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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ACC-s05667.svg/90px-ACC-s05667.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ACC-s05667.svg/120px-ACC-s05667.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="153" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">儒家思想</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81" title="仁">仁</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9" title="義">義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E4%B9%90%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="礼乐制度">礼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="智">智</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%A0%E4%BF%A1" title="誠信">信</a><br /><a 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href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E6%95%99" title="礼教">名教</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="宗法">宗法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%95%E7%94%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="井田">井田</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%89%A9%E8%87%B4%E7%9F%A5" title="格物致知">格物致知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%A1%8C%E5%90%88%E4%B8%80" title="知行合一">知行合一</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%96%E7%8E%8B" title="内圣外王">内圣外王</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C_(%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3)" title="大同 (思想)">大同</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E7%B5%B1" title="道統">道統</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="聖賢">聖賢</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%AD%90" title="君子">君子</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%81%93" title="王道">王道</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">先聖先哲</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A7" title="尧">尧</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%88%9C" title="舜">舜</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%B9" title="禹">禹</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%B1%A4" title="商汤">商汤</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%96%87%E7%8E%8B" title="周文王">周文王</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%AD%A6%E7%8E%8B" title="周武王">周武王</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E5%85%AC%E6%97%A6" title="周公旦">周公</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%80%E5%AD%90" title="荀子">荀子</a> <p><b>四配</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8F%E5%9B%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="顏回">顏回</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BE%E5%AD%90" title="曾子">曾参</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E4%BC%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="孔伋">孔伋</a> </p> <b>十二哲</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%B5%E6%8D%9F" title="闵损">闵损</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%89%E9%9B%8D" title="冉雍">冉雍</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E8%B4%A1" title="子贡">端木赐</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E8%B7%AF" title="子路">仲由</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9C%E5%95%86" class="mw-redirect" title="卜商">卜商</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%A5" title="有若">有若</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B0%E4%BA%88" title="宰予">宰予</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%89%E8%80%95" title="冉耕">冉耕</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%89%E6%B1%82" title="冉求">冉求</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E5%81%83" title="言偃">言偃</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%9B%E5%AD%99%E5%B8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="颛孙师">颛孙师</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%86%B9" title="朱熹">朱熹</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">古代儒者</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>中國</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E4%BC%91" title="何休">何休</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E7%8E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="鄭玄">鄭玄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%82%83_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD)" title="王肃 (三国)">王肅</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%80%9A_(%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D)" title="王通 (隋朝)">王通</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%84%88" class="mw-redirect" title="韓愈">韓愈</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E9%A1%A5" title="程顥">程顥</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E9%A2%90" title="程颐">程颐</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B5%E9%9B%8D" title="邵雍">邵雍</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%95%A6%E9%A0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="周敦頤">周敦頤</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%BC%89_(%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B)" title="張載 (北宋)">張載</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%86%B9" title="朱熹">朱熹</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E4%B9%9D%E6%B7%B5" title="陸九淵">陸九淵</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%B8%E8%A1%A1" title="许衡">许衡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E7%8D%BB%E7%AB%A0" title="陳獻章">陳獻章</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%99%BD%E6%98%8E" title="王陽明">王陽明</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E7%91%84" title="薛瑄">薛瑄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E5%9D%A4" title="吕坤">吕坤</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%92%A6%E9%A1%BA" title="罗钦顺">罗钦顺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BE%E7%82%8E%E6%AD%A6" title="顾炎武">顾炎武</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%AB%E4%B9%8B" title="王夫之">王夫之</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%AE%97%E7%BE%B2" title="黄宗羲">黄宗羲</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%9C%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="颜元">颜元</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E9%9C%87" title="戴震">戴震</a><br /> <p><b>日本</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E5%8E%9F%E6%83%BA%E7%AA%A9" title="藤原惺窩">藤原惺窩</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%BE%85%E5%B1%B1" title="林羅山">林羅山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E9%B3%A9%E5%B7%A2" title="室鳩巢">室鳩巢</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%95%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%B3" title="新井白石">新井白石</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A8%E6%A3%AE%E8%8A%B3%E6%B4%B2" title="雨森芳洲">雨森芳洲</a> </p><p><b>朝鮮</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E8%81%B0_(%E6%96%B0%E7%BE%85)" title="薛聰 (新羅)">薛聰</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E8%BF%91" title="權近">權近</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%86%8D" title="吉再">吉再</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%8F%A6" title="安珦">安珦</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%A9%A1" title="李穡">李穡</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%BB%89" title="李滉">李滉</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E4%BB%81_(%E5%84%92%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)" title="王仁 (儒学学者)">王仁</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%BD%8A%E8%B3%A2" title="李齊賢">李齊賢</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E6%A2%A6%E5%91%A8" title="郑梦周">郑梦周</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E9%81%93%E5%82%B3" title="鄭道傳">鄭道傳</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%94%E8%87%B4%E8%BF%9C" title="崔致远">崔致远</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E6%95%AC%E5%BE%B7" title="徐敬德">徐敬德</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E5%85%89%E7%A5%96" title="趙光祖">趙光祖</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BD%A6%E8%BF%AA" title="李彦迪">李彦迪</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%80%80%E6%BA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="李退溪">李退溪</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%A0%97%E8%B0%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="李栗谷">李栗谷</a> </p><p><b>越南</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%96%87%E5%AE%89" title="朱文安">朱文安</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E7%A7%89%E8%AC%99" title="阮秉謙">阮秉謙</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E5%BB%8C" title="阮廌">阮廌</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E8%B4%B5%E6%83%87" title="黎贵惇">黎贵惇</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E6%96%87%E8%B6%85" title="阮文超">阮文超</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E6%99%82%E4%BB%BB" title="吳時任">吳時任</a> </p> <b>琉球</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E9%A0%86%E5%89%87" title="程順則">程順則</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E8%B1%A1%E8%B3%A2" title="向象賢">向象賢</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E6%BA%AB" title="蔡溫">蔡溫</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">儒家經書</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E7%BB%8F" title="十三经">六经</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%B9%A6%E4%BA%94%E7%BB%8F" title="四书五经">五经</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%B9%A6%E4%BA%94%E7%BB%8F" title="四书五经">四书</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E7%BB%8F" title="十三经">十三经</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E7%BB%8F" title="易经">周易</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6_(%E4%B9%A6)" title="尚书 (书)">尚書</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E7%BB%8F" title="诗经">诗经</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E7%A6%AE" title="周禮">周禮</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%84%80%E7%A6%AE" title="儀禮">儀禮</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E8%AE%B0" title="礼记">礼记</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B_(%E4%B9%A6)" title="春秋 (书)">春秋</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E4%BC%A0" title="左传">左传</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%BE%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="公羊传">公羊传</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%80%E6%A2%81%E5%82%B3" title="穀梁傳">穀梁傳</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E7%B6%93" title="孝經">孝經</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="论语">论语</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%94%E9%9B%85" title="尔雅">尔雅</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="孟子 (書)">孟子</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8_(%E7%B6%93%E5%82%B3)" class="mw-redirect" title="大學 (經傳)">大學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%B8" title="中庸">中庸</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E7%B6%93%E6%B3%A8%E7%96%8F" title="十三經注疏">十三經注疏</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%B9%A6%E7%AB%A0%E5%8F%A5%E9%9B%86%E6%B3%A8" title="四书章句集注">四书章句集注</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">古典儒學</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>中国儒学</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%AD%A6" title="经学">经学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8A%E6%96%87%E7%BB%8F%E5%AD%A6" title="今文经学">今文经学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E7%B6%93%E5%AD%B8" title="古文經學">古文經學</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宋明理學">宋明理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">程朱理学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%B8" title="心學">陆王心学</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B3%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="阳明学">阳明学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B4%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="朴学">朴学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E4%B8%96%E4%B9%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="經世之學">經世之學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E5%AD%B8" title="實學">實學</a> <p><b>日本儒学</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%88%B6%E5%AD%B8" title="水戶學">水戶學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%96%80%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%B8" title="石門心學">石門心學</a> </p><p><b>朝鮮儒學</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%AF%A6%E5%AD%B8" title="朝鮮實學">朝鮮實學</a> </p><p><b>越南儒學</b> </p> <b>琉球儒學</b></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">當代儒學</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>學者</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%8A%E5%8D%81%E5%8A%9B" title="熊十力">熊十力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E6%BC%B1%E6%BA%9F" title="梁漱溟">梁漱溟</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%B5%AE" title="馬一浮">馬一浮</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%90%9B%E6%AF%85" title="唐君毅">唐君毅</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9F%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%89" title="牟宗三">牟宗三</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%8E" title="方東美">方東美</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%A4%8D%E8%A7%82" title="徐复观">徐复观</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%90%9B%E5%8A%A2" title="张君劢">张君劢</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A3%E6%85%B6" title="蔣慶">蔣慶</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E7%B6%AD%E6%98%8E" title="杜維明">杜維明</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1" title="成中英">成中英</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E8%BF%B0%E5%85%88" title="劉述先">劉述先</a><br /><b>學派</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="新儒家">新儒家</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E6%95%99" title="儒教">孔教</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%A1%E6%B4%BE" title="學衡派">學衡派</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A0%93%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="波士頓儒家">波士頓儒家</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">宗教場所</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>聖所</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9D%9B" title="天坛">天坛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%9B" title="地坛">地坛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%9D%9B" title="日坛">日月壇</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E7%A8%B7%E5%A3%87" class="mw-redirect" title="社稷壇">社稷壇</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%BA%99" title="太庙">太庙</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%BA%99" title="孔庙">孔庙</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%A0%E7%83%88%E7%A5%A0" title="忠烈祠">忠烈祠</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%A0%E5%A0%82" title="祠堂">祠堂</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%90%E7%9B%91" title="国子监">国子监</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2" title="书院">书院</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E5%A1%BE" title="私塾">私塾</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">主要聖職</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>聖職</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AD%90" title="天子">天子</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E9%85%92" title="祭酒">學官</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E9%95%B7" title="山長">山長</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%BE%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="塾師">塾師</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%B8%88" title="教师">教师</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E7%A5%AD" class="mw-disambig" title="主祭">祭官</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%84%80" title="司儀">禮生</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB" title="家主">族長</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">儀式典禮</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>儀禮</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E5%A4%A9" title="祭天">祭天</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E5%AD%94" title="祭孔">祭孔</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E7%A5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="祭祖">祭祖</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E7%A6%AE" title="冠禮">冠禮</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9B%B8%E5%85%AD%E7%A6%AE" title="三書六禮">婚禮</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AA%E7%A6%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="喪禮">喪禮</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%AB%E5%BE%92" title="師徒">拜師禮</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">信仰崇拜</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>神祇</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="自然崇拜">自然崇拜</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="祖先崇拜">祖先崇拜</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%9C%A1" title="八蜡">庶物崇拜</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="聖賢">聖賢</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%A0%E7%83%88%E7%A5%A0" title="忠烈祠">忠烈</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-disambig" title="祖師">行業祖師</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">相关事项</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E8%89%BA" title="六艺">六艺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="孔子弟子列表">孔子弟子</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%9D%91%E5%84%92" title="焚书坑儒">焚书坑儒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E5%B0%8A%E5%84%92%E6%9C%AF" title="独尊儒术">独尊儒术</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E6%9E%97%E6%89%B9%E5%AD%94" class="mw-redirect" title="批林批孔">批林批孔</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8D%E8%81%96%E5%85%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="衍聖公">衍聖公</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%BE" title="科举">科举</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%90%E7%9B%91" title="国子监">国子监</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="孔子学院">孔子学院</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%8D%8E" title="孔子和平獎">孔子和平獎</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" title="Portal:漢字文化圈">儒家文化圈</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="Template:儒家"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="Template talk:儒家"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:儒家"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>程朱理学</b>，是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宋明理學">宋明理學</a>的一派，又稱<b>性理學</b>，有時會被简称為<b>理学</b>，與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%B8" title="心學">心學</a>相對。是指<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a>以后由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E9%A2%90" title="程颐">程颐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%86%B9" title="朱熹">朱熹</a>等人发展出来的<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>流派，認為理是宇宙萬物的起源（從不同的角度認識，它有不同的名稱，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天">天</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">上帝</a>等），而且它是善的，它將善賦予人便成為本性，將善賦予<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="社會">社會</a>便成為“<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="禮">禮</a>”；而人在世界萬物紛擾交錯中，很容易迷失自己稟賦自“理”的本性，社會便失去“禮”。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p><p>如果無法收斂私欲的擴張，則偏離了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%81%93" class="mw-disambig" title="天道">天道</a>，不但無法成為<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="聖人">聖人</a>（儒家最高修為者，人人皆可達之），還可能會迷失於世間。所以要修養、歸返、並伸展上天賦予的本性（存天理），以達致“仁”的最高境界；此時完全進入了理，即“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%88%E4%B8%80" title="天人合一">天人合一</a>”矣。然後就可以“從心所欲而不逾矩”，這時人欲已融入進天理中（滅人欲，不是無欲，而是理欲合一），無意、無必、無固、無我（從“毋”變成“無”），則無論做什麼都不會偏離天道了。 </p><p>理是宇宙萬物的起源，所以萬物“之所以然”必有一個“理”；而通過推究事物的道理（格物），可以達到認識<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86" title="真理">真理</a>的目的（致知）。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="發展"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>發展</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%8B%E6%9C%B1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：發展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>理學在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="中國古代">中国古代</a>又称“义理之学”或“道學”，其創始人為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%95%A6%E9%A2%90" title="周敦颐">周敦颐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B5%E9%9B%8D" title="邵雍">邵雍</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%BC%89_(%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B)" title="張載 (北宋)">張載</a>。繼後有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E9%A2%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="程颢">程颢</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E9%A2%90" title="程颐">程颐</a>等人繼續發展，最終由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B" title="南宋">南宋</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%86%B9" title="朱熹">朱熹</a>集其大成，因此这种理学常被称为“程朱理学”，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元朝</a>及其后的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E4%BB%A3" title="朝代">朝代</a>中均为国家的官方思想。研究理学的学者稱為“理學家”。 </p><p>理學初起於北宋，盛極於南宋與元朝、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>時代，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>中葉以後逐漸沒落。它是宋朝以后才發展出來的一種新儒學思想，除了傳統儒學的自身更張和社會形勢所迫之外，還大量融入了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="佛家">佛家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a>思想。宋、明以降，著名理學名家有：周敦頤、張載、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%A8%8B" title="二程">二程</a>（程顥、程頤）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E6%99%82_(%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D)" title="楊時 (宋朝)">楊時</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%9E%E5%BD%A5" title="羅從彥">羅從彥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%86%B9" title="朱熹">朱熹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E7%A5%96%E8%AC%99" title="呂祖謙">呂祖謙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E7%B0%A1_(%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B)" title="楊簡 (南宋)">楊簡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%BE%B7%E7%A7%80" title="真德秀">真德秀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E4%BA%86%E7%BF%81" title="魏了翁">魏了翁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%B1%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="許衡">許衡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E6%BE%84" class="mw-disambig" title="吳澄">吳澄</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E7%AB%AF" title="曹端">曹端</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E7%91%84" title="薛瑄">薛瑄</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%88%87%E5%BC%BC" title="吳與弼">吳與弼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B1%E6%BF%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="邱濬">邱濬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E7%8D%BB%E7%AB%A0" title="陳獻章">陳獻章</a>……等。細分來講，陸王（<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E4%B9%9D%E6%B7%B5" title="陸九淵">陸九淵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%88%E4%BB%81" class="mw-redirect" title="王守仁">王守仁</a>）、濂溪（周敦頤）與理學有所<b>差異</b>，而更背道而馳，萬不可混為一談。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%89%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="魏晉南北朝">魏晉南北朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="玄學">玄學</a>盛行，唐代佛、道思想盛行，儒家思想不再獨尊於一家。但是朱熹完成了新儒學的改革。朱熹的深刻之处在于，把<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="孔孟">孔孟</a>置于正宗，同时又把<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>，把张载、周敦颐、二程的观点，以及佛学高度一元化的哲学和道家<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BA_(%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6)" title="无为 (道家)">無為</a>的思辨精神，加以整理，小心而细致地构造出内容精深的新儒学体系。儒学在世界观、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="方法论">方法论</a>上的短处被克服了。這使佛、道等学说再也不会动摇它了。类似于同时期<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="文藝復興人文主義">文藝復興</a>运动大大改革了万事以宗教为重的思潮，宋以后七百年间，理学一直被奉为正统，与<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="宗法制">宗法制</a>十分的适应。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhu_xi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zhu_xi.jpg/220px-Zhu_xi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zhu_xi.jpg/330px-Zhu_xi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Zhu_xi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>朱熹，理学的集大成者，他认为伦理道德便是三纲五常，提出了“存天理，灭人欲”的主张。</figcaption></figure> <p>朱熹而將儒家思想推向了更高的境界，使其成為儒家發展史的一個里程碑。一提到理學，人們馬上會想到“存天理，滅人欲”的口號。在理學發達之前，“仁”是儒家中心思想，雖然是一種有等級尊卑的愛，但仁是以人性為基礎。雖然傳統儒學也主張孝道和貞潔，但其禁欲色彩並不濃厚。儒學發展到理學階段以後，已帶有濃厚的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E6%85%BE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="禁慾主義">禁慾主義</a>色彩。二程說“大抵人有身，便有自私之理，宜其與道難一”，並稱“無人欲即皆天理”。《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%AD%90%E8%AF%AD%E7%B1%BB" title="朱子语类">朱子語類</a>·卷十三》，朱熹用飲食為例闡述：“飲食者，天理也；要求美味，人欲也。”在宋朝以後，中國很少再出現像<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%99%BD" title="李白">李白</a>這樣“我本楚狂人”的詩人了。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E9%A0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="程頤">程頤</a>嚴肅剛正，神聖不可侵犯，甚至不通人情，實為後世所見的“道學臉孔”。在婦女<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9E%E6%93%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="貞操">貞操</a>方面，程頤認為：“……凡取（娶），以配身也；若取失節者以配身，是己失節也。”有人問程頤，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E5%A9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="寡婦">寡婦</a>貧苦無依，能不能<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E5%AB%81" class="mw-redirect" title="再嫁">再嫁</a>（「或有孤孀貧窮無托者，可再嫁否」）；程頤答，有些人怕凍死餓死，才用饑寒作為藉口，然而餓死事小、失節事大（「只是後世怕寒餓死，故有是說；然餓死事極小，失節事極大」）。（《程氏遺書》卷二十二）程頤以此作為衡量賢媛淑女的標準，朱熹在〈與陳師中書〉也同意這樣的說法：「昔伊川先生嘗論此事，以為餓死事小、失節事大。自世俗觀之，誠為迂腐；然自知經識理之君子觀之，當有以知其不可易也。」朱熹主張婦女“從一而終”、壓抑“人欲”<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>程朱理學反對佛道的<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="虛無主義">虛無主義</a>，認為它忽略了倫理道德秩序；但同時又從道家思想裡借鑒了許多關於<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">道</a>的論述，作為儒家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學">形上學</a>體系的材料。其實這正是儒家經典《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="大學">大學</a>》所謂“好而知其惡，惡而知其美”的具體表現。 </p><p>朱熹的思想體系博大精微，教人的方法也較為平易近人，因此能集宋代理學之大成，是繼孔子後儒學集大成者。朱熹的許多著作都是下细功夫的，他與<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E7%A5%96%E8%AC%99" title="呂祖謙">呂祖謙</a>共同編撰了一本著作《<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E6%80%9D%E9%8C%84" title="近思錄">近思錄</a>》作為理解<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%90%E4%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="四子书">四子書</a>（指周敦頤、二程、張載）的階梯；而他認為，四子書是通往<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="五經">五經</a>的階梯，《近思錄》曾為後世儒生必讀。<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%8A%E8%B5%90%E5%B1%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="熊赐履">熊赐履</a>大肆鼓吹程朱学说，强调：“朱子之学，即程子之学。程朱之学，即孔孟之学。若程朱非，则孔孟亦非矣。程朱之学，孔孟之学也。程朱之道，孔孟之道也。学孔孟而不宗程朱，犹欲其出而不由其户，欲其入而闭其门也。”<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。乾隆五年（1740年）<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E8%AF%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="下诏（页面不存在）">下诏</a>，程朱之学“得孔孟之心传……循之则为君子，悖之则为小人；为国家者由之则治，失之则乱；实有裨于化民成俗，修己治人之要。” </p><p>繼朱熹之後，<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>大儒王陽明（<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%88%E4%BB%81" class="mw-redirect" title="王守仁">王守仁</a>）將儒家思想再次推向了另一個極致——<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%B8" title="心學">心學</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="对程朱理学的批判"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E7.A8.8B.E6.9C.B1.E7.90.86.E5.AD.A6.E7.9A.84.E6.89.B9.E5.88.A4"></span>对程朱理学的批判</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%8B%E6%9C%B1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：对程朱理学的批判"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明末，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%B4%BD" title="李贽">李贽</a>针对正统理学家的“存天理灭人欲”的命题，他提出“穿衣吃饭，即是人伦物理”的主张，认为“理”，就在百姓的日常生活当中，对正统思想提出了挑战。 </p><p>清朝以後，“反理學”的態勢一度形成。<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8F%E5%85%83" title="顏元">顏元</a>此後力反程朱的守靜與虛學，痛斥朱熹是“满口胡说”、“自欺欺世”，“必破一分程朱，始入一分孔孟”<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；“程朱之道不熄，孔子之道不著”<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；又批程朱“徒見道於紙，談道於口，考道於筆”<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他深感“误人才，败天下事者，宋人之学也”<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，他說：「率天下入故紙中，耗盡身心氣力，做弱人病人無用人，皆晦庵（朱熹）為之也！」<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>清代<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E9%9C%87" title="戴震">戴震</a>认为：“理者，存乎欲者也。”（《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%97%E7%BE%A9%E7%96%8F%E8%AD%89" title="孟子字義疏證">孟子字义疏证</a>》卷上）“凡事为皆有于欲，无欲则无为矣。有欲而后有为，有为而归于至当不可易之谓理。无欲无为，又焉有理？”（《孟子字义疏证》卷下）。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%9B%9B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="五四運動">五四運動</a>後，知識份子極力破除“吃人的禮教”<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，甚至對理學有一致的觀點，主張中國的衰落自宋開始，其中，朱熹的理學曾被认为是所有這些衰落的罪魁禍首<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="宋明理学的主要学派"><span id=".E5.AE.8B.E6.98.8E.E7.90.86.E5.AD.A6.E7.9A.84.E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E5.AD.A6.E6.B4.BE"></span>宋明理学的主要学派</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%8B%E6%9C%B1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：宋明理学的主要学派"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="宋明理学">宋明理学</a>的主要学派包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%95%A6%E9%A2%90" title="周敦颐">周敦颐</a>的道学派（以「道」为核心概念）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B5%E9%9B%8D" title="邵雍">邵雍</a>的数学派（以「数」为核心概念）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%BC%89_(%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B)" title="張載 (北宋)">张载</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%AB%E4%B9%8B" title="王夫之">王夫之</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%AD%A6" title="气学">气学</a>派（以「气」为核心概念）、程（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E9%A2%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="程颢">程颢</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E9%A2%90" title="程颐">程颐</a>）与<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%86%B9" title="朱熹">朱熹</a>的理学派（以「理」为核心概念）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E4%B9%9D%E6%B8%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="陆九渊">陆九渊</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%98%B3%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="王阳明">王阳明</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="心学">心学</a>派（以「心」为核心概念）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E4%BA%AE" title="陈亮">陈亮</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E9%80%82" title="叶适">叶适</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%8A%9F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="事功學派">事功学派</a>（以「事功」为核心概念）等。<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E7%8E%8B%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="陆王心学">陆王心学</a>於程朱理学日趋僵化之际，而盛于<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="明代">明代</a>中后期。张载与王夫之气学则于心学日趋式微之际，与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%8A%9F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="事功學派">事功学派</a>合流而盛于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="清代">清代</a>。 </p><p>宋代传入日本，形成了<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%B1%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="日本朱子学">日本朱子学</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注釋"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8B"></span>注釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%8B%E6%9C%B1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：注釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">清道光年間《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%91%E5%AF%A7%E7%B8%A3%E5%BF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="休寧縣志（页面不存在）">休寧縣志</a>》卷一、卷十六記載，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E5%AE%81%E5%8E%BF" title="休宁县">休寧縣</a>在明代有“節婦”、“烈婦”四百餘人；自清初至道光年間多達兩千餘人。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">熊赐履：《下学堂札记》卷之一</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《顏習齋先生年譜》卷下</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%92%E9%BD%8B%E8%A8%98%E9%A4%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="習齋記餘（页面不存在）">習齋記餘</a>·未墜集序》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《習齋記餘·曲阜祭孔子文》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《習齋年譜》卷下</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《朱子語類評》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“吃人的禮教”一語出自<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%99%9E" title="吴虞">吳虞</a>〈吃人與禮教〉一文：「孔二先生的禮教講到極點，就非殺人吃人不成功，這真是殘酷極了！一部歷史裡面，講道德、說仁義的人，時機一到，他就直接間接地都會吃起人肉來。就是現在的人，或者也有沒做過吃人的事，但他們想吃人，想咬你幾口出氣的心，總未必打掃得乾乾淨淨。……我們應該明白了：吃人的就是講禮教的，講禮教的就是吃人的呀！」該文發表在<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E7%8D%A8%E7%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="陳獨秀">陳獨秀</a>主編的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4" title="新青年">新青年</a>》第六卷第六號（1919年11月1日出版）。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%BE%B7%E5%89%9B" title="唐德剛">唐德剛</a>譯注，《胡適口述自傳》，最終章</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究書目"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E6.9B.B8.E7.9B.AE"></span>研究書目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%8B%E6%9C%B1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：研究書目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E6%A6%AE%E6%8D%B7" title="陳榮捷">陳榮捷</a>：《朱學論集》（臺北：臺灣學生書局，1982）。</li> <li>Hoyt Tillman（田浩）著，阮東升等譯：《旁觀朱子學：略論宋代與現代的經濟、教育、文化、哲學》（上海：華東師範大學出出版社，2011）。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E7%94%B0%E8%99%94%E6%AC%A1" title="島田虔次">島田虔次</a>著，蔣國保譯：《朱子學與陽明學》（西安：陝西師範大學出版社，1986）。</li> <li>山下龍二：《<span lang="ja">朱子学と反朱子学：日本における朱子学批判</span>》（東京：研文社，1991）。</li> <li>鍾彩鈞：〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litphil.sinica.edu.tw/home/publish/PDF/Bulletin/04/4-441-476.pdf">二程道德論與工夫論述要</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121115015400/http://www.litphil.sinica.edu.tw/home/publish/PDF/Bulletin/04/4-441-476.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）〉。</li> <li>鍾彩鈞：〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litphil.sinica.edu.tw/home/publish/PDF/Bulletin/01/%E4%BA%8C%E7%A8%8B%E5%BF%83%E6%80%A7%E8%AA%AA.pdf">二程心性說析論</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141103175525/http://www.litphil.sinica.edu.tw/home/publish/PDF/Bulletin/01/%E4%BA%8C%E7%A8%8B%E5%BF%83%E6%80%A7%E8%AA%AA.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）〉。</li> <li>鍾彩鈞：〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litphil.sinica.edu.tw/home/publish/PDF/Bulletin/02/%E4%BA%8C%E7%A8%8B%E6%9C%AC2-385-422.pdf.pdf">二程本體論要旨探究──從自然論向目的論的展開</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141103174009/http://www.litphil.sinica.edu.tw/home/publish/PDF/Bulletin/02/%E4%BA%8C%E7%A8%8B%E6%9C%AC2-385-422.pdf.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）〉。</li> <li>吾妻重二：〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=88776883504849534849484850">朱子学的知识体系及其在东亚的普遍意义</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180302225603/http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=88776883504849534849484850">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）〉。</li> <li>陈晓杰：〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=669047579">朱子学公私观的一种政治史考察——以“霅川事变”为线索</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180302225545/http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=669047579">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）〉。</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:宋朝历史事件"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="宋朝歷史" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a>歷史</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E6%A1%A5%E5%85%B5%E5%8F%98" title="陈桥兵变">陈桥兵变</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%AF%E9%85%92%E9%87%8A%E5%85%B5%E6%9D%83" title="杯酒释兵权">杯酒释兵权</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%AD%A0" title="李筠">李筠之乱</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%87%8D%E9%80%B2" title="李重進">李重进之乱</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%B9%B9%E5%BC%B1%E6%9E%9D" title="強幹弱枝">強幹弱枝</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%96%87%E6%8A%91%E6%AD%A6" title="重文抑武">重文抑武</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E9%9A%86%E4%B9%8B%E6%B2%BB" title="建隆之治">建隆之治</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%9C%9D" title="丁朝">交趾独立</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B%E5%BC%80%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="北宋开国战争">北宋开国战争</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%86%E6%B9%96%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="荆湖之战">荆湖之战</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E7%81%AD%E5%90%8E%E8%9C%80%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="宋灭后蜀之战">宋灭后蜀之战</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E7%81%AD%E5%8D%97%E6%B1%89%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="宋灭南汉之战">宋灭南汉之战</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E7%81%AD%E5%8D%97%E5%94%90%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="宋灭南唐之战">宋灭南唐之战</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E7%81%AD%E5%8C%97%E6%B1%89%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="宋灭北汉之战">宋灭北汉之战</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="禁军">禁军</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%88%8D%E6%B3%95" title="更戍法">更戍法</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%BB%E5%85%B5%E5%BC%A5%E4%B9%B1" title="养兵弥乱">养兵弥乱</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%87%AD%E5%BD%B1%E6%96%A7%E8%81%B2" title="燭影斧聲">燭影斧聲</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%8C%B1%E4%B9%8B%E7%9B%9F" title="金匱之盟">金匱之盟</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E8%BE%BD%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="宋辽战争">宋辽战争</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A2%81%E6%B2%B3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="高梁河之战">高梁河之战</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%97%A4%E6%B1%9F%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98_(981%E5%B9%B4)" title="白藤江之战 (981年)">白藤江之战</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E7%86%99%E5%8C%97%E4%BC%90" title="雍熙北伐">雍熙北伐</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E6%A6%B7" title="禁榷">禁榷</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%8F%E6%B3%A2%E3%80%81%E6%9D%8E%E9%A1%BA%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="王小波、李顺起义">王小波、李顺起义</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E5%B9%B3%E4%B9%8B%E6%B2%BB" title="咸平之治">咸平之治</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B6%E6%B8%8A%E4%B9%8B%E7%9B%9F" title="澶渊之盟">澶渊之盟</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E8%88%87%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%8F%B2" title="宋朝與吐蕃關係史">宋蕃關係</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%9A%BE%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF#辖区" class="mw-redirect" title="定难节度使">割夏</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B5%E5%B7%9E" title="灵州">灵六州</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B%E5%B8%BD%E5%A6%96%E6%A1%88" title="北宋帽妖案">北宋帽妖案</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B9%A6%E5%B0%81%E7%A5%80" title="天书封祀">东封西祀</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A0%E7%8C%AE%E6%98%8E%E8%82%83%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="章献明肃皇后">刘太后临朝</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%86%99%E5%A2%9E%E5%B9%A3" title="重熙增幣">慶曆增幣</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%B8%8C%E8%8C%83%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%8B" title="区希范反宋">区希范起义</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%AC%E6%99%BA%E9%AB%98" title="侬智高">侬智高起事</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%A4%8F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="宋夏战争">宋夏战争</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E8%B0%B7%E9%83%A8" title="六谷部">六谷部抗夏</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E9%AC%BC%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8B" title="五鬼用事">五鬼用事</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%81%E5%AE%97" title="宋仁宗">仁宗盛治</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%85%B6%E6%9B%86%E6%96%B0%E6%94%BF" title="慶曆新政">慶曆新政</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A4%E5%AF%A7%E5%AE%AE%E4%BA%8B%E8%AE%8A" title="坤寧宮事變">坤寧宮事變</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%AE%E8%AE%AE" title="濮议">濮议</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%AD%97%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E6%9C%AF" title="活字印刷术">活字印刷术</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="宋词">宋词</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E5%AD%90" title="交子">交子</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%98%93%E5%9B%9E%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="三易回河">三易回河</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%86%99%E6%B2%B3%E9%96%8B%E9%82%8A" title="熙河開邊">熙河開邊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%86%99%E8%B1%90%E8%AE%8A%E6%B3%95" title="熙豐變法">熙寧變法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E8%B6%8A%E7%86%99%E5%AE%81%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="宋越熙宁战争">宋越熙宁战争</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E4%B8%B0%E6%94%B9%E5%88%B6" title="元丰改制">元丰改制</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%88%8A%E9%BB%A8%E7%88%AD" title="新舊黨爭">新舊黨爭</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%A5%90%E6%9B%B4%E5%8C%96" title="元祐更化">元祐更化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8D%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8D%E8%BF%B0" title="绍圣绍述">绍圣绍述</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%87%E5%8F%B3%E9%83%BD%E6%8A%A4%E5%BA%9C" title="陇右都护府">收取青唐</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B4%E6%A2%81" title="汴梁">汴梁</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E8%B3%8A" title="六賊">六贼当政</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B1%9F%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="宋江起义">宋江起义</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%85%8A%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="方腊起义">方腊起义</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E4%B9%8B%E7%9B%9F" title="海上之盟">海上之盟</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E5%92%8C%E4%BC%90%E8%BE%BD" title="宣和伐辽">宣和伐辽</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%A6%BA#平州之變" title="張覺">平州之變</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%96%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%8B%E5%8F%98" title="靖康之变">靖康之耻</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%BE%BD%E5%AE%97" title="宋徽宗">徽宗内禅</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E5%92%8C%E5%92%8C%E8%AD%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="宣和和議">宣和和議</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%96%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%8B%E5%8F%98%E8%A2%AB%E6%8E%B3%E5%A5%B3%E5%AD%90" title="靖康之变被掳女子">靖康之变被掳女子</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E8%A1%A3%E9%99%A2" title="洗衣院">洗衣院</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B" title="南宋">南宋</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%82%8E%E5%8D%97%E6%B8%A1" title="建炎南渡">建炎南渡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%BD%9C%E5%96%84" class="mw-redirect" title="黄潜善">黄</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E4%BC%AF%E5%BD%A6" title="汪伯彦">汪坏政</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E6%89%AC%E4%B9%8B%E5%8F%98" title="维扬之变">维扬之变</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E5%8A%89%E5%85%B5%E8%AE%8A" title="苗劉兵變">苗劉兵變</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E9%87%91%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="宋金战争">宋金战争</a>（ <a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BE%E5%9F%8E%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="郾城之戰">郾城之戰</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E9%87%91%E5%B7%9D%E9%99%95%E4%BA%89%E5%A4%BA%E6%88%98" title="宋金川陕争夺战">宋金川陕争夺战</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E5%A4%BA%E6%B7%AE" title="黄河夺淮">黄河夺淮</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%B3%E9%A3%9B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%8C%97%E4%BC%90" class="mw-redirect" title="岳飛第一次北伐">岳飛第一次北伐</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E6%98%8C%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="顺昌之战">顺昌大捷</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B9%E8%88%88%E5%92%8C%E8%AD%B0" title="紹興和議">紹興和議</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%B3%E9%A3%9E" title="岳飞">冤殺岳飛</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%B3%E9%A3%9B%E5%89%BF%E6%BB%85%E6%A5%8A%E5%B9%BA" title="岳飛剿滅楊幺">岳飛剿滅楊幺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%87%E7%9F%B3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0_(1161%E5%B9%B4)" title="采石之戰 (1161年)">采石之战</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%86%E5%85%B4%E5%8C%97%E4%BC%90" title="隆兴北伐">隆兴北伐</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%86%E8%88%88%E5%92%8C%E8%AD%B0" title="隆興和議">隆興和議</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E6%B7%B3%E4%B9%8B%E6%B2%BB" title="乾淳之治">乾淳之治</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">程朱理学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%98%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="永嘉学派">永嘉学派</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E4%BE%82%E5%86%91" title="韓侂冑">韓侂胄專權</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8D%E7%86%99%E5%86%85%E7%A6%85" title="绍熙内禅">绍熙内禅</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%85%B6%E5%85%83%E9%BB%A8%E7%A6%81" title="慶元黨禁">慶元黨禁</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%A6%A7%E5%8C%97%E4%BC%90" title="開禧北伐">開禧北伐</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%92%8C%E8%AE%AE" title="嘉定和议">嘉定和议</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%BD%8C%E9%81%A0" title="史彌遠">史弥远专权</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%A8%E4%B8%89%E5%87%B6" title="四木三凶">四木三凶</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%89%E9%81%93%E6%94%BB%E5%AE%8B%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="金军三道攻宋之战">金军三道攻宋之战</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E5%B9%B3%E6%9B%B4%E5%8C%96" title="端平更化">端平更化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E5%B9%B3%E5%85%A5%E6%B4%9B" title="端平入洛">端平入洛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a 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title="崖门海战">崖山海战</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: green"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E5%8F%B2" title="專門史"><span style="color:white;">專門史</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background-color: lightgreen"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宋朝历史（页面不存在）">历史</a> · <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宋朝政治（页面不存在）">政治</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宋朝军事（页面不存在）">军事</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宋朝外交（页面不存在）">外交</a> ·</span> <span 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href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B3%E7%96%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:中國傳疑時代歷史事件">傳疑時代</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:夏朝歷史事件">夏朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:商朝歷史事件">商朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:西周歷史事件">西周</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ 東周（<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:春秋歷史事件">春秋</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:戰國歷史事件">戰國</a>）</span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" 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