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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-NEP4GYP06J"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-NEP4GYP06J'); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // avoid javascript errors without editing every page var pageTracker = {"_trackPageview": function(page){console.log('');}} </script> <title> Thomas R. Martin, An Overview of Classical Greek History from Mycenae to Alexander, Introduction to the Historical Overview in Perseus </title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/hopper.css" media="screen"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/hopper-print.css" media="print"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/UnicodeC.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/sidetoc.css" media="screen"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/navbar.css" media="screen"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/hopper.js"></script> <link href="/js/perseusld/perseusld.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link href="/css/sidecart.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/perseusld/perseusld.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/perseusld/third_party/pagedown/Markdown.Converter.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/perseusld/third_party/pagedown/Markdown.Sanitizer.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/text.js"></script> </head> <body onload="checkRedirect();"> <div id="header"> <a id="logo" href="/hopper/"></a> <div id="header_text"> <h1> Thomas R. Martin, <span class="title">An Overview of Classical Greek History from Mycenae to Alexander</span> <br /> </h1> </div> <div id="header_side"> <form action="/hopper/searchresults" class="search_form" onsubmit="return validate_form(this,q);"> <input name="q" /> <input type="Submit" value="Search" /> <p>("Agamemnon", "Hom. Od. 9.1", "denarius")</p> <p><a href="/hopper/search">All Search Options</a> [<a href="javascript:abbrev_help()">view abbreviations</a>]</p> </form> </div> </div> <div id="main"> <div id="main_top"> <div id="tabs"> <a class="tab" href="/hopper/home">Home</a> <a class="tab" href="/hopper/collections">Collections/Texts</a> <a class="tab" target="_blank" href="http://catalog.perseus.org">Perseus Catalog</a> <a class="tab" href="/hopper/research">Research</a> <a class="tab" href="/hopper/grants">Grants</a> <a class="tab" href="/hopper/opensource">Open Source</a> <a class="tab" href="/hopper/about">About</a> <a class="tab" href="/hopper/help">Help</a> </div> </div> <div id="content" class="3column" style="margin-right:0px;"> <div id="navbar_wrapper" style="width:100%" > <p id="navbar_help" style="background: #ccc;"> <span style="float: right; font-size: x-small; margin-right:5px;"><a href="javascript:hideNavbar();">Hide browse bar</a></span> <span id="navbar_title" style="font-size: x-small;">Your current position in the text is marked in blue. Click anywhere in the line to jump to another position:</span> </p> <div id="text_navbars"><div class="navbar"><span class="type_header">chapter: </span><div class="bar"><a class="current odd" style="width: 1%;" href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D1" title="
 Introduction to the Historical Overview in Perseus
 " onmouseover="showTitle(this);" onmouseout="clearTitle();"><span class="noshow"> Introduction to the Historical Overview in Perseus </span></a><a class="even" style="width: 2.5838%;" href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D2" title="
 Geographical and Historical Introduction
 " onmouseover="showTitle(this);" onmouseout="clearTitle();"><span class="noshow"> Geographical and Historical Introduction </span></a><a class="odd" style="width: 1.1904%;" href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D3" title="
 The Early Greek Dark Age and Revival in the Near East
 " onmouseover="showTitle(this);" onmouseout="clearTitle();"><span class="noshow"> The Early Greek Dark Age and Revival in the Near East </span></a><a class="even" style="width: 4.8951%;" href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4" title="
 Remaking Greek Civilization
 " onmouseover="showTitle(this);" onmouseout="clearTitle();"><span class="noshow"> Remaking Greek Civilization </span></a><a class="odd" style="width: 9.1408%;" href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5" title="
 The Archaic Age
 " onmouseover="showTitle(this);" onmouseout="clearTitle();"><span class="noshow"> The Archaic Age </span></a><a class="even" style="width: 11.147%;" href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6" title="
 The Late Archaic City-State
 " onmouseover="showTitle(this);" onmouseout="clearTitle();"><span class="noshow"> The Late Archaic City-State </span></a><a class="odd" style="width: 1%;" href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D7" title="
 Introduction to the Fifth Century
 " onmouseover="showTitle(this);" onmouseout="clearTitle();"><span class="noshow"> Introduction to the Fifth Century </span></a><a class="even" style="width: 5.7138%;" href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D8" title="
 Clash Between Greeks and Persians
 " onmouseover="showTitle(this);" onmouseout="clearTitle();"><span class="noshow"> Clash Between Greeks and Persians </span></a><a class="odd" style="width: 10.9407%;" href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9" title="
 Athenian Empire in the Golden Age
 " onmouseover="showTitle(this);" onmouseout="clearTitle();"><span class="noshow"> Athenian Empire in the Golden Age </span></a><a class="even" style="width: 7.5112%;" href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10" title="
 Athenian Religious and Cultural Life in the Golden Age
 " onmouseover="showTitle(this);" onmouseout="clearTitle();"><span class="noshow"> Athenian Religious and Cultural Life in the Golden Age </span></a><a class="odd" style="width: 7.1872%;" href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11" title="
 Continuity and Change in Athenian Social and Intellectual History
 " onmouseover="showTitle(this);" onmouseout="clearTitle();"><span class="noshow"> Continuity and Change in Athenian Social and Intellectual History </span></a><a class="even" style="width: 10.9368%;" href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12" title="
 The Peloponnesian War and Athenian Life
 " onmouseover="showTitle(this);" onmouseout="clearTitle();"><span class="noshow"> The Peloponnesian War and Athenian Life </span></a><a class="odd" style="width: 1%;" href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D13" title="
 Introduction to the Fourth Century
 " onmouseover="showTitle(this);" onmouseout="clearTitle();"><span class="noshow"> Introduction to the Fourth Century </span></a><a class="even" style="width: 6.85%;" href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14" title="
 The Aftermath of the Peloponnesian War
 " onmouseover="showTitle(this);" onmouseout="clearTitle();"><span class="noshow"> The Aftermath of the Peloponnesian War </span></a><a class="odd" style="width: 5.5135%;" href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15" title="
 New Directions in Philosophy and Education
 " onmouseover="showTitle(this);" onmouseout="clearTitle();"><span class="noshow"> New Directions in Philosophy and Education </span></a><a class="even" style="width: 5.0039%;" href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16" title="
 The Creation of Macedonian Power
 " onmouseover="showTitle(this);" onmouseout="clearTitle();"><span class="noshow"> The Creation of Macedonian Power </span></a></div></div></div> </div> <div id="left_col"> <div class="sidebox" id="collections"> <h5>This text is part of:</h5> <ul> <li><a href="collection?collection=Perseus%3Acollection%3AGreco-Roman">Greek and Roman Materials</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="sidebox" id="chunking"> <h5>View text chunked by:</h5> <ul> <li> <a href="disppref?url=/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009&default.scheme=chapter*%3Asection*%3Asubsection*%3Asubsubsection*&default.type=chapter">chapter</a> : <a href="disppref?url=/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009&default.scheme=chapter*%3Asection*%3Asubsection*%3Asubsubsection*&default.type=section">section</a> : <a href="disppref?url=/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009&default.scheme=chapter*%3Asection*%3Asubsection*%3Asubsubsection*&default.type=subsection">subsection</a> : <a href="disppref?url=/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009&default.scheme=chapter*%3Asection*%3Asubsection*%3Asubsubsection*&default.type=subsubsection">subsubsection</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sidebox" id="toc"> <h5>Table of Contents:</h5> <div id="side_toc"><div id="N65542" class="sidetoc mbot ind0"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D1"><span class="en"> Introduction to the Historical Overview in Perseus </span></a></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind0"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N65558');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N65558" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N65558');"><span class="en"> Geographical and Historical Introduction </span></a><div id="N65558" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N65573" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Landscape </span></a></div><div id="N65589" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D2"><span class="en"> Natural Resources </span></a></div><div id="N65605" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D3"><span class="en"> Diet </span></a></div><div id="N65621" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D4"><span class="en"> The Highway of the Sea </span></a></div><div id="N65637" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D5"><span class="en"> Climate </span></a></div><div id="N65653" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D6"><span class="en"> Earlier History </span></a></div><div id="N65669" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D7"><span class="en"> Mycenaean Civilization </span></a></div><div id="N65685" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D8"><span class="en"> The End of Mycenaean Civilization </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind0"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N65702');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N65702" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N65702');"><span class="en"> The Early Greek Dark Age and Revival in the Near East </span></a><div id="N65702" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N65717" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D3%3Asection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Loss of Writing </span></a></div><div id="N65733" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D3%3Asection%3D2"><span class="en"> The Question of a Dorian Invasion </span></a></div><div id="N65749" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D3%3Asection%3D3"><span class="en"> The Poverty of the early Greek Dark Age </span></a></div><div id="N65765" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D3%3Asection%3D4"><span class="en"> The Reconstruction of Social Hierarchy </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind0"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N65782');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N65782" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N65782');"><span class="en"> Remaking Greek Civilization </span></a><div id="N65782" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N65797" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Start of Economic Revival </span></a></div><div id="N65813" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D2"><span class="en"> Technological Change: Using Iron </span></a></div><div id="N65829" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D3"><span class="en"> Agricultural Resurgence </span></a></div><div id="N65845" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D4"><span class="en"> Repopulation </span></a></div><div id="N65861" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D5"><span class="en"> The Definition of Aristocracy </span></a></div><div id="N65877" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6"><span class="en"> Homer and the Social Values of Greek Aristocrats </span></a></div><div id="N65893" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D7"><span class="en"> The Male Ethic </span></a></div><div id="N65909" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D8"><span class="en"> A Woman's Excellence </span></a></div><div id="N65925" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D9"><span class="en"> The Recovery of Writing and Homer </span></a></div><div id="N65941" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D10"><span class="en"> The Olympic Games of Zeus and Hera </span></a></div><div id="N65957" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D11"><span class="en"> Competition and Community </span></a></div><div id="N65973" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D12"><span class="en"> Religion, Myth, and Community </span></a></div><div id="N65989" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D13"><span class="en"> The Mythical Origin of Justice </span></a></div><div id="N66005" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D14"><span class="en"> Justice in Dark-Age Life </span></a></div><div id="N66021" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D15"><span class="en"> Tensions between Leaders and Followers </span></a></div><div id="N66037" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D16"><span class="en"> The Injustice of Chiefs to Peasants </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind0"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N66054');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N66054" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N66054');"><span class="en"> The Archaic Age </span></a><div id="N66054" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N66069" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Characteristics of the City-state (Polis) </span></a></div><div id="N66085" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D2"><span class="en"> Citizenship and the City-state </span></a></div><div id="N66101" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D3"><span class="en"> Geography and the Population of City-states </span></a></div><div id="N66117" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D4"><span class="en"> Aristotle on the City-state </span></a></div><div id="N66133" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D5"><span class="en"> Early Colonization </span></a></div><div id="N66149" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D6"><span class="en"> Economic Motives for Colonization </span></a></div><div id="N66165" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D7"><span class="en"> Mother-city and Colony </span></a></div><div id="N66181" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D8"><span class="en"> Demographic Motives for Colonization </span></a></div><div id="N66197" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D9"><span class="en"> The Tensions of Colonization </span></a></div><div id="N66213" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D10"><span class="en"> Contact with Eastern Mediterranean Civilizations </span></a></div><div id="N66229" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D11"><span class="en"> International Commerce </span></a></div><div id="N66245" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D12"><span class="en"> The Oracle at Delphi and Colonization </span></a></div><div id="N66261" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D13"><span class="en"> The Emergence of the City-State </span></a></div><div id="N66277" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D14"><span class="en"> Aristocrats and Non-aristocrats in the City-state </span></a></div><div id="N66293" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D15"><span class="en"> Inequality and Women in the City-state </span></a></div><div id="N66309" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D16"><span class="en"> The so-called Hoplite Revolution </span></a></div><div id="N66325" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D17"><span class="en"> Non-hoplites as Citizens </span></a></div><div id="N66341" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D18"><span class="en"> The Contribution of the Poor </span></a></div><div id="N66357" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D19"><span class="en"> Communal Decision Making </span></a></div><div id="N66373" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D20"><span class="en"> Slavery in Dark-Age Greece </span></a></div><div id="N66389" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D21"><span class="en"> The Synergy between Slavery and Freedom </span></a></div><div id="N66405" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D22"><span class="en"> Sources of Slaves </span></a></div><div id="N66421" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D23"><span class="en"> The Extent of Slavery </span></a></div><div id="N66437" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D24"><span class="en"> The Occupations of Slaves </span></a></div><div id="N66453" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D25"><span class="en"> Public Slaves </span></a></div><div id="N66469" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D26"><span class="en"> The Lives of Slaves </span></a></div><div id="N66485" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D27"><span class="en"> Women and the Household </span></a></div><div id="N66501" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D28"><span class="en"> Women Outside the Home </span></a></div><div id="N66517" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D29"><span class="en"> Marriage and Divorce </span></a></div><div id="N66533" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D30"><span class="en"> Paternalism and Women </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind0"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N66550');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N66550" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N66550');"><span class="en"> The Late Archaic City-State </span></a><div id="N66550" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N66565" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Power of Sparta </span></a></div><div id="N66581" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D2"><span class="en"> The Early History of Sparta </span></a></div><div id="N66597" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D3"><span class="en"> Spartan Oligarchy </span></a></div><div id="N66613" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D4"><span class="en"> The Laws of Sparta </span></a></div><div id="N66629" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D5"><span class="en"> The Dangerous Situation of Sparta </span></a></div><div id="N66645" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D6"><span class="en"> Spartan Neighbors and Slaves </span></a></div><div id="N66661" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D7"><span class="en"> The Helots of Messenia </span></a></div><div id="N66677" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D8"><span class="en"> The Contribution of Helots </span></a></div><div id="N66693" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D9"><span class="en"> The Existence of Spartan Boys </span></a></div><div id="N66709" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D10"><span class="en"> The Equals </span></a></div><div id="N66725" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D11"><span class="en"> The Spartan Common Messes </span></a></div><div id="N66741" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D12"><span class="en"> Women at Sparta </span></a></div><div id="N66757" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D13"><span class="en"> Land Ownership at Sparta </span></a></div><div id="N66773" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D14"><span class="en"> Reproduction at Sparta </span></a></div><div id="N66789" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D15"><span class="en"> The Obligations of Spartans </span></a></div><div id="N66805" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D16"><span class="en"> Tyranny in the City-States </span></a></div><div id="N66821" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D17"><span class="en"> Tyranny at Corinth </span></a></div><div id="N66837" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D18"><span class="en"> Tyrants and Popular Support </span></a></div><div id="N66853" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D19"><span class="en"> Theseus and Democracy at Athens </span></a></div><div id="N66869" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D20"><span class="en"> The Athenian Population in the Dark Age </span></a></div><div id="N66885" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D21"><span class="en"> The Beginnings of Athenian Democracy </span></a></div><div id="N66901" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D22"><span class="en"> The Institutions of Incipient Democracy </span></a></div><div id="N66917" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D23"><span class="en"> The Laws of Draco </span></a></div><div id="N66933" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D24"><span class="en"> Economic Crisis and Subsistence Agriculture </span></a></div><div id="N66949" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D25"><span class="en"> The Reforms of Solon </span></a></div><div id="N66965" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D26"><span class="en"> Solon and Democracy </span></a></div><div id="N66981" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D27"><span class="en"> Opposition to Democracy </span></a></div><div id="N66997" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D28"><span class="en"> Tyranny at Athens </span></a></div><div id="N67013" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D29"><span class="en"> The Struggle between Isagoras and Cleisthenes </span></a></div><div id="N67029" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D30"><span class="en"> The Democratic Reforms of Cleisthenes </span></a></div><div id="N67045" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D31"><span class="en"> Persuasion and Cleisthenic Democracy </span></a></div><div id="N67061" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D32"><span class="en"> Lyric poetry </span></a></div><div id="N67077" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D33"><span class="en"> The Ionian Thinkers </span></a></div><div id="N67093" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D34"><span class="en"> Near Eastern Influence on the Ionian Thinkers </span></a></div><div id="N67109" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D35"><span class="en"> The Cosmos and Logos </span></a></div><div id="N67125" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D36"><span class="en"> Rational Thinking </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind0"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67142');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67142" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67142');"><span class="en"> Introduction to the Fifth Century </span></a><div id="N67142" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N67157" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D7%3Asection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Major Conflicts of Fifth-Century Greece </span></a></div><div id="N67173" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D7%3Asection%3D2"><span class="en"> Sources of Strife betweeen Athens and Sparta </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind0"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67190');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67190" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67190');"><span class="en"> Clash Between Greeks and Persians </span></a><div id="N67190" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67205');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67205" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67205');"><span class="en"> Athenian Mission for a Persian Alliance </span></a><div id="N67205" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N67220" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Mutual Ignorance </span></a></div><div id="N67236" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> Sowing a Seed of Conflict between Athens and Persia </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67253');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67253" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67253');"><span class="en"> The Kingdom of Persia </span></a><div id="N67253" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N67268" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Resources of Persia </span></a></div><div id="N67284" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> Persian Religion </span></a></div><div id="N67300" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D3"><span class="en"> Persian Religious Non-Interference </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67317');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67317" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67317');"><span class="en"> The Beginning of the Persian Wars </span></a><div id="N67317" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N67332" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D3%3Asubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Croesus of Lydia and the Ionian Greeks </span></a></div><div id="N67348" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D3%3Asubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> Revolt in Ionia </span></a></div><div id="N67364" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D3%3Asubsection%3D3"><span class="en"> Persian Vengeance against Athens </span></a></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67380');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67380" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67380');"><span class="en"> The Battle of Marathon </span></a><div id="N67380" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N67395" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D3%3Asubsection%3D4%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Announcing the Victory </span></a></div></div></div><div id="N67412" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D3%3Asubsection%3D5"><span class="en"> Aftereffects of the Battle of Marathon </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67429');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67429" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67429');"><span class="en"> The Great Invasion of 480-479 B.C. </span></a><div id="N67429" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N67444" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D4%3Asubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Greek Courage at Thermopylae </span></a></div><div id="N67460" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D4%3Asubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> The Naval Battle of Salamis </span></a></div><div id="N67476" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D4%3Asubsection%3D3"><span class="en"> End of the Persian Wars </span></a></div></div></div><div id="N67493" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D5"><span class="en"> Political Freedom and Greek Courage </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind0"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67510');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67510" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67510');"><span class="en"> Athenian Empire in the Golden Age </span></a><div id="N67510" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67525');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67525" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67525');"><span class="en"> The Establishment of an Athenian Empire </span></a><div id="N67525" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N67540" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Misconduct of Pausanias the Spartan </span></a></div><div id="N67556" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> Spartan Approval of Athenian Leadership </span></a></div><div id="N67572" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D3"><span class="en"> A Permanent Structure for the Alliance </span></a></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67588');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67588" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67588');"><span class="en"> The Finances of the Alliance (Delian League) </span></a><div id="N67588" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N67603" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D4%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Warships of the Delian League </span></a></div></div></div><div id="N67620" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D5"><span class="en"> The Rebellion of Thasos </span></a></div><div id="N67636" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D6"><span class="en"> The Military and Financial Success of the Delian League </span></a></div><div id="N67652" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D7"><span class="en"> Athenian Self-Interest in Empire </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67669');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67669" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67669');"><span class="en"> The Democratic Reform of the Athenian System of Justice </span></a><div id="N67669" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N67684" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Helot Revolt at Sparta </span></a></div><div id="N67700" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> The Reforms of Ephialtes </span></a></div><div id="N67716" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D3"><span class="en"> Athenian Radical Democracy </span></a></div><div id="N67732" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D4"><span class="en"> Ostracism </span></a></div><div id="N67748" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D5"><span class="en"> The Ostracism of Aristides </span></a></div><div id="N67764" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D6"><span class="en"> Ostracism and personal prominence </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67781');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67781" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67781');"><span class="en"> The Policies of Pericles </span></a><div id="N67781" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N67796" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D3%3Asubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Citizenship Law of Pericles </span></a></div><div id="N67812" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D3%3Asubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> Periclean Foreign Policy </span></a></div><div id="N67828" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D3%3Asubsection%3D3"><span class="en"> The Breakdown of Peace </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67845');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67845" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67845');"><span class="en"> The Periclean Building Program </span></a><div id="N67845" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67860');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67860" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67860');"><span class="en"> Athenian Private Dwellings </span></a><div id="N67860" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N67875" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D4%3Asubsection%3D1%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> City Houses </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67892');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67892" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67892');"><span class="en"> Liturgies and Benefactions </span></a><div id="N67892" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N67907" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D4%3Asubsection%3D2%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Benefactions by Cimon and his family </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67924');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67924" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67924');"><span class="en"> Public Funding of Buildings </span></a><div id="N67924" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N67939" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D4%3Asubsection%3D3%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Scale of Athenian Public Buildings </span></a></div></div></div><div id="N67956" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D4%3Asubsection%3D4"><span class="en"> Pericles' Acropolis </span></a></div><div id="N67972" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D4%3Asubsection%3D5"><span class="en"> The Controversial Cost of the Periclean Program </span></a></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67988');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N67988" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N67988');"><span class="en"> The Parthenon </span></a><div id="N67988" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68003" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D4%3Asubsection%3D6%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Parthenon's design </span></a></div><div id="N68019" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D4%3Asubsection%3D6%3Asubsubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> The Parthenon's special architecture </span></a></div><div id="N68035" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D4%3Asubsection%3D6%3Asubsubsection%3D3"><span class="en"> Sculpture on the Parthenon </span></a></div></div></div><div id="N68052" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D4%3Asubsection%3D7"><span class="en"> The Significance of the Parthenon Frieze </span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind0"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68070');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68070" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68070');"><span class="en"> Athenian Religious and Cultural Life in the Golden Age </span></a><div id="N68070" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68085');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68085" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68085');"><span class="en"> The Outlines of Greek Religion in the Classical Period </span></a><div id="N68085" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68100" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Nature of the Gods </span></a></div><div id="N68116" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> The Gods and Human Behavior </span></a></div><div id="N68132" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D3"><span class="en"> Sacrifices and Offerings </span></a></div><div id="N68148" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D4"><span class="en"> The Character of Sacrifices </span></a></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68164');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68164" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68164');"><span class="en"> Occasions for Sacrifice and Festivals </span></a><div id="N68164" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68179" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D5%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Large Animal Sacrifice </span></a></div></div></div><div id="N68196" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D6"><span class="en"> Hero Cults </span></a></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68212');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68212" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68212');"><span class="en"> The Eleusinian Mysteries </span></a><div id="N68212" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68227" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D7%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Mystery of the Mysteries </span></a></div></div></div><div id="N68244" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D8"><span class="en"> Belief and Ritual </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68261');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68261" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68261');"><span class="en"> The Development of Athenian Tragedy </span></a><div id="N68261" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68276" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Nature of Tragedy </span></a></div><div id="N68292" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> The Performance of Tragedy </span></a></div><div id="N68308" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D3"><span class="en"> The Spectacle of Tragedy </span></a></div><div id="N68324" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D4"><span class="en"> Tragedians </span></a></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68340');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68340" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68340');"><span class="en"> Tragedy and the Polis </span></a><div id="N68340" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68355" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D5%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Sophocles' Success </span></a></div><div id="N68371" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D5%3Asubsubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> Sophoclean Tragedies and Athenian Empire </span></a></div><div id="N68387" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D5%3Asubsubsection%3D3"><span class="en"> Sophocles' Ajax </span></a></div><div id="N68406" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D5%3Asubsubsection%3D4"><span class="en"> Sophocles' Antigone </span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68427');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68427" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68427');"><span class="en"> Developments in Free-Standing Sculpture </span></a><div id="N68427" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68442" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D3%3Asubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Sculptors </span></a></div><div id="N68458" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D3%3Asubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> Private Sculptural Commissions </span></a></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68474');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68474" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68474');"><span class="en"> The Emergence of a New Sculptural Style </span></a><div id="N68474" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68489" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D3%3Asubsection%3D3%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Sculpture in Bronze </span></a></div><div id="N68505" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D3%3Asubsection%3D3%3Asubsubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> The Sculpture of Myron and Polyclitus </span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind0"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68524');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68524" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68524');"><span class="en"> Continuity and Change in Athenian Social and Intellectual History </span></a><div id="N68524" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68539');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68539" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68539');"><span class="en"> Property, Social Freedom, and Athenian Women </span></a><div id="N68539" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68554');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68554" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68554');"><span class="en"> Women's Responsibilities and Property Rights </span></a><div id="N68554" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68569" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D1%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Inheritance and Dowry </span></a></div><div id="N68585" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D1%3Asubsubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> Heiresses </span></a></div></div></div><div id="N68602" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> Women's Lives at Home and at Work </span></a></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68618');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68618" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68618');"><span class="en"> Restrictions on the Lives of Upper-Class Women </span></a><div id="N68618" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68633" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D3%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Standards of Beauty </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68650');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68650" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68650');"><span class="en"> Paternity and Women's Social Standing </span></a><div id="N68650" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68665" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D4%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Value of Sons </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68682');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68682" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68682');"><span class="en"> Prostitutes and “Companions” </span></a><div id="N68682" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68697" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D5%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> “Companions” and Freedom of Speech with Men </span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68715');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68715" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68715');"><span class="en"> Education, the Sophists, and New Intellectual Developments </span></a><div id="N68715" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68730" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Schools and Teachers </span></a></div><div id="N68746" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> Literacy and the Poor </span></a></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68762');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68762" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68762');"><span class="en"> Mentorship in the Education of Males </span></a><div id="N68762" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68777" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D3%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Homosexuality and Mentorship </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68794');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68794" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68794');"><span class="en"> The Sophists </span></a><div id="N68794" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68809" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D4%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Protagoras </span></a></div><div id="N68825" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D4%3Asubsubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> The Subjectivism of Protagoras </span></a></div><div id="N68841" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D4%3Asubsubsection%3D3"><span class="en"> The Perceived Dangers of Relativism </span></a></div><div id="N68857" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D4%3Asubsubsection%3D4"><span class="en"> Unsettling Cosmologies </span></a></div></div></div><div id="N68874" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D5"><span class="en"> Herodotus' New Kind of Historical Writing </span></a></div><div id="N68890" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D6"><span class="en"> Hippocrates' New Direction in Medicine </span></a></div><div id="N68906" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D7"><span class="en"> Tension Between Intellectual and Political Forces in the 430s </span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind0"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68924');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68924" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68924');"><span class="en"> The Peloponnesian War and Athenian Life </span></a><div id="N68924" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68939');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68939" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68939');"><span class="en"> The course of the Peloponnesian War </span></a><div id="N68939" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68954" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Thucydides, historian of the Peloponnesian War </span></a></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68970');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N68970" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N68970');"><span class="en"> Thucydides on the causes of the Peloponnesian War </span></a><div id="N68970" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N68985" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D2%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Immediate causes of the war </span></a></div><div id="N69001" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D2%3Asubsubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> Deeper causes of the war </span></a></div></div></div><div id="N69018" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D3"><span class="en"> Athenian strategy in the Peloponnesian War </span></a></div><div id="N69034" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D4"><span class="en"> Losses through Spartan invasions </span></a></div><div id="N69050" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D5"><span class="en"> The effects of epidemic </span></a></div><div id="N69066" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D6"><span class="en"> Athenian resilience after the epidemic </span></a></div><div id="N69082" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D7"><span class="en"> The success of Cleon at Pylos </span></a></div><div id="N69098" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D8"><span class="en"> The unexpected tactics of Brasidas </span></a></div><div id="N69114" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D9"><span class="en"> The Peace of Nicias </span></a></div><div id="N69130" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D10"><span class="en"> An uneasy peace </span></a></div><div id="N69146" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D11"><span class="en"> Attack on Melos </span></a></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N69162');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N69162" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N69162');"><span class="en"> Launching the Expedition to Sicily </span></a><div id="N69162" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N69177" class="sidetoc mbot ind3"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D12%3Asubsubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> The mutilation of the Herms </span></a></div></div></div><div id="N69194" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D13"><span class="en"> Athenian defeat in Sicily </span></a></div><div id="N69210" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D14"><span class="en"> The aftermath of the defeat in Sicily </span></a></div><div id="N69226" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D15"><span class="en"> Revolts among the allies of Athens </span></a></div><div id="N69242" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D16"><span class="en"> Athenian resilience after defeat in Sicily </span></a></div><div id="N69258" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D17"><span class="en"> The oligarchic coup of 411 </span></a></div><div id="N69274" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D18"><span class="en"> The restoration of democracy </span></a></div><div id="N69290" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D19"><span class="en"> The end of the war </span></a></div><div id="N69306" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D20"><span class="en"> The rule of the Thirty Tyrants </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N69323');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N69323" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N69323');"><span class="en"> Social and cultural life at Athens in war time </span></a><div id="N69323" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N69338" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D1"><span class="en"> Crowding in the city of Athens </span></a></div><div id="N69354" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D2"><span class="en"> The economic problems of farmers, workers, and business owners </span></a></div><div id="N69370" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D3"><span class="en"> The economic effects of war on Athenian women </span></a></div><div id="N69386" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D4"><span class="en"> War and the finances of Athens </span></a></div><div id="N69402" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D5"><span class="en"> Athenian comedy during the war </span></a></div><div id="N69418" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D6"><span class="en"> The humor and plots of Athenian comedy </span></a></div><div id="N69434" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D7"><span class="en"> Comedy as criticism of official policy </span></a></div><div id="N69450" class="sidetoc mbot ind2"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D2%3Asubsection%3D8"><span class="en"> The Lysistrata of Aristophanes </span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div id="N69471" class="sidetoc mbot ind0"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D13"><span class="en"> Introduction to the Fourth Century </span></a></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind0"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N69487');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N69487" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N69487');"><span class="en"> The Aftermath of the Peloponnesian War </span></a><div id="N69487" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N69502" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D1"><span class="en"> Economic Strains on the Family </span></a></div><div id="N69518" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D2"><span class="en"> Manufacture and Trade </span></a></div><div id="N69534" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D3"><span class="en"> Agriculture and Private Property </span></a></div><div id="N69550" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D4"><span class="en"> The Daily Diet </span></a></div><div id="N69566" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D5"><span class="en"> The Loss of Slaves </span></a></div><div id="N69582" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D6"><span class="en"> Socrates </span></a></div><div id="N69598" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D7"><span class="en"> Socratic Ways </span></a></div><div id="N69614" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D8"><span class="en"> Socrates' Search for Justice </span></a></div><div id="N69630" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D9"><span class="en"> The Effect of Socrates </span></a></div><div id="N69646" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D10"><span class="en"> Aristophanes on Socrates </span></a></div><div id="N69662" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D11"><span class="en"> Socrates' Guilt by Association </span></a></div><div id="N69678" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D12"><span class="en"> The Prosecution of Socrates </span></a></div><div id="N69694" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D13"><span class="en"> The Execution of Socrates </span></a></div><div id="N69710" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D14"><span class="en"> The Struggle for Dominance after the Peloponnesian War </span></a></div><div id="N69726" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D15"><span class="en"> The Corinthian War and the King's Peace </span></a></div><div id="N69742" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D16"><span class="en"> Spartan Aggression and Athenian Resurgence </span></a></div><div id="N69758" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D17"><span class="en"> Stalemate after the Battle of Mantinea </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind0"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N69775');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N69775" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N69775');"><span class="en"> New Directions in Philosophy and Education </span></a><div id="N69775" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N69790" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D1"><span class="en"> The Life of Plato </span></a></div><div id="N69806" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D2"><span class="en"> Plato's Academy </span></a></div><div id="N69822" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D3"><span class="en"> The Dialogues of Plato </span></a></div><div id="N69838" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D4"><span class="en"> Platonic Doctrines </span></a></div><div id="N69854" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D5"><span class="en"> Platonic Forms </span></a></div><div id="N69870" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D6"><span class="en"> The Platonic Demiurge </span></a></div><div id="N69886" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D7"><span class="en"> Plato's Republic </span></a></div><div id="N69902" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D8"><span class="en"> Guardians in the Republic </span></a></div><div id="N69918" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D9"><span class="en"> Philosophy and Life </span></a></div><div id="N69934" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D10"><span class="en"> Aristotle, Scientist and Philosopher </span></a></div><div id="N69950" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D11"><span class="en"> Aristotle's Interests </span></a></div><div id="N69966" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D12"><span class="en"> Aristotle's Methods </span></a></div><div id="N69982" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D13"><span class="en"> Aristotle's Teleology </span></a></div><div id="N69998" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D14"><span class="en"> Aristotle on Slaves and Women </span></a></div><div id="N70014" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D15"><span class="en"> Aristotle on Just Behavior </span></a></div><div id="N70030" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D16"><span class="en"> Aristotle on Human Happiness </span></a></div><div id="N70046" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D17"><span class="en"> Practical Education and Rhetoric </span></a></div><div id="N70062" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D18"><span class="en"> Isocrates on Rhetoric </span></a></div><div id="N70078" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D19"><span class="en"> Isocrates on Panhellenism </span></a></div></div></div><div class="sidetoc mbot ind0"><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N70095');"><img border="0" src="/img/east.gif" id="img_N70095" alt=">"/></a><a href="javascript:toggleExpand('N70095');"><span class="en"> The Creation of Macedonian Power </span></a><div id="N70095" class="sidetoc mtop ind1" style="display: none;"><div id="N70110" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D1"><span class="en"> Macedonian Monarchy </span></a></div><div id="N70126" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D2"><span class="en"> Macedonians and Greeks </span></a></div><div id="N70142" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D3"><span class="en"> The Ambitions of Philip II </span></a></div><div id="N70158" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D4"><span class="en"> Philip's Reorganization of the Macedonian Army </span></a></div><div id="N70174" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D5"><span class="en"> Philip and the Greeks </span></a></div><div id="N70190" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D6"><span class="en"> The Aftermath of the Battle of Chaeronea </span></a></div><div id="N70206" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D7"><span class="en"> Alexander's Rise to Power </span></a></div><div id="N70222" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D8"><span class="en"> Alexander's Hopes </span></a></div><div id="N70238" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D9"><span class="en"> The Attack on the Persian Empire </span></a></div><div id="N70254" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D10"><span class="en"> The Siege of Tyre </span></a></div><div id="N70270" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D11"><span class="en"> Alexander in Egypt </span></a></div><div id="N70286" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D12"><span class="en"> The Conquest of Persia </span></a></div><div id="N70302" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D13"><span class="en"> Alexander's March to the East </span></a></div><div id="N70318" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D14"><span class="en"> Alexander in Afghanistan and India </span></a></div><div id="N70334" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D15"><span class="en"> The Return of Alexander </span></a></div><div id="N70350" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D16"><span class="en"> Alexander's Last Plans </span></a></div><div id="N70366" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D17"><span class="en"> The Aims of Alexander </span></a></div><div id="N70382" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D18"><span class="en"> The Death of Alexander </span></a></div><div id="N70398" class="sidetoc mbot ind1"><a href="?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D19"><span class="en"> The Effect of Alexander </span></a></div></div></div> </div> <a class="xml" href="xmltoc?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D1" onclick="javascript: pageTracker._trackPageview('/hopper/xmltoc?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D1');"> <img src="/img/xml.gif" alt="view as XML" border="0" /> </a> </div> </div> <div id="center_col"> <div id="header_nav"> <a class="arrow" href="text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D2"> <img src="/img/next.gif" alt="next" border="0" /> </a> <form id="header_jump_form" action=""> <input 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Enter a Perseus citation to go to another section or work. Full search options are on the right side and top of the page. </div> <input type="hidden" name="fromdoc" value="Perseus:text:1999.04.0009" /> </form> </div> <div id="text_main"> <script type="text/javascript"> addDocument('Perseus:text:1999.04.0009:chapter=1'); </script> <div class="text_container en" xmlns:dctype="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/" xmlns:perseus="http://www.perseus.org/meta/perseus.rdfs#" xmlns:tufts="http://www.tufts.edu/"><div class="text"> <h4>Introduction to the Historical Overview in Perseus</h4> The Historical Overview provides a brief summary of the history of ancient Greece from approximately 1200 B.C., the period when Mycenaean civilization perished, to 323 B.C., the death of Alexander the Great. These limits were chosen to complement the emphasis of the Greek texts included in this version of Perseus, most of which fall between Homer and Aristotle. The epic poems <u>The Iliad</u> and <u>The Odyssey</u> of Homer were composed in the eighth century B.C., but their stories belong to the much earlier period of the Trojan War, which has often been dated to the years not long after 1200. Whether there ever was an actual Trojan War and, if so, when it took place, are questions still debated, as is the question of how much reliable historical information the Homeric epics may provide on this early period. The historical overview begins where it does in the hope that users of Perseus will find this background helpful in studying later Greek civilization, namely that of the Greek city-state (polis ). The polis began to emerge as a new form of social and political organization in the eighth century B.C., and the emphasis of the Overview is on the history of the polis, particularly during the fifth century (the so-called Golden Age of Athens, the largest and best documented of Greek city-states). The overview ends where it does because 323 has traditionally been identified as the end of the Classical period in ancient Greek history. After this date the monarchies founded by Alexander's successors tended to overshadow or even dominate the city-states in international politics. The significance of 323 as a turning point in Greek history is in fact just as problematic on several grounds as is the history of the Trojan War, but at least ending the Overview at this conventional date allows the survey to conclude roughly in the period of the life of the fourth-century philosopher and polymath Aristotle (died 322), who tutored the young Alexander for a while.<p/> There can be no such thing as an authoritative history of ancient Greece, not least because the surviving evidence is often so thin. Many interpretations expressed in the Overview obviously would not win universal assent, but not all such points of potential controversy can be marked in a survey that is meant to be brief. 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