_Lipskombs" title="Viljams Lipskombs">Lipskombs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1977</span> <a href="/wiki/I%C4%BCja_Prigo%C5%BEins" title="Iļja Prigožins">Prigožins</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1978</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_D._Mitchell&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter D. Mitchell (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Mičels</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1979</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_C._Brown&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert C. Brown (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Brauns</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Wittig&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Wittig (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Vitings</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1980</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pols_Bergs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pols Bergs (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Bergs</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Gilbert&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Gilbert (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Gilberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederiks_Sengers" title="Frederiks Sengers">Sengers</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1981</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenichi_Fukui&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenichi Fukui (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Fukui</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roalds_Hofmans" title="Roalds Hofmans">Hofmans</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1982</span> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80rons_Klugs" title="Ārons Klugs">Klugs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1983</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Taube&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Taube (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Taube</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1984</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bruce_Merrifield&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Mērifīlds</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1985</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_A._Hauptman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert A. Hauptman (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Hauptmens</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerome_Karle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerome Karle (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Kārle</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1986</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dudley_R._Herschbach&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dudley R. Herschbach (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Heršbahs</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_T._Lee&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuan T. Lee (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Lī</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Polanyi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Polanyi (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Polanijs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1987</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_J._Cram&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald J. Cram (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Krams</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Marie_Lehn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Marie Lehn (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Lēns</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_J._Pedersen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles J. Pedersen (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Pedersens</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1988</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Deisenhofer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Deisenhofer (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Daizenhofers</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Huber&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Huber (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Hūbers</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartmut_Michel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartmut Michel (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Mihels</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1989</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidney_Altman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidney Altman (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Oltmens</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cech&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Cech (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Čeks</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1990</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elias_James_Corey&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elias James Corey (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Korijs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1991</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_R._Ernst&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard R. Ernst (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Ernsts</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1992</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_A._Marcus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolph A. Marcus (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Markuss</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1993</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kary_Mullis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kary Mullis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Maliss</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Smith&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Smith (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">M. Smits</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1994</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Andrew_Olah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George Andrew Olah (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Ola</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1995</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_J._Crutzen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul J. Crutzen (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Krutzens</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_J._Molina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario J. Molina (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Molina</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=F._Sherwood_Rowland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="F. Sherwood Rowland (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Roulends</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1996</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Curl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Curl (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Karls</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harolds_Kroto" title="Harolds Kroto">Kroto</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Smalley (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Smellijs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1997</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_D._Boyer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul D. Boyer (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Baijers</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_E._Walker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John E. Walker (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Valkers</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jens_Christian_Skou&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jens Christian Skou (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Skou</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1998</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Kohn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Kohn (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Kons</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pople&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Pople (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Popls</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1999</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Zewail&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed Zewail (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Zevails</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2000</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_J._Heeger&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan J. Heeger (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Hīgers</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_MacDiarmid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan MacDiarmid (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Makdaiarmids</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hideki_Shirakawa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hideki Shirakawa (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Širakava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">2001–pašlaik</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;">2001</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Standish_Knowles&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Standish Knowles (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Novless</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryōji Noyori (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Nojori</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Barry_Sharpless&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Barry Sharpless (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Šarpless</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2002</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Fenn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Fenn (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Fens</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koichi_Tanaka&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Koichi Tanaka (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Tanaka</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Wüthrich (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Vītrihs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2003</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Agre (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Eigrs</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roderick_MacKinnon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Roderick MacKinnon (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Makinons</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2004</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aaron_Ciechanover&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aaron Ciechanover (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Cehanovers</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avram_Hershko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Avram Hershko (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Herško</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irwin_Rose&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Irwin Rose (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Rouzs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2005</span> <a href="/wiki/Roberts_Grabss" title="Roberts Grabss">Grabss</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_R._Schrock&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard R. Schrock (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Šroks</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yves_Chauvin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yves Chauvin (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Šovēns</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2006</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_D._Kornberg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger D. Kornberg (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Kornbergs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2007</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Ertl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Ertl (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Ertls</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2008</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osamu_Shimomura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Osamu Shimomura (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Šinomura</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Chalfie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Chalfie (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Čalfijs</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Y._Tsien&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Y. Tsien (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Ciens</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2009</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Ramakrišnans</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_A._Steitz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas A. Steitz (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Steics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ada_Jonata" title="Ada Jonata">Jonata</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2010</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_F._Heck&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard F. Heck (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Heks</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akira_Suzuki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akira Suzuki (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Suzuki</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ei-ichi_Negishi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ei-ichi Negishi (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Negiši</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2011</span> <a href="/wiki/Dens_%C5%A0ehtmans" title="Dens Šehtmans">Šehtmans</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2012</span> <a href="/wiki/Roberts_Lefkovics" title="Roberts Lefkovics">Lefkovics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Braiens_Kobilka" title="Braiens Kobilka">Kobilka</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2013</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Karplus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Karplus (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Karpluss</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Levitt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Levitt (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Levits</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arieh_Warshel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arieh Warshel (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Voršels</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2014</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Betzig&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Betzig (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Becigs</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Hell&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan Hell (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Hells</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_E._Moerner&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William E. Moerner (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Mērners</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2015</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomas_Lindahl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomas Lindahl (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Lindāls</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_L._Modrich&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul L. Modrich (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Modričs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Azizs_Sand%C5%BEars" title="Azizs Sandžars">Sandžars</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2016</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Sauvage&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Savāžs</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraser_Stoddart&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraser Stoddart (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Stodarts</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Feringa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Feringa (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Feringa</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2017</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Dubochet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Dubochet (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Dubočets</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Frank&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim Frank (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Frenks</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Henderson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Henderson (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Hendersons</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2018</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Arnold&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frances Arnold (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Arnolda</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greg_Winter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Greg Winter (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Vinters</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Smith&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George Smith (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Dž. Smits</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2019</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Goodenough&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John B. Goodenough (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Gudinafs</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Stanley_Whittingham&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Stanley Whittingham (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Vaitingems</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akira_Yoshino&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akira Yoshino (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Josino</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2020</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emanuela_%C5%A0arpentj%C4%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Emanuela Šarpentjē (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Šarpentjē</a> / <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEenifera_Daudna" title="Dženifera Daudna">Daudna</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2021</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamins_Lists&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamins Lists (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Lists</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deivids_Makmillans&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deivids Makmillans (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Makmillans</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2022</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karol%C4%ABna_Bertoci&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karolīna Bertoci (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Bertoci</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mortens_Meld%C4%81ls&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mortens Meldāls (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Meldāls</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karls_Berijs_%C5%A0%C4%81rpless&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karls Berijs Šārpless (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Šārpless</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2023</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mungi_Bavendi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mungi Bavendi (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Bavendi</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luiss_Bruss&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Luiss Bruss (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Bruss</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksejs_Jekimovs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksejs Jekimovs (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Jekimovs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td 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