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<li id="toc-First_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation_of_Bagrat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation_of_Bagrat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Liberation of Bagrat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation_of_Bagrat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Second invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Third invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Fourth invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Fifth invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Sixth invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Seventh invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighth_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighth_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Eighth invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighth_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-George's_campaign_against_the_Timurids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George's_campaign_against_the_Timurids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>George's campaign against the Timurids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-George's_campaign_against_the_Timurids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Timurid invasions of Georgia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fmir_Teymurun_G%C3%BCrc%C3%BCstan%C4%B1_%C9%99l%C9%99_ke%C3%A7irm%C9%99si" title="Əmir Teymurun Gürcüstanı ələ keçirməsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əmir Teymurun Gürcüstanı ələ keçirməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasiones_tim%C3%BAridas_de_Georgia" title="Invasiones timúridas de Georgia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasiones timúridas de Georgia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timuraj_invadoj_de_Kartvelio" title="Timuraj invadoj de Kartvelio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Timuraj invadoj de Kartvelio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invazija_Timura_na_Gruziju" title="Invazija Timura na Gruziju – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Invazija Timura na Gruziju" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="הפלישות הטימוריות לגאורגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפלישות הטימוריות לגאורגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="თემურლენგის ლაშქრობები საქართველოში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თემურლენგის ლაშქრობები საქართველოში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Temurning_Gruziyaga_bosqini" title="Amir Temurning Gruziyaga bosqini – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amir Temurning Gruziyaga bosqini" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8E" title="Вторжения Тамерлана в Грузию – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторжения Тамерлана в Грузию" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushtimet_Timuride_t%C3%AB_Gjeorgjis%C3%AB" title="Pushtimet Timuride të Gjeorgjisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pushtimet Timuride të Gjeorgjisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur_Lenkin_hy%C3%B6kk%C3%A4ykset_Georgiaan" title="Timur Lenkin hyökkäykset Georgiaan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Timur Lenkin hyökkäykset Georgiaan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur%27un_G%C3%BCrcistan%27%C4%B1_i%C5%9Fgali" title="Timur'un Gürcistan'ı işgali – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Timur'un Gürcistan'ı işgali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2919552#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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1386–1403</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Timurid invasions of Georgia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurid Wars">Timurid Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh%E2%80%93Timur_war" title="Tokhtamysh–Timur war">Tokhtamysh-Timur war</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Timur%27s_army_attacks_Nerges,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Timur%27s_army_attacks_Nerges%2C_Georgia.jpg/300px-Timur%27s_army_attacks_Nerges%2C_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="498" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Timur%27s_army_attacks_Nerges%2C_Georgia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="581" /></a></span><br />A miniature depicting <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>'s army attacking the survivors of a town in Georgia, in the spring of 1396, by the Persian artist <a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_ud-D%C4%ABn_Behz%C4%81d" title="Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād">Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1386–1403</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Timurid victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Timurid.svg/23px-Timurid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Timurid.svg/35px-Timurid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Timurid.svg/46px-Timurid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="747" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia"><img alt="Kingdom of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire"><img alt="Timurid Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Timurid.svg/23px-Timurid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Timurid.svg/35px-Timurid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Timurid.svg/46px-Timurid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="747" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire"><img alt="Timurid Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Timurid.svg/23px-Timurid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Timurid.svg/35px-Timurid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Timurid.svg/46px-Timurid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="747" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Miran_Shah" title="Miran Shah">Miran Shah</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia"><img alt="Kingdom of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_V_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat V of Georgia">Bagrat V</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia"><img alt="Kingdom of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_VII_of_Georgia" title="George VII of Georgia">George VII</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaqeli_coat_of_arms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Jaqeli_coat_of_arms.png/23px-Jaqeli_coat_of_arms.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Jaqeli_coat_of_arms.png/35px-Jaqeli_coat_of_arms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Jaqeli_coat_of_arms.png/46px-Jaqeli_coat_of_arms.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="567" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ivane_II_Jaqeli" title="Ivane II Jaqeli">Ivane II Jaqeli</a> (until 1400)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 200,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 50,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 80% of Georgia destroyed<br /> most of civilians massacred<br /> At least 60,000 enslaved<sup id="cite_ref-EncIslam_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncIslam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timurid</a> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_conquests_and_invasions" title="Timurid conquests and invasions"><span class="wrap">conquests and invasions</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Timur#Rise_to_power" title="Timur">Central Asia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belh" title="Battle of Belh">Belh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tashkent" title="Battle of Tashkent">Tashkent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Balkh_(1370)" title="Siege of Balkh (1370)">Balkh</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Timur#Conquest_of_Persia" title="Timur">Persia</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Isfahan_(1387)" title="Siege of Isfahan (1387)">Isfahan</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh%E2%80%93Timur_war" title="Tokhtamysh–Timur war">Tokhtamysh–Timur war</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kondurcha_River" title="Battle of the Kondurcha River">Kondurcha River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Terek_River" title="Battle of the Terek River">Terek River</a></li></ul> <p><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgia</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tbilisi_(1386)" title="Siege of Tbilisi (1386)">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alinja" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Alinja">Alinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Birtvisi_(1403)" title="Siege of Birtvisi (1403)">Birtvisi</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasion_of_Simsim" title="Timurid invasion of Simsim">North Caucasia</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushkudzhe" title="Battle of Ushkudzhe">Uskhudzhe</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Timur#Campaign_against_the_Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Timur">India</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1398)" title="Siege of Multan (1398)">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Delhi_(1398)" title="Sack of Delhi (1398)">Delhi</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Timur#Campaigns_in_the_Levant" title="Timur">Levant</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Aleppo_(1400)" title="Sack of Aleppo (1400)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1400)" title="Siege of Damascus (1400)">Damascus</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Timur#Campaigns_in_the_Levant" title="Timur">Anatolia</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ankara" title="Siege of Ankara">1st Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">2nd Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smyrna" title="Siege of Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History of Georgia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_(Georgia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/250px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/375px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/500px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kartlos" title="Kartlos">Legend of Kartlos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient history of Georgia">Ancient history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pharnavazid_dynasty" title="Pharnavazid dynasty">Pharnavazid dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Georgia in the Roman era</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia">Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_campaign_of_Pompey" title="Caucasian campaign of Pompey">Campaign of Pompey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iberian%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Iberian–Armenian War">Iberian–Armenian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Iberia">Arsacid dynasty of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chosroid_dynasty" title="Chosroid dynasty">Chosroid dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Georgia">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Iberian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Umayyad invasion of Georgia">Umayyad invasion of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule in Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)" title="Tao (historical region)">Duchy of Tao</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Klarjeti" title="Klarjeti">Duchy of Klarjeti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iberia_(theme)" title="Iberia (theme)">Theme of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kldekari" title="Duchy of Kldekari">Duchy of Kldekari</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Racha" title="Duchy of Racha">Duchy of Racha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine–Georgian wars</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_Invasion" title="Great Turkish Invasion">Great Turkish Invasion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Georgian–Seljuk wars</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Georgian Golden Age</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia_(1256%E2%80%931329)" title="Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329)">Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Western_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Western Georgia">Kingdom of Western Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timurid invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkoman invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aragvi" title="Duchy of Aragvi">Duchy of Aragvi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Collapse of the Georgian realm">Collapse of the Georgian realm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern Georgia">Early modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ksani" title="Duchy of Ksani">Duchy of Ksani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Childir_Eyalet" title="Childir Eyalet">Childir Eyalet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history of Georgia">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Georgia within the Russian Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1832_Georgian_plot" title="1832 Georgian plot">1832 Georgian plot</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gurian_Republic" title="Gurian Republic">Gurian Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)_since_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Georgia (country) since 1991">Georgia since 1991</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tbilisi" title="History of Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgian_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Georgian battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Timurid invasions of Georgia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">თემურლენგის ლაშქრობები საქართველოში</span></span>, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">romanized</a>:</span> <span lang="ka-Latn" style="font-style: italic;">temurlengis lashkrobebi sakartveloshi</span>) were eight invasions between 1386 and 1403 of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>. Led by <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, the Timurids ultimately conquered the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> and made it a <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary state</a> that kept its independence and religion. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Timur's <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">vast empire</a> stretched, at its greatest extent, from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> into <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and these conflicts were intimately linked with <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh-Timur_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhtamysh-Timur war">the wars</a> between Timur (Tamerlane) and <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh" title="Tokhtamysh">Tokhtamysh</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> and Timur's major rival for control over the Islamic world. Although he invaded parts of Georgia, he could not make the country Muslim and recognized it as a Christian state. </p><p>In the first of eight invasions, Timur sacked Georgia's capital, <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, and captured the king <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_V_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat V of Georgia">Bagrat V</a> in 1386. Georgian resistance prompted a renewed attack by the Turco-Mongol armies. Bagrat's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/George_VII_of_Georgia" title="George VII of Georgia">George VII</a>, put up a stiff resistance and had to spend much of his reign (1395–1405) fighting the Timurid invasions. Timur personally led most of these raids to subdue the recalcitrant Georgian monarch. He did not establish firm control over Georgia. By the time George VII was forced to accept Timur's <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Shamkor" title="Truce of Shamkor">terms of peace</a> and agree to pay tribute, he was a master of little more than "gutted towns, ravaged countryside and a shattered monarchy".<sup id="cite_ref-Suny_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_invasion">First invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Timur's first appearance in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> was a response to Khan <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh" title="Tokhtamysh">Tokhtamysh</a>'s marauding inroad into <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iran" title="Northern Iran">Northern Iran</a> through the Caucasian lands in 1385. This marked an outbreak of outright hostility between the two Islamic monarchs. Timur responded by launching a full-scale invasion of the small frontier countries, which lay between the western border of his emerging empire and Tokhtamysh's khanate. After having overrun <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>, Timur marched into Georgia. The official history of his reign, <i>Zafarnama</i>, represents this campaign in Georgia as a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>. Timur set out from Kars and assailed <a href="/wiki/Samtskhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtskhe">Samtskhe</a>, the southernmost principality within the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> later in 1386. <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilis</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tbilisi_(1386)" title="Siege of Tbilisi (1386)">fell</a> on 22 November 1386, its inhabitants were massacred and Bagrat fell into captivity. <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timur's</a> army spent the winter in <a href="/wiki/Karabakh" title="Karabakh">Karabakh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EncIslam_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncIslam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberation_of_Bagrat">Liberation of Bagrat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Liberation of Bagrat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To regain his freedom, Bagrat pretended to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> sent him back under surveillance of a 12,000-strong army which was to enforce <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Kingdom</a>'s conversion to Islam. Bagrat secretly informed his son George, who raised an army and destroyed the Timurid troops, freeing Bagrat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer202375_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer202375-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncIslam_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncIslam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_invasion">Second invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The death of thousands of soldiers in battle with Georgian troops led to the start of <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur’s</a> new invasion of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> in the spring of 1387. The enemy's numbers significantly outnumbered the Georgian forces hastily assembled by the prince. Timur personally led the participants in the invasion. A huge number of the country's inhabitants fled to the mountains, thanks to which large casualties were avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERakhmanalieva1992_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERakhmanalieva1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_invasion">Third invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1392-1393 <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> raided and sacked the cities of <a href="/wiki/Central_Iran" title="Central Iran">Central Iran</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, etc. In the spring of 1394, he came to southern Georgia and sent four commanders with an army of 40,000 to raid <a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a>. Timur invaded and ravaged <a href="/wiki/Meskheti" title="Meskheti">Samtskhe</a>, Kors, Kola, and <a href="/wiki/Akhaltsikhe" title="Akhaltsikhe">Akhaltsikhe</a>. The population of the Georgian territories he occupied showed fierce resistance to the invaders, which is why the latter had to leave the region after the capture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERakhmanalieva1992_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERakhmanalieva1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_invasion">Fourth invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fourth invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 13, 1394, <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> invaded with a large army from the Koli valley to the <a href="/wiki/Aragvi" title="Aragvi">Aragvi valley</a> via <a href="/wiki/Trialeti" title="Trialeti">Trialeti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kvemo_Kartli" title="Kvemo Kartli">Kvemo Kartli</a>. On the way, he destroyed everything, robbed and killed the inhabitants. Big battles took place in Aragvi valley. Timur's goal seems to have been to capture the <a href="/wiki/Darial_Gorge" title="Darial Gorge">Darial Pass</a> in order to ultimately prevent the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a> allied <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasian</a> raiders and a possible <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh" title="Tokhtamysh">Tokhtamysh</a> invasion. Every time Timur appeared in Georgia, Tokhtamysh tried to invade Eastern <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. It happened this time as well. Timur was unable to capture Darial due to the great resistance of the mountaineers. He was forced to come down from the mountain and go to <a href="/wiki/Shaki,_Azerbaijan" title="Shaki, Azerbaijan">Shaki</a> through <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>. At that time, Timur learned that Tokhtamysh would invade <a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a> through <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a> and ravage the place. Timur quickly moved in this direction, but avoided the battle and turned back again. His army encamped on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)" title="Kura (South Caucasus river)">Mtkvari</a>, near Mahmud Abad, and began preparations for a great campaign against Tokhtamish. It became clear to Timur that he could not subdue Caucasus, including Georgia, if he did not defeat Tokhtamysh.<sup id="cite_ref-EncIslam_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncIslam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_invasion">Fifth invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fifth invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the winter of 1399,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> breached the borders of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> with 100,000 specially chosen soldiers, under Timur, and <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_I_of_Shirvan" title="Ibrahim I of Shirvan">Ibrahim I of Shirvan</a>. They then crossed <a href="/wiki/Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)" title="Kura (South Caucasus river)">Kura river</a> on a patoon bridge, and hacked the path with machetes to avoid Georgian sentries. They caught <a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Hereti</a> by surprise before they could flee, and hide their property. A Georgian general Khimisha delayed the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a> by tactical evasion, and those who were forewarned escaped to the caves and forests. Timur's forces looted and burned <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>. They slaughtered civilians in their hiding places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012148_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012148-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tens of thousands were pressed into slavery or were massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixth_invasions">Sixth invasions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sixth invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the spring of 1400, <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> moved back to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> once and for all. He demanded that <a href="/wiki/George_VII_of_Georgia" title="George VII of Georgia">George VII</a> should hand over the <a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid</a> Tahir but George VII refused and met Timur at the Sagim River in <a href="/wiki/Kvemo_Kartli" title="Kvemo Kartli">Kvemo Kartli</a>, but suffered a defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, of those who survived the fighting and reprisals, many thousands died of hunger and disease, and 60,000 survivors were enslaved and carried away by Timur's troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Islam_Conquests_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_Conquests-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh_invasion">Seventh invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Seventh invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the departure of <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a>, King <a href="/wiki/George_VII_of_Georgia" title="George VII of Georgia">George</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Georgia_(country)" title="Eastern Georgia (country)">Eastern Georgia</a> and began to organize domestic affairs. King George and Virshel, <a href="/wiki/Eristavi" title="Eristavi">Duke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ksani" title="Duchy of Ksani">Ksani</a> raided and punished the <a href="/wiki/Dvals" title="Dvals">Dvals</a>, who took advantage of Timur's invasion and raided and looted the <a href="/wiki/Ksani" title="Ksani">Ksani valley</a>. </p><p>In 1401, Timur came to the borders of Georgia from the east and camped in <a href="/wiki/Shamkir_(city)" title="Shamkir (city)">Shamkor</a>. </p><p>In late 1401, Timur invaded the Georgia once again.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George VII had to sue for peace, and sent his brother with the contributions. Timur <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Shamkor" title="Truce of Shamkor">made peace with George VII</a> on condition that the King of Georgia supplied him troops during <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">his campaign against Ottoman Empire</a> and granted the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> special privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring, Timur's army left for the Ottomans. On the way, he came to the <a href="/wiki/Tortum" title="Tortum">Tortumi</a> fortress, in which about 200 <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> soldiers were fortified, capture it and destroyed it after a five-day battle, and cut off the soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-EncIslam_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncIslam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eighth_invasion">Eighth invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eighth invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once the Ottomans were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">defeated</a>, Timur, back in <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> in 1402, decided to punish the king of Georgia for not having come to present his congratulations on his victory. George VII's brother, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Georgia" title="Constantine I of Georgia">Constantine</a>, who was then on bad terms with his brother, arrived with gifts, as did the king's defiant vassal Iwane Jaqeli, prince of Samtskhe. Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_I_of_Shirvan" title="Ibrahim I of Shirvan">Ibrahim I of Shirvan</a> went to estimate the revenues and expenses of Georgia. George sent new presents but Timur refused them and summoned George to appear in person. In the meantime, he himself laid siege to the previously impregnable fortress of <a href="/wiki/Birtvisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Birtvisi">Birtvisi</a>, defended by a tiny Georgian garrison. Having captured the fortress in August 1403, Timur sent his army to plunder and clear the frontier regions of Georgia and set out in pursuit of the retreating king George VII as far as <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>. Timur's historian reports that 700 towns were destroyed and their inhabitants massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-EncIslam_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncIslam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Timur only stopped his army when the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">mufti</a> decided it was possible to grant the king of Georgia clemency (<i>aman</i>). George VII had to pay a huge tribute, including 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Tanka_(currency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanka (currency)">tankas</a> of gold struck in the name of Timur, 1,000 horses, and a ruby weighing 18 <a href="/wiki/Mithkal" title="Mithkal">mithkals</a>, and in exchange Timur would recognize Georgia as a Christian kingdom and the kingdom could retain its independence. Timur then passed through Tbilisi, destroying all monasteries and churches on his way, and went to <a href="/wiki/Beylagan_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beylagan (town)">Beylagan</a> early in 1404. All the territories from Beylagan to <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a> were officially given by Timur as an appanage to his grandson <a href="/wiki/Khalil_Sultan" title="Khalil Sultan">Khalil Mirza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EncIslam_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncIslam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timur then finally left the Caucasus and headed for <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, where he died on February 19, 1405, while preparing for a massive invasion of China.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georgia became <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary</a> to the Timurids, Georgia was allowed to retain its independence and remain as a Christian kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Suny_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncIslam_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncIslam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="George's_campaign_against_the_Timurids"><span id="George.27s_campaign_against_the_Timurids"></span>George's campaign against the Timurids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: George's campaign against the Timurids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Timur then finally left the Caucasus and headed for <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, where he died on February 19, 1405, while preparing for a massive invasion of China.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And the subsequent power struggles among his heirs, Timur's empire became fragmented as <a href="/wiki/Miran_Shah" title="Miran Shah">Miran Shah</a> and his sons struggled over control of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. In the midst of this chaos, George VII, who had returned from <a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a>, engaged in battles to regain lost territories. He conquered <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a> while also causing destruction in places like <a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>. Despite commanding an army of merely 5,000 men, George succeeded in expanding Georgia's borders temporarily to their former extent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012152_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012152-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_conquests_and_invasions" title="Timurid conquests and invasions">Timurid conquests and invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timur%27s_South_Georgia_Campaign" title="Timur's South Georgia Campaign">Timur's fifth invasion of Georgia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EncIslam-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncIslam_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncIslam_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncIslam_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncIslam_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncIslam_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncIslam_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncIslam_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncIslam_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Minorsky" title="Vladimir Minorsky">Minorsky, Vladimir</a>, "Tiflis", in: M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel (1993), <i>E. J. Brill's First <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, 1913–1936</i>, p. 757. Brill, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4">90-04-08265-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suny-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suny_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suny_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (1994), <i>The Making of the Georgian Nation</i>, p. 45. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3">0-253-20915-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer202375-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer202375_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumer2023">Baumer 2023</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERakhmanalieva1992-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERakhmanalieva1992_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERakhmanalieva1992_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRakhmanalieva1992">Rakhmanalieva 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Mikaberidze Historical dictionary of Georgia p.21 second edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012148-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012148_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield2012">Rayfield 2012</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mirza Muhammad Haidar. <i>The Tarikh-i-Rashidi (A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia)</i>. Traduit per Edward Denison Ross, editat per N. Elias. Londres, 1895.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islam_Conquests-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Islam_Conquests_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Minorsky" title="Vladimir Minorsky">Minorsky, Vladimir</a>, "Tiflis", in: M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel (1993), <i>E. J. Brill's First <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, 1913–1936</i>, p. 757. Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4">90-04-08265-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatrice Forbes Manz, <i>The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane.</i> Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63384-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63384-2">0-521-63384-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sicker, Martin (2000), <i>The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to Siege of Vienna</i>, p. 155. Praeger, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96892-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96892-8">0-275-96892-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grousset, René (1970), The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, pp. 433–4. Rutgers University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9">0-8135-1304-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsai2002" class="citation book cs1">Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (2002). <i>Perpetual Happiness: the Ming Emperor Yongle</i>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295981246" title="Special:BookSources/978-0295981246"><bdi>978-0295981246</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/870409962">870409962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perpetual+Happiness%3A+the+Ming+Emperor+Yongle&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F870409962&rft.isbn=978-0295981246&rft.aulast=Tsai&rft.aufirst=Shih-Shan+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimurid+invasions+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012152-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012152_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield2012">Rayfield 2012</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2023" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (2023). <i>History of the Caucasus</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780755636303" title="Special:BookSources/9780755636303"><bdi>9780755636303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Caucasus&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780755636303&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimurid+invasions+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedrosian1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bedrosian, Robert (1997). "Armenian during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.). <i>The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times</i>. Vol. I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. St. Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenian+during+the+Seljuk+and+Mongol+Periods&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+From+Ancient+to+Modern+Times&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bedrosian&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimurid+invasions+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2012" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2012). <i>Edge of Empires, a History of Georgia</i>. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-070-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-070-2"><bdi>978-1-78023-070-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%2C+a+History+of+Georgia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-070-2&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimurid+invasions+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakhmanalieva1992" class="citation book cs1">Rakhmanalieva (1992). <i>Тамерлан. Эпоха. Личность. Деяния</i>. Москва: Гураш.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD.+%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0.+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.+%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Rakhmanalieva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimurid+invasions+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Invasions_of_Georgia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ccccff"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Invasions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template:Invasions of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Invasions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template talk:Invasions of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Invasions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Invasions of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Invasions_of_Georgia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Invasions of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scytho-Cimmerian_invasions_of_Caucasus_and_the_Ancient_Near_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scytho-Cimmerian invasions of Caucasus and the Ancient Near East (page does not exist)">Scytho-Cimmerian invasions of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_campaign_of_Pompey" title="Caucasian campaign of Pompey">Georgian campaign of Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Sasanian invasion of 526–532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Sasanian invasion of 541–562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Perso-Turkic_War#Siege_of_Tbilisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Perso-Turkic War">Turkic-Byzantine invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Umayyad invasion of Georgia">Umayyad invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Sajid invasion of Georgia">Sajid invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_Invasion" title="Great Turkish Invasion">Great Turkish Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azat_Mousa%27s_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Azat Mousa's invasion of Georgia">Azat Mousa's invasion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timurid invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkoman invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shah_Tahmasp_I%27s_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shah Tahmasp I's invasions of Georgia (page does not exist)">Shah Tahmasp I's invasions of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Mustafa_Pasha%27s_Caucasian_campaign" title="Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign">Ottoman invasion of 1578</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's sack of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russian intervention of 2008</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template talk:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Seljuk wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timur's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkmen incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">1795 Persian Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Absorption by the Russian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Independent_Georgia" title="History of Georgia (country)">Independent Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Names of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of battles involving Georgia (country)">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Timeline of Georgian history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Georgia" title="Template:Borders of Georgia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of birds of Georgia (country)">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)#Climate" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Georgia" title="List of earthquakes in Georgia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_Georgia" title="Glaciers of Georgia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of lakes of Georgia (country)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of mammals of Georgia (country)">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Georgia" title="National parks of Georgia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of protected areas of Georgia (country)">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Georgia" title="List of volcanoes in Georgia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Geography of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Regions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Subdivisions of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian-occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Georgia" title="Foreign relations of Georgia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia" title="Human rights in Georgia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" title="LGBTQ rights in Georgia (country)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_of_Georgia" title="Defence Forces of Georgia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of political parties in Georgia (country)">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Agriculture in Georgia (country)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of companies of Georgia (country)">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Lari (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mining in Georgia (country)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Stock_Exchange" title="Georgian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Tourism in Georgia (country)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Transport</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Economy of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia" title="Architecture of Georgia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">Chokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Georgia" title="Gambling in Georgia">Gambling</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mass media in Georgia (country)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Georgia" title="Public holidays in Georgia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Sport in Georgia (country)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Georgia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Georgia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Culture of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgians" title="List of Georgians">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Healthcare in Georgia (country)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Demographics of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tavisupleba" title="Tavisupleba">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_cross" title="Bolnisi cross">Bolnisi cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Borjgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia" title="Coat of arms of Georgia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_ertobashia" title="Dzala ertobashia">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Outline of Georgia (country)">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Georgia (country)">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(country)" title="Portal:Georgia (country)">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&oldid=1258868857">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia&oldid=1258868857</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Georgia">Wars involving the Kingdom of Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invasions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Invasions of Georgia (country)">Invasions of Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invasions_by_the_Mongol_Empire" 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