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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Life and reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_and_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Book_of_Jeremiah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Book_of_Jeremiah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In the Book of Jeremiah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Book_of_Jeremiah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronological_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronological_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chronological dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronological_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_Mormon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Mormon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Book of Mormon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Mormon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogical_note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogical_note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Genealogical note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogical_note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedekia" title="Sedekia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sedekia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="صدقيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صدقيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="صادقیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="صادقیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Седэкія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Седэкія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedekias" title="Zedekias – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zedekias" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedecies" title="Sedecies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sedecies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidkij%C3%A1%C5%A1" title="Sidkijáš – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sidkijáš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedekia" title="Zedekia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zedekia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Σεδεκίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεδεκίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedec%C3%ADas_de_Jud%C3%A1" title="Sedecías de Judá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sedecías de Judá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedekias" title="Sedekias – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sedekias" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="صدقیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صدقیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9d%C3%A9cias" title="Sédécias – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sédécias" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedek%C3%ADa_fan_Juda" title="Sedekía fan Juda – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sedekía fan Juda" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AE-t%C3%AD-k%C3%A2-v%C3%B2ng" title="Sî-tí-kâ-vòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sî-tí-kâ-vòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%93%9C%ED%82%A4%EC%95%BC" title="시드키야 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시드키야" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սեդեկիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեդեկիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedekia" title="Zedekia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zedekia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedecia" title="Sedecia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sedecia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95" title="צדקיהו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צדקיהו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedekia" title="Sedekia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sedekia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidkija_j%C3%BAdai_kir%C3%A1ly" title="Cidkija júdai király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cidkija júdai király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedekia" title="Zedekia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zedekia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="صدقيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صدقيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedekia" title="Sedekia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sedekia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A4_(%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E7%8E%8B)" title="ゼデキヤ (ユダ王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゼデキヤ (ユダ王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidkia_av_Juda" title="Sidkia av Juda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sidkia av Juda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedecjasz" title="Sedecjasz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sedecjasz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedequias" title="Zedequias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zedequias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Седекия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Седекия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81" title="صدقیاہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="صدقیاہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Седекија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Седекија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedekija" title="Zedekija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zedekija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidkia" title="Sidkia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sidkia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidkia" title="Sidkia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sidkia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedekias" title="Zedekias – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Zedekias" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="เศเดคียาห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เศเดคียาห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1dkiya" title="Sıdkiya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sıdkiya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Седекія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Седекія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81" title="صدقیاہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صدقیاہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95" title="צדקיהו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צדקיהו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BA%95%E5%AE%B6" title="西底家 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西底家" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BA%95%E5%AE%B6" title="西底家 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西底家" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184273#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Zedekiah" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Biblical figure; last monarch of the Kingdom of Judah</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the High Priest of Solomon's Temple, see <a href="/wiki/Zedekiah_(High_Priest)" title="Zedekiah (High Priest)">Zedekiah (High Priest)</a>. For the given name, see <a href="/wiki/Zedekiah_(name)" title="Zedekiah (name)">Zedekiah (name)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Zedekiah</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zedekiah.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Zedekiah.png/220px-Zedekiah.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Zedekiah.png/330px-Zedekiah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Zedekiah.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="388" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Zedekiah from <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Rouillé">Guillaume Rouillé</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Promptuarium_Iconum_Insigniorum" title="Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum">Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum</a></i>, 1553</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">King of Judah</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">597–586 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jehoiachin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Monarchy abolished</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Mattaniah<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 618 BC<br /><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">After 586 BC<br /><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Hamutal</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Zedekiah</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) was the twentieth and final <a href="/wiki/King_of_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Judah">King of Judah</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">destruction of Jerusalem</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylon</a>. His birth name was <b>Mattaniah/Mattanyahu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מַתַּנְיָהוּ</span>, <i>Mattanyāhū</i>, "Gift of <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">God</a>"; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Μαθθανίας</span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Matthanias</i>). </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">siege of Jerusalem</a> in 597 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II deposed king <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a> and installed his uncle Mattanyahu instead, changing his name to Zedekiah (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2024:17">2 Kings 24:17</a>). The prophet <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> was his counselor, yet he did not heed the prophet and his epitaph is "he did evil in the sight of the Lord" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2024:19–20">2 Kings 24:19–20</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2052:2–3">Jeremiah 52:2–3</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a> dates the start of Zedekiah's reign to 598 BC, while <a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._Thiele" title="Edwin R. Thiele">Edwin R. Thiele</a> gives the start in 597 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiele_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiele-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that reckoning, Zedekiah was born in c. 617 BC or 618 BC, being twenty-one on becoming king. Zedekiah's reign ended with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">siege and fall of Jerusalem</a> to Nebuchadnezzar II, which has been dated to 587 or 586 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Young2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zedekiah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> in 612 BC at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nineveh_(612_BC)" title="Battle of Nineveh (612 BC)">Battle of Nineveh</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> caused upheavals that led to the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>. Egypt, concerned about the new threat posed by the Babylonians, moved northward to support Assyria. It set on the march in 608 BC, moving through Judah. King <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> attempted to block the Egyptian forces and fell mortally wounded in battle at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(609_BC)" title="Battle of Megiddo (609 BC)">Megiddo</a>. Josiah's younger son <a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a> was chosen to succeed his father on the throne. Three months later the Egyptian pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a>, returning from the north, deposed Jehoahaz in favor of his older brother, <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a>. Jehoahaz was taken back to Egypt as a captive.<sup id="cite_ref-bakon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Babylonians defeated the Egyptians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carchemish" title="Battle of Carchemish">Battle of Carchemish</a> in 605 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II besieged Jerusalem. Jehoiakim changed allegiances to avoid the destruction of Jerusalem. He paid tribute from the treasury, some artifacts from <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">the temple</a>, and some of the royal family and nobility were taken as hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent failure of the Babylonian invasion into Egypt undermined Babylonian control of the area, and after three years, Jehoiakim switched allegiance back to the Egyptians and ceased paying the tribute to Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, Nebuchadnezzar II <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">invaded Judah again</a> in 599 BC, and again laid siege to Jerusalem. In 598 BC, Jehoiakim died during the siege and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a> (also known as Jehoiachin). Jerusalem fell within three months. Jeconiah was deposed by Nebuchadnezzar, who installed Zedekiah, Jeconiah's uncle, in his place.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_reign">Life and reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zedekiah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life and reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_Zwiefalten_M%C3%BCnster_Nebuchadnezzer_and_Zedekiah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Germany_Zwiefalten_M%C3%BCnster_Nebuchadnezzer_and_Zedekiah.jpg/200px-Germany_Zwiefalten_M%C3%BCnster_Nebuchadnezzer_and_Zedekiah.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Germany_Zwiefalten_M%C3%BCnster_Nebuchadnezzer_and_Zedekiah.jpg/300px-Germany_Zwiefalten_M%C3%BCnster_Nebuchadnezzer_and_Zedekiah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Germany_Zwiefalten_M%C3%BCnster_Nebuchadnezzer_and_Zedekiah.jpg/400px-Germany_Zwiefalten_M%C3%BCnster_Nebuchadnezzer_and_Zedekiah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadrezzar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadrezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar</a> confronts Zedekiah, who holds a plan of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, in this <a href="/wiki/Baroque_sculpture" title="Baroque sculpture">Baroque</a>-era depiction in <a href="/wiki/Zwiefalten_Abbey" title="Zwiefalten Abbey">Zwiefalten Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure><p> According to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, Zedekiah was twenty-one years old when he was made king of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar II in 597 BC. This is in agreement with a <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian chronicle</a>, which states,</p><blockquote><p>The seventh year: In the month Kislev the king of Akkad mustered his army and marched to Hattu. He encamped against the city of Judah and on the second day of the month Adar he captured the city [and] seized [its] king. A king of his own choice he appointed in the city [and] taking the vast tribute he brought it into Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The kingdom was at that time a tributary to Nebuchadnezzar II. Despite the strong remonstrances of <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a> and other family and advisors—and ignoring the example of his older brother <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a>—Zedekiah entered into an alliance with Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Hophra</a> of Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">revolted against Babylon</a>. Nebuchadnezzar responded by invading Judah (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#1">2 Kings 25:1</a>). Nebuchadnezzar began a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">siege of Jerusalem</a> in December 589 BC. During this siege "every worst woe befell the city, which drank the cup of God's fury to the dregs" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#3">2 Kings 25:3</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3204.htm#4">Lamentations 4:4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3205.htm#1">5</a>). </p><p>After laying siege to the city for about thirty months, Nebuchadnezzar finally succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 586 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zedekiah and his followers attempted to escape, making their way out of the city, but were captured on the <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">plains of Jericho</a> and taken to <a href="/wiki/Riblah" title="Riblah">Riblah</a>. There, Zedekiah saw his sons put to death. Then his <a href="/wiki/Eye-gouging" title="Eye-gouging">eyes were put out</a> and he was loaded with chains and carried captive to Babylon (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#1">2 Kings 25:1–7</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1132.htm#4">Jeremiah 32:4–5</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1134.htm#2">34:2–3</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1139.htm#1">39:1–7</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1152.htm#4">52:4–11</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1212.htm#13">Ezekiel 12:13</a>), where he remained a prisoner until he died. </p><p>After the fall of Jerusalem, Nebuchadnezzar sent <a href="/wiki/Nebuzaradan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuzaradan">Nebuzaradan</a> to destroy the city. It was plundered and razed to the ground, and <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> was destroyed. Only a small number of vinedressers and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">husbandmen</a> were permitted to remain in the land (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1152.htm#16">Jeremiah 52:16</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Book_of_Jeremiah">In the Book of Jeremiah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zedekiah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the Book of Jeremiah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zedekiah's first appearance in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_21" title="Jeremiah 21">Jeremiah 21</a>, where he sends Pashhur, the son of Malchiah, and the priest Zephaniah, son of Maaseiah, to the prophet <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> to ask God why Nebuchadnezzar had declared war against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>; they suspected that God was going to make Nebuchadnezzar withdraw from besieging them. Jeremiah responds to Pashhur and Zephaniah and tells them that God declares what will happen if Zedekiah does not surrender to Nebuchadnezzar — his people will die by the sword, pestilence, and famine, but if he surrenders they will survive. In <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_22" title="Jeremiah 22">Jeremiah 22</a>, Jeremiah advises Zedekiah to act with justice and righteousness and warns him what will happen if he does not obey God's word. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2021:1–9&version=nrsv">Jeremiah 21:1–9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2022:1–7&version=nrsv">22:1–7</a>) In <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_24" title="Jeremiah 24">Jeremiah 24</a>, God shows Jeremiah a vision of two baskets of figs placed before a temple, one filled with good, ripe figs, and the other filled with bad figs. God compares Zedekiah and his officials to the bad figs and states that they will be destroyed by sword, famine, and pestilence. Jeremiah had previously advised Zedekiah at the beginning of his reign to submit to <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and to not listen to false prophets like Hananiah who prophesied that he would not have to serve Babylon. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2024&version=nrsv">24</a>) </p><p>In Zedekiah's tenth year, he imprisons Jeremiah in his palace because Jeremiah had prophesied that <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> would be captured by Nebuchadnezzar. Subsequently, Jeremiah prophesies that Zedekiah will die in peace and have a traditional funeral like the kings before him, but he will be captured by Babylon. Later, Zedekiah made a covenant with his people to free all Hebrew slaves, but they were re-enslaved by their captors. God speaks through Jeremiah and notes that Zedekiah did what was right by freeing the Hebrew slaves, but he broke his own covenant by allowing them to be re-enslaved. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2034&version=nrsv">34</a>) Zedekiah sends Jehucal, the son of Shelemiah, and Zephaniah the priest to ask Jeremiah to pray for them when <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Apries</a>'s army had threatened the Babylonians enough to retreat from sieging Jerusalem. Jeremiah once again responds that the Babylonians will come back and capture the city. </p><p>Previously, when Jeremiah had been imprisoned in the house of Jonathan the secretary in suspicion that he was defecting to the Babylonians, Zedekiah secretly questioned him and asked if there was any word from God, to which Jeremiah responded that there was, that Zedekiah will be captured by Nebuchadnezzar. Jeremiah pleads that he will die if he is sent back to Jonathan's house so Zedekiah transferred him to the court of the guard and ordered that a loaf of bread be given to him daily. Zedekiah refuses his officials' pleas to execute Jeremiah for his prophecies and instead lets them do what they want with Jeremiah, that is throwing him into a cistern belonging to Zedekiah's son Malchiah. Ebed-melech, a servant, heard this and went to Zedekiah (who was at the Benjamin Gate) to tell him that Jeremiah would die if he wasn't saved from the pit. Zedekiah commanded Ebed-melech to take thirty-men to lift Jeremiah from the cistern. Jeremiah then warns Zedekiah again that he shall be spared if he obeys God and surrenders to Babylon, but if he doesn't Jerusalem will be destroyed and he will not escape from Nebuchadnezzar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zedekiah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon the fall of Jerusalem, the former Kingdom of Judah was absorbed into the Neo-Babylonian Empire and reorganized to become <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Yehud province</a>. Nebuchadnezzar transferred the administrative center from Jerusalem to <a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah</a> and appointed <a href="/wiki/Gedaliah" title="Gedaliah">Gedaliah ben Aḥikam</a> as governor of the province, under the watchful eye of a Babylonian guard (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#22">2 Kings 25:22–24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1140.htm#6">Jeremiah 40:6–8</a>). </p><p>On hearing this news, all the Jews that were in <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a> returned to Judah (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1140.htm#11">Jeremiah 40:11–12</a>). However, the subsequent assassination of Gedaliah led most of the population of Judah to flee to Egypt for safety (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#26">2 Kings 25:26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1143.htm#5">Jeremiah 43:5–7</a>) In Egypt, they settled in <a href="/wiki/Migdol" title="Migdol">Migdol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noph" title="Noph">Noph</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pathros" title="Pathros">Pathros</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1144.htm#1">Jeremiah 44:1</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronological_dispute">Chronological dispute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zedekiah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chronological dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:102.Zedekiah%27s_Sons_Are_Slaughtered_before_His_Eyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/102.Zedekiah%27s_Sons_Are_Slaughtered_before_His_Eyes.jpg/220px-102.Zedekiah%27s_Sons_Are_Slaughtered_before_His_Eyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/102.Zedekiah%27s_Sons_Are_Slaughtered_before_His_Eyes.jpg/330px-102.Zedekiah%27s_Sons_Are_Slaughtered_before_His_Eyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/102.Zedekiah%27s_Sons_Are_Slaughtered_before_His_Eyes.jpg/440px-102.Zedekiah%27s_Sons_Are_Slaughtered_before_His_Eyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2381" data-file-height="3225" /></a><figcaption>Zedekiah's sons are slaughtered before his eyes, by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</a> give 2 Adar (16 March), 597 BC, as the date that Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, Nebuchadnezzar deposed King <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a> and installed Zedekiah—Jeconiah's uncle—in his place. Zedekiah's installation as king by Nebuchadnezzar can therefore be firmly dated to the early spring of 597 BC. </p><p>Historically there has been considerable controversy over the date when Jerusalem was captured the second time and Zedekiah's reign came to an end. There is no dispute about the month: it was the summer month of Tammuz (Jeremiah 52:6). The problem has been to determine the year. It was noted above that Albright preferred 587 BC and Thiele advocated 586 BC, and this division among scholars has persisted until the present time. If Zedekiah's years are by accession counting, whereby the year he came to the throne was considered his "zero" year and his first full year in office, 597/596, was counted as year one, Zedekiah's eleventh year, the year the city fell, would be 587/586. Since Judean regnal years were measured from <a href="/wiki/Tishrei" title="Tishrei">Tishrei</a> in the fall, this would place the end of his reign and the capture of the city in the summer of 586 BC. Accession counting was the rule for most, but not all, of the kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>, whereas "non-accession" counting was the rule for most, but not all, of the kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiele_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiele-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The publication of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</a> in 1956 yielded evidence that the years of Zedekiah were measured in a non-accession sense.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to this method, 598/597 BC—the year Zedekiah was installed by Nebuchadnezzar according to Judah's Tishrei-based calendar—is considered to be "year one" of Zedekiah's reign. Therefore, the fall of Jerusalem in his eleventh year would have been in year 588/587 BC, i.e. in the summer of 587 BC. </p><p>The Babylonian Chronicles allow the fairly precise dating of the capture of <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a> and the start of Zedekiah's reign, and they also give the accession year of Nebuchadnezzar's successor <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a> (Evil Merodach) as 562/561 BC,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which was the 37th year of Jeconiah's captivity according to 2 Kings 25:27. These Babylonian records related to Jeconiah's reign are consistent with the fall of the city in 587 but not in 586, thus supporting Albright's date.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nevertheless, scholars who assume that Zedekiah's reign should be calculated by accession reckoning continue to adhere to the 586 date.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_of_Mormon">Book of Mormon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zedekiah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Book of Mormon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>, a religious text in the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>, Zedekiah had a son named <a href="/wiki/Mulek" title="Mulek">Mulek</a>, who escaped death and traveled across the ocean to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, where he founded the Mulekite nation. The Mulekites later merged with another Israelite splinter group—the <a href="/wiki/Nephites" title="Nephites">Nephites</a>—to form one nation, which retained the Nephite name.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogical_note">Genealogical note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zedekiah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genealogical note"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zedekiah (whose name at birth was Mattanyahu) was the third of <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a>'s four sons. His three brothers were <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Eliakim</a> (born c. 634 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Shallum</a> (born c. 633 BCE), and Johanan. Hamutal—the daughter of Jeremiah of <a href="/wiki/Libnah" title="Libnah">Libnah</a>—was mother to Mattanyahu and his older brother Shallum, while Zebidah—the niece of <a href="/wiki/Pedaiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedaiah">Pedaiah</a>—was mother to Eliakim.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zedekiah had multiple wives, sons, and daughters, but only one son is named in the Bible, Malchiah. </p><p>Shallum succeeded Josiah as king of Judah, under the name <a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shallum was succeeded by Eliakim, under the name <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jehoiakim was succeeded by his own son <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nebuchadnezzar II deposed Jeconiah and installed his uncle Mattanyahu on the throne, under the name Zedekiah.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zedekiah was the last king of Judah before the kingdom was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and the people <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">exiled</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_films">In films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zedekiah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Film </th> <th>Actor </th></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_(film)" title="Jeremiah (film)"><i>Jeremiah</i></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Regan" title="Vincent Regan">Vincent Regan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazing_Love:_The_Story_of_Hosea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amazing Love: The Story of Hosea (page does not exist)">Amazing Love: The Story of Hosea</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herzl_Tobey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herzl Tobey (page does not exist)">Herzl Tobey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_(miniseries)" title="The Bible (miniseries)"><i>The Bible</i></a> (Episode 5: "Survival") </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Collings_(actor)" title="Samuel Collings (actor)">Samuel Collings</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zedekiah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah%27s_Cave" title="Zedekiah's Cave">Zedekiah's Cave</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zedekiah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span style="white-space:nowrap;" lang="he" dir="rtl"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צִדְקִיָּהוּ</span></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ṣīdqīyahū</i></span></i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ṣīḏqīyyāhū</i></span></i>, "My righteousness is <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>"; <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a>: Σεδεκίας, <i>Sedekías</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Sedecias</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zedekiah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Thiele-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thiele_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiele_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Thiele, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Numbers_of_the_Hebrew_Kings" title="The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings">The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings</a></i>, (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965; 3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8254-3825-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8254-3825-X">0-8254-3825-X</a>, 9780825438257, 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Young2012_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb_Andrew_Young2012" class="citation book cs1">Robb Andrew Young (3 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=autR6tfCb7wC&pg=PA18"><i>Hezekiah in History and Tradition</i></a>. BRILL. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21608-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21608-2"><bdi>978-90-04-21608-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezekiah+in+History+and+Tradition&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012-05-03&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21608-2&rft.au=Robb+Andrew+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DautR6tfCb7wC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZedekiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bakon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bakon_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakon, Shimon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jbq.jewishbible.org/assets/Uploads/362/362_zedekiah.pdf">"Zedekiah: Last King of Judah"</a>, <i>Jewish Bible Quarterly</i>, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Hassell_Bullock2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Hassell_Bullock" title="C. Hassell Bullock">C. Hassell Bullock</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KabKHP4qZMIC&pg=PA340"><i>An Introduction to the Old Testament Prophetic Books</i></a>. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575674360" title="Special:BookSources/9781575674360"><bdi>9781575674360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament+Prophetic+Books&rft.pages=340&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781575674360&rft.au=C.+Hassell+Bullock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKabKHP4qZMIC%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZedekiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollinson2017" class="citation web cs1">Rollinson, Shirley J. (28 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drshirley.org/hist/hist05.html">"The Divided Monarchy c. 931–586 BC"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Divided+Monarchy+c.+931%E2%80%93586+BC&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft.aulast=Rollinson&rft.aufirst=Shirley+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drshirley.org%2Fhist%2Fhist05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZedekiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2 Chronicles 36:9-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i>, ed. by Michael D Coogan. Published by Oxford University Press, 1999. pg 350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingsfromanci0000unse/page/159"><i>Readings from the Ancient Near East: Primary Sources for Old Testament Study</i></a></span>. Baker Academic. September 2002. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingsfromanci0000unse/page/159">159</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801022920" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801022920"><bdi>978-0801022920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+from+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+Primary+Sources+for+Old+Testament+Study&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2002-09&rft.isbn=978-0801022920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freadingsfromanci0000unse%2Fpage%2F159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZedekiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2011" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Doug and Amy-Jill Levine (2011). <i>The Meaning of the Bible</i>. New York City: HarperOne. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062067739" title="Special:BookSources/9780062067739"><bdi>9780062067739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+the+Bible&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780062067739&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Doug+and+Amy-Jill+Levine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZedekiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. J. Wiseman, <i>Chronicles of Chaldean Kings in the British Museum</i> (London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1956) 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie McFall, "A Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles," <i>Bibliotheca Sacra</i> 148 (1991) 45.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030807124024/http://www.btinternet.com/~lmf12/TransGuide.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/Helaman#6:10" class="extiw" title="s:Book of Mormon (1981)/Helaman">Helaman 6:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/Helaman#8:21" class="extiw" title="s:Book of Mormon (1981)/Helaman">Helaman 8:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%203:15">1 Chronicles 3:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2023:36">2 Kings 23:36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2024:18">24:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2023:31">23:31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%203:15">1 Chronicles 3:15</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2022:11">Jeremiah 22:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Chronicles%2036:4">2 Chronicles 36:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2023:34">2 Kings 23:34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Chronicles%2036:8">2 Chronicles 36:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2024:17">2 Kings 24:17</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Zedekiah </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jehoiachin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah#The_Kings_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">King of Judah</a> </b><br />597–587 or 586 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a> conquered by<br /><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Leader of the House of David</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shealtiel" title="Shealtiel">Shealtiel</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Israel_and_Judah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Template:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Template talk:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Israel_and_Judah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">Kings of Israel and Judah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">Kings of Judah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel<br />(united monarchy)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel<br />(northern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadab_of_Israel" title="Nadab of Israel">Nadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baasha_of_Israel" title="Baasha of Israel">Baasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elah_(king)" title="Elah (king)">Elah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimri_(king)" title="Zimri (king)">Zimri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibni" title="Tibni">Tibni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omri" title="Omri">Omri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Israel" title="Ahaziah of Israel">Ahaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Israel" title="Jehoram of Israel">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Israel" title="Jehoahaz of Israel">Jehoahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Israel" title="Jehoash of Israel">Jehoash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam_II" title="Jeroboam II">Jeroboam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_of_Israel" title="Zechariah of Israel">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallum_of_Israel" title="Shallum of Israel">Shallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem" title="Menahem">Menahem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekahiah" title="Pekahiah">Pekahiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekah" title="Pekah">Pekah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshea" title="Hoshea">Hoshea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah<br />(southern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abijah_of_Judah" title="Abijah of Judah">Abijam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_of_Judah" title="Asa of Judah">Asa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat" title="Jehoshaphat">Jehoshaphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah" title="Jehoram of Judah">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Judah" title="Ahaziah of Judah">Ahaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athaliah" title="Athaliah">Athaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah" title="Jehoash of Judah">Jehoash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaziah_of_Judah" title="Amaziah of Judah">Amaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzziah" title="Uzziah">Uzziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jotham" title="Jotham">Jotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zedekiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Judea<br />(Hasmonean dynasty)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Jewish leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184273#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184273#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37709729">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/21136712">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1859751/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118636308">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85307165">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007519119405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118636308.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118636308">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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