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The Nut Graph asks political scientist Wong Chin Huat how the BN won, why it would racialise the poll results, and what needs to happen next." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.thenutgraph.com/uncommon-sense-with-wong-chin-huat-beyond-ge13-part-1/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="The Nut Graph" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/nutgraph/" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2013-05-13T00:00:04+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2013-05-20T00:05:58+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.thenutgraph.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/gerrymandering.jpg" /> <meta name="author" content="Nick Choo" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@TheNutGraph" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@TheNutGraph" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Nick Choo" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="7 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://www.thenutgraph.com/uncommon-sense-with-wong-chin-huat-beyond-ge13-part-1/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.thenutgraph.com/uncommon-sense-with-wong-chin-huat-beyond-ge13-part-1/"},"author":[{"@id":"https://www.thenutgraph.com/#/schema/person/3e1f9c2be05afce22d03a21f653e557e"}],"headline":"Uncommon Sense with Wong Chin Huat: Beyond GE13 (Part 1)","datePublished":"2013-05-13T00:00:04+00:00","dateModified":"2013-05-20T00:05:58+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.thenutgraph.com/uncommon-sense-with-wong-chin-huat-beyond-ge13-part-1/"},"wordCount":1350,"publisher":{"@id":"https://www.thenutgraph.com/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.thenutgraph.com/uncommon-sense-with-wong-chin-huat-beyond-ge13-part-1/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.thenutgraph.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/gerrymandering.jpg","keywords":["Anwar Ibrahim","Barisan Nasional","Chinese tsunami","EC","GE13","gerrymandering","Kelana Jaya Stadium","Najib Razak","Pakatan Rakyat","Umno","uncommon sense","Utusan Malaysia","voters","Wong Chin Huat"],"articleSection":["Columns","Current Issues"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.thenutgraph.com/uncommon-sense-with-wong-chin-huat-beyond-ge13-part-1/","url":"https://www.thenutgraph.com/uncommon-sense-with-wong-chin-huat-beyond-ge13-part-1/","name":"Uncommon Sense with Wong Chin Huat: Beyond GE13 (Part 1) - 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menu-item-22655"><a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/category/vault/"><span >Vault</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-22656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-22656"><a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/category/vault/found-in-translation/"><span >Found in Translation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div></nav><div class="site-inner"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content" id="genesis-content"><article class="post-20730 post type-post status-publish format-standard category-columns category-current-issues tag-anwar-ibrahim tag-barisan-nasional tag-chinese-tsunami tag-ec tag-ge13 tag-gerrymandering tag-kelana-jaya-stadium tag-najib-razak tag-pakatan-rakyat tag-umno tag-uncommon-sense tag-utusan-malaysia tag-voters tag-wong-chin-huat entry"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title"><em>Uncommon Sense</em> with Wong Chin Huat: Beyond GE13 (Part 1)</h1> By Ding Jo-Ann<p class="entry-meta"> <time class="entry-time">May 13, 2013</time> </p></header><div class="entry-content"><p>AND so the <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/wins-and-defeats-in-ge13/" target="_blank">Barisan Nasional</a> (BN) is still in power. Those hoping for a change in government are still coming to terms with the results of the 13th general election since our independence (GE13). <i>The Nut Graph </i>asks political scientist Wong Chin Huat how the BN won, why it would racialise the poll results, and what needs to happen next.</p> <p><b><span style="color: #ff6600;">TNG: </span>So, the BN is still in power. How did that happen, considering that there was such an upsurge in support for the </b><a href="http://blog.limkitsiang.com/2013/05/10/the-2013-election-results-back-to-the-drawing-board-for-both-coalitions/#more-23950" target="_blank"><b>Pakatan Rakyat</b></a><b> (PR), as reflected in the increase in popular vote for the PR?</b></p> <p>The PR’s vote share has risen from 36% in 2008 to 51% in 2013, but its seat share merely increased from 36% to 40% and the BN continues to rule despite more voters rejecting it than supporting it. This is the outcome of malapportionment where constituencies are of unequal electorate sizes, and of <a href="http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/one-rural-vote-worth-six-urban-ballots-favours-bn-analysts" target="_blank">gerrymandering</a> – manipulating constituency boundaries to benefit certain parties.</p> <figure id="attachment_20749" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-20749" style="width: 476px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-20749" alt="An overview (Source: Facebook)" src="https://www.thenutgraph.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/gerrymandering.jpg" width="476" height="335" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-20749" class="wp-caption-text">An overview (Source: Facebook)</figcaption></figure> <p>This results in an over-representation of the BN. In other words, if a vote were compared to a bank note of RM1, a vote for the BN is overvalued, allowing it to buy RM1.27 worth of seats; while a vote for the PR is so undervalued that it can only buy RM0.78 worth of seats.</p> <p>This violation of the one-person-one-vote principle is an old issue but it has been overlooked. In 2004, when the BN was so popular with Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi’s ascendancy, a vote for the BN was worth about three votes for the DAP, eight votes for PAS and 26 votes for PKR.</p> <p>Malapportionment and gerrymandering get much less attention because procedural cheating through impersonation by phantom voters, multiple voting and ballot stuffing is much easier to understand. I hope the concern over a minority government’s lack of legitimacy in terms of votes leads to two things: firstly, high public interest in the constituency re-delineation process which the <a href="http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/229751" target="_blank">Election Commission</a> says will be done at year end. And secondly, to a change of the electoral system being put on the electoral reform agenda.</p> <p><b>Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak has described his losses as the result of a “</b><a href="http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/229231" target="_blank"><b>Chinese tsunami</b></a><b>“. Subsequently, </b><a href="http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/Pilihan_Raya/20130507/px_03/Apa-lagi-orang-Cina-mahu" target="_blank"><b><i>Utusan Malaysia</i></b></a><b> ran a front-page headline “Apa lagi Cina mahu?” which the prime minister defended. Why would Najib and an Umno-owned daily resort to racial polarisation at a time like this? And what impact do you think it will have on Malaysia?</b></p> <p>For <i>Utusan Malaysia</i> or Umno politicians to ask questions like “What more do the Chinese want?” is really nothing new. This is the standard operating procedure whenever the BN is rejected by Chinese Malaysian voters. Never mind that Umno was rejected by Malay Malaysians in southern Johor, Selangor, Terengganu and pockets of Pahang and Malacca, or that there was also a moderate Kadazandusun swing.</p> <p><img decoding="async" class="alignright size-medium wp-image-20751" alt="apalagicinamau" src="https://www.thenutgraph.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/apalagicinamau-580x344.jpg" width="321" height="190" srcset="https://www.thenutgraph.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/apalagicinamau-580x344.jpg 580w, https://www.thenutgraph.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/apalagicinamau.jpg 626w" sizes="(max-width: 321px) 100vw, 321px" />Subconsciously for Umno, Chinese Malaysian voters are “guests” whose rights depend on Umno’s mercy rather than citizens with constitutional rights. Hence, the Chinese may negotiate with the BN on their demands, but their role in the elections is really as voting machines, at least one third of whom are meant to support the BN.</p> <p>The rejection of Umno-BN by Chinese Malaysian voters is seen as a rejection of Malay Malaysians. In 1969, that and the MCA’s subsequent withdrawal from the new cabinet were seen as a sign of the Chinese challenging the Malays’ political dominance. This triggered the <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/surviving-13-may" target="_blank">13 May</a> tragedy.</p> <p><a href="http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/najib-defends-utusan-dismisses-urban-rural-divide-view" target="_blank">Najib</a>’s attempt to ethnicise this election and his defence of <i>Utusan Malaysia</i>’s provocation means he has decided to throw his <a href="http://www.pmo.gov.my/dokumenattached/1Malaysia_B.pdf" target="_blank">1Malaysia</a> brand out the window in a desperate move to seek the return of Malay Malaysian votes. He must have hoped that the Chinese could again be the convenient bogey, as in 1969 when that enabled his father, Tun Abdul Razak, to take power away from Tunku Abdul Rahman for himself.</p> <p>Unfortunately, for Najib, this is 2013, not 1969. The threat of violence – from the dodgy <a href="https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/04/24/explosion-in-bn-campaign-foul-play-not-ruled-out/" target="_blank">bombing</a> a few days before polling to the call for another 13 May by some quarters such as pro-Umno blogger <a href="http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/229434" target="_blank">Papagomo</a> – has not worked.</p> <p>On 8 May, reportedly 120,000 Malaysians – including teenagers – flooded the Kelana Jaya stadium to register their protest against election fraud. The mood was jovial and carnival-like. While Najib may think he has won the election, he may also have lost a generation. When youngsters start going to opposition political rallies as if they were going to dance parties, the BN government has been abandoned by the future.</p> <p><b>Opposition Leader Datuk Seri </b><a href="http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/229288" target="_blank"><b>Anwar Ibrahim</b></a><b> has said his work is not done and held the 8 May rally at the </b><a href="http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/thousands-pack-kelana-jaya-stadium-for-pakatan-rally/" target="_blank"><b>Kelana Jaya Stadium</b></a><b> to dispute the election results because of electoral fraud. The evidence shows that it is not a level playing field for the opposition and much electoral reform is still needed. However, would you say there is “electoral fraud”? And is holding another mass rally especially when there are rising racial tensions appropriate?</b></p> <p>Fraud has clearly happened. The “reform” of postal votes left a substantial number of police and military voters on the postal ballot. It also added a substantial number of election workers as well as journalists as postal voters. Unlike advance voting, postal voting is completely non-transparent, which opens up the possibility of fraud.</p> <figure id="attachment_20752" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-20752" style="width: 580px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-20752" alt="A glimpse of the turnout at Kelana Jaya Stadium. (Pic courtesy of Alexis Wong)" src="https://www.thenutgraph.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/rallykj01-580x360.jpg" width="580" height="360" srcset="https://www.thenutgraph.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/rallykj01-580x360.jpg 580w, https://www.thenutgraph.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/rallykj01.jpg 600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-20752" class="wp-caption-text">A section of the turnout at Kelana Jaya Stadium. (Pic courtesy of Alexis Wong)</figcaption></figure> <p>Then, the indelible ink, which the EC was said to have spent some RM10 million to purchase, turned out to be washable, making it impossible to prevent multiple voting or impersonation by police and security voters. Finally, the counting and tallying processes are questionable. Opposition polling and counting agents in certain constituencies were harassed or threatened, and, most importantly, denied the signed Form 14 which officially records the outcome of counting in a polling stream, also known as a saluran.</p> <p>Without all these flaws, plus the rampant <a href="http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/program/connect-asia/malaysian-parties-warned-against-votebuying-ahead-of-national-poll/1118844" target="_blank">vote-buying</a> through handouts, treating and outright bribery, before and during polling day, the BN could have won even less than 47% of the popular vote.</p> <p>I think protest rallies are necessary to send a message that the people do not recognise the federal government’s legitimacy. Without such protests to make more people aware of the flaws and to pressure the BN to clean up the electoral system, history will repeat itself come GE14. As shown by the turnout on 8 May, the protest was national and representative of all walks of life. Those who tried to paint it as an ethnic issue must feel that they have been slapped by the peaceful protesters there.</p> <p><b>What needs to happen next with regard to electoral reforms? How likely is that to happen?</b></p> <p>We will need to reconsider changing the electoral system. If the seats are allocated in proportion to vote share, cheating by ways of impersonation and double voting will be much less attractive to the election criminals. Why? To increase one seat (0.45% of the size of Parliament) may require some 50,000 phantoms, which is clearly cost-inefficient.</p> <p>More than ever before, Malaysians are now interested in revisiting the electoral system. If you leave electoral reform to the politicians, they will only pursue it when they are weak enough to worry about being a victim of the system, or when they are strong enough to mobilise public support to push for change. In the 1980s and 1990s for example, the opposition was simply too weak that they just dismissed the flaws in the system rather than advocate for change.</p> <p>For electoral reforms to take place before GE14, we will need more citizens to speak up and force it on the agenda, at least on the PR’s agenda. Otherwise, GE14 would be the same story again. <b><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" alt="The Nut Graph" src="https://www.thenutgraph.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/FAVICON.gif" width="17" height="16" /></b></p> <p><strong>Go to <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/uncommon-sense-with-wong-chin-huat-beyond-ge13-part-2/" target="_blank">Part 2</a></strong></p> <hr /> <p><a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/our-contributors#chinhuat" target="_blank">Wong Chin Huat </a> is a political scientist by training and was a journalism lecturer prior to joining the <a href="http://penanginstitute.org/v3/home/" target="_blank">Penang Institute</a>, a Penang government think tank. If readers have questions and issues they would like Wong to respond to, they are welcome to e-mail <a href="mailto:editor@thenutgraph.com" target="_blank">editor@thenutgraph.com </a><wbr />for our consideration.</p> <p><b>Read previous</b> <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/tag/uncommon-sense/" target="_blank"><b><i>Uncommon Sense</i></b><i> </i></a><b>columns</b></p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"><p class="entry-meta"><span class="entry-categories">Filed Under: <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/category/columns/" rel="category tag">Columns</a>, <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/category/current-issues/" rel="category tag">Current Issues</a></span> <span class="entry-tags">Tagged With: <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/tag/anwar-ibrahim/" rel="tag">Anwar Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/tag/barisan-nasional/" rel="tag">Barisan Nasional</a>, <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/tag/chinese-tsunami/" rel="tag">Chinese tsunami</a>, <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/tag/ec/" rel="tag">EC</a>, <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/tag/ge13/" rel="tag">GE13</a>, <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/tag/gerrymandering/" rel="tag">gerrymandering</a>, <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/tag/kelana-jaya-stadium/" rel="tag">Kelana Jaya Stadium</a>, <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/tag/najib-razak/" rel="tag">Najib Razak</a>, <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/tag/pakatan-rakyat/" rel="tag">Pakatan Rakyat</a>, <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/tag/umno/" rel="tag">Umno</a>, <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/tag/uncommon-sense/" rel="tag">uncommon sense</a>, <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/tag/utusan-malaysia/" rel="tag">Utusan Malaysia</a>, <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/tag/voters/" rel="tag">voters</a>, <a href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/tag/wong-chin-huat/" rel="tag">Wong Chin Huat</a></span></p></footer></article><h2 class="screen-reader-text">Reader Interactions</h2><div class="entry-comments" id="comments"><h3>Comments</h3><ol class="comment-list"> <li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-25072"> <article id="article-comment-25072"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <span class="comment-author-name">KK Aw</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/uncommon-sense-with-wong-chin-huat-beyond-ge13-part-1/#comment-25072">May 13, 2013 at 1:52 pm</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Dr. Wong, at the end of polling, the EC announced that the turnout was about 80%. The actual turnout based on the EC’s figures is 84.84% and I don’t remember EC officially announcing this. How can the EC be so far out?</p> <p>The turnout for GE2008 was about 75%? This huge jump to 84.84% is suspicious. What is your comment?</p> </div> </article> </li> <li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-25103"> <article id="article-comment-25103"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <span class="comment-author-name"><a href="http://www.takemon.wordpress.com" class="comment-author-link" rel="external nofollow">Gopal Raj Kumar</a></span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/uncommon-sense-with-wong-chin-huat-beyond-ge13-part-1/#comment-25103">May 21, 2013 at 8:09 am</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>The definition of Gerrymandering lacks any depth and is a misleading interpretation or explanation. Gerry mandering (Gerrymandering) came from the Boston mayor Gerry who cut up his electorates like a Salamander someone commented. He was corrected by a colleague no not quite a Salamander more like a Gerrymander. Enough of that.</p> <p>In the case of Malaysia as is the case in most countries, electoral boundaries are re drawn. It can be said that in places like Singapore and in India they are done by the incumbent government for politically expedient purposes. But the argument for that proposition in Malaysia falls as flat as Chin Huat.</p> <p>With a growth in population and shifting demographics (from a nation of about 10 million at independence till the more recent count of near 30 million, it would be suicidal not to redraw electoral boundaries. </p> <p>To assume people simply vote on the basis of electoral boundaries is false. To understand the re drawing of electoral boundaries and their impacts on voting one has to assume in Chin Huats case the population remains static, there is no dynamic in their perspectives or lives and that neither government nor the economy and social structure of society changes.</p> <p>In Singapore they have made a virtue out of not just Gerrymandering but also of the racial component of politics as a core driver of their entire process and existence as a state. Not so in Malaysia unless […].</p> </div> </article> <ul class="children"> <li class="comment even depth-2" id="comment-25114"> <article id="article-comment-25114"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <span class="comment-author-name">Kong Kek Kuat</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thenutgraph.com/uncommon-sense-with-wong-chin-huat-beyond-ge13-part-1/#comment-25114">May 23, 2013 at 6:51 pm</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>@ Gopal Raj Kumar</p> <p>You make so much sense…</p> </div> </article> </li> </ul> </li> </ol></div></main><aside class="sidebar sidebar-primary widget-area" role="complementary" aria-label="Primary Sidebar" id="genesis-sidebar-primary"><h2 class="genesis-sidebar-title screen-reader-text">Primary Sidebar</h2><section id="search-4" class="widget widget_search"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle 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