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Hipatia - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Riwayat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riwayat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Riwayat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Riwayat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Riwayat</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Riwayat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keluarga_dan_tahun_kelahiran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keluarga_dan_tahun_kelahiran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Keluarga dan tahun kelahiran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keluarga_dan_tahun_kelahiran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Karier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kematian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kematian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kematian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kematian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Kematian</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kematian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latar_belakang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latar_belakang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Latar belakang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latar_belakang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembunuhan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembunuhan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pembunuhan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembunuhan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dampak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dampak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dampak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dampak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Karya</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Karya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Karya</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Karya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Menyunting_Almagest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menyunting_Almagest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Menyunting <i>Almagest</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menyunting_Almagest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tulisan-tulisan_sendiri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tulisan-tulisan_sendiri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tulisan-tulisan sendiri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tulisan-tulisan_sendiri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitos_penemuan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitos_penemuan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mitos penemuan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitos_penemuan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tinggalan_sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tinggalan_sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tinggalan sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tinggalan_sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Tinggalan sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tinggalan_sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zaman_Kuno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_Kuno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Zaman Kuno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_Kuno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abad_Pertengahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abad_Pertengahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Abad Pertengahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abad_Pertengahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaman_modern_awal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_modern_awal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Zaman modern awal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_modern_awal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abad_ke-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abad_ke-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Abad ke-19</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abad_ke-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abad_ke-20" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abad_ke-20"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Abad ke-20</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abad_ke-20-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abad_ke-21" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abad_ke-21"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Abad ke-21</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abad_ke-21-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan_penjelas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_penjelas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Catatan penjelas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_penjelas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Daftar pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bacaan lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hipatia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 94 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="هيباتيا – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيباتيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="هيباتيا – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيباتيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipatia" title="Hipatia – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hipatia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipatiya" title="Hipatiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hipatiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Гіпація Александрыйская – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гіпація Александрыйская" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Гіпатыя Александрыйская – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гіпатыя Александрыйская" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хипатия – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хипатия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="হাইপেশিয়া – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাইপেশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%A0cia" title="Hipàcia – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hipàcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ھیپاتیا – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیپاتیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia_z_Alexandrie" title="Hypatia z Alexandrie – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hypatia z Alexandrie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гипати – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гипати" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia_af_Alexandria" title="Hypatia af Alexandria – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hypatia af Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Υπατία – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipatia" title="Hipatia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hipatia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipatia" title="Hipatia – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hipatia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipatia_Alexandriakoa" title="Hipatia Alexandriakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hipatia Alexandriakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipatia" title="Hipatia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Hipatia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="هیپاتیا – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیپاتیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia_Aleksandrialainen" title="Hypatia Aleksandrialainen – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hypatia Aleksandrialainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatie" title="Hypatie – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hypatie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipatia" title="Hipatia – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hipatia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94" title="היפאטיה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היפאטיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="हाईपेशिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाईपेशिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipatija" title="Hipatija – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hipatija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandriai_H%C3%BCpatia" title="Alexandriai Hüpatia – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alexandriai Hüpatia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հիպատիա – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիպատիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հիփաթիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հիփաթիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia_de_Alexandria" title="Hypatia de Alexandria – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hypatia de Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BDpat%C3%ADa" title="Hýpatía – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hýpatía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipazia" title="Ipazia – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ipazia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%A5%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="ヒュパティア – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒュパティア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჰიპატია – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიპატია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гипатия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гипатия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%ED%8C%8C%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%84" title="히파티아 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히파티아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEpat%C3%AEa" title="Hîpatîa – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hîpatîa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гипатия – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гипатия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipatija" title="Hipatija – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hipatija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipatija" title="Hipatija – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hipatija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatie" title="Hypatie – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hypatie" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хипатија – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хипатија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ഹൈപ്പേഷിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈപ്പേഷിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%A1tia" title="Hipátia – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Hipátia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अलेक्जेन्ड्रीयायाम्ह हेपाटिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अलेक्जेन्ड्रीयायाम्ह हेपाटिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia_av_Alexandria" title="Hypatia av Alexandria – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hypatia av Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਹਾਈਪੇਸ਼ਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਈਪੇਸ਼ਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia_z_Aleksandrii" title="Hypatia z Aleksandrii – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hypatia z Aleksandrii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipassia_%C3%ABd_Lissandria" title="Ipassia ëd Lissandria – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ipassia ëd Lissandria" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ہائیپیشیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہائیپیشیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="هیپاتیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هیپاتیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%A1tia" title="Hipátia – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hipátia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia_din_Alexandria" title="Hypatia din Alexandria – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hypatia din Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гипатия – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Гипатия" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гипатия – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гипатия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ip%C3%A0zzia" title="Ipàzzia – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ipàzzia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipatija" title="Hipatija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hipatija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="හයිපේෂියා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හයිපේෂියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipatija" title="Hipatija – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hipatija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipatia" title="Hipatia – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hipatia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хипатија – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хипатија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipatia_wa_Aleksandria" title="Hipatia wa Aleksandria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hipatia wa Aleksandria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatyjo_ze_Aleksandryje" title="Hypatyjo ze Aleksandryje – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hypatyjo ze Aleksandryje" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="கைப்பேசியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கைப்பேசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%91" title="Ҳипотиё – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳипотиё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ไฮพาเทีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฮพาเทีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipatia" title="Hipatia – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hipatia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гіпатія – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіпатія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ہائپیشیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہائپیشیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipatiya" title="Gipatiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gipatiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%90%E5%A8%85" title="希帕提娅 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希帕提娅" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჰიპატია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰიპატია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%AD" title="希帕提婭 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希帕提婭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hypatia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E" title="希帕提亞 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="希帕提亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11903#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hipatia" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Hipatia" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" 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Anda hanya dapat melihat sumbernya. [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Lihat sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipatia&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hipatia"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipatia&action=edit"><span>Lihat sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipatia&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Hipatia" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Hipatia" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipatia&oldid=26324514" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipatia&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Hipatia&id=26324514&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHipatia"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHipatia"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Hipatia"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hipatia&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipatia&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hypatia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11903" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav 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Sebagai catatan, tidak ada gambar Hipatia dari zaman kuno, dan lukisan ini merupakan hasil imajinasi senimannya.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lahir</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em">Antara tahun 350–370 M<br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandria" title="Aleksandria">Aleksandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesir_(provinsi_Romawi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesir (provinsi Romawi)">Mesir Romawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur">Kekaisaran Romawi Timur</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meninggal</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em">Maret 415 M (umur 44–65)<br /><span class="deathplace">Aleksandria, Provinsi Mesir, <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur">Kekaisaran Romawi Timur</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Filsafat_kuno" title="Filsafat kuno">Filsafat kuno</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kawasan</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Barat" title="Filsafat Barat">Filsafat Barat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_aliran_filsafat" title="Daftar aliran filsafat">Aliran</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonisme" title="Neoplatonisme">Neoplatonisme</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Minat utama</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">Matematika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">Astronomi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Dipengaruhi</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plotinos" title="Plotinos">Plotinos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theon_dari_Aleksandria" title="Theon dari Aleksandria">Theon dari Aleksandria</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Memengaruhi</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaskios" title="Damaskios">Damaskios</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sinesios_dari_Kirene" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinesios dari Kirene">Sinesios dari Kirene</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hipatia</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (lahir antara <a href="/wiki/350" title="350">350</a> dan <a href="/wiki/370" title="370">370</a>; meninggal tahun <a href="/wiki/415" title="415">415</a>) adalah seorang filsuf, astronom, dan matematikawan <a href="/wiki/Helenisme" title="Helenisme">Helenistik</a> yang tinggal di kota <a href="/wiki/Aleksandria" title="Aleksandria">Aleksandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesir_(provinsi_Romawi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesir (provinsi Romawi)">Mesir</a>, yang pada masa itu merupakan bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur">Kekaisaran Romawi Timur</a>. Ia merupakan filsuf aliran <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonisme" title="Neoplatonisme">neoplatonisme</a> di Aleksandria, tempat ia mengajar ilmu filsafat dan astronomi. Ia adalah matematikawan wanita pertama dengan keterangan sejarah yang cukup mudah untuk ditemui. Hipatia dikenal pada masanya sebagai seorang guru besar dan penasihat yang bijaksana. Ia pernah menulis sebuah ulasan untuk <i>Aritmetika</i> karya <a href="/wiki/Diofantos" class="mw-redirect" title="Diofantos">Diofantos</a> yang terdiri atas tiga belas jilid, dan ulasan ini telah disisipkan ke dalam naskah aslinya. Ia juga pernah membuat ulasan untuk risalah <a href="/wiki/Apolonios_dari_Perga" class="mw-redirect" title="Apolonios dari Perga">Apolonios dari Perga</a> mengenai <a href="/wiki/Irisan_kerucut" title="Irisan kerucut">irisan kerucut</a>, tetapi ulasan ini sudah hilang ditelan zaman. Banyak ahli modern yang meyakini bahwa Hipatia mungkin pernah menyunting naskah <i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" class="mw-redirect" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i> karya <a href="/wiki/Klaudius_Ptolemeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Klaudius Ptolemeus">Ptolemaios</a> berdasarkan judul ulasan buatan ayahnya, <a href="/wiki/Theon_dari_Aleksandria" title="Theon dari Aleksandria">Theon</a>, untuk Buku III <i>Almagest</i>. </p><p>Hipatia dikenal karena pernah membuat <a href="/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab">astrolab</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hidrometer" title="Hidrometer">hidrometer</a>, tetapi ia bukanlah penemu kedua alat ini, dan alat-alat ini sendiri sudah digunakan jauh sebelum ia lahir. Walaupun Hipatia adalah seorang <a href="/wiki/Agama_Helenistik" title="Agama Helenistik">pagan</a>, ia toleran terhadap orang-orang Kristen dan memiliki banyak murid Kristen, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Sinesios" title="Sinesios">Sinesios</a> yang kelak akan menjadi Uskup <a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Kirenaika" title="Ptolemais, Kirenaika">Ptolemais</a>. Sumber-sumber kuno mencatat bahwa Hipatia disukai oleh orang pagan maupun Kristen, dan ia sangat berpengaruh di kalangan elit politik Aleksandria. Menjelang akhir hayatnya, Hipatia menasihati <a href="/wiki/Orestes_(prefek)" title="Orestes (prefek)">Orestes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prefek_Romawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefek Romawi">prefek Romawi</a> di Aleksandria yang saat itu tengah bersaing secara politik dengan <a href="/wiki/Patriark_Aleksandria" title="Patriark Aleksandria">Uskup Aleksandria</a> <a href="/wiki/Sirilus_dari_Aleksandria" title="Sirilus dari Aleksandria">Kirilos</a>. Muncul desas desus bahwa Hipatia adalah orang yang membuat Orestes tidak bisa rukun dengan Kirilos, dan pada Maret 415, Hipatia dibunuh oleh gerombolan Kristen yang dipimpin oleh seorang <a href="/wiki/Lektor" title="Lektor">lektor</a> yang bernama Petros. </p><p>Pembunuhan Hipatia mengguncang kekaisaran dan menjadikannya seorang "<a href="/wiki/Martir" title="Martir">martir</a> filsafat", sehingga tokoh-tokoh neoplatonis sesudahnya (seperti <a href="/wiki/Damaskios" title="Damaskios">Damaskios</a>) menjadi semakin ganas dalam mengkritik agama Kristen. Pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_Pertengahan" title="Abad Pertengahan">Abad Pertengahan</a>, Hipatia dijadikan simbol kebajikan Kristen, dan para ahli meyakini bahwa legenda Santa <a href="/wiki/Katarina_dari_Aleksandria" title="Katarina dari Aleksandria">Katarina dari Aleksandria</a> dilandaskan pada kisah Hipatia. Pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_Pencerahan" title="Abad Pencerahan">Abad Pencerahan</a>, Hipatia menjadi simbol perlawanan terhadap <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Katolik" class="mw-redirect" title="Gereja Katolik">agama Katolik</a>. Pada abad ke-19, karya-karya sastra Eropa (khususnya novel <i><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_(novel)" title="Hypatia (novel)">Hypatia</a></i> karya <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a> dari tahun 1853) <a href="/wiki/Romantisisme" title="Romantisisme">meromantisasi</a> Hipatia sebagai "orang <a href="/wiki/Helenisme" title="Helenisme">Helen</a> terakhir". Pada abad ke-20, Hipatia juga menjadi simbol dalam pergerakan <a href="/wiki/Hak_wanita" class="mw-redirect" title="Hak wanita">hak wanita</a>. Semenjak akhir abad ke-20, mulai muncul penggambaran yang mengait-ngaitkan kematian Hipatia dengan kehancuran <a href="/wiki/Perpustakaan_Aleksandria" title="Perpustakaan Aleksandria">Perpustakaan Aleksandria</a>, meskipun faktanya perpustakaan itu sudah tidak lagi ada pada masa kehidupan filsuf wanita tersebut. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Riwayat">Riwayat</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keluarga_dan_tahun_kelahiran">Keluarga dan tahun kelahiran</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Euclid_Vat_ms_no_190_I_prop_47.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Euclid_Vat_ms_no_190_I_prop_47.jpg/330px-Euclid_Vat_ms_no_190_I_prop_47.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Euclid_Vat_ms_no_190_I_prop_47.jpg/495px-Euclid_Vat_ms_no_190_I_prop_47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Euclid_Vat_ms_no_190_I_prop_47.jpg/660px-Euclid_Vat_ms_no_190_I_prop_47.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1351" /></a><figcaption>Ayah Hipatia, <a href="/wiki/Theon_dari_Aleksandria" title="Theon dari Aleksandria">Theon dari Aleksandria</a>, dikenal sebagai penyunting teks <a href="/wiki/Euklides" title="Euklides">Euklides</a> yang berjudul <i><a href="/wiki/Elemen_Euklides" title="Elemen Euklides">Elemen</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007107_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007107-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200660_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley200660-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seperti yang bisa dilihat di sini dalam bentuk naskah dari abad ke-9.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hipatia adalah putri dari matematikawan <a href="/wiki/Theon_dari_Aleksandria" title="Theon dari Aleksandria">Theon dari Aleksandria</a> (lahir sekitar tahun 335 – meninggal sekitar tahun 405 M).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008191–192_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008191–192-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199666–70_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199666–70-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut sejarawan klasik Edward J. Watts, Theon adalah kepala sekolah "Mouseion", dengan nama yang meniru <a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Mouseion</a> dari zaman <a href="/wiki/Helenistik" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenistik">Helenistik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008191–192_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008191–192-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sekolah Theon bersifat eksklusif, sangat bergengsi, dan secara doktrin beraliran konservatif.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008192_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008192-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theon menolak ajaran <a href="/wiki/Iamblikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Iamblikos">Iamblikos</a> yang banyak dianut pada masa itu,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008192_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008192-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan ia mungkin bangga akan <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonisme" title="Neoplatonisme">neoplatonisme</a> "murni" seperti yang diajarkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Plotinos" title="Plotinos">Plotinos</a> sekitar satu abad sebelumnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008192_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008192-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun ia dianggap sebagai matematikawan terkemuka pada masanya,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007107_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007107-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016194-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> karya-karya Theon di bidang matematika jika dilihat dengan kacamata modern dapat dianggap "kecil",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007107_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007107-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "biasa",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan "sangat tidak orisinal".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016194-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pencapaian utamanya adalah dalam memproduksi edisi baru <i>Elemen</i> karya Euklides, dan ia telah memperbaiki kesalahan penulisan yang telah dilakukan dalam proses penyalinan selama hampir 700 tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007107_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007107-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200660_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley200660-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Elemen</i> yang disunting oleh Theon menjadi buku teks yang paling sering digunakan selama berabad-abad<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200660_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley200660-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199347_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199347-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan menggantikan hampir semua edisi lain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199347_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199347-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sementara itu, sama sekali tidak ada keterangan mengenai ibu kandung Hipatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201721_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201721-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200752_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200752-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theon mempersembahkan ulasannya dalam Buku IV <i>Almagest</i> karya Ptolemaios kepada seseorang yang bernama Epifanios, dan ia menyebutnya "putraku sayang",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200753_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200753-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199670_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199670-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sehingga terdapat kemungkinan bahwa ia adalah saudara kandung Hipatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200753_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200753-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, dalam bahasa Yunani, istilah <i>teknon</i> yang dipakai oleh Theon tidak selalu berarti "anak lelaki" dalam artian biologis, tetapi hanya digunakan untuk mengungkapkan hubungan seperti ayah-anak yang mendalam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200753_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200753-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199670_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199670-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tahun kelahiran Hipatia sendiri masih diperdebatkan, dengan usulan tahun yang berkisar dari 350 hingga 370 M.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201049_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastner201049-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200751–52_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200751–52-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199668_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199668-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak cendekiawan yang telah mengikuti penalaran <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hoche" title="Richard Hoche">Richard Hoche</a> bahwa Hipatia lahir sekitar tahun 370.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenella1984126–128_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenella1984126–128-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoche1860435–474_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoche1860435–474-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut deskripsi dalam <i>Kehidupan Isidoros</i> karya sejarawan neoplatonis <a href="/wiki/Damaskios" title="Damaskios">Damaskios</a> (kelahiran sekitar tahun 458 – kematian sekitar tahun 538) yang kini sudah hilang (tetapi masih tersimpan dalam lema mengenai Hipatia dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i>, sebuah ensiklopedia <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur">Romawi Timur</a> dari abad ke-10), Hipatia hidup pada masa kekuasaan Kaisar <a href="/wiki/Arkadius" title="Arkadius">Arkadius</a> di wilayah timur <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi" title="Kekaisaran Romawi">Kekaisaran Romawi</a> (berkuasa 395-408).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenella1984126–128_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenella1984126–128-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoche1860435–474_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoche1860435–474-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoche berpendapat bahwa cara Damaskios menggambarkan kecantikan Hipatia menyiratkan bahwa ia berumur maksimal 30 tahun pada masa itu, dan tahun 370 itu 30 tahun sebelum pertengahan tahun kekuasaan Arkadius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenella1984126–128_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenella1984126–128-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoche1860435–474_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoche1860435–474-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di sisi lain, hipotesis bahwa ia lahir tahun 350 didasarkan pada tulisan <a href="/wiki/Ioannes_Malalas" title="Ioannes Malalas">Ioannes Malalas</a> (lahir sekitar tahun 491 – meninggal tahun 578), yang menyebut Hipatia sebagai wanita tua pada masa kematiannya pada tahun 415.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199668_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199668-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Penella sendiri berpendapat bahwa kedua hipotesis ini tidak memiliki dasar yang kuat, dan tahun kelahiran Hipatia sebaiknya tetap dibiarkan kosong daripada harus menduga-duga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenella1984126–128_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenella1984126–128-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karier">Karier</h3></div> <p>Hipatia adalah seorang neoplatonis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008192_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008192-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, seperti ayahnya, ia menolak ajaran Iamblikos dan mendukung neoplatonisme "asli" yang dikemukakan oleh Plotinos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008192_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008192-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mazhab_Aleksandria" title="Mazhab Aleksandria">Mazhab Aleksandria</a> saat itu dikenal akan filsafatnya,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201049_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastner201049-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan Aleksandria dianggap sebagai pusat filsafat kedua di dunia Yunani-Romawi setelah <a href="/wiki/Athena_(kota)" title="Athena (kota)">Athena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201049_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastner201049-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hipatia mengajar siswa dari berbagai kawasan Mediterania, meskipun tidak diketahui apakah ia memiliki murid wanita.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan201020_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan201020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut Damaskios, ia menyampaikan ceramah mengenai tulisan <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregman198255_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman198255-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199349–50_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199349–50-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia juga mengatakan bahwa Hipatia berjalan di Aleksandria sembari mengenakan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribon (halaman belum tersedia)">tribon</a></i> (semacam jubah yang dikaitkan dengan para filsuf) dan ia memberikan ceramah kepada umum secara <a href="/wiki/Impromptu" title="Impromptu">impromptu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakes2007364_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakes2007364-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199656_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199656-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997311_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997311-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun ayahnya, Theon, telah disebut sebagai anggota Mouseion dan keanggotaan di lembaga tersebut bisa diwariskan, tidak diketahui secara pasti apakah Hipatia juga menjadi anggota lembaga ini. Tidak ada sumber yang menunjukkan bahwa Hipatia pernah memegang status semacam itu, dan cara Damaskios menjelaskan gaya pengajaran Hipatia tidak sesuai dengan anggapan bahwa Hipatia mengajar layaknya dosen universitas pada zaman modern. Meskipun ia bisa mengajar di tempat mana pun, terdapat juga kemungkinan bahwa ia mewarisi ruang mengajar dari ayahnya. Hipatia sendiri tampaknya merupakan adalah seorang guru yang mau menerima semua orang, dan siapa pun yang ingin mendengarkan ceramahnya diperbolehkan ikut. Plato dan Plotinos juga memiliki pendekatan seperti itu, tetapi hal ini sudah jarang ditemui pada abad keempat Masehi. Sebagai contoh, pakar <a href="/wiki/Retorika" title="Retorika">retorika</a> <a href="/wiki/Libanios" title="Libanios">Libanios</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Himerios" title="Himerios">Himerios</a> tampaknya mewawancara calon murid terlebih dahulu sebelum diperbolehkan bergabung dengan sekolah mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201764-65_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201764-65-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Letter_of_Synesius_to_Hypatia_b2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Letter_of_Synesius_to_Hypatia_b2.jpg/220px-Letter_of_Synesius_to_Hypatia_b2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Letter_of_Synesius_to_Hypatia_b2.jpg/330px-Letter_of_Synesius_to_Hypatia_b2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Letter_of_Synesius_to_Hypatia_b2.jpg/440px-Letter_of_Synesius_to_Hypatia_b2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Salah satu dari tujuh surat <a href="/wiki/Sinesios" title="Sinesios">Sinesios</a> kepada Hipatia, hasil cetakan tahun 1553.</figcaption></figure> <p>Menurut Watts, terdapat dua ragam utama neoplatonisme yang diajarkan di Aleksandria pada akhir abad keempat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yang pertama adalah neoplatonisme religius yang sangat <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> dan diajarkan di <a href="/wiki/Serapeion" title="Serapeion">Serapeion</a>; aliran ini sangat dipengaruhi ajaran <a href="/wiki/Iamblikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Iamblikos">Iamblikos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ragam kedua adalah aliran yang lebih moderat dan tidak terlalu berpolemik. Aliran yang didukung oleh Hipatia dan ayahnya<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200–201_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200–201-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ini dilandaskan pada ajaran <a href="/wiki/Plotinos" title="Plotinos">Plotinos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200–201_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200–201-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun Hipatia sendiri adalah seorang pagan, ia toleran terhadap orang Kristen,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregman198238–39_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman198238–39-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199358–59_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199358–59-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bahkan semua muridnya yang tercatat dalam sejarah beragama Kristen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199358_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199358-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salah satu muridnya yang paling terkenal adalah <a href="/wiki/Sinesios_dari_Kirene" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinesios dari Kirene">Sinesios dari Kirene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201767–70_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201767–70-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201049_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastner201049-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang kelak menjadi Uskup <a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Kirenaika" title="Ptolemais, Kirenaika">Ptolemais</a> (kini di <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> timur) pada tahun 410.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201788_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201788-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setelah menjadi uskup, ia masih bertukar surat dengan Hipatia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199628_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199628-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan surat-suratnya saat ini dipakai oleh sejarawan untuk mengetahui kiprah Hipatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanev2015100_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanev2015100-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201788–90_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201788–90-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200663_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley200663-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terdapat tujuh surat dari Sinesios kepada Hipatia yang masih ada hingga kini,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi tidak ada satu pun surat dari Hipatia kepada Sinesios yang telah ditemukan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam sebuah surat yang ditulis sekitar tahun 395, Sinesios menulis kepada temannya, Herkulianos, bahwa Hipatia adalah "... seseorang yang sangat terkenal, reputasinya sungguh luar biasa. Kita telah melihat dan mendengar sendiri dirinya dengan terhormat membicarkaan misteri-misteri filsafat."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surat-surat Sinesios juga menunjukkan bahwa di sekolah Hipatia terdapat "lingkaran dalam" untuk murid-murid tertentu, dan hal ini lumrah bagi guru-guru pada zaman kuno, termasuk Plato atau Plotinos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201766-67_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201766-67-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejarawan Kristen <a href="/wiki/Sokrates_dari_Konstantinopel" title="Sokrates dari Konstantinopel">Sokrates dari Konstantinopel</a> (disebut juga Sokrates Skolastikos), yang hidup sezaman dengan Hipatia, mendeskripsikan sosok filsuf wanita tersebut dalam karyanya, <i>Sejarah Keuskupan</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21477316">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ada seorang wanita di Aleksandria bernama Hipatia, putri filsuf Theon, yang telah membuat pencapaian dalam bidang sastra dan ilmu pengetahuan hingga melampaui semua filsuf pada zamannya. Sebagai penerus mazhab Plato dan Plotinos, ia menjelaskan asas-asas filsafat kepada para pendengarnya, dan banyak dari mereka yang datang dari jauh untuk belajar darinya. Berkat penguasaan diri dan keluwesan yang telah ia peroleh dari pengembangan pikiran, tidak jarang ia tampil di muka umum di hadapan para pejabat. Ia juga tidak malu saat mendatangi perkumpulan kaum pria. Karena semua pria semakin mengaguminya berkat martabat dan kebajikannya yang luar biasa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokrates_dari_Konstantinopel_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokrates_dari_Konstantinopel-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sejarawan Kristen lain yang sezaman dengan Hipatia adalah <a href="/wiki/Filostorgios" title="Filostorgios">Filostorgios</a>, dan ia menulis bahwa Hipatia lebih unggul dari ayahnya dalam bidang matematika.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, ahli <a href="/wiki/Leksikografi" title="Leksikografi">leksikografi</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesikhios_dari_Iskandariyah" title="Hesikhios dari Iskandariyah">Hesikios dari Aleksandria</a> mencatat bahwa Hipatia juga merupakan seorang astronom yang sangat berbakat seperti ayahnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017141_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017141-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damaskios menulis bahwa Hipatia "amat cantik dan rupawan",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017117_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017117-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200762_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200762-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi tidak ada hal lain yang diketahui mengenai penampilan fisiknya,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017116–117_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017116–117-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan juga tidak ada gambar Hipatia dari zaman kuno yang telah ditemukan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017116_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017116-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damaskios mengatakan bahwa Hipatia tetap perawan seumur hidup,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017128–130_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017128–130-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201774–75_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201774–75-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan ketika salah satu laki-laki yang datang ke ceramahnya mencoba merayunya, Hipatia menenangkan nafsu di diri lelaki tersebut dengan memainkan alat musik <a href="/wiki/Lira_(alat_musik)" title="Lira (alat musik)">lira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201775_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201775-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200762_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200762-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ketika lelaki itu masih tetap mencoba mendekatinya, Hipatia menolaknya<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017128_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017128-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201775_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201775-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200762_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200762-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dengan menunjukkan kain yang sudah dicemari darah <a href="/wiki/Menstruasi" title="Menstruasi">menstruasinya</a>, dan ia pun berkata "Ini yang sesungguhnya kamu cintai, anak muda, tetapi kamu tidak mencintai kecantikan itu sendiri."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017128_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017128-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201775_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201775-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200762_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200762-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damaskios juga menceritakan bahwa lelaki muda itu sangat trauma sampai-sampai ia langsung berhenti menginginkannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017128_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017128-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201775_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201775-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200762_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200762-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejarawan matematika <a href="/wiki/Michael_A._B._Deakin" title="Michael A. B. Deakin">Michael A. B. Deakin</a> berpendapat bahwa <a href="/wiki/Menstruasi" title="Menstruasi">menstruasi</a> yang dialami Hipatia merupakan bukti bahwa ia <a href="/wiki/Selibat" title="Selibat">berselibat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200763_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200763-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> karena ia mengklaim bahwa pada zaman kuno, <a href="/wiki/Siklus_menstrual" class="mw-redirect" title="Siklus menstrual">siklus menstrual</a> pertama biasanya muncul pada masa ketika wanita masuk usia menikah dan lebih terlambat bila dibandingkan dengan para wanita di negara-negara maju saat ini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200763_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200763-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mengingat saat itu tidak ada metode <a href="/wiki/Pengendalian_kelahiran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengendalian kelahiran">pengendalian kelahiran</a> yang terandalkan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200763_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200763-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deakin meyakini bahwa menstruasi merupakan hal yang jarang bagi wanita yang tidak berselibat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200763_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200763-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, klaim ini dibantah oleh ahli Mesir Kuno <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Booth" title="Charlotte Booth">Charlotte Booth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129–130_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129–130-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia menegaskan bahwa teks-teks Firaun menyebut soal <a href="/wiki/Amenorea" title="Amenorea">amenorea</a>, yaitu kondisi tidak adanya haid yang dianggap sebagai suatu keanehan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan rumah-rumah di Mesir pada zaman Helenistik memiliki ruangan di bawah tangga yang disebut "ruangan wanita" yang dipakai khusus bagi wanita untuk bernaung saat mereka sedang menstruasi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kedua hal ini tidak cocok dengan hipotesis Deakin bahwa menstruasi itu "jarang terjadi".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129–130_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129–130-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selain itu, siklus menstrual pertama pada zaman Mesir Kuno maupun pada zaman sekarang berlangsung pada kisaran waktu yang sama, yang berubah hanyalah usia menikah untuk wanita.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129–130_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129–130-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maka dari itu, Booth menganggap menstruasi yang dialami Hipatia bukan bukti bahwa ia berselibat, tetapi justru menunjukkan "<a href="/wiki/Femininitas" title="Femininitas">femininitas</a> dan bahkan kesuburan".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017130_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017130-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kematian">Kematian</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latar_belakang">Latar belakang</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Alexandrian_World_Chronicle_-_6v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Alexandrian_World_Chronicle_-_6v.jpg/220px-Alexandrian_World_Chronicle_-_6v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Alexandrian_World_Chronicle_-_6v.jpg/330px-Alexandrian_World_Chronicle_-_6v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Alexandrian_World_Chronicle_-_6v.jpg/440px-Alexandrian_World_Chronicle_-_6v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Gambar dari <a href="/wiki/Kronik_Dunia_Aleksandria" title="Kronik Dunia Aleksandria">Kronik Dunia Aleksandria</a> yang menggambarkan <a href="/wiki/Paus_Teofilus_dari_Aleksandria" title="Paus Teofilus dari Aleksandria">Paus Teofilos dari Aleksandria</a> yang memegang <a href="/wiki/Injil" title="Injil">Injil</a> di satu tangannya dan berdiri di atas <a href="/wiki/Serapeum_Aleksandria" title="Serapeum Aleksandria">Serapeion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201760_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201760-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Pada masa kehidupan Hipatia, Aleksandria adalah sebuah kota besar di <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi" title="Kekaisaran Romawi">Kekaisaran Romawi</a> dengan jumlah penduduk antara 300.000 hingga 500.000 jiwa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201715_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201715-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar penduduknya adalah penutur bahasa Yunani atau orang Mesir yang ber<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Koptik" title="Bahasa Koptik">bahasa Koptik</a>, walaupun ada pula komunitas <a href="/wiki/Yahudi" class="mw-disambig" title="Yahudi">Yahudi</a> yang besar dan juga pendatang dari wilayah Mediterania Timur lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201716_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201716-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agama-agama utama di kota tersebut pada masa itu adalah <a href="/wiki/Kekristenan" title="Kekristenan">Kekristenan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Paganisme" title="Paganisme">paganisme</a>. Rakyat Aleksandria tidak terpecah belah karena banyak yang tergabung dalam <i>collegia</i> atau perkumpulan-perkumpulan pekerja (seperti perkumpulan pelaut, penjaga toko, dan lain-lain) dengan ikatan yang begitu kuat dan melampaui batas agama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201717-18_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201717-18-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun begitu, agama Kristen tengah mengalami pertumbuhan besar di kota Aleksandria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201757_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201757-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dari tahun 382 hingga 412, <a href="/wiki/Paus_Teofilus_dari_Aleksandria" title="Paus Teofilus dari Aleksandria">Teofilos</a> menjabat sebagai Uskup Aleksandria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teofilos sangat menentang neoplatonisme Iamblikos,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan ia menghancurkan Serapeion pada tahun 391.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200449_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200449-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201757–61_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201757–61-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peristiwa yang melatarbelakangi penghancuran Serapeion sendiri adalah penemuan peninggalan <a href="/wiki/Mithraeum" title="Mithraeum">Mithraeum</a> kuno di Aleksandria oleh sekelompok pekerja Kristen. Para pekerja ini menyerahkan benda-benda pemujaan kepada Teofilos, dan ia memerintahkan agar benda-benda tersebut diarak di jalan untuk diolok-olok. Hal ini membuat murka para penganut pagan di Aleksandria, khususnya penganut neoplatonisme di Serapeion. Mereka mengangkat senjata dan melancarkan serangan <a href="/wiki/Gerilya" title="Gerilya">gerilya</a> terhadap warga Kristen Aleksandria yang menewaskan banyak orang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008190_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008190-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Umat Kristen menghancurkan Serapeion sebagai pembalasan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008191_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008191-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun begitu, Teofilos menoleransi sekolah Hipatia dan tampaknya ia menganggap Hipatia sebagai sekutunya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200782_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200782-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teofilos mendukung murid Hipatia, Sinesios,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017196_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017196-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan Sinesios sendiri menggambarkan Teofilos dengan penuh kekaguman dan kesukaan dalam surat-suratnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199695_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199695-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200782_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200782-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teofilos juga mengizinkan Hipatia membina hubungan erat dengan para pejabat Romawi dan tokoh-tokoh politik penting lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hipatia sendiri sangat populer di kalangan rakyat Aleksandria dan memiliki pengaruh politik yang besar, salah satunya berkat toleransi dari Teofilos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008195–196_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008195–196-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teofilos meninggal secara mendadak pada tahun 412.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia telah mendidik keponakannya, <a href="/wiki/Sirilus_dari_Aleksandria" title="Sirilus dari Aleksandria">Kirilos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196–197_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196–197-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi Teofilos masih belum mengangkatnya sebagai penerus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196–197_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196–197-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maka meletuslah perebutan kekuasaan antara pendukung Kirilos dengan saingannya, Timotios.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirilos berhasil menang dan mulai menghukum mereka yang mendukung Timotios;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ia menutup gereja-gereja kaum <a href="/wiki/Noviantisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Noviantisme">Noviantis</a> yang telah mendukung Timotios dan juga menyita harta benda mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengikut Hipatia tampaknya tidak percaya dengan uskup baru ini,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199695_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199695-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200782_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200782-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh fakta bahwa dalam semua surat-suratnya, Sinesios hanya pernah menulis satu surat untuk Kirilos, dan ia memperlakukannya sebagai orang yang tidak berpengalaman dan tersesat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199695_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199695-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam suratnya yang dialamatkan kepada Hipatia pada tahun 413, Sinesios meminta kepadanya untuk menjadi perantara bagi dua individu yang terkena dampak perselisihan di Aleksandria,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008139_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008139-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200783_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200783-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997310–311_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997310–311-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan ia mengatakan, "Anda selalu memiliki kekuasaan, dan Anda bisa membawa kebaikan dengan menggunakan kekuasaan itu."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008139_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008139-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia juga mengingatkan Hipatia tentang ajarannya bahwa seorang filsuf neoplatonik harus memperkenalkan standar moral tertinggi dalam kehidupan politik dan bertindak demi kepentingan rakyat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008139_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008139-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 414, Kirilos menutup semua <a href="/wiki/Sinagoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinagoga">sinagoga</a> di Aleksandria, menyita semua harta benda orang <a href="/wiki/Yahudi" class="mw-disambig" title="Yahudi">Yahudi</a>, dan mengusir mereka semua dari kota tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orestes_(prefek)" title="Orestes (prefek)">Orestes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prefek" title="Prefek">prefek</a> Romawi di Aleksandria, teman dekat Hipatia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan juga baru masuk Kristen)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200436–37_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200436–37-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dibuat murka oleh tindakan Kirilos dan ia mengirim sebuah laporan mengenai kejadian ini kepada kaisar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200436_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200436-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirilos sendiri sebenarnya telah melanggar ranah kekuasaan prefek sebagai orang yang ditunjuk oleh kekaisaran,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200416_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200416-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan keberaniannya dalam menentang Orestes menunjukkan bahwa ia memiliki kedudukan yang kuat pada saat itu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200436_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200436-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Konflik semakin memanas dan kerusuhan pun meletus. Sekelompok imam Kristen yang berada di bawah wewenang Kirilos (disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Parabalani" title="Parabalani">parabalani</a></i>) hampir membunuh Orestes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagai hukumannya, Orestes memerintahkan agar Amonios (biarawan yang memulai kerusuhan) disiksa sampai mati di muka umum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200437_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200437-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997306_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997306-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirilos mencoba menyatakan Amonios sebagai <a href="/wiki/Martir" title="Martir">martir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200437_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200437-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997306–307_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997306–307-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi orang Kristen di Aleksandria tidak menyukainya,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200437_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200437-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997307,_313_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997307,_313-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> karena Amonios dibunuh akibat hasutannya dan bukan karena imannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200437_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200437-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tokoh-tokoh Kristen Aleksandria melakukan campur tangan dan memaksa Kirilos untuk membatalkan keinginannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200437_80-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200437-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997307,_313_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997307,_313-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun begitu, perselisihan Kirilos dengan Orestes masih berlanjut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997307_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997307-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orestes sering kali meminta nasihat Hipatia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197–198_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197–198-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010239–240_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovak2010239–240-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> karena ia disukai oleh kaum pagan dan Kristen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia juga belum pernah terlibat dalam konflik,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan ia dikenal sebagai orang yang bijak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Namun, Kirilos dan sekutunya mencoba merusak nama baik Hipatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008199–200_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008199–200-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312–313_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312–313-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sokrates Skolastikos menyebut desas desus yang menuduh Hipatia sebagai dalang yang membuat Orestes tidak dapat berdamai dengan Kirilos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010239–240_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovak2010239–240-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312–313_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312–313-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desas-desus lain yang menyebar di kalangan Kristen Aleksandria dapat ditemui dalam tulisan <i>Kronik</i> karya Uskup <a href="/wiki/Koptik" title="Koptik">Koptik</a> dari abad ketujuh <a href="/wiki/Ywhna_dari_Niki%C3%BB" title="Ywhna dari Nikiû">Ywhna dari Nikiû</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312–313_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312–313-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang mengatakan bahwa Hipatia menjalankan praktik-praktik <a href="/wiki/Satanisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanisme">setan</a> dan secara sengaja menghambat upaya gereja untuk meluruskan Orestes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312–313_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312–313-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Dan pada hari-hari itu muncul seorang filsuf wanita di Aleksandria, seorang pagan bernama Hipatia, dan ia berbakti pada sihir, <a href="/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab">astrolab</a>, dan alat musik, dan ia memperdaya banyak orang dengan tipu daya setannya. Dan gubernur kota amat menghormatinya; karena [Hipatia] telah memperdayanya dengan sihir. Dan [Orestes] tidak lagi ke gereja seperti yang biasa ia lakukan... Dan ia tidak hanya melakukan hal ini, tetapi ia juga menarik banyak pengikut kepada [Hipatia], dan ia sendiri menerima para kafir di rumahnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYwhna_dari_Nikiû100_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYwhna_dari_Nikiû100-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mort_de_la_philosophe_Hypatie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mort_de_la_philosophe_Hypatie.jpg/400px-Mort_de_la_philosophe_Hypatie.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mort_de_la_philosophe_Hypatie.jpg/600px-Mort_de_la_philosophe_Hypatie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mort_de_la_philosophe_Hypatie.jpg/800px-Mort_de_la_philosophe_Hypatie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>Ilustrasi karya <a href="/wiki/Louis_Figuier" title="Louis Figuier">Louis Figuier</a> dalam <i>Vies des savants illustres, depuis l'antiquité jusqu'au dix-neuvième siècle</i> dari tahun 1866, yang menunjukkan bagaimana penulis buku tersebut membayangkan peristiwa serangan terhadap Hipatia.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembunuhan">Pembunuhan</h3></div> <p>Menurut Sokrates Skolastikos, pada masa <a href="/wiki/Prapaskah" title="Prapaskah">Prapaskah</a> pada Maret 415, gerombolan Kristen yang dipimpin oleh seorang <a href="/wiki/Lektor" title="Lektor">lektor</a> yang bernama Petros menyerang kereta kuda Hipatia saat ia sedang pulang ke rumah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010240_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovak2010240-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017114–115_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017114–115-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997313_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997313-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mereka menyeretnya ke dalam sebuah bangunan yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Kaisarion_Aleksandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaisarion Aleksandria">Kaisarion</a>, yang sebelumnya pernah menjadi kuil pagan dan pusat <a href="/wiki/Kultus_kekaisaran_Romawi" title="Kultus kekaisaran Romawi">kultus kekaisaran</a> di Aleksandria sebelum akhirnya diubah menjadi gereja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997313_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997313-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010240_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovak2010240-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997313_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997313-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di tempat tersebut, gerombolan ini menelanjangi Hipatia dan membunuhnya dengan menggunakan <i><a href="/wiki/Ostracon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracon">ostraka</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010240_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovak2010240-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199693_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199693-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017115–116_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017115–116-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198–199_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198–199-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (dapat diterjemahkan menjadi "genteng", "cangkang tiram", maupun "beling").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010240_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovak2010240-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damaskios menambahkan bahwa mereka juga mencongkel bola matanya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017116_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017116-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerombolan itu memotong-motong tubuh Hipatia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010240_91-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovak2010240-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017116_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017116-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198–199_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198–199-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan menyeret anggota-anggota tubuhnya ke sebuah tempat yang disebut Cinarion, dan di situ jasadnya dibakar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010240_91-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovak2010240-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017116_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017116-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198–199_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198–199-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut Watts, tindakan ini sejalan dengan tradisi orang Aleksandria yang mengangkut jenazah "penjahat terkeji" ke luar batas kota untuk dibakar sebagai lambang pemurnian kota.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017116_97-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017116-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008199_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008199-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun Sokrates Skolastikos tidak pernah menyebutkan secara jelas siapa pembunuh Hipatia, mereka diduga adalah anggota <i>parabalani</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997235–236,_314_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997235–236,_314-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christopher Haas menolak dugaan ini dan berpendapat bahwa para pembunuhnya kemungkinan adalah "kerumunan awam Aleksandria".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997314_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997314-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sokrates Skolastikos menggambarkan pembunuhan Hipatia sebagai sebuah peristiwa yang terjadi atas dasar politik,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199359_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199359-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan ia sama sekali tidak menyebutkan peranan kepercayaan pagan yang dianut oleh Hipatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199359_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199359-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malah ia mengatakan bahwa Hipatia "menjadi korban kecemburuan politik yang kuat pada saat itu. Karena ia sering berbicara dengan Orestes, muncul kabar di kalangan warga Kristen bahwa [Hipatia] adalah orang yang menghalangi perukunan Orestes dengan uskup."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010240_91-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovak2010240-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sokrates Skolastikos dengan tegas mengutuk tindakan gerombolan itu dan menyatakan, "Tidak ada lagi yang lebih jauh dari semangat Kekristenan daripada pembiaran pembantaian, perkelahian, dan tindakan semacam itu."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010240_91-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovak2010240-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008199_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008199-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matematikawan Kanada Ari Belenkiy mengklaim bahwa Hipatia mungkin terlibat dalam kontroversi sehubungan dengan penanggalan hari Paskah pada tahun 417 dan ia dibunuh pada <a href="/wiki/Ekuinoks_vernal" title="Ekuinoks vernal">titik musim semi matahari</a> ketika ia sedang melakukan pengamatan astronomi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelenkiy20109–13_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelenkiy20109–13-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, pakar sejarah klasik seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Cameron_(pakar_sejarah_klasik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Cameron (pakar sejarah klasik) (halaman belum tersedia)">Alan Cameron</a> dan Edward J. Watts menolak klaim ini dan menekankan bahwa sama sekali tidak ada bukti yang menopang pernyataan Belenkiy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016190_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016190-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017157_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017157-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dampak">Dampak</h3></div> <p>Kematian Hipatia mengguncang kekaisaran;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017121_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017121-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> selama berabad-abad, filsuf dipandang sebagai sosok yang tak dapat disentuh walaupun sedang terjadi kekerasan di kota-kota Romawi,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017121_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017121-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan pembunuhan seorang filsuf wanita oleh para gerombolan dianggap sebagai suatu hal yang "amat berbahaya dan mengacaukan".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017121_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017121-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun tidak ada bukti nyata yang benar-benar mengaitkan Kirilos dengan pembunuhan Hipatia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> muncul kecurigaan bahwa ia adalah orang yang telah memerintahkan pembunuhan tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010239–240_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovak2010239–240-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jika Kirilos memang tidak pernah mengeluarkan perintah semacam ini, kampanye hitamnya terhadap Hipatia telah mengakibatkan peristiwa ini,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan penulis Ioannes Malalas pada pertengahan abad keenam bahkan mengkritik Kirilos karena telah membiarkan orang-orangnya menyerang Hipatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200,_catatan_kaki_#186_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200,_catatan_kaki_#186-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tindakan Kirilos membuat khawatir Dewan Aleksandria,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan dewan tersebut mengirim utusan ke <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopel" title="Konstantinopel">Konstantinopel</a>, ibu kota <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur">Kekaisaran Romawi Timur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Para penasihat <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> melancarkan penyelidikan untuk menentukan apakah Kirilos terlibat dalam peristiwa pembunuhan ini atau tidak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Setelah dilakukannya penyelidikan ini, kaisar barat <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(kaisar)" title="Honorius (kaisar)">Honorius</a> dan kaisar timur Theodosius II mengeluarkan sebuah maklumat pada musim gugur tahun 416 yang mencoba melepaskan <i>parabalani</i> dari wewenang Kirilos dan menyerahkannya kepada Orestes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199695–96_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199695–96-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997436_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997436-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maklumat ini juga menyatakan bahwa <i>parabalani</i> tidak boleh menghadiri "pertunjukan umum apapun" atau masuk ke "ruang pertemuan sebuah dewan kota atau ruang pengadilan".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas199767,_436_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas199767,_436-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maklumat ini juga sangat mempersulit proses perekrutan anggota baru dengan membatasi jumlah maksimal anggota <i>parabalani</i> menjadi lima ratus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997436_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997436-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirilos sendiri konon berhasil lolos dari hukuman yang lebih berat dengan menyuap salah satu pejabat Theodosius II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun begitu, Watts berpendapat bahwa pembunuhan Hipatia semakin memuluskan upaya Kirilos untuk menguasai Aleksandria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197–200_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197–200-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hipatia merupakan sosok yang menyatukan para pendukung Orestes dalam menghadapi Kirilos,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan tanpa adanya Hipatia, gerakan perlawanan dengan cepat sirna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dua tahun sesudahnya, Kirilos membatalkan hukum yang menyerahkan kendali <i>parabalani</i> kepada Orestes,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197–200_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197–200-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan pada awal dasawarsa 420-an, Kirilos telah mendominasi Dewan Aleksandria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197–200_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197–200-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karya">Karya</h2></div> <p>Pada masa hidupnya, Hipatia kemungkinan lebih berperan sebagai guru dan komentator alih-alih penemu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastner201050-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007111_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007111-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194–195_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016194–195-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tidak ada bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa Hipatia pernah menerbitkan karyanya sendiri mengenai filsafat,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008132_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008132-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan tampaknya ia juga tidak pernah membuat penemuan matematika yang mengguncang para ilmuwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastner201050-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007111_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007111-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194–195_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016194–195-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Para cendekiawan pada masa Hipatia memang terbiasa menyimpan karya-karya klasik mengenai matematika dan merumuskan ulasan untuk mengembangkan argumen mereka alih-alih menerbitkan karya sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastner201050-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200659–60_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley200659–60-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017106_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017106-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terdapat kemungkinan pula bahwa penutupan Mouseion dan penghancuran Serapeion telah mendorong Hipatia untuk mencurahkan segala upayanya untuk melestarikan buku-buku matematika dan memastikan agar buku-buku tersebut dapat dibaca murid-muridnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008132_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008132-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ensiklopedia <i>Suda</i> membuat pernyataan yang salah bahwa semua tulisan Hipatia sudah hilang ditelan zaman,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987174–175_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987174–175-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi para ahli modern telah menemukan beberapa tulisan yang mungkin adalah karyanya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987174–175_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987174–175-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Para ahli lazim menemui ketidakpastian semacam ini saat mengkaji para filsuf wanita dari zaman kuno.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngels200997–124_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels200997–124-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hipatia menulis dalam bahasa Yunani, yang merupakan bahasa yang dituturkan oleh sebagian besar orang terdidik di kawasan Mediterania Timur pada saat itu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201049_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastner201049-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada zaman kuno, <a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">astronomi</a> adalah bagian dari matematika.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201274_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmer201274-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selain itu, pada masa itu juga tidak ada perbedaan antara matematika dengan <a href="/wiki/Numerologi" title="Numerologi">numerologi</a> atau astronomi dengan <a href="/wiki/Astrologi" title="Astrologi">astrologi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201274_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmer201274-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menyunting_Almagest">Menyunting <i>Almagest</i></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ptolemaicsystem-small.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ptolemaicsystem-small.png/240px-Ptolemaicsystem-small.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ptolemaicsystem-small.png/360px-Ptolemaicsystem-small.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ptolemaicsystem-small.png/480px-Ptolemaicsystem-small.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Hipatia pernah menyunting Buku III <i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" class="mw-redirect" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i> karya <a href="/wiki/Klaudius_Ptolemaeus" title="Klaudius Ptolemaeus">Ptolemaios</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–2_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–2-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016193–194_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016193–194-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017108–111_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017108–111-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang mendukung <a href="/wiki/Model_geosentris" class="mw-redirect" title="Model geosentris">model geosentris</a> (<i>gambar</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016193–194_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016193–194-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Hipatia pernah menyunting naskah Buku III <i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" class="mw-redirect" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i> karya <a href="/wiki/Klaudius_Ptolemaeus" title="Klaudius Ptolemaeus">Ptolemaios</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–2_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–2-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016193–194_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016193–194-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017108–111_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017108–111-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebelumnya para ahli pernah menduga bahwa Hipatia hanya sekadar merevisi ulasan Theon untuk buku ketiga <i>Almagest</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–72_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–72-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sesuai dengan judulnya "Ulasan oleh Theon dari Aleksandria mengenai Buku III <i>Almagest</i> karya Ptolemaios, edisi yang direvisi oleh putriku Hipatia, sang filsuf".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–72_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–72-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199345_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199345-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, berdasarkan hasil analisis terhadap judul ulasan-ulasan karya Theon lainnya dan judul-judul serupa dari zaman tersebut, para ahli menyimpulkan bahwa Hipatia tidak membenarkan ulasan ayahnya, tetapi naskah dari <i>Almagest</i> itu sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–72_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–72-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199345–47_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199345–47-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hipatia diduga telah bersumbangsih terhadap ilmu pengetahuan dengan membuat metode yang lebih baik untuk <a href="/wiki/Algoritme" class="mw-redirect" title="Algoritme">algoritme</a> <a href="/wiki/Pembagian_bersusun" title="Pembagian bersusun">pembagian bersusun</a> yang diperlukan untuk melakukan perhitungan astronomi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ptolemaios sendiri mengembangkan <a href="/wiki/Model_geosentris" class="mw-redirect" title="Model geosentris">model geosentris</a>, yaitu model yang menyatakan bahwa Matahari mengelilingi Bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam <i>Almagest</i>, Ptolemaios mencetuskan masalah pembagian untuk menghitung jumlah derajat yang dilalui oleh Matahari dalam satu hari saat mengorbit Bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam ulasan awalnya, Theon mencoba memperbaiki perhitungan pembagian Ptolemaios.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam naskah yang disunting oleh Hipatia, ia merincikan sebuah metode tabel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metode tabel ini mungkin merupakan "tabel astronomis" yang dikembangkan oleh Hipatia menurut sumber-sumber sejarah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, sejarawan klasik <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cameron_(sejarawan_klasik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Cameron (sejarawan klasik)">Alan Cameron</a> menambahkan bahwa terdapat kemungkinan Hipatia tidak hanya menyunting Buku III, tetapi kesembilan buku <i>Almagest</i> yang masih ada hingga kini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016193–194_122-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016193–194-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tulisan-tulisan_sendiri">Tulisan-tulisan sendiri</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Conic_Sections.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Conic_Sections.svg/220px-Conic_Sections.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Conic_Sections.svg/330px-Conic_Sections.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Conic_Sections.svg/440px-Conic_Sections.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Hipatia pernah menulis ulasan untuk risalah <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_dari_Perga" title="Apollonius dari Perga">Apolonios dari Perga</a> mengenai <a href="/wiki/Irisan_kerucut" title="Irisan kerucut">irisan kerucut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017110_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017110-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi ulasan ini sudah hilang ditelan zaman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017110_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017110-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Hipatia menulis sebuah ulasan untuk <i>Aritmetika</i> karya <a href="/wiki/Diofantos" class="mw-redirect" title="Diofantos">Diofantos</a> yang terdiri dari tiga belas jilid dan ditulis sekitar tahun 250 M.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin199220–22_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin199220–22-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016194-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017109_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017109-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karya Diofantos ini menjabarkan lebih dari 100 soal matematika, dan jawabannya disusun menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Aljabar" title="Aljabar">aljabar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200661_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley200661-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selama berabad-abad, para ahli mengira bahwa ulasan Hipatia untuk karya ini sudah hilang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987174–175_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987174–175-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanya jilid satu <i>Aritmetika</i> yang masih ada dalam bahasa Yunani.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin199221_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin199221-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016194-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017110_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017110-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun begitu, empat jilid lainnya masih ada hingga kini berkat terjemahan ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">bahasa Arab</a> yang dibuat sekitar tahun 860.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016194-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017109_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017109-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naskah Arabnya mengandung tambahan-tambahan yang tidak ada dalam naskah berbahasa Yunani,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016194-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017109_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017109-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> termasuk pemastian terhadap contoh-contoh Diofantos dan soal-soal tambahan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016194-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cameron mengatakan bahwa kemungkinan besar sumber tambahan ini merupakan karya Hipatia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016194-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> karena ia adalah satu-satunya penulis kuno yang diketahui pernah menulis sebuah ulasan untuk <i>Aritmetika</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016194-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan isi yang ditambah juga menggunakan metode yang sama dengan ayahnya, Theon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016194-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orang pertama yang menarik kesimpulan bahwa isi tambahan dalam naskah-naskah Arab merupakan karya Hipatia adalah seorang ahli dari abad ke-19 yang bernama <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tannery" title="Paul Tannery">Paul Tannery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1885, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Little_Heath" title="Thomas Little Heath">Sir Thomas Heath</a> menerbitkan terjemahan pertama <i>Aritmetika</i> dalam bahasa Inggris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin199221_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin199221-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heath berpendapat bahwa naskah <i>Aritmetika</i> yang masih ada sebenarnya merupakan edisi yang dipakai oleh Hipatia untuk mengajarkan murid-muridnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin199221_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin199221-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut Mary Ellen Waithe, Hipatia memakai <a href="/wiki/Algoritme" class="mw-redirect" title="Algoritme">algoritme</a> pembagian yang tidak biasa (dalam sistem bilangan <a href="/wiki/Seksagesimal" title="Seksagesimal">seksagesimal</a> yang menjadi standar pada masa itu), sehingga memudahkan para ahli untuk menentukan bagian naskah mana yang ditulis Hipatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175_128-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Konsensus ini telah dipertentangkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Knorr" title="Wilbur Knorr">Wilbur Knorr</a>, seorang sejarawan matematika yang berpendapat bahwa materi tambahan yang disisipkan "sangat rendahan sehingga tidak membutuhkan wawasan matematika yang sesungguhnya". Menurutnya, orang yang menambahkan materi ini kemungkinan "memiliki pemikiran yang biasa-biasa saja... berlawanan dengan pengakuan-pengakuan dari zaman kuno mengenai mutu Hipatia yang mumpuni sebagai filsuf dan matematikawan." Cameron menolak argumen ini dan menyatakan bahwa "Theon juga memiliki reputasi yang tinggi, tetapi karyanya yang masih ada dianggap 'sangat tidak orisinal'." Cameron juga bersikeras bahwa "Karya Hipatia mengenai Diofantos adalah apa yang kita sebut edisi sekolah untuk saat ini, yang dirancang untuk murid-murid dan bukan untuk matematikawan profesional."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016194-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hipatia juga menulis sebuah ulasan untuk karya <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_dari_Perga" title="Apollonius dari Perga">Apolonios dari Perga</a> mengenai <a href="/wiki/Irisan_kerucut" title="Irisan kerucut">irisan kerucut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175_128-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017110_129-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017110-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi ulasan ini sudah hilang ditelan zaman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175_128-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017110_129-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017110-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia juga pernah menyusun sebuah "kanon astronomis", yang diyakini merupakan edisi baru <i>Tabel-tabel Berguna</i> karya Ptolemaios atau mungkin adalah ulasan untuk <i>Almagest</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199672_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199672-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin1994_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin1994-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berdasarkan hasil pembacaan secara saksama bila dibandingkan dengan penyisipan dalam karya Diofantos, Knorr mengusulkan bahwa Hipatia mungkin juga pernah menyunting <i><a href="/wiki/Pengukuran_Lingkaran" title="Pengukuran Lingkaran">Pengukuran Lingkaran</a></i> karya <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>, serta sebuah teks anonim yang membahas figur-figur <a href="/wiki/Isometri" title="Isometri">isometrik</a> dan sebuah naskah yang kelak digunakan oleh <a href="/wiki/John_dari_Tynemouth_(matematikawan)" title="John dari Tynemouth (matematikawan)">John dari Tynemouth</a> dalam karyanya mengenai pengukuran bola oleh Archimedes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnorr1989_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnorr1989-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dibutuhkan kemampuan matematika yang sangat tinggi untuk membuat "kanon astronomis" atau ulasan mengenai karya Apolonios.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastner201050-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh sebab itu, sebagian besar sejarawan saat ini berkeyakinan bahwa Hipatia adalah salah satu matematikawan terbaik pada masanya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastner201050-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitos_penemuan">Mitos penemuan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Astrolabio_(16787706916).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Astrolabio_%2816787706916%29.jpg/220px-Astrolabio_%2816787706916%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Astrolabio_%2816787706916%29.jpg/330px-Astrolabio_%2816787706916%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Astrolabio_%2816787706916%29.jpg/440px-Astrolabio_%2816787706916%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2801" data-file-height="3007" /></a><figcaption>Hipatia dikenal karena telah membuat sebuah <a href="/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab">astrolab datar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007102–104_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007102–104-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mirip dengan yang ditunjukkan dalam gambar di atas (yang merupakan sebuah astrolab dari abad ke-11).</figcaption></figure> <p>Salah satu surat yang dikirim oleh Sinesios menyebutkan bahwa Hipatia pernah mengajarkannya cara membuat sebuah <a href="/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab">astrolab datar</a> perak untuk dihadiahkan kepada seorang pejabat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007102–104_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007102–104-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200663_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley200663-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin199222_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin199222-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111–113_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111–113-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astrolab adalah sebuah alat yang dipakai untuk menghitung tanggal dan waktu berdasarkan posisi bintang dan planet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007102–104_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007102–104-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasachoffPasachoff2007226_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasachoffPasachoff2007226-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alat ini juga dapat dipakai untuk memprediksi posisi bintang dan planet pada tanggal tertentu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007102–104_137-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007102–104-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasachoffPasachoff2007226_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasachoffPasachoff2007226-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astrolab datar adalah jenis astrolab yang memakai teknik <a href="/wiki/Proyeksi_stereografik" title="Proyeksi stereografik">proyeksi stereografik</a> untuk memproyeksikan langit-langit pada bidang datar, berbeda dengan <a href="/wiki/Bola_armiler" title="Bola armiler">bola armiler</a> yang berbentuk seperti bola dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bola armiler berukuran besar dan biasanya dijadikan hiasan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111_140-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sementara astrolab datar dapat dibawa ke berbagai tempat untuk melakukan pengukuran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111_140-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pernyataan Sinesios telah menimbulkan kesalahpahaman di kalangan umum bahwa Hipatia adalah penemu astrolab datar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakes2007364_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakes2007364-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> padahal benda ini sudah digunakan paling tidak 500 tahun sebelum Hipatia dilahirkan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007102–104_137-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007102–104-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200663_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley200663-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112–113_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112–113-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hipatia mungkin belajar cara membuat alat ini dari ayahnya, Theon,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin199222_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin199222-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111_140-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang telah menulis dua risalah mengenai astrolab: salah satunya berjudul <i>Laporan mengenai Astrolab Kecil</i> dan yang lainnya adalah kajian bola armiler dalam <i>Almagest</i> karya Ptolemaios.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111_140-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risalah Theon kini sudah hilang ditelan zaman, tetapi keberadaannya diketahui oleh sejarawan berkat Uskup Siria <a href="/wiki/Severus_Sebokht" title="Severus Sebokht">Severus Sebokht</a> (575–667), yang menerangkan isinya dalam risalahnya sendiri mengenai astrolab.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111_140-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahon20071134_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahon20071134-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hipatia dan Theon mungkin juga pernah mempelajari <i>Planisphaerium</i> karya Ptolemaios yang menerangkan perhitungan-perhitungan yang diperlukan untuk membuat sebuah astrolab.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111–112_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111–112-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kata-kata yang dipilih oleh Sinesios menunjukkan bahwa Hipatia tidak merancang atau membangun astrolab itu sendiri, tetapi hanya menjadi pemandu dan pengajar dalam proses pembuatannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam suratnya yang lain, Sinesioes meminta kepada Hipatia untuk membuatkan sebuah "hidroskop" (alat yang kini dikenal dengan nama <a href="/wiki/Hidrometer" title="Hidrometer">hidrometer</a>) untuk menentukan kepadatan cairan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007104–105_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007104–105-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin199222_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin199222-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017113–114_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017113–114-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akibat permintaan ini, muncul klaim bahwa Hipatia adalah penemu hidrometer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017115_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017115-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, Sinesios menjelaskan alat ini dengan amat mendalam, sehingga terdapat kemungkinan bahwa Hipatia belum pernah tahu soal alat tersebut,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007105_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007105-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017114–115_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017114–115-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan Sinesios mungkin percaya bahwa Hipatia mampu membuatnya dari deskripsi tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007105_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007105-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun para penulis modern sering menyebut Hipatia sebagai penemu berbagai macam alat,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007105_149-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007105-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> klaim-klaim ini tidak berdasar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007105_149-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007105-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth menyimpulkan, "Reputasi Hipatia pada zaman modern sebagai filsuf, matematikawan, astronom, dan penemu mekanik tidaklah sebanding dengan bukti yang masih ada mengenai pencapaiannya. Reputasi ini dilandaskan pada mitos atau kabar burung dan bukan bukti. Antara itu, atau kita semua kehilangan semua bukti yang dapat memperkuatnya."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017115_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017115-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tinggalan_sejarah">Tinggalan sejarah</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaman_Kuno">Zaman Kuno</h3></div> <p>Hipatia bukanlah penganut pagan terakhir, dan ia juga bukan filsuf neoplatonis yang tersisa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151–152_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151–152-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017154–155_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017154–155-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neoplatonisme dan paganisme masih tetap ada di dunia Barat selama berabad-abad setelah kematiannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151–152_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151–152-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017154–155_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017154–155-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth menambahkan bahwa ada banyak sekali balai ceramah baru yang dibangun di Kom el Dikka, Aleksandria, tak lama setelah kematian Hipatia, yang berarti bahwa filsafat masih diajarkan di sekolah-sekolah Aleksandria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nyatanya neoplatonisme masih berkembang di kawasan Mediterania timur selama 200 tahun sesudahnya, dan filsuf-filsuf seperti <a href="/wiki/Hierokles_dari_Aleksandria" title="Hierokles dari Aleksandria">Hierokles dari Aleksandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioannes_Filoponos" title="Ioannes Filoponos">Ioannes Filoponos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simplikios_dari_Kilikia" title="Simplikios dari Kilikia">Simplikios dari Kilikia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Olimpiodoros_yang_Muda" class="mw-redirect" title="Olimpiodoros yang Muda">Olimpiodoros yang Muda</a> masih melakukan pengamatan astronomi, mengajarkan ilmu matematika, dan menulis ulasan-ulasan panjang mengenai karya Plato dan Aristoteles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151–152_151-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151–152-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017154–155_152-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017154–155-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth bahkan mengatakan bahwa Hipatia bukanlah filsuf neoplatonis wanita terakhir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejumlah tokoh neoplatonis wanita sesudahnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Aedesia" title="Aedesia">Aedesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asklepigenia" title="Asklepigenia">Asklepigenia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Theodora_dari_Emesa" title="Theodora dari Emesa">Theodora dari Emesa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151_153-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di sisi lain, menurut Watts, Hipatia tidak memiliki penerus, pasangan, ataupun keturunan;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117_102-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008201_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008201-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kematiannya sendiri memicu reaksi keras terhadap ideologi yang dianutnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117–119_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117–119-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hipatia menoleransi orang Kristen, mempunyai siswa Kristen, dan mau bekerja sama dengan para pemimpin Kristen dengan maksud untuk menunjukkan bahwa neoplatonisme dan Kekristenan bisa rukun dan saling membantu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, kegagalan para pemimpin Kristen untuk mengadili para pembunuh Hipatia menghancurkan angan-angan tersebut,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan pada akhirnya tokoh neoplatonis seperti Damaskios menganggap uskup-uskup Kristen sebagai "sosok-sosok yang berbahaya, dengki, yang juga sepenuhnya tidak berfalsafah."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hipatia dipandang sebagai "martir untuk filsafat";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119_156-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pembunuhannya mendorong para filsuf untuk semakin menekankan aspek pagan dalam kepercayaan mereka<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119–120_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119–120-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan membantu menciptakan jati diri para filsuf sebagai kaum tradisionalis pagan yang terpisah dari rakyat yang beragama Kristen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017120_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017120-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh sebab itu, walaupun kematian Hipatia tidak memusnahkan filsafat neoplatonisme secara keseluruhan, Watts berpendapat bahwa peristiwa tersebut mengakhiri ragam neoplatonisme yang dianutnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017155_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017155-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sementara itu, Damaskios "sangat ingin memanfaatkan skandal kematian Hipatia", dan ia menuduh Uskup Kirilos dan para pengikutnya sebagai dalang pembunuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield199514_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield199514-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200451_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200451-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bagian dari <i>Kehidupan Isidoros</i> karya Damaskios yang terabadikan oleh ensiklopedia <i>Suda</i> menyimpulkan bahwa Hipatia dibunuh akibat kecemburuan Kirilos akan "kebijaksanaan [Hipatia] yang melampaui segala batas dan khususnya dalam hal yang terkait dengan astronomi".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosser200812_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosser200812-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199618_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199618-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deskripsi pembunuhan Hipatia yang ditulis oleh Damaskios adalah satu-satunya sumber sejarah yang secara langsung menyalahkan Uskup Kirilos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199618_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199618-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada saat yang sama, Damaskios juga tidak selalu memuji-muji Hipatia;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200452–53_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200452–53-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199341–44_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199341–44-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ia menggambarkannya sebagai sosok beraliran <a href="/wiki/Sinisisme_(filsafat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinisisme (filsafat)">sinisisme</a> yang berkelana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200452–53_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200452–53-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199341–44_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199341–44-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia juga membandingkannya dengan gurunya sendiri, <a href="/wiki/Isidoros_dari_Aleksandria" title="Isidoros dari Aleksandria">Isidoros dari Aleksandria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200452–53_164-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200452–53-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199341–44_165-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199341–44-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199655_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199655-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan mengatakan bahwa "Isidoros jauh lebih cemerlang daripada Hipatia, tidak hanya seperti lelaki lebih baik dari wanita, tetapi seperti bagaimana seorang filsuf sejati lebih baik daripada seorang geometer jelata."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200754_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200754-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abad_Pertengahan">Abad Pertengahan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg/290px-Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg/435px-Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg/580px-Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption>Ikon <a href="/wiki/Katarina_dari_Aleksandria" title="Katarina dari Aleksandria">Santa Katarina dari Aleksandria</a> di <a href="/wiki/Biara_Santa_Katarina" title="Biara Santa Katarina">Biara Santa Katarina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Sinai" title="Semenanjung Sinai">Semenanjung Sinai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir">Mesir</a>. Legenda Santa Katarina diduga terilhami dari kisah Hipatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135–136_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135–136-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200710_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200710-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017152_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017152-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Kisah mengenai kematian Hipatia mirip dengan nasib martir Kristen di Aleksandria yang diseret di jalanan selama <a href="/wiki/Penindasan_oleh_Kaisar_Decius" title="Penindasan oleh Kaisar Decius">penindasan oleh Kaisar Decius</a> pada tahun 250.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008141_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008141-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200711_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200711-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017150_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017150-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspek-aspek lain dalam kehidupan Hipatia juga ada yang sesuai dengan pribadi seorang martir dalam agama Kristen, terutama keperawanannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135–136_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135–136-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200710–11_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200710–11-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_Pertengahan_Awal" title="Abad Pertengahan Awal">Abad Pertengahan Awal</a>, orang Kristen mencampur kisah kematian Hipatia dengan para martir korban Kaisar Decius,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135–136_168-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135–136-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200710–11_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200710–11-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan kisahnya juga melandasi legenda <a href="/wiki/Santa_Katarina_dari_Aleksandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Katarina dari Aleksandria">Santa Katarina dari Aleksandria</a>, seorang martir perawan yang konon amat bijaksana dan terdidik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135–136_168-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135–136-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200710_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200710-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017152_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017152-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catatan sejarah pertama yang menyebut keberadaan kultus Santa Katarina berasal dari abad kedelapan, sekitar tiga ratus tahun setelah kematian Hipatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200734_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200734-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terdapat salah satu kisah mengenai Santa Katarina yang berhadapan dengan lima puluh filsuf pagan yang ingin memurtadkannya,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017152_170-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017152-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi Santa Katarina malah berhasil membuat mereka beriman kepada Kristus berkat kemampuan berbicaranya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135–136_168-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135–136-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017152_170-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017152-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legenda lain mengklaim bahwa Santa Katarina adalah murid <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" title="Athanasius">Athanasius dari Alexandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200711_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200711-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ensiklopedia <i>Suda</i> dari Romawi Timur menceritakan dua kisah kehidupan Hipatia yang berbeda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017128–129_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017128–129-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebelas baris pertama berasal dari satu sumber dan sisanya diambil dari <i>Kehidupan Isidoros</i> karya Damaskios.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebanyakan dari sebelas baris pertamanya kemungkinan berasal dari <i>Onomatolos</i> karya Hesikios,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi beberapa bagian tidak diketahui asal usulnya, termasuk klaim bahwa Hipatia adalah "istri Isidoros sang Filsuf" (kemungkinan <a href="/wiki/Isidoros_dari_Aleksandria" title="Isidoros dari Aleksandria">Isidoros dari Aleksandria</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129_178-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017130_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017130-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watts menyatakan bahwa klaim ini amat membingungkan, karena Isidoros dari Aleksandria lahir jauh sesudah kematian Hipatia, sementara tidak ada filsuf lain pada zaman Hipatia yang diketahui memiliki nama seperti itu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129–130_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129–130-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017130–131_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017130–131-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selain itu, klaim ini juga bertentangan dengan pernyataan Damaskios yang dikutip di rincian yang sama mengenai keperawanan Hipatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129–130_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129–130-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watts menduga bahwa seseorang mungkin salah mengartikan kata <i>gynē</i> yang dipakai oleh Damaskios untuk mendeskripsikan Hipatia dalam <i>Kehidupan Isidoros</i>, karena kata ini dapat berarti "wanita" atau "istri".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017130_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017130-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cendekiawan Romawi Timur <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_dari_Konstantinopel" class="mw-redirect" title="Photios I dari Konstantinopel">Fotios</a> (<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 810/820–893) memasukkan tulisan Damaskios mengenai Hipatia dan tulisan Sokrates Skolastikos dalam karyanya yang bertajuk <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheke_(Fotios)" title="Bibliotheke (Fotios)">Bibliotheke</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017130_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017130-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fotios mengomentari kemasyhuran Hipatia sebagai seorang cendekiawan, tetapi tidak menyebut soal kematiannya, kemungkinan karena ia merasa karya Hipatia lebih penting untuk dibahas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017130–131_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017130–131-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cendekiawan <a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a> (1021–1096), yang merupakan istri Kaisar Romawi Timur <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_X_Doukas" title="Konstantinos X Doukas">Konstantinos X Doukas</a>, disebut sebagai "Hipatia kedua" oleh sejarawan <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Grigoras" title="Nikephoros Grigoras">Nikeforos Grigoras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199667_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199667-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaman_modern_awal">Zaman modern awal</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hypatia_-_John_Toland_1720.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hypatia_-_John_Toland_1720.jpg/290px-Hypatia_-_John_Toland_1720.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hypatia_-_John_Toland_1720.jpg/435px-Hypatia_-_John_Toland_1720.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hypatia_-_John_Toland_1720.jpg/580px-Hypatia_-_John_Toland_1720.jpg 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Cendekiawan <a href="/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme">deis</a> asal Inggris dari abad ke-18, <a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">John Toland</a>, menggunakan kisah kematian Hipatia untuk membuat <a href="/wiki/Polemik" title="Polemik">polemik</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Katolik" title="Anti-Katolik">anti-Katolik</a>. Ia mengubah rincian kematiannya dan menambah-nambah hal yang tidak ada dalam sumber-sumber sejarah yang ia pakai agar ia dapat menggambarkan Kirilos sebagai sosok yang amat buruk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017135–136_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017135–136-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cendekiawan <a href="/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme">deis</a> asal <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> dari awal abad ke-18, <a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">John Toland</a>, menggunakan kisah Hipatia untuk menulis sebuah risalah <a href="/wiki/Anti-Katolik" title="Anti-Katolik">anti-Katolik</a> yang berjudul <i>Hypatia: Or the History of a most beautiful, most vertuous, most learned, and every way accomplish'd Lady; who was torn to pieces by the Clergy of Alexandria, to gratify the pride, emulation, and cruelty of their Archbishop, commonly, but undeservedly, stiled St. Cyril</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017135–136_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017135–136-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toland mengubah ceritanya dan menambahkan unsur-unsur yang tidak ada dalam sumber-sumber sejarah untuk menjelek-jelekan Uskup Kirilos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962_184-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017135–136_185-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017135–136-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1721, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lewis_(penulis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Lewis (penulis)">Thomas Lewis</a> menulis sebuah tanggapan untuk membela sang uskup dengan judul <i>The History of Hypatia, a most Impudent School-Mistress of Alexandria: Murder'd and torn to Pieces by the Populace, in Defence of Saint Cyril and the Alexandrian Clergy from the Aspersions of Mr. Toland</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962_184-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017136–137_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017136–137-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis menganggap tulisan Damaskios sangat tidak terandalkan karena penulisnya adalah "seorang <a href="/wiki/Paganisme" title="Paganisme">kafir</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017136–137_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017136–137-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan lalu ia mengatakan bahwa Sokrates Skolastikos adalah "seorang <a href="/wiki/Puritan" title="Puritan">puritan</a>" yang membenci Kirilos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017136–137_186-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017136–137-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> dalam <i>Examen important de Milord Bolingbroke ou le tombeau de fanatisme</i> (1736) menafsirkan Hipatia sebagai sosok yang percaya akan "hukum alam rasional" dan "kemampuan budi manusia yang terbebas dari <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962_184-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastner201050-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan ia juga menulis bahwa kematian Hipatia adalah "pembunuhan bengis yang dilakukan oleh anjing-anjing <a href="/wiki/Tonsur" title="Tonsur">bertonsur</a> Kirilos, dengan gerombolan fanatik di bawah mereka".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962_184-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kemudian, dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_philosophique" title="Dictionnaire philosophique">Dictionnaire philosophique</a></i> (1772), Voltaire menggambarkan Hipatia sebagai seorang jenius yang beraliran <a href="/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme">deisme</a> dan merupakan seorang <a href="/wiki/Pemikir_bebas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemikir bebas">pemikir bebas</a> yang dibunuh secara keji oleh orang-orang Kristen yang dianggap bodoh dan salah paham.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastner201050-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar tulisan Voltaire malah mengabaikan sosok Hipatia itu sendiri<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan lebih banyak membahas apakah Kirilos bertanggung jawab atas kematian Hipatia atau tidak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139_188-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sehubungan dengan pertanyaan ini, Voltaire membuat sebuah kesimpulan dengan pernyataan yang mencemooh, "Ketika seseorang menelanjangi seorang wanita cantik, hal itu dilakukan bukan untuk membantainya."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139_188-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam mahakaryanya yang berjudul <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i>, sejarawan Inggris <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> mengecap Kirilos sebagai satu-satunya pemicu segala kejahatan di Aleksandria pada permulaan abad kelima.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963_187-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia juga menjadikan pembunuhan Hipatia sebagai bukti untuk memperkuat pernyataannya bahwa kebangkitan Kekristenan adalah satu-satunya penyebab kemerosotan Kekaisaran Romawi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963–4_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963–4-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia juga membahas soal Kirilos yang masih dihormati sebagai santo, dan berkata bahwa "takhayul [Kristen] mungkin akan menebus darah perawan dengan lebih lembut, alih-alih pembuangan seorang santo."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19964_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19964-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagai tanggapan terhadap tuduhan-tuduhan ini, para penulis Katolik dan beberapa tokoh Protestan Prancis bersikeras bahwa Kirilos sama sekali tidak terlibat dalam pembunuhan Hipatia, dan menurut mereka Petros sang Lektor adalah satu-satunya orang yang menjadi dalang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139_188-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di tengah perdebatan yang sengit ini, sosok Hipatia cenderung diabaikan, karena debatnya lebih berfokus pada pertanyaan mengenai apakah Petros sang Lektor bertindak sendiri atau memang mengikuti perintah Kirilos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139_188-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abad_ke-19">Abad ke-19</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hypatia_at_the_Haymarket_theatre_-_The_Graphic_-_21_January_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hypatia_at_the_Haymarket_theatre_-_The_Graphic_-_21_January_1893.jpg/200px-Hypatia_at_the_Haymarket_theatre_-_The_Graphic_-_21_January_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hypatia_at_the_Haymarket_theatre_-_The_Graphic_-_21_January_1893.jpg/300px-Hypatia_at_the_Haymarket_theatre_-_The_Graphic_-_21_January_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hypatia_at_the_Haymarket_theatre_-_The_Graphic_-_21_January_1893.jpg/400px-Hypatia_at_the_Haymarket_theatre_-_The_Graphic_-_21_January_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1070" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Drama <i>Hypatia</i>, yang dipentaskan di <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Haymarket" title="Theatre Royal Haymarket">Teater Haymarket</a> pada Januari 1893, didasarkan pada novel karya Charles Kingsley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017142_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017142-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hypatia,_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hypatia%2C_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg/200px-Hypatia%2C_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hypatia%2C_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg/300px-Hypatia%2C_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hypatia%2C_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg/400px-Hypatia%2C_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3369" data-file-height="4560" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Foto <i>Hypatia</i> karya <a href="/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron" title="Julia Margaret Cameron">Julia Margaret Cameron</a> dari tahun 1867, juga terilhami dari novel Charles Kingsley<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017142_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017142-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> Prancis memiliki teks asli yang berkaitan dengan artikel ini: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Hypatie_(Po%C3%A8mes_antiques)" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Hypatie (Poèmes antiques)"><i>Hypathie</i></a></b></i></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> Prancis memiliki teks asli yang berkaitan dengan artikel ini: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Hypathie_et_Cyrille" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Hypathie et Cyrille"><i>Hypathie et Cyrille</i></a></b></i></div></div></div> </div> <p>Pada abad ke-19, para penulis sastra Eropa menciptakan legenda Hipatia sebagai bagian dari gerakan <a href="/wiki/Helenisme_(neoklasisisme)" title="Helenisme (neoklasisisme)">Neo-helenisme</a>, yaitu pergerakan yang <a href="/wiki/Romantisisme" title="Romantisisme">meromantisasi</a> orang-orang <a href="/wiki/Yunani_Kuno" title="Yunani Kuno">Yunani Kuno</a> dan nilai-nilai mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastner201050-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maka orang-orang mulai tertarik dengan legenda Hipatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963_187-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ipazia ovvero delle Filosofie</i> karya <a href="/wiki/Diodata_Saluzzo_Roero" title="Diodata Saluzzo Roero">Diodata Saluzzo Roero</a> pada tahun 1827 menyatakan bahwa Kirilos telah membuat Hipatia masuk Kristen, dan Hipatia dibunuh oleh seorang imam "pengkhianat".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoero1827_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoero1827-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam puisinya yang berjudul <i>Hypatie</i> pada tahun 1852 dan <i>Hypathie et Cyrille</i> pada tahun 1857, penyair Prancis <a href="/wiki/Leconte_de_Lisle" title="Leconte de Lisle">Charles Leconte de Lisle</a> menggambarkan Hipatia sebagai lambang "kebenaran" dan "kecantikan".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1999112_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1999112-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puisi <i>Hypatie</i> menggambarkan Hipatia sebagai korban sejarah yang lahir pada masa yang salah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19964_190-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19964-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201720–21_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201720–21-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puisi <i>Hypathie et Cyrille</i> menggunakan penggambaran abad ke-18 bahwa Hipatia adalah korban kekejaman Kristen,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19964–5_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19964–5-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201721–22_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201721–22-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi dengan tambahan bahwa Hipatia pernah mencoba dan gagal meyakinkan Kirilos bahwa neoplatonisme dan Kekristenan itu sama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19965–6_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19965–6-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201721–22_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201721–22-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, novel karya <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a> dari tahun 1853 yang berjudul <i><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_(novel)" title="Hypatia (novel)">Hypatia; Or, New Foes with an Old Face</a></i> awalnya hendak dijadikan risalah sejarah,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19968_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19968-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201715_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201715-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi pada akhirnya malah menjadi roman khas pertengahan <a href="/wiki/Era_Victoria" title="Era Victoria">zaman Victoria</a> dengan pesan-pesan yang sangat anti-Katolik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19968_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19968-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201715_199-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201715-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novel ini menggambarkan Hipatia sebagai sosok dengan "semangat Plato dan tubuh <a href="/wiki/Afrodit" title="Afrodit">Afrodit</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19969_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19969-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Novel Kingsley sangat populer;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141–142_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141–142-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199611_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199611-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> novel ini diterjemahkan ke dalam beberapa bahasa yang dituturkan di Eropa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199611_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199611-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan masih terus dicetak pada akhir abad ke-19.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novel ini menyebarkan citra Hipatia sebagai "orang Helen terakhir",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199611_202-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199611-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan juga diadaptasi menjadi drama,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141_203-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seperti drama yang ditulis oleh Elizabeth Bowers dan dipentaskan di <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> pada tahun 1859 dengan Bowers sendiri sebagai bintangnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141_203-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tanggal 2 Januari 1893, adaptasi drama <i>Hypatia</i> yang ditulis oleh G. Stuart Ogilvie dan diproduksi oleh <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Beerbohm_Tree" title="Herbert Beerbohm Tree">Herbert Beerbohm Tree</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacqueen-Pope1948337_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacqueen-Pope1948337-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20139_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher20139-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mulai dipentaskan di <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Haymarket" title="Theatre Royal Haymarket">Teater Haymarket</a> di London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacqueen-Pope1948337_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacqueen-Pope1948337-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20139_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher20139-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peran utama pada mulanya diberikan kepada <a href="/wiki/Julia_Neilson" title="Julia Neilson">Julia Neilson</a>, dan drama ini diiringi dengan musik karya <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Parry" title="Hubert Parry">Hubert Parry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacqueen-Pope1948337_204-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacqueen-Pope1948337-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20139_205-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher20139-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novel ini juga mengilhami karya-karya seni visual,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017142_191-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017142-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seperti foto Hipatia sebagai seorang wanita muda karya fotografer <a href="/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron" title="Julia Margaret Cameron">Julia Margaret Cameron</a> pada tahun 1867 dengan <a href="/wiki/Marie_Spartali_Stillman" title="Marie Spartali Stillman">Marie Spartali</a> sebagai modelnya,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017142_191-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017142-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serta sebuah lukisan karya <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Mitchell" title="Charles William Mitchell">Charles William Mitchell</a> dari tahun 1885 yang menggambarkan Hipatia sedang telanjang di hadapan altar gereja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017142_191-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017142-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada saat yang sama, para filsuf dan ilmuwan Eropa juga menggambarkan Hipatia sebagai tokoh terakhir yang mewakili ilmu pengetahuan dan pemikiran bebas sebelum terjadinya "kemerosotan <a href="/wiki/Abad_Pertengahan" title="Abad Pertengahan">abad pertengahan</a> yang panjang".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastner201050-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1843, penulis Jerman Wilhelm Gottlieb Soldan dan Heinrich Heppe berpendapat dalam karya mereka yang berjudul <i>Geschichte der Hexenprocesse</i> bahwa Hipatia mungkin adalah "<a href="/wiki/Penyihir" class="mw-redirect" title="Penyihir">penyihir</a>" terkenal pertama yang dihukum oleh Kristen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoldan184382_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoldan184382-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abad_ke-20">Abad ke-20</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:435px;max-width:435px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hypatia_(1900_Play).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hypatia_%281900_Play%29.png/220px-Hypatia_%281900_Play%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hypatia_%281900_Play%29.png/330px-Hypatia_%281900_Play%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Hypatia_%281900_Play%29.png 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="526" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Seorang aktris (kemungkinan <a href="/wiki/Mary_Anderson_(aktris_kelahiran_1859)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Anderson (aktris kelahiran 1859)">Mary Anderson</a>) berperan dalam drama <i>Hypatia</i> sekitar tahun 1900. Kemiripan antara gambar ini dengan gambar karya Gaspard di kanan menyiratkan bahwa mungkin saja gambar ini mengilhami Gaspard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201725–26,_28_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201725–26,_28-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hypatia_portrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hypatia_portrait.png/207px-Hypatia_portrait.png" decoding="async" width="207" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hypatia_portrait.png/311px-Hypatia_portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hypatia_portrait.png/414px-Hypatia_portrait.png 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1722" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Gambar Hipatia yang dibuat oleh Jules Maurice Gaspard, awalnya merupakan ilustrasi untuk biografi fiksi karya <a href="/wiki/Elbert_Hubbard" title="Elbert Hubbard">Elbert Hubbard</a> dari tahun 1908, kini menjadi salah satu gambar Hipatia yang paling sering direproduksi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007163_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007163-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200847_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200847-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201725–26_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201725–26-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Pada tahun 1908, penulis Amerika Serikat <a href="/wiki/Elbert_Hubbard" title="Elbert Hubbard">Elbert Hubbard</a> menerbitkan buku biografi Hipatia sebagai bagian dari seri <i>Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Teachers</i>. Walaupun ia mengklaim karyanya sebagai sebuah biografi, buku ini hampir sepenuhnya bersifat fiksi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007163_208-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007163-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200847–48_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200847–48-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di dalamnya, Hubbard mengarang kisah soal program olahraga yang menurutnya dibuatkan oleh Theon untuk putrinya, yaitu "memancing, berkuda, dan mendayung". Ia mengklaim bahwa Theon memberikan wejangan kepada Hipatia, "Jagalah hakmu untuk berpikir, karena berpikir salah itu lebih baik daripada tidak berpikir sama sekali." Hubbard juga menceritakan bagaimana Hipatia muda mendatangi <a href="/wiki/Athena_(kota)" title="Athena (kota)">Athena</a> dan menjadi murid filsuf <a href="/wiki/Plutarkhos_dari_Athena" title="Plutarkhos dari Athena">Plutarkos</a>. Ini semua hanyalah fiksi dan sama sekali tidak pernah disebutkan dalam sumber sejarah kuno. Hubbard bahkan mengarang kutipan-kutipan dengan sudut pandang <a href="/wiki/Rasionalisme" title="Rasionalisme">rasionalis</a> yang diklaim sebagai kutipan Hipatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200848_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200848-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun begitu, gambar di sampul buku ini (yaitu gambar Hipatia sebagai seorang wanita muda yang cantik karya seniman Jules Maurice Gaspard) telah menjadi gambar Hipatia yang paling dikenal dan paling sering direproduksi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007163_208-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007163-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200847_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200847-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201725–26_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201725–26-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada masa yang sama, Hipatia dijadikan tokoh <a href="/wiki/Feminisme" title="Feminisme">feminisme</a>, dan kehidupan serta kematiannya mulai dilihat dari sudut pandang pergerakan <a href="/wiki/Hak_wanita" class="mw-redirect" title="Hak wanita">hak wanita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199616_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199616-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penulis Carlo Pascal mengklaim pada tahun 1908 bahwa pembunuhan Hipatia merupakan tindakan anti-feminis yang mengubah cara peradaban memperlakukan wanita dan mengakibatkan kemerosotan peradaban <a href="/wiki/Mediterania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterania">Mediterania</a> pada umumnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201725_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201725-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dora_Russell" title="Dora Russell">Dora Russell</a>, istri filsuf <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, menerbitkan sebuah buku dengan judul <i>Hypatia or Woman and Knowledge</i> pada tahun 1925 yang membahas ketimpangan dan pendidikan yang tidak memadai untuk wanita.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201726–27_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201726–27-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kata pengantarnya menjelaskan alasan ia memilih judul ini:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201726–27_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201726–27-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Hipatia adalah seorang pengajar universitas yang dikecam oleh para petinggi gereja dan dicabik-cabik oleh orang Kristen. Mungkin nasib yang sama akan menimpa buku ini."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201727_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201727-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22797055">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: ka; width: 33%;"><p>Fabel perlu diajarkan sebagai fabel, mitos sebagai mitos, dan mukjizat sebagai khayalan puitis. Mengajarkan takhayul sebagai kebenaran adalah suatu hal yang paling buruk. Pikiran anak-anak menerima dan meyakininya, dan hanya melalui rasa sakit yang besar dan mungkin tragedi dapatlah ia dibebaskan darinya. Nyatanya, orang akan berjuang demi sebuah takhayul sama mudahnya dibanding demi sebuah kebenaran–bahkan sering lebih mudah lagi, karena takhayul begitu semu sehingga tidak dapat disentuh dan dibantah, sedangkan "kebenaran" hanyalah suatu sudut pandang, sehingga dapat diubah.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kutipan karangan yang dibuat seolah-olah merupakan kutipan Hipatia dalam biografi fiktif karya <a href="/wiki/Elbert_Hubbard" title="Elbert Hubbard">Elbert Hubbard</a> tahun 1908<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200848_212-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200848-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Informasi yang salah mengenai Hipatia terus menyebar pada akhir abad ke-20.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200847–48_211-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200847–48-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biografi fiksi Hubbard dalam <i>Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Teachers</i> mungkin ditulis untuk anak-anak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200847_209-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200847-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, cendekiawan Lynn M. Osen menjadikannya sebagai sumber utama dalam artikel biografinya yang terkenal dari tahun 1974 mengenai Hipatia dalam buku <i>Women in Mathematics</i> yang diterbitkan oleh <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a> pada tahun 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200847–48_211-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200847–48-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Begitu pula dengan <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Fordham" title="Universitas Fordham">Universitas Fordham</a> yang memakai biografi Hubbard sebagai sumber utama dalam kelas mereka mengenai sejarah abad pertengahan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200847–48_211-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200847–48-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007163_208-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007163-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Episode ketiga belas dan terakhir dari serial <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmos:_A_Personal_Voyage" title="Cosmos: A Personal Voyage">Cosmos: A Personal Voyage</a></i> yang dibawakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> di stasiun televisi <a href="/wiki/PBS" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS">PBS</a> pada tahun 1980 juga menyebarkan kisah yang tidak benar mengenai kematian Hipatia. Sagan mengklaim bahwa peristiwa ini mengakibatkan pembakaran <a href="/wiki/Perpustakaan_Aleksandria" title="Perpustakaan Aleksandria">Perpustakaan Aleksandria</a> oleh orang Kristen militan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nyatanya, walaupun orang Kristen yang dipimpin oleh Teofilos pernah menghancurkan Serapeion pada tahun 391, Perpustakaan Aleksandria sudah tidak ada lagi berabad-abad sebelum kelahiran Hipatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mengingat Hipatia adalah seorang cendekiawan wanita, ia menjadi teladan bagi wanita cerdas pada zaman modern,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199616_213-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199616-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan ada dua jurnal feminis yang mengambil nama darinya:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199616_213-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199616-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> jurnal Yunani <i>Hypatia: Feminist Studies</i> diluncurkan di Athena pada tahun 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199616_213-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199616-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <i>Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy</i> diluncurkan di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199616_213-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199616-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejak tahun 1996, Yayasan Hypatia Trust di <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a> telah membuat sebuah perpustakaan dan arsip untuk mengumpulkan pencapaian-pencapaian wanita dalam bidang sastra, seni, dan ilmu pengetahuan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201727_216-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201727-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yayasan ini juga terkait dengan yayasan yang mendirikan "Hypatia-in-the-Woods" di negara bagian <a href="/wiki/Washington_(Amerika_Serikat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (Amerika Serikat)">Washington</a> yang merupakan tempat bagi para wanita untuk mencari ketenangan dan menghabiskan waktu untuk mengerjakan proyek-proyek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201727_216-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201727-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seni berskala besar karya <a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a> yang bertajuk <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dinner_Party" title="The Dinner Party">The Dinner Party</a></i> memberikan sebuah meja kepada Hipatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201722_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201722-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meja Hipatia dihiasi dengan rancangan Koptik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201722_218-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201722-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan kepala seorang dewi Helenistik yang membentuk tulisan "H" di namanya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201725_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201725-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di sepanjang taplak mejanya, tampak dewi-dewi Helenistik lainnya yang menangisi kematian Hipatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201725_214-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201725-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saat mendeskripsikan meja yang diberikan untuk Hipatia, Chicago mengatakan bahwa kerusuhan yang berujung pada pembunuhan Hipatia secara langsung diakibatkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Patriarki" title="Patriarki">patriarki</a> Romawi dan penganiayaan wanita,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201722–23_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201722–23-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan menurutnya kerusuhan yang masih terjadi saat ini hanya dapat diakhiri dengan mengembalikan <a href="/wiki/Matriarki" title="Matriarki">matriarki</a> yang pernah ada pada mulanya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201722–23_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201722–23-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia juga menganggap Kirilos sebagai dalang pembunuhan Hipatia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201725_214-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201725-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan menyimpulkan bahwa semua tulisan Hipatia telah hangus terbakar di Perpustakaan Aleksandria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201725_214-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201725-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, karya-karya sastra besar pada abad ke-20 yang menyebutkan Hipatia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201714–30_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201714–30-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meliputi <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu" title="À la recherche du temps perdu">À la recherche du temps perdu</a></i> karya <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a> dan <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Scipio_(novel)" title="The Dream of Scipio (novel)">The Dream of Scipio</a></i> karya <a href="/wiki/Iain_Pears" title="Iain Pears">Iain Pears</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201715_199-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201715-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abad_ke-21">Abad ke-21</h3></div> <p>Kisah fiksi mengenai Hipatia terus menerus dikembangkan oleh penulis dari berbagai negara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201713–20_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201713–20-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam novel karya <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a> dari tahun 2002 yang berjudul <i><a href="/wiki/Baudolino" title="Baudolino">Baudolino</a></i>, tokoh utamanya jatuh cinta dengan seseorang yang setengah wanita, setengah <a href="/wiki/Satir" title="Satir">satir</a>, dan merupakan keturunan dari kelompok murid wanita Hipatia yang melarikan diri setelah guru mereka dibunuh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201716_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201716-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murid-murid ini mendirikan komunitas khusus wanita "yang mencoba melestarikan apa yang mereka pelajari dari guru mereka... [tinggal] terpisah dari dunia, untuk menemukan kembali apa yang benar-benar dikatakan oleh Hipatia."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201716_222-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201716-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Para wanita ini, yang bereproduksi melalui pembuahan dengan bantuan para satir, diberi nama Hipatia dan mereka semua pun disebut "hipatia-hipatia".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201716_222-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201716-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, novel karya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Kramer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlotte Kramer (halaman belum tersedia)">Charlotte Kramer</a> dari tahun 2006 yang berjudul <i>Holy Murder: the Death of Hypatia of Alexandria</i> menggambarkan Kirilos sebagai penjahat yang tidak ada sifat baiknya sama sekali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201716–18_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201716–18-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hipatia berulang kali digambarkan sebagai sosok yang cemerlang dan dicintai,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201717_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201717-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan ia mempermalukan Kirilos dengan menunjukkan bahwa ia tahu lebih banyak soal <a href="/wiki/Alkitab" title="Alkitab">Alkitab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201716–18_223-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201716–18-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novel <a href="/wiki/Ki_Longfellow" title="Ki Longfellow">Ki Longfellow</a> yang berjudul <i>Flow Down Like Silver</i> (2009) menceritakan sebuah kisah yang menjelaskan alasan Hipatia mulai mengajar untuk yang pertama kalinya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201718–19_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201718–19-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novel <a href="/wiki/Youssef_Ziedan" title="Youssef Ziedan">Youssef Ziedan</a> yang berjudul <i>Azazeel</i> (2012) mendeskripsikan pembunuhan Hipatia dari sudut pandang biarawan Hipa yang menyaksikan peristiwa tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201719–20_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201719–20-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plot_to_Save_Socrates" title="The Plot to Save Socrates">The Plot to Save Socrates</a></i> (2006) karya <a href="/wiki/Paul_Levinson" title="Paul Levinson">Paul Levinson</a>, Hipatia ternyata adalah seorang penjelajah waktu dari <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> abad ke-21.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser201861_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser201861-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Film <i><a href="/wiki/Agora_(film)" title="Agora (film)">Agora</a></i> dari tahun 2009 yang disutradarai oleh <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Amen%C3%A1bar" title="Alejandro Amenábar">Alejandro Amenábar</a> adalah film yang sangat mendramatisasi tahun-tahun terakhir Hipatia. Tokoh Hipatia dalam film ini diperankan oleh <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Weisz" title="Rachel Weisz">Rachel Weisz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183_217-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017145_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017145-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201713–14_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201713–14-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film yang bertujuan untuk mengkritik <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalisme_Kristen" title="Fundamentalisme Kristen">fundamentalisme Kristen</a> ini<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sangat berdampak terhadap pandangan publik mengenai Hipatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017145_228-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017145-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tidak seperti adaptasi-adaptasi fiksi sebelumnya, <i>Agora</i> lebih menekankan penelitian-penelitian astronomi dan mekanika yang dilakukan oleh Hipatia alih-alih filsafatnya, dan ia menggambarkannya "lebih seperti Kopernikus dan tidak terlalu seperti Plato".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017145_228-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017145-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film ini juga sangat menekankan aspek pembatasan yang diberlakukan oleh gereja terhadap wanita.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017145–146_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017145–146-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam salah satu adegannya, Hipatia dilecehkan oleh salah satu budak ayahnya yang baru masuk Kristen,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan dalam adegan yang lain, Kirilos membacakan ayat dari <a href="/wiki/1_Timotius" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Timotius">1 Timotius</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alkitab.sabda.org/bible.php?lang=id&version=tb&book=1+Timotius&chapter=2:8-12#9">2:8-12:9</a></span> yang melarang wanita mengajar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146_232-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201714_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201714-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menjelang akhir film, Sinesios memperingati Orestes bahwa ia harus memutuskan pertemanannya dengan Hipatia agar ia tetap dapat beriman Kristiani.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146_232-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film ini juga menggambarkan Kirilos dan para biarawannya sebagai laki-laki berjenggot dengan penutup kepala dari kain hitam,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146_232-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menyerupai gambaran <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> dalam media.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146_232-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terdapat banyak kesalahan dalam film ini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183_217-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146_232-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark2014_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark2014-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film <i>Agora</i> melebih-lebihkan pencapaian Hipatia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark2014_234-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark2014-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan juga menyebarkan gambaran yang salah bahwa Hipatia telah menemukan bukti untuk mendukung model <a href="/wiki/Heliosentrisme" title="Heliosentrisme">heliosentrisme</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristarkos_dari_Samos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristarkos dari Samos">Aristarkos dari Samos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> padahal tidak ada bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa Hipatia pernah mempelajari model tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di film ini juga terdapat adegan yang didasarkan pada episode terakhir <i>Cosmos</i> yang menunjukkan gerombolan Kristen yang menyerbu Serapeion dan membakar semua gulungan di dalamnya,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183_217-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meskipun mereka masih membiarkan gedungnya berdiri walaupun mereka sudah menjatuhkan beberapa patung.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183_217-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nyatanya, Serapeion kemungkinan tidak menyimpan satu gulungan pun saat gedungnya dihancurkan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183_217-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan orang Kristen meratakan bangunannya dengan tanah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183_217-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film ini juga menyiratkan seolah Hipatia adalah seorang <a href="/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme">ateis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> padahal hal ini bertentangan dengan sumber-sumber sejarah yang ada,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menggambarkan Hipatia sebagai seorang pengikut ajaran <a href="/wiki/Plotinos" title="Plotinos">Plotinos</a> yang setia, dan Plotinos sendiri mengajarkan bahwa tujuan filsafat adalah "penyatuan mistis dengan yang ilahi."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di bidang astronomi, Hipatia telah diabadikan sebagai nama sebuah <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabuk_asteroid" title="Sabuk asteroid">sabuk utama</a> yang ditemukan pada tahun 1884, yaitu <a href="/wiki/238_Hypatia" title="238 Hypatia">238 Hypatia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kawah_bulan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawah bulan">Kawah bulan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_(kawah)" title="Hypatia (kawah)">Hypatia</a></i> juga dinamai darinya, dan ada pula kawah bulan lain yang mengambil nama dari ayahnya, Theon. Selain itu, di sebelah utara kawah Hipatia, terdapat kenampakan <i>Rimae Hypatia</i> dengan panjang 180 km yang terbentang di <a href="/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis" title="Mare Tranquillitatis">Mare Tranquillitatis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201727-28_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201727-28-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan_penjelas">Catatan penjelas</h2></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a>: <span lang="grc">Ὑπατία</span> <i>Hypatía</i>, pelafalan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Koine" title="Bahasa Yunani Koine">Yunani Koine</a>: <small></small><span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_untuk_bahasa_Yunani" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPA untuk bahasa Yunani">[y.pa.ˈti.a]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musik merupakan obat <a href="/wiki/Pitagoreanisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitagoreanisme">Pitagorean</a> untuk menenangkan hawa nafsu,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201775_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201775-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan kebiasaan ini berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Anekdot" title="Anekdot">anekdot</a> dari kehidupan <a href="/wiki/Pitagoras" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitagoras">Pitagoras</a> yang mengatakan bahwa konon ketika ia bertemu dengan beberapa pemuda mabuk yang mencoba masuk rumah seorang wanita yang berbudi luhur, Pitagoras bernyanyi dengan khidmat dan "keinginan yang membara" pada benak para lelaki itu pun sirna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200530_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200530-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sumber-sumber yang ditulis sebelum tahun 391 M menyebut perpustakaan Serapeion dengan <a href="/wiki/Kala_lampau" title="Kala lampau">kala lampau</a>, sehingga kemungkinan perpustakaannya memang sudah tidak ada saat Serapeion dihancurkan.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007107-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007107_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007107_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007107_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007107_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin2007">Deakin 2007</a>, hlm. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley200660-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200660_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200660_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200660_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradley2006">Bradley 2006</a>, hlm. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008191–192-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008191–192_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008191–192_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 191–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199666–70-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199666–70_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 66–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008192-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008192_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008192_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008192_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008192_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008192_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016194-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2016">Cameron 2016</a>, hlm. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199347-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199347_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199347_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameronLongSherry1993">Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993</a>, hlm. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201721-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201721_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200752-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200752_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin2007">Deakin 2007</a>, hlm. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200753-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200753_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200753_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200753_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin2007">Deakin 2007</a>, hlm. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199670-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199670_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199670_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastner201049-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201049_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201049_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201049_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201049_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201049_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastner2010">Castner 2010</a>, hlm. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200751–52-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200751–52_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin2007">Deakin 2007</a>, hlm. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199668-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199668_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199668_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenella1984126–128-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenella1984126–128_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenella1984126–128_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenella1984126–128_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenella1984126–128_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenella1984">Penella 1984</a>, hlm. 126–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoche1860435–474-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoche1860435–474_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoche1860435–474_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoche1860435–474_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoche1860">Hoche 1860</a>, hlm. 435–474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan201020-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan201020_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan2010">Morgan 2010</a>, hlm. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman198255-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregman198255_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBregman1982">Bregman 1982</a>, hlm. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199349–50-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199349–50_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameronLongSherry1993">Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993</a>, hlm. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakes2007364-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakes2007364_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakes2007364_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOakes2007">Oakes 2007</a>, hlm. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199656-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199656_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997311-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997311_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1997">Haas 1997</a>, hlm. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201764-65-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201764-65_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 64-65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200_27-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200–201-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200–201_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200–201_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 200–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman198238–39-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregman198238–39_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBregman1982">Bregman 1982</a>, hlm. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199358–59-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199358–59_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameronLongSherry1993">Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993</a>, hlm. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199358-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199358_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameronLongSherry1993">Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993</a>, hlm. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201767–70-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201767–70_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 67–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987173_33-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaithe1987">Waithe 1987</a>, hlm. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtaHolt2017283_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtaHolt2017">Curta & Holt 2017</a>, hlm. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201788-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201788_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199628-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199628_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanev2015100-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanev2015100_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanev2015">Banev 2015</a>, hlm. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201788–90-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201788–90_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 88–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley200663-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200663_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200663_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200663_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradley2006">Bradley 2006</a>, hlm. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201766-67-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201766-67_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 66-67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESokrates_dari_Konstantinopel-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokrates_dari_Konstantinopel_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSokrates_dari_Konstantinopel">Sokrates dari Konstantinopel</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017141-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017141_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017117-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017117_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200762-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200762_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200762_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200762_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200762_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200762_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin2007">Deakin 2007</a>, hlm. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017116–117-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017116–117_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017116-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017116_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017128–130-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017128–130_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 128–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201774–75-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201774–75_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201775-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201775_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201775_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201775_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201775_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201775_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200530-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200530_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg 2005</a>, hlm. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017128-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017128_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017128_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017128_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200763-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200763_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200763_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200763_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200763_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin2007">Deakin 2007</a>, hlm. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129–130-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129–130_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129–130_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017129–130_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017130-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017130_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017130_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201760-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201760_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201715-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201715_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201716-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201716_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201717-18-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201717-18_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 17-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201757-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201757_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200449-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200449_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWessel2004">Wessel 2004</a>, hlm. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201757–61-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts201757–61_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 57–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008190-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008190_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008191-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008191_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200782-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200782_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200782_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200782_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin2007">Deakin 2007</a>, hlm. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017196-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017196_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199695-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199695_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199695_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199695_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008195–196-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008195–196_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 195–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196–197-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196–197_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008196–197_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197_72-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008139-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008139_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008139_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008139_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska2008">Dzielska 2008</a>, hlm. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200783-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200783_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin2007">Deakin 2007</a>, hlm. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997310–311-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997310–311_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1997">Haas 1997</a>, hlm. 310–311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200436–37-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200436–37_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWessel2004">Wessel 2004</a>, hlm. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1997">Haas 1997</a>, hlm. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200436-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200436_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200436_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWessel2004">Wessel 2004</a>, hlm. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200416-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200416_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWessel2004">Wessel 2004</a>, hlm. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200437-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200437_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200437_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200437_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200437_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200437_80-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWessel2004">Wessel 2004</a>, hlm. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997306-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997306_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1997">Haas 1997</a>, hlm. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997306–307-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997306–307_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1997">Haas 1997</a>, hlm. 306–307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997307,_313-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997307,_313_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997307,_313_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1997">Haas 1997</a>, hlm. 307, 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997307-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997307_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1997">Haas 1997</a>, hlm. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197–198-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197–198_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 197–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovak2010239–240-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010239–240_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010239–240_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010239–240_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovak2010">Novak 2010</a>, hlm. 239–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008199–200-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008199–200_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312–313-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312–313_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312–313_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312–313_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997312–313_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1997">Haas 1997</a>, hlm. 312–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYwhna_dari_Nikiû100-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYwhna_dari_Nikiû100_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYwhna_dari_Nikiû">Ywhna dari Nikiû</a>, hlm. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovak2010240-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010240_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010240_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010240_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010240_91-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010240_91-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010240_91-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010240_91-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2010240_91-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovak2010">Novak 2010</a>, hlm. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017114–115-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017114–115_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997313-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997313_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997313_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997313_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1997">Haas 1997</a>, hlm. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199693-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199693_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017115–116-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017115–116_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198–199-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198–199_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198–199_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008198–199_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 198–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017116-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017116_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017116_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017116_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017116_97-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008199-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008199_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008199_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997235–236,_314-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997235–236,_314_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1997">Haas 1997</a>, hlm. 235–236, 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997314-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997314_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1997">Haas 1997</a>, hlm. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199359-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199359_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199359_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameronLongSherry1993">Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993</a>, hlm. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117_102-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117_102-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelenkiy20109–13-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelenkiy20109–13_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBelenkiy2010">Belenkiy 2010</a>, hlm. 9–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016190-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016190_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2016">Cameron 2016</a>, hlm. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017157-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017157_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017121-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017121_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017121_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017121_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200,_catatan_kaki_#186-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008200,_catatan_kaki_#186_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 200, catatan kaki #186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199695–96-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199695–96_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas1997436-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997436_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas1997436_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1997">Haas 1997</a>, hlm. 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas199767,_436-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaas199767,_436_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1997">Haas 1997</a>, hlm. 67, 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197–200-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197–200_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197–200_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008197–200_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 197–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastner201050-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastner201050_112-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastner2010">Castner 2010</a>, hlm. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007111-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007111_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007111_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin2007">Deakin 2007</a>, hlm. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016194–195-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194–195_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016194–195_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2016">Cameron 2016</a>, hlm. 194–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008132-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008132_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008132_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska2008">Dzielska 2008</a>, hlm. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley200659–60-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200659–60_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradley2006">Bradley 2006</a>, hlm. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017106-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017106_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987174–175-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987174–175_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987174–175_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987174–175_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaithe1987">Waithe 1987</a>, hlm. 174–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels200997–124-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngels200997–124_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngels2009">Engels 2009</a>, hlm. 97–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmer201274-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201274_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201274_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmmer2012">Emmer 2012</a>, hlm. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–2-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–2_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–2_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 71–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2016193–194-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016193–194_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016193–194_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016193–194_122-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2016193–194_122-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2016">Cameron 2016</a>, hlm. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017108–111-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017108–111_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017108–111_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 108–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmer201276_124-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmmer2012">Emmer 2012</a>, hlm. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–72-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–72_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–72_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199671–72_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199345-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199345_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameronLongSherry1993">Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993</a>, hlm. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199345–47-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199345–47_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameronLongSherry1993">Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993</a>, hlm. 45–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175_128-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175_128-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe1987175_128-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaithe1987">Waithe 1987</a>, hlm. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017110-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017110_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017110_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017110_129-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017110_129-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017110_129-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin199220–22-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin199220–22_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin1992">Deakin 1992</a>, hlm. 20–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017109-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017109_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017109_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017109_131-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley200661-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200661_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradley2006">Bradley 2006</a>, hlm. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin199221-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin199221_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin199221_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin199221_133-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin1992">Deakin 1992</a>, hlm. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199672-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199672_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin1994-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin1994_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin1994">Deakin 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnorr1989-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnorr1989_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnorr1989">Knorr 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007102–104-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007102–104_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007102–104_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007102–104_137-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007102–104_137-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007102–104_137-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin2007">Deakin 2007</a>, hlm. 102–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin199222-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin199222_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin199222_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin199222_138-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin1992">Deakin 1992</a>, hlm. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111–113-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111–113_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 111–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111_140-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111_140-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111_140-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111_140-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111_140-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111_140-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasachoffPasachoff2007226-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasachoffPasachoff2007226_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasachoffPasachoff2007226_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasachoffPasachoff2007">Pasachoff & Pasachoff 2007</a>, hlm. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016183_142-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheodore2016">Theodore 2016</a>, hlm. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112–113-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017112–113_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahon20071134-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahon20071134_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMahon2007">McMahon 2007</a>, hlm. 1134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111–112-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017111–112_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007104–105-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007104–105_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin2007">Deakin 2007</a>, hlm. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017113–114-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017113–114_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017115-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017115_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017115_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007105-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007105_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007105_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007105_149-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007105_149-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin2007">Deakin 2007</a>, hlm. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017114–115-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017114–115_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151–152-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151–152_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151–152_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151–152_151-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017154–155-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017154–155_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017154–155_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017154–155_152-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017151_153-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2008201-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2008201_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2008">Watts 2008</a>, hlm. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117–119-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017117–119_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 117–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119_156-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119_156-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119–120-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017119–120_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017120-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017120_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017155-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017155_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield199514-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield199514_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitfield1995">Whitfield 1995</a>, hlm. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200451-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200451_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWessel2004">Wessel 2004</a>, hlm. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosser200812-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosser200812_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosser2008">Rosser 2008</a>, hlm. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199618-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199618_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199618_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessel200452–53-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200452–53_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200452–53_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessel200452–53_164-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWessel2004">Wessel 2004</a>, hlm. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199341–44-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199341–44_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199341–44_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronLongSherry199341–44_165-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameronLongSherry1993">Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993</a>, hlm. 41–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199655-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199655_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin200754-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin200754_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin2007">Deakin 2007</a>, hlm. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135–136-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135–136_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135–136_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135–136_168-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135–136_168-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135–136_168-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin2007">Deakin 2007</a>, hlm. 135–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200710-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200710_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200710_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2007">Walsh 2007</a>, hlm. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017152-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017152_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017152_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017152_170-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017152_170-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008141-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska2008141_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska2008">Dzielska 2008</a>, hlm. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200711-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200711_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200711_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2007">Walsh 2007</a>, hlm. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017150-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017150_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200710–11-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200710–11_174-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200710–11_174-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2007">Walsh 2007</a>, hlm. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200734-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200734_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2007">Walsh 2007</a>, hlm. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007135_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin2007">Deakin 2007</a>, hlm. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017128–129-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017128–129_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129_178-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129_178-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129_178-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129–130-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129–130_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017129–130_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2017130–131-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth2017130–131_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017130-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017130_181-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017130_181-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017130–131-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017130–131_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199667-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199667_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962_184-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962_184-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962_184-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962_184-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962_184-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19962_184-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017135–136-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017135–136_185-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017135–136_185-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017135–136_185-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 135–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017136–137-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017136–137_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017136–137_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017136–137_186-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 136–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963_187-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963_187-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963_187-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963_187-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139_188-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139_188-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139_188-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017139_188-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963–4-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19963–4_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19964-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19964_190-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19964_190-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017142-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017142_191-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017142_191-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017142_191-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017142_191-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017142_191-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoero1827-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoero1827_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoero1827">Roero 1827</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1999112-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1999112_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1999">Edwards 1999</a>, hlm. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201720–21-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201720–21_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19964–5-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19964–5_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201721–22-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201721–22_196-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201721–22_196-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19965–6-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19965–6_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19968-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19968_198-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19968_198-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201715-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201715_199-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201715_199-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201715_199-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska19969-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska19969_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141–142-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141–142_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 141–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199611-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199611_202-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199611_202-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199611_202-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141_203-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141_203-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141_203-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017141_203-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacqueen-Pope1948337-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacqueen-Pope1948337_204-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacqueen-Pope1948337_204-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacqueen-Pope1948337_204-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacqueen-Pope1948">Macqueen-Pope 1948</a>, hlm. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher20139-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20139_205-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20139_205-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20139_205-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArcher2013">Archer 2013</a>, hlm. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoldan184382-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoldan184382_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoldan1843">Soldan 1843</a>, hlm. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201725–26,_28-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201725–26,_28_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 25–26, 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007163-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007163_208-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007163_208-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007163_208-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakin2007163_208-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeakin2007">Deakin 2007</a>, hlm. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200847-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200847_209-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200847_209-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200847_209-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2008">Cohen 2008</a>, hlm. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201725–26-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201725–26_210-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201725–26_210-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200847–48-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200847–48_211-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200847–48_211-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200847–48_211-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200847–48_211-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2008">Cohen 2008</a>, hlm. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200848-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200848_212-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200848_212-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2008">Cohen 2008</a>, hlm. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzielska199616-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199616_213-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199616_213-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199616_213-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199616_213-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzielska199616_213-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzielska1996">Dzielska 1996</a>, hlm. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201725-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201725_214-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201725_214-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201725_214-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201725_214-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201725_214-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201726–27-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201726–27_215-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201726–27_215-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201727-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201727_216-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201727_216-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201727_216-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183_217-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183_217-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183_217-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183_217-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183_217-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183_217-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182–183_217-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheodore2016">Theodore 2016</a>, hlm. 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201722-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201722_218-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201722_218-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201722–23-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201722–23_219-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201722–23_219-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201714–30-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201714–30_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 14–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201713–20-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201713–20_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 13–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201716-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201716_222-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201716_222-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201716_222-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201716–18-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201716–18_223-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201716–18_223-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 16–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201717-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201717_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201718–19-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201718–19_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201719–20-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201719–20_226-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser201861-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser201861_227-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2018">Fraser 2018</a>, hlm. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017145-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017145_228-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017145_228-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017145_228-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201713–14-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201713–14_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheodore2016182_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheodore2016">Theodore 2016</a>, hlm. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017145–146-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017145–146_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146_232-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146_232-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146_232-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146_232-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146_232-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts2017146_232-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2017">Watts 2017</a>, hlm. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201714-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201714_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark2014-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark2014_234-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark2014_234-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMark2014">Mark 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth201727-28-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth201727-28_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth2017">Booth 2017</a>, hlm. 27-28.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFArcher2013" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Archer_(critic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Archer (critic) (halaman belum tersedia)">Archer, William</a> (Juni 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WtGengEACAAJ"><i>The Theatrical World For 1893-[1897</i></a>, HardPress, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-314-50827-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-314-50827-7">978-1-314-50827-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theatrical+World+For+1893-%26%2391%3B1897&rft.pub=HardPress&rft.date=2013-06&rft.isbn=978-1-314-50827-7&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWtGengEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBanev2015" class="citation">Banev, Krastu (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=rCF5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100&dq=Synesius+Hypatia+letters#v=onepage&q=Synesius%20Hypatia%20letters&f=false"><i>Theophilus of Alexandria and the First Origenist Controversy: Rhetoric and Power</i></a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-872754-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-872754-5">978-0-19-872754-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theophilus+of+Alexandria+and+the+First+Origenist+Controversy%3A+Rhetoric+and+Power&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-872754-5&rft.aulast=Banev&rft.aufirst=Krastu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DrCF5BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA100%26dq%3DSynesius%2BHypatia%2Bletters%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DSynesius%2520Hypatia%2520letters%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBelenkiy2010" class="citation">Belenkiy, Ari (1 April 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/astrogeo/article/51/2/2.9/252110">"An astronomical murder?"</a>, <i>Astronomy & Geophysics</i>, <b>51</b> (2): 2.9–2.13, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-4004.2010.51209.x">10.1111/j.1468-4004.2010.51209.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Geophysics&rft.atitle=An+astronomical+murder%3F&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=2.9-2.13&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-4004.2010.51209.x&rft.aulast=Belenkiy&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fastrogeo%2Farticle%2F51%2F2%2F2.9%2F252110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBooth2017" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Booth" title="Charlotte Booth">Booth, Charlotte</a> (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=RVvdDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT57&dq=Orestes+prefect+Christian#v=onepage&q=Orestes%20prefect%20Christian&f=false"><i>Hypatia: Mathematician, Philosopher, Myth</i></a>, London, England: Fonthill Media, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-78155-546-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-78155-546-0">978-1-78155-546-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypatia%3A+Mathematician%2C+Philosopher%2C+Myth&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78155-546-0&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DRVvdDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT57%26dq%3DOrestes%2Bprefect%2BChristian%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DOrestes%2520prefect%2520Christian%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBradley2006" class="citation">Bradley, Michael John (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=EIdtVPeD7GcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Birth+of+Mathematics#v=onepage&q=The%20Birth%20of%20Mathematics&f=false"><i>The Birth of Mathematics: Ancient Times to 1300</i></a>, New York City, New York: Infobase Publishing, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780816054237" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780816054237">9780816054237</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Mathematics%3A+Ancient+Times+to+1300&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780816054237&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Michael+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DEIdtVPeD7GcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DThe%2BBirth%2Bof%2BMathematics%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DThe%2520Birth%2520of%2520Mathematics%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBregman1982" class="citation">Bregman, Jay (1982), Brown, Peter, ed., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=V_515iG8i14C&pg=PA39&dq=Bregman,+Hypatia+tolerant+of+Christians#v=onepage&q=Bregman%2C%20Hypatia%20tolerant%20of%20Christians&f=false"><i>Synesius of Cyrene: Philosopher-Bishop</i></a>, The Transformation of the Classical Heritage, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-520-04192-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-520-04192-9">978-0-520-04192-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synesius+of+Cyrene%3A+Philosopher-Bishop&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.series=The+Transformation+of+the+Classical+Heritage&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04192-9&rft.aulast=Bregman&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DV_515iG8i14C%26pg%3DPA39%26dq%3DBregman%2C%2BHypatia%2Btolerant%2Bof%2BChristians%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DBregman%252C%2520Hypatia%2520tolerant%2520of%2520Christians%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCameronLongSherry1993" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Cameron_(classical_scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Cameron (classical scholar) (halaman belum tersedia)">Cameron, Alan</a>; Long, Jacqueline; Sherry, Lee (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=T6t44B0-a98C&pg=PA59&dq=Hypatia+political#v=onepage&q=Hypatia%20political&f=false"><i>Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius</i></a>, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-520-06550-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-520-06550-5">978-0-520-06550-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarians+and+Politics+at+the+Court+of+Arcadius&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06550-5&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Long%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=Sherry%2C+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DT6t44B0-a98C%26pg%3DPA59%26dq%3DHypatia%2Bpolitical%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DHypatia%2520political%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCameron2016" class="citation">Cameron, Alan (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=H7ZwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA194&dq=Hypatia+Diophantus#v=onepage&q=Hypatia%20Diophantus&f=false">"Hypatia: Life, Death, and Works"</a>, <i>Wandering Poets and Other Essays on Late Greek Literature and Philosophy</i>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-026894-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-026894-7">978-0-19-026894-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hypatia%3A+Life%2C+Death%2C+and+Works&rft.btitle=Wandering+Poets+and+Other+Essays+on+Late+Greek+Literature+and+Philosophy&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026894-7&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DH7ZwCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA194%26dq%3DHypatia%2BDiophantus%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DHypatia%2520Diophantus%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation">Cohen, Martin (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=kwj31dqNssAC&pg=PA47&dq=Hypatia+Elbert+Hubbard#v=onepage&q=Hypatia%20Elbert%20Hubbard&f=false"><i>Philosophical Tales: Being an Alternative History Revealing the Characters, the Plots, and the Hidden Scenes that Make Up the True Story of Philosophy</i></a>, New York City, New York and London, England: Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1405140379" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1405140379">978-1405140379</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Tales%3A+Being+an+Alternative+History+Revealing+the+Characters%2C+the+Plots%2C+and+the+Hidden+Scenes+that+Make+Up+the+True+Story+of+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1405140379&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dkwj31dqNssAC%26pg%3DPA47%26dq%3DHypatia%2BElbert%2BHubbard%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DHypatia%2520Elbert%2520Hubbard%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCurtaHolt2017" class="citation">Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=dgF9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA283&dq=Synesius+letters+Hypatia#v=onepage&q=Synesius%20letters%20Hypatia&f=false"><i>Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History</i></a>, 1: Prehistory to AD 600, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4408-4598-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4408-4598-7">978-1-4408-4598-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Events+in+Religion%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Pivotal+Events+in+Religious+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-4598-7&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft.au=Holt%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DdgF9DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA283%26dq%3DSynesius%2Bletters%2BHypatia%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DSynesius%2520letters%2520Hypatia%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCastner2010" class="citation">Castner, Catherine J. (2010), "Hypatia", dalam Gagarin, Michael; Fantham, Elaine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome#v=onepage&q=Hypatia&f=false"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome</i></a>, 1: Academy-Bible, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, hlm. 49–51, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-538839-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-538839-8">978-0-19-538839-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hypatia&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=49-51&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538839-8&rft.aulast=Castner&rft.aufirst=Catherine+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DlNV6-HsUppsC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dthe%2BOxford%2BEncyclopedia%2Bof%2BAncient%2BGreece%2Band%2BRome%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DHypatia%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDeakin1992" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._B._Deakin" title="Michael A. B. Deakin">Deakin, M. A. B.</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qedcat.com/function/16.1short.pdf">"Hypatia of Alexandria"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, History of Mathematics Section, <i>Function</i>, <b>16</b> (1): 17–22</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Function&rft.atitle=Hypatia+of+Alexandria&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-22&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Deakin&rft.aufirst=M.+A.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qedcat.com%2Ffunction%2F16.1short.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDeakin1994" class="citation">Deakin, Michael A. B. (1994), "Hypatia and her mathematics", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Mathematical_Monthly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Mathematical Monthly (halaman belum tersedia)">American Mathematical Monthly</a></i>, <b>101</b> (3): 234–243, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2975600">10.2307/2975600</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2975600">2975600</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Reviews" title="Mathematical Reviews">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1264003">1264003</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Mathematical+Monthly&rft.atitle=Hypatia+and+her+mathematics&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=234-243&rft.date=1994&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D1264003&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2975600&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2975600&rft.aulast=Deakin&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDeakin2007" class="citation">Deakin, Michael A. B. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=P6X1DJ7UIb4C&pg=PA135&dq=Hypatia+and+Saint+Catherine+of+Alexandria#v=onepage&q=Hypatia%20and%20Saint%20Catherine%20of%20Alexandria&f=false"><i>Hypatia of Alexandria: Mathematician and Martyr</i></a>, Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-59102-520-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-59102-520-7">978-1-59102-520-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypatia+of+Alexandria%3A+Mathematician+and+Martyr&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-520-7&rft.aulast=Deakin&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DP6X1DJ7UIb4C%26pg%3DPA135%26dq%3DHypatia%2Band%2BSaint%2BCatherine%2Bof%2BAlexandria%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DHypatia%2520and%2520Saint%2520Catherine%2520of%2520Alexandria%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDeakin2012" class="citation">Deakin, Michael (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hypatia">"Hypatia"</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Hypatia&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Deakin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHypatia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDzielska1996" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Dzielska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Dzielska (halaman belum tersedia)">Dzielska, Maria</a> (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCkgLBCh2m0C"><i>Hypatia of Alexandria</i></a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-674-43776-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-674-43776-0">978-0-674-43776-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypatia+of+Alexandria&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-674-43776-0&rft.aulast=Dzielska&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUCkgLBCh2m0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDzielska2008" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Dzielska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Dzielska (halaman belum tersedia)">Dzielska, Maria</a> (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNtcejI_IGkC&pg=PA129">"Learned women in the Alexandrian scholarship and society of late Hellenism"</a>, dalam el-Abbadi, Mostafa; Fathallah, Omnia Mounir, <i>What Happened to the Ancient Library of Alexandria?</i>, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, hlm. 129–148, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789004165458" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9789004165458">9789004165458</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Learned+women+in+the+Alexandrian+scholarship+and+society+of+late+Hellenism&rft.btitle=What+Happened+to+the+Ancient+Library+of+Alexandria%3F&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=129-148&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789004165458&rft.aulast=Dzielska&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhNtcejI_IGkC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1999" class="citation">Edwards, Catharine (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v8iW8C7eE3YC"><i>Roman Presences: Receptions of Rome in European Culture, 1789-1945</i></a>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-59197-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-59197-3">978-0-521-59197-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Presences%3A+Receptions+of+Rome+in+European+Culture%2C+1789-1945&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59197-3&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Catharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv8iW8C7eE3YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEmmer2012" class="citation">Emmer, Michele (2012), <i>Imagine Math: Between Culture and Mathematics</i>, New York City, New York: Springer, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9788847024274" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9788847024274">9788847024274</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagine+Math%3A+Between+Culture+and+Mathematics&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788847024274&rft.aulast=Emmer&rft.aufirst=Michele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEngels2009" class="citation">Engels, David (2009), "Zwischen Philosophie und Religion: Weibliche Intellektuelle in Spätantike und Islam", dalam Groß, Dominik, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-kassel.de/upress/online/frei/978-3-89958-449-3.volltext.frei.pdf"><i>Gender schafft Wissen, Wissenschaft Gender? Geschlechtsspezifische Unterscheidungen Rollenzuschreibungen im Wandel der Zeit</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Kassel University Press, hlm. 97–124, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-89958-449-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-89958-449-3">978-3-89958-449-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zwischen+Philosophie+und+Religion%3A+Weibliche+Intellektuelle+in+Sp%C3%A4tantike+und+Islam&rft.btitle=Gender+schafft+Wissen%2C+Wissenschaft+Gender%3F+Geschlechtsspezifische+Unterscheidungen+Rollenzuschreibungen+im+Wandel+der+Zeit&rft.pages=97-124&rft.pub=Kassel+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-89958-449-3&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-kassel.de%2Fupress%2Fonline%2Ffrei%2F978-3-89958-449-3.volltext.frei.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHaas1997" class="citation">Haas, Christopher (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cVHKPW5MRaQC&q=parabalani#v=snippet&q=parabalani&f=false"><i>Alexandria in Late Antiquity: Topography and Social Conflict</i></a>, Baltimore, Maryland and London, England: The Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8018-5377-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8018-5377-7">978-0-8018-5377-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandria+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+Topography+and+Social+Conflict&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5377-7&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcVHKPW5MRaQC%26q%3Dparabalani%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dparabalani%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHoche1860" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hoche" title="Richard Hoche">Hoche, Richard</a> (Januari 1860), "XV. Hypatia, die tochter Theons", <i>Philologus</i> (dalam bahasa German), <b>15</b> (1–3): 435–474, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fphil.1860.15.13.435">10.1524/phil.1860.15.13.435</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philologus&rft.atitle=XV.+Hypatia%2C+die+tochter+Theons&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=435-474&rft.date=1860-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fphil.1860.15.13.435&rft.aulast=Hoche&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKnorr1989" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Knorr" title="Wilbur Knorr">Knorr, Wilbur</a> (1989), "III.11: On Hypatia of Alexandria", <i>Studies in Ancient and Medieval Geometry</i>, Boston: Birkhäuser, hlm. 753–804, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-3690-0_27">10.1007/978-1-4612-3690-0_27</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8176-3387-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8176-3387-5">978-0-8176-3387-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.11%3A+On+Hypatia+of+Alexandria&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+and+Medieval+Geometry&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=753-804&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4612-3690-0_27&rft.isbn=978-0-8176-3387-5&rft.aulast=Knorr&rft.aufirst=Wilbur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMacqueen-Pope1948" class="citation">Macqueen-Pope, Walter (1948), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KD5aAAAAMAAJ"><i>Haymarket: theatre of perfection</i></a>, Allen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haymarket%3A+theatre+of+perfection&rft.pub=Allen&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Macqueen-Pope&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKD5aAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMark2014" class="citation">Mark, Joshua J. (17 Februari 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancient.eu/article/656/historical-accuracy-in-the-film-agora/">"Historical Accuracy in the Film <i>Agora</i>"</a>, <i>Ancient History Encyclopedia</i>, ancient.eu</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Historical+Accuracy+in+the+Film+Agora&rft.date=2014-02-17&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient.eu%2Farticle%2F656%2Fhistorical-accuracy-in-the-film-agora%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon2007" class="citation">McMahon, John M. (2007), "Theon of Alexandria", dalam Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas R.; Bracher, Katherine; Jarrell, Richard; Marché, Jordan D.; Ragep, F. Jamil, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers#v=onepage&q=Hypatia&f=false"><i>Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers</i></a>, New York City, New York: Springer, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780387304007" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780387304007">9780387304007</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theon+of+Alexandria&rft.btitle=Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780387304007&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dt-BF1CHkc50C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DBiographical%2BEncyclopedia%2Bof%2BAstronomers%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DHypatia%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2010" class="citation">Morgan, Teresa (2010), "Education", dalam Gagarin, Michael; Fantham, Elaine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome#v=onepage&q=Hypatia&f=false"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome</i></a>, 1: Academy-Bible, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, hlm. 20, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-538839-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-538839-8">978-0-19-538839-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Education&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538839-8&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DlNV6-HsUppsC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dthe%2BOxford%2BEncyclopedia%2Bof%2BAncient%2BGreece%2Band%2BRome%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DHypatia%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNovak2010" class="citation">Novak, Ralph Martin, Jr. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=LuhZyh1_j6oC&pg=PA240&dq=Surely+nothing+can+be+farther+from+the+spirit+of+Christianity+than+the+allowance+of+massacres,+fights,+and+transactions+of+that+sort.#v=onepage&q=Surely%20nothing%20can%20be%20farther%20from%20the%20spirit%20of%20Christianity%20than%20the%20allowance%20of%20massacres%2C%20fights%2C%20and%20transactions%20of%20that%20sort.&f=false"><i>Christianity and the Roman Empire: Background Texts</i></a>, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Bloomsbury Publishing, hlm. 239–240, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-56338-347-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-56338-347-2">978-1-56338-347-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+the+Roman+Empire%3A+Background+Texts&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=239-240&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-56338-347-2&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Martin%2C+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DLuhZyh1_j6oC%26pg%3DPA240%26dq%3DSurely%2Bnothing%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Bfarther%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bspirit%2Bof%2BChristianity%2Bthan%2Bthe%2Ballowance%2Bof%2Bmassacres%2C%2Bfights%2C%2Band%2Btransactions%2Bof%2Bthat%2Bsort.%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DSurely%2520nothing%2520can%2520be%2520farther%2520from%2520the%2520spirit%2520of%2520Christianity%2520than%2520the%2520allowance%2520of%2520massacres%252C%2520fights%252C%2520and%2520transactions%2520of%2520that%2520sort.%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOakes2007" class="citation">Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007), "Hypatia", <i>Encyclopedia of World Scientists</i>, New York City, New York: Infobase Publishing, hlm. 364, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781438118826" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781438118826">9781438118826</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hypatia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Scientists&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781438118826&rft.aulast=Oakes&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPasachoffPasachoff2007" class="citation">Pasachoff, Naomi; Pasachoff, Jay M. (2007), "Hypatia", dalam Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas R.; Bracher, Katherine; Jarrell, Richard; Marché, Jordan D.; Ragep, F. Jamil, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers#v=onepage&q=Hypatia&f=false"><i>Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers</i></a>, New York City, New York: Springer, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780387304007" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780387304007">9780387304007</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hypatia&rft.btitle=Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780387304007&rft.aulast=Pasachoff&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft.au=Pasachoff%2C+Jay+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dt-BF1CHkc50C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DBiographical%2BEncyclopedia%2Bof%2BAstronomers%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DHypatia%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPenella1984" class="citation">Penella, Robert J. (1984), "When was Hypatia born?", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_(classical_antiquity_history_journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia (classical antiquity history journal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</a></i>, <b>33</b> (1): 126–128, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4435877">4435877</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=When+was+Hypatia+born%3F&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=126-128&rft.date=1984&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4435877&rft.aulast=Penella&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRiedweg2005" class="citation">Riedweg, Christoph (2005) [2002], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=A8ixyQJA7_MC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pythagoras#v=onepage&q=Pythagoras&f=false"><i>Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence</i></a>, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8014-7452-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8014-7452-1">978-0-8014-7452-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagoras%3A+His+Life%2C+Teachings%2C+and+Influence&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7452-1&rft.aulast=Riedweg&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DA8ixyQJA7_MC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DPythagoras%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DPythagoras%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRoero1827" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Diodata_Saluzzo_Roero" title="Diodata Saluzzo Roero">Roero, Diodata Saluzzo</a> (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3yuDMLnlrWsC&pg=PA24"><i>Ipazia ovvero Delle filosofie poema di Diodata Saluzzo Roero</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ipazia+ovvero+Delle+filosofie+poema+di+Diodata+Saluzzo+Roero.&rft.date=1827&rft.aulast=Roero&rft.aufirst=Diodata+Saluzzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3yuDMLnlrWsC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRosser2008" class="citation">Rosser, Sue Vilhauser (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=OB4OgT8OH7sC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Women,+Science,+and+Myth:+Gender+Beliefs+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present#v=onepage&q=Women%2C%20Science%2C%20and%20Myth%3A%20Gender%20Beliefs%20from%20Antiquity%20to%20the%20Present&f=false"><i>Women, Science, and Myth: Gender Beliefs from Antiquity to the Present</i></a>, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781598840957" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781598840957">9781598840957</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Science%2C+and+Myth%3A+Gender+Beliefs+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781598840957&rft.aulast=Rosser&rft.aufirst=Sue+Vilhauser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DOB4OgT8OH7sC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DWomen%2C%2BScience%2C%2Band%2BMyth%3A%2BGender%2BBeliefs%2Bfrom%2BAntiquity%2Bto%2Bthe%2BPresent%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DWomen%252C%2520Science%252C%2520and%2520Myth%253A%2520Gender%2520Beliefs%2520from%2520Antiquity%2520to%2520the%2520Present%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSokrates_dari_Konstantinopel" class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Sokrates_dari_Konstantinopel" title="Sokrates dari Konstantinopel">Sokrates dari Konstantinopel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychurchtexts.com/public/socrates_the_murder_of_hypatia.htm">"Ecclesiastical History"</a>. Early Church Texts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 Maret</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History&rft.pub=Early+Church+Texts&rft.au=Sokrates+dari+Konstantinopel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychurchtexts.com%2Fpublic%2Fsocrates_the_murder_of_hypatia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSoldan1843" class="citation book">Soldan, Wilhelm Gottlieb (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ih8FNa3JoT4C"><i>Geschichte der Hexenprozesse: aus dem Qvellen Dargestellt</i></a>. Cotta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Hexenprozesse%3A+aus+dem+Qvellen+Dargestellt&rft.pub=Cotta&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Soldan&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm+Gottlieb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dih8FNa3JoT4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTheodore2016" class="citation">Theodore, Jonathan (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=3QPWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183&dq=Hypatia+of+Alexandria+astrolabe+discoveries#v=onepage&q=Hypatia%20of%20Alexandria%20astrolabe%20discoveries&f=false"><i>The Modern Cultural Myth of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>, Manchester, England: Palgrave, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-137-56997-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-137-56997-4">978-1-137-56997-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Cultural+Myth+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.pub=Palgrave%2C+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-56997-4&rft.aulast=Theodore&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D3QPWDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA183%26dq%3DHypatia%2Bof%2BAlexandria%2Bastrolabe%2Bdiscoveries%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DHypatia%2520of%2520Alexandria%2520astrolabe%2520discoveries%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWaithe1987" class="citation">Waithe, Mary Ellen (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=x7ngECDpxmMC&pg=PA173&dq=Synesius+Hypatia+letters#v=onepage&q=Synesius%20Hypatia%20letters&f=false"><i>Ancient Women Philosophers: 600 B.C.-500 A. D</i></a>, <b>1</b>, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-90-247-3368-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-90-247-3368-2">978-90-247-3368-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Women+Philosophers%3A+600+B.C.-500+A.+D&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-247-3368-2&rft.aulast=Waithe&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dx7ngECDpxmMC%26pg%3DPA173%26dq%3DSynesius%2BHypatia%2Bletters%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DSynesius%2520Hypatia%2520letters%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2007" class="citation">Walsh, Christine (1 Januari 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ojrjh0aJKVsC&pg=PA10"><i>The Cult of St Katherine of Alexandria in Early Medieval Europe</i></a>, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7546-5861-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7546-5861-0">978-0-7546-5861-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+St+Katherine+of+Alexandria+in+Early+Medieval+Europe&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5861-0&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dojrjh0aJKVsC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWatts2008" class="citation">Watts, Edward J. (2008) [2006], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=MKolDQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=City+and+School+in+Late+Antique+Athens+and+Alexandria#v=onepage&q=Hypatia&f=false"><i>City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria</i></a>, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780520258167" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780520258167">9780520258167</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+and+School+in+Late+Antique+Athens+and+Alexandria&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780520258167&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DMKolDQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DCity%2Band%2BSchool%2Bin%2BLate%2BAntique%2BAthens%2Band%2BAlexandria%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DHypatia%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWatts2017" class="citation">Watts, Edward J. (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=0KL_DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA119&dq=Hypatia+political#v=onepage&q=Hypatia%20political&f=false"><i>Hypatia: The Life and Legend of an Ancient Philosopher</i></a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780190659141" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780190659141">9780190659141</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypatia%3A+The+Life+and+Legend+of+an+Ancient+Philosopher&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780190659141&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D0KL_DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA119%26dq%3DHypatia%2Bpolitical%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DHypatia%2520political%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWessel2004" class="citation">Wessel, Susan (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=YcgSDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cyril+of+Alexandria+and+the+Nestorian+controversy#v=onepage&q=Serapeum&f=false"><i>Cyril of Alexandria and the Nestorian Controversy: The Making of a Saint and of a Heretic</i></a>, Oxford Early Christian Studies, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-926846-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-926846-7">978-0-19-926846-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyril+of+Alexandria+and+the+Nestorian+Controversy%3A+The+Making+of+a+Saint+and+of+a+Heretic&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.series=Oxford+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926846-7&rft.aulast=Wessel&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DYcgSDAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DCyril%2Bof%2BAlexandria%2Band%2Bthe%2BNestorian%2Bcontroversy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DSerapeum%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield1995" class="citation">Whitfield, Bryan J. (Summer 1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902110939/http://math.coe.uga.edu/tme/Issues/v06n1/4whitfield.pdf">"The Beauty of Reasoning: A Reexamination of Hypatia and Alexandria"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mathematics_Educator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Mathematics Educator (halaman belum tersedia)">The Mathematics Educator</a></i>, <b>6</b> (1): 14–21, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.coe.uga.edu/tme/issues/v06n1/4whitfield.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2006-09-02<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2019-03-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mathematics+Educator&rft.atitle=The+Beauty+of+Reasoning%3A+A+Reexamination+of+Hypatia+and+Alexandria&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-21&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Bryan+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmath.coe.uga.edu%2Ftme%2Fissues%2Fv06n1%2F4whitfield.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFYwhna_dari_Nikiû" class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Ywhna_dari_Niki%C3%BB" title="Ywhna dari Nikiû">Ywhna dari Nikiû</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=KgZ-DOr77OQC&pg=PA100">"The Chronicle of John"</a>. Diterjemahkan oleh R.H. Charles. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merchantville,_New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merchantville, New Jersey (halaman belum tersedia)">Merchantville</a>: Evolution Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781889758879" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781889758879">9781889758879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+John&rft.place=Merchantville&rft.pub=Evolution+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781889758879&rft.au=Ywhna+dari+Niki%C3%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgZ-DOr77OQC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lanjut">Bacaan lanjut</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21093234"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBenedettoIsolaRusso2017" class="citation">Benedetto, Canio; Isola, Stefano; Russo, Lucio (31 Januari 2017), "Dating Hypatia's birth: a probabilistic model", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathematics_and_Mechanics_of_Complex_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems (halaman belum tersedia)">Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems</a></i>, Berkeley, California: Mathematical Sciences Publishers, <b>5</b> (1): 19–40, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2140%2Fmemocs.2017.5.19">10.2140/memocs.2017.5.19</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+and+Mechanics+of+Complex+Systems&rft.atitle=Dating+Hypatia%27s+birth%3A+a+probabilistic+model&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-40&rft.date=2017-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2140%2Fmemocs.2017.5.19&rft.aulast=Benedetto&rft.aufirst=Canio&rft.au=Isola%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Russo%2C+Lucio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBerggren2009" class="citation">Berggren, J. L. (Februari 2009), "The life and death of Hypatia", <i>Metascience</i>, <b>18</b> (1): 93–97, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11016-009-9256-z">10.1007/s11016-009-9256-z</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metascience&rft.atitle=The+life+and+death+of+Hypatia&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-97&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11016-009-9256-z&rft.aulast=Berggren&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBernardi2016" class="citation">Bernardi, Gabriella (2016), "Hypatia of Alexandria (355 or 370 ca. to 415)", <i>The Unforgotten Sisters: Female Astronomers and Scientists before Caroline Herschel</i>, Springer Praxis Books, hlm. 27–36, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-26127-0_5">10.1007/978-3-319-26127-0_5</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9783319261270" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9783319261270">9783319261270</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hypatia+of+Alexandria+%28355+or+370+ca.+to+415%29&rft.btitle=The+Unforgotten+Sisters%3A+Female+Astronomers+and+Scientists+before+Caroline+Herschel&rft.pages=27-36&rft.pub=Springer+Praxis+Books&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-26127-0_5&rft.isbn=9783319261270&rft.aulast=Bernardi&rft.aufirst=Gabriella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBrakke2018" class="citation">Brakke, David (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/cce/id/2159">"Hypatia"</a>, dalam Torjesen, Karen; Gabra, Gawdat, <i>Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia</i>, Claremont Graduate University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hypatia&rft.btitle=Claremont+Coptic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Claremont+Graduate+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Brakke&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccdl.libraries.claremont.edu%2Fcdm%2Fsingleitem%2Fcollection%2Fcce%2Fid%2F2159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCain1986" class="citation">Cain, Kathleen (Spring 1986), "Hypatia, the Alexandrian Library, and M.L.S. (Martyr-Librarian Syndrome)", <i>Community & Junior College Libraries</i>, <b>4</b> (3): 35–39, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ107V04N03_05">10.1300/J107V04N03_05</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Community+%26+Junior+College+Libraries&rft.atitle=Hypatia%2C+the+Alexandrian+Library%2C+and+M.L.S.+%28Martyr-Librarian+Syndrome%29&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=35-39&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ107V04N03_05&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCameron1990" class="citation">Cameron, Alan (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/4171">"Isadore of Miletus and Hypatia: On the editing of mathematical texts"</a>, <i>Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies</i>, <b>31</b> (1): 103–127</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek%2C+Roman+and+Byzantine+Studies&rft.atitle=Isadore+of+Miletus+and+Hypatia%3A+On+the+editing+of+mathematical+texts&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-127&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrbs.library.duke.edu%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCerqueiro2006" class="citation">Cerqueiro, Daniel (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5gScAAAACAAJ"><i>Hipatia de Alejandría, la filósofa</i></a> (dalam bahasa Spanyol), Buenos Aires: Pequeña Venecia, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-987-9239-16-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-987-9239-16-2">978-987-9239-16-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hipatia+de+Alejandr%C3%ADa%2C+la+fil%C3%B3sofa&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.pub=Peque%C3%B1a+Venecia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-987-9239-16-2&rft.aulast=Cerqueiro&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5gScAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDonovan2008" class="citation">Donovan, Sandy (2008), <i>Hypatia: Mathematician, Inventor, and Philosopher (Signature Lives: Ancient World)</i>, Compass Point Books, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0756537609" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0756537609">978-0756537609</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypatia%3A+Mathematician%2C+Inventor%2C+and+Philosopher+%28Signature+Lives%3A+Ancient+World%29&rft.pub=Compass+Point+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0756537609&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Sandy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFraser2018" class="citation">Fraser, Robert (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=b7RGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"><i>Literature, Music and Cosmopolitanism: Culture as Migration</i></a>, London: Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-987-9239-16-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-987-9239-16-2">978-987-9239-16-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature%2C+Music+and+Cosmopolitanism%3A+Culture+as+Migration&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-987-9239-16-2&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7RGDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMolinaro1990" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ursule_Molinaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ursule Molinaro (halaman belum tersedia)">Molinaro, Ursule</a> (1990), "A Christian Martyr in Reverse: Hypatia", <i>A Full Moon of Women: 29 Word Portraits of Notable Women From Different Times and Places + 1 Void of Course</i>, New York: Dutton, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-525-24848-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-525-24848-4">978-0-525-24848-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Christian+Martyr+in+Reverse%3A+Hypatia&rft.btitle=A+Full+Moon+of+Women%3A+29+Word+Portraits+of+Notable+Women+From+Different+Times+and+Places+%2B+1+Void+of+Course&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-525-24848-4&rft.aulast=Molinaro&rft.aufirst=Ursule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNietupski1993" class="citation">Nietupski, Nancy (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sboJPPCBpuQC&pg=PA45">"Hypatia of Alexandria: Mathematician, astronomer and philosopher"</a>, <i>Alexandria</i>, Phanes Press, <b>2</b>: 45–56, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780933999978" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780933999978">9780933999978</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria&rft.atitle=Hypatia+of+Alexandria%3A+Mathematician%2C+astronomer+and+philosopher&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=45-56&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780933999978&rft.aulast=Nietupski&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsboJPPCBpuQC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>. See also <i>The Life of Hypatia from The Suda</i> (Jeremiah Reedy, trans.), pp. 57–58, <i>The Life of Hypatia by Socrates Scholasticus from his Ecclesiastical History 7.13</i>, pp. 59–60, and <i>The Life of Hypatia by John, Bishop of Nikiu, from his Chronicle 84.87–103</i>, pp. 61–63.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFParsons1892" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reuben_Parsons_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reuben Parsons (priest) (halaman belum tersedia)">Parsons, Reuben</a> (1892), "St. Cyril of Alexandria and the Murder of Hypatia", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/somelieserrorsof00parsuoft#page/44/mode/2up"><i>Some Lies and Errors of History</i></a>, Notre Dame, Indiana: Office of the "Ave Maria", hlm. 44–53</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Cyril+of+Alexandria+and+the+Murder+of+Hypatia&rft.btitle=Some+Lies+and+Errors+of+History&rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=44-53&rft.pub=Office+of+the+%22Ave+Maria%22&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Reuben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsomelieserrorsof00parsuoft%23page%2F44%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRicheson1940" class="citation">Richeson, A. W. (1940), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jnsilva.ludicum.org/Sherlock/hypatia1.pdf">"Hypatia of Alexandria"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, <i>National Mathematics Magazine</i>, <b>15</b> (2): 74–82, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3028426">10.2307/3028426</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3028426">3028426</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Mathematics+Magazine&rft.atitle=Hypatia+of+Alexandria&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=74-82&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3028426&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3028426&rft.aulast=Richeson&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjnsilva.ludicum.org%2FSherlock%2Fhypatia1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRist1965" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Rist (halaman belum tersedia)">Rist, J. M.</a> (1965), "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(classics_journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenix (classics journal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Hypatia</a>", <i>Phoenix</i>, <b>19</b> (3): 214–225, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1086284">10.2307/1086284</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1086284">1086284</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=Hypatia&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=214-225&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1086284&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1086284&rft.aulast=Rist&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer1902" class="citation">Schaefer, Francis (1902), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015022676665;view=1up;seq=449">"St. Cyril of Alexandria and the Murder of Hypatia"</a>, <i>The Catholic University Bulletin</i>, <b>8</b>: 441–453</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+University+Bulletin&rft.atitle=St.+Cyril+of+Alexandria+and+the+Murder+of+Hypatia&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=441-453&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015022676665%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTeruel2011" class="citation">Teruel, Pedro Jesús (2011), <i>Filosofía y Ciencia en Hipatia</i> (dalam bahasa Spanish), Madrid: Gredos, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-84-249-1939-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-84-249-1939-9">978-84-249-1939-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filosof%C3%ADa+y+Ciencia+en+Hipatia&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Gredos&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-84-249-1939-9&rft.aulast=Teruel&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Jes%C3%BAs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVogt1993" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kari_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kari Vogt (halaman belum tersedia)">Vogt, Kari</a> (1993), "<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>The Hierophant of Philosophy' – Hypatia of Alexandria", dalam Børresen, Kari Elisabeth; Vogt, Kari, <i>Women's Studies of the Christian and Islamic Traditions: Ancient, Medieval and Renaissance Foremothers</i>, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, hlm. 155–175, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011-1664-0_3">10.1007/978-94-011-1664-0_3</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789401116640" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9789401116640">9789401116640</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27The+Hierophant+of+Philosophy%27+%E2%80%93+Hypatia+of+Alexandria&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Studies+of+the+Christian+and+Islamic+Traditions%3A+Ancient%2C+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Foremothers&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=155-175&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-011-1664-0_3&rft.isbn=9789401116640&rft.aulast=Vogt&rft.aufirst=Kari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFZielinski2010" class="citation">Zielinski, Sarah (14 Maret 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104184550/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/specialsections/womens-history/Hypatia-Ancient-Alexandrias-Great-Female-Scholar.html">"Hypatia, Alexandria's Great Female Scholar"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i>, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/specialsections/womens-history/Hypatia-Ancient-Alexandrias-Great-Female-Scholar.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2019-03-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Hypatia%2C+Alexandria%27s+Great+Female+Scholar&rft.date=2010-03-14&rft.aulast=Zielinski&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fspecialsections%2Fwomens-history%2FHypatia-Ancient-Alexandrias-Great-Female-Scholar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hypatia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hypatia"><span style="">Hypatia</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisumber" title="Wikisumber">Wikisumber</a> memiliki karya asli dari atau mengenai: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Pengarang:Hypatia" class="extiw" title="s:Pengarang:Hypatia">Hypatia</a></b></i></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_J._O%27Connor_(matematikawan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John J. O'Connor (matematikawan) (halaman belum tersedia)">O'Connor, John J.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_F._Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund F. Robertson (halaman belum tersedia)">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hypatia.html">"Hypatia of Alexandria"</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsip_Sejarah_Matematika_MacTutor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsip Sejarah Matematika MacTutor (halaman belum tersedia)">Arsip Sejarah Matematika MacTutor</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Universitas_St_Andrews" title="Universitas St Andrews">Universitas St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hypatia+of+Alexandria&rft.btitle=Arsip+Sejarah+Matematika+MacTutor&rft.pub=Universitas+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FHypatia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHipatia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isns.us/">International Society for Neoplatonic Studies</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Sokrates dari Konstantinopel, <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ecclesiasticalhi00socruoft#page/348/mode/2up">VII.15</a>, di situs <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Yunani" lang="Yunani">(Yunani)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Latin" lang="Latin">(Latin)</span> Sokrates dari Konstantinopel, <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/0380-0440,_Socrates_Scholasticus,_Ecclesiastica_Hstoria_2_(Hussey_Editore),_GR.pdf">VII.15</a> (hlm. 760–761), di situs Documenta Catholica Omnia</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Yunani" lang="Yunani">(Yunani)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?db=REAL&search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&user_list=LIST&page_num=1&searchstr=Hypatia&field=hw_eng&num_per_page=100">Keterangan mengenai Hipatia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006175659/http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?db=REAL&search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&user_list=LIST&page_num=1&searchstr=Hypatia&field=hw_eng&num_per_page=100">Diarsipkan</a> 2018-10-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. di ensiklopedia <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11903#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11903#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316731617">1</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/503149196560674792574">2</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/421159474313327662467">3</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/267848499">4</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1498159474328027662224">5</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/87160307492657742254">6</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/316731617">WorldCat (via VIAF)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90860391">Norwegia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1526003">Spanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11989551z">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11989551z">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cantic.bnc.cat/registres/CUCId/a10306158">Catalunya</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n85017447">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/031828782">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0144194&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an56568153">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record44920">Yunani</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000306070&local_base=nlx10">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000409415&local_base=nsk10">Kroasia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p115081895">Belanda</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI=9810546452505606">Polandia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/495_279500">Vatikan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1825280/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC (Prancis)</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027965570">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trove_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trove (identifier)">Trove (Australia)</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1629426">1</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐5bf68bfbbb‐r69cm Cached time: 20241113121310 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.967 seconds Real time usage: 2.190 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 16012/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 276258/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 12036/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 22/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 225337/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.143/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4301532/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: 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