CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="eu" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Base - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )euwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","urtarrila","otsaila","martxoa","apirila","maiatza","ekaina","uztaila","abuztua","iraila","urria","azaroa","abendua"],"wgRequestId":"45c2b82f-f953-46b8-8891-1a1ba38b8f23","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Base","wgTitle":"Base","wgCurRevisionId":9301726,"wgRevisionId":9301726,"wgArticleId":65078,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluak","Hezkuntza Programako artikuluak","Hezkuntza Programa/Fisika eta Kimika","Wikipedia:BNF identifikatzailea duten artikuluak","Wikipedia:GND identifikatzailea duten artikuluak","Wikipedia:LCCN identifikatzailea duten artikuluak","Ikur tipografikoak","Azido-base kimika","Pages that use a deprecated format of the chem tags"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"eu","wgPageContentLanguage":"eu","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "Base","wgRelevantArticleId":65078,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"eu","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"eu"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11193","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.math.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ErrefAurrebista","ext.gadget.UkensKonkurranse", "ext.gadget.TxikipediaTab","ext.gadget.ArtikuluenKalitatea","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=eu&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=eu&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=eu&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Decorative_Soaps.jpg/1200px-Decorative_Soaps.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Decorative_Soaps.jpg/800px-Decorative_Soaps.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Decorative_Soaps.jpg/640px-Decorative_Soaps.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Base - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea."> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//eu.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Aldatu" href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (eu)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//eu.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eu"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom Jarioa" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:AzkenAldaketak&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Base rootpage-Base skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Edukira joan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu nagusia" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu nagusia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu nagusia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Base" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Base" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Base" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Base" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Propietateak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propietateak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Propietateak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propietateak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basearen_definizio_desberdinak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basearen_definizio_desberdinak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Basearen definizio desberdinak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basearen_definizio_desberdinak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Basearen definizio desberdinak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Basearen_definizio_desberdinak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrhenius_azido-basearen_teoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrhenius_azido-basearen_teoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Arrhenius azido-basearen teoria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrhenius_azido-basearen_teoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brønsted_eta_Lowry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brønsted_eta_Lowry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Brønsted eta Lowry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brønsted_eta_Lowry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lewis_azido-basearen_teoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lewis_azido-basearen_teoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lewis azido-basearen teoria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lewis_azido-basearen_teoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseen_ezaugarriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseen_ezaugarriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Baseen ezaugarriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseen_ezaugarriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Base_baten_indarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base_baten_indarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Base baten indarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Base_baten_indarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Base_baten_formakuntza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base_baten_formakuntza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Base baten formakuntza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Base_baten_formakuntza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseen_nomenklatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseen_nomenklatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Baseen nomenklatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseen_nomenklatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseen_adibideak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseen_adibideak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Baseen adibideak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseen_adibideak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseak_eta_pH-a" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseak_eta_pH-a"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Baseak eta pH-a</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseak_eta_pH-a-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azidoen_neutralizazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azidoen_neutralizazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Azidoen neutralizazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azidoen_neutralizazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ez-hidroxidoen_alkalinotasuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ez-hidroxidoen_alkalinotasuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ez-hidroxidoen alkalinotasuna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ez-hidroxidoen_alkalinotasuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Base_sendo_eta_ahulak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base_sendo_eta_ahulak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Base sendo eta ahulak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Base_sendo_eta_ahulak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superbaseak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superbaseak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Superbaseak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superbaseak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azidoen_neutralizazioa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azidoen_neutralizazioa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Azidoen neutralizazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azidoen_neutralizazioa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseak_katalizatzaile_gisa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseak_katalizatzaile_gisa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Baseak katalizatzaile gisa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseak_katalizatzaile_gisa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Base</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 123 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis" title="Basis – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Basis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basen_(Chemie)" title="Basen (Chemie) – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Basen (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(quimica)" title="Base (quimica) – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Base (quimica)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9_(%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="قاعدة (كيمياء) – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قاعدة (كيمياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="ক্ষাৰ – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ক্ষাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Base (química) – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Base (química)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fsaslar" title="Əsaslar – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əsaslar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2_(%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="باز (شیمی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باز (شیمی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Нигеҙ (химия) – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нигеҙ (химия)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz%C4%97" title="Bazė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bazė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(kimika)" title="Base (kimika) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Base (kimika)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Асновы – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асновы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Аснова (хімія) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аснова (хімія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Основа (химия) – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Основа (химия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95" title="ক্ষারক – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্ষারক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazenn_(kimiezh)" title="Bazenn (kimiezh) – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bazenn (kimiezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baza_(hemija)" title="Baza (hemija) – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Baza (hemija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Химиин һуури – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Химиин һуури" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Base química – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Base química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA_(%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="تفت (کیمیا) – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تفت (کیمیا)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1sady_(chemie)" title="Zásady (chemie) – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zásady (chemie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%95%D1%81_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8)" title="Никĕс (хими) – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Никĕс (хими)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_(cemeg)" title="Bas (cemeg) – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bas (cemeg)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(kemi)" title="Base (kemi) – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Base (kemi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basen_(Chemie)" title="Basen (Chemie) – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Basen (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz" title="Baz – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Baz" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Βάση – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βάση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry) – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Base (chemistry)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazo_(kemio)" title="Bazo (kemio) – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bazo (kemio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Base (química) – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Base (química)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alus_(keemia)" title="Alus (keemia) – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alus (keemia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2_(%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="باز (شیمی) – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باز (شیمی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em%C3%A4s" title="Emäs – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Emäs" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip%C3%B5" title="Lipõ – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lipõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAtur" title="Lútur – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Lútur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chimie)" title="Base (chimie) – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Base (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baas" title="Baas – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Baas" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bun_(ceimic)" title="Bun (ceimic) – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bun (ceimic)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz_(chimi)" title="Baz (chimi) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Baz (chimi)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Base (química) – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Base (química)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%9D" title="બેઈઝ – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બેઈઝ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1_(%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="בסיס (כימיה) – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בסיס (כימיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="क्षार – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्षार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry) – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Base (chemistry)" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baze_(kemija)" title="Baze (kemija) – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baze (kemija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz_(chimi)" title="Baz (chimi) – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Baz (chimi)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1zis_(k%C3%A9mia)" title="Bázis (kémia) – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bázis (kémia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B4%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հիմքեր – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիմքեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chimia)" title="Base (chimia) – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Base (chimia)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa" title="Basa – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Basa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazo_(kemio)" title="Bazo (kemio) – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bazo (kemio)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basi" title="Basi – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Basi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chimica)" title="Base (chimica) – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Base (chimica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%A9%E5%9F%BA" title="塩基 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="塩基" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bies_(kimischri)" title="Bies (kimischri) – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bies (kimischri)" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94" title="ფუძე – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფუძე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoye" title="Hoye – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hoye" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa" title="Basa – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Негіздер – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Негіздер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2" title="ಪ್ರತ್ಯಾಮ್ಲ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರತ್ಯಾಮ್ಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%BC%EA%B8%B0" title="염기 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="염기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz_(k%C3%AEmya)" title="Baz (kîmya) – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Baz (kîmya)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Негиз (химия) – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Негиз (химия)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_(chemia)" title="Basis (chemia) – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Basis (chemia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas" title="Bas – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bas" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(cimica)" title="Base (cimica) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Base (cimica)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas" title="Bas – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bas" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99_(%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B5)" title="ພື້ນຖານ (ເຄມີ) – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພື້ນຖານ (ເຄມີ)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz%C4%97" title="Bazė – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bazė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%81ze_(%C4%B7%C4%ABmija)" title="Bāze (ķīmija) – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bāze (ķīmija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="База (хемија) – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="База (хемија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ക്ഷാരം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ഷാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯑꯈꯥ ꯃꯍꯤ – manipurera" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯈꯥ ꯃꯍꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bes" title="Bes – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92)" title="ဘေ့စ် (ဓာတုဗေဒ) – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘေ့စ် (ဓာတုဗေဒ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base" title="Base – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Base" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(scheikunde)" title="Base (scheikunde) – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Base (scheikunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base" title="Base – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Base" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base" title="Base – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Base" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base" title="Base – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Base" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_(quimia)" title="Basa (quimia) – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Basa (quimia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beezii" title="Beezii – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Beezii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਖ਼ਾਰ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zasady" title="Zasady – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zasady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="اساس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اساس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Base (química) – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Base (química)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llipt%27a" title="Llipt'a – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llipt'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz%C4%83_(chimie)" title="Bază (chimie) – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bază (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz%C3%A2" title="Bazâ – aromaniera" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Bazâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Основания (химия) – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Основания (химия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Основа (хемія) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Основа (хемія)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="क्षारः – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="क्षारः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Олох (химия) – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Олох (химия)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3_(%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="اساس (ڪيميا) – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اساس (ڪيميا)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1sa_(kemiija)" title="Bása (kemiija) – iparraldeko samiera" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bása (kemiija)" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko samiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baza_(hemija)" title="Baza (hemija) – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Baza (hemija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Base (chemistry)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1sada_(ch%C3%A9mia)" title="Zásada (chémia) – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zásada (chémia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baza_(kemija)" title="Baza (kemija) – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Baza (kemija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazat" title="Bazat – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bazat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="База (хемија) – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="База (хемија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanyawa_Basa" title="Sanyawa Basa – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sanyawa Basa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_(kemi)" title="Bas (kemi) – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bas (kemi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besi_(kemia)" title="Besi (kemia) – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Besi (kemia)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="காரம் (வேதியியல்) – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காரம் (வேதியியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D2%B3%D0%BE_(%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%91)" title="Асосҳо (кимиё) – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Асосҳо (кимиё)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA_(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5)" title="เบส (เคมี) – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบส (เคมี)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base" title="Base – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Base" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz" title="Baz – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Нигез (химия) – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нигез (химия)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Основание (химия) – tuvera" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Основание (химия)" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Основи (хімія) – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Основи (хімія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3_(%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="اساس (کیمیا) – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اساس (کیمیا)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asos_(kimyo)" title="Asos (kimyo) – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Asos (kimyo)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Base (hóa học) – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Base (hóa học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base" title="Base – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Base" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A5ze_(tchimeye)" title="Båze (tchimeye) – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Båze (tchimeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(kimika)" title="Base (kimika) – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Base (kimika)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E5%9F%BA" title="盐基 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="盐基" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A2_(%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2)" title="באזע (כעמיע) – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באזע (כעמיע)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%BD%E5%9F%BA" title="鹽基 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鹽基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A2m-ki" title="Iâm-ki – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iâm-ki" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%BC" title="鹼 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鹼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11193#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Base" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Base" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">euskara</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Base"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Base"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Base" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Base" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&oldid=9301726" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Base&id=9301726&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBase"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBase"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Base"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Base&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bases" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11193" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-1-Wikipedia10000" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_guztiek_izan_beharreko_artikuluen_zerrenda/3._maila" title="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/20px-Wikipedia-1000.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/30px-Wikipedia-1000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/40px-Wikipedia-1000.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-2-HezkuntzaPrograma" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza" title="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/19px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/28px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/38px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Decorative_Soaps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Decorative_Soaps.jpg/220px-Decorative_Soaps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Decorative_Soaps.jpg/330px-Decorative_Soaps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Decorative_Soaps.jpg/440px-Decorative_Soaps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xaboi" title="Xaboi">Xaboiak</a> base ahulak dira, <a href="/wiki/Gantz-azido" title="Gantz-azido">gantz-azidoak</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodio_hidroxido" title="Sodio hidroxido">sodio hidroxidoarekin</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Potasio_hidroxido" title="Potasio hidroxido">potasio hidroxidoarekin</a> nahasten direnean sortuak.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">Kimikan</a>, <b>base</b> bat <a href="/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi">protoiak</a> onar ditzakeen edozein substantzia da. Definizio hau azidoei eta baseei buruzko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Br%C3%B8nsted-Lowry_teoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brønsted-Lowry teoria (sortu gabe)">Brønsted-Lowry teorian</a> finkatutakoa da. Haatik, badaude baseen beste definizio batzuk, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroi</a>-bikoteen emaileak direla (Lewis), <a href="/wiki/Hidroxido" title="Hidroxido">hidroxido</a> <a href="/wiki/Anioi" title="Anioi">anioieen</a> iturri direla (<a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Arrhenius</a>) edo, zentzu zabalean, <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">uretan</a> disolbatzen direnean 7.0ko baliotik gorako <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH-a</a> daukaten <a href="/wiki/Disoluzio" title="Disoluzio">disoluzioak</a> sortzen dituzten substantziak direla. Base arrunten adibide dira, esaterako, <a href="/wiki/Sodio_hidroxido" title="Sodio hidroxido">sodio hidroxidoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Amoniako" title="Amoniako">amoniakoa</a>. </p><p>Lehen hurbilketa batean, substantziak, disoluzio urtsuan, ioiak <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/67df34a451cb63d51af2da3befde8d614e821737" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.062ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}"></span> ematen dizkio baliabideari<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Adibide garbi bat <a href="/wiki/Potasio_hidroxido" title="Potasio hidroxido">potasio hidroxidoa</a> da, <b>KOH</b>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {KOH_{(aq)}\longrightarrow {K^{+}}_{(aq)}+{OH^{-}}_{(aq)}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>KOH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>K</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {KOH_{(aq)}\longrightarrow {K^{+}}_{(aq)}+{OH^{-}}_{(aq)}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e787298df2c728ec96f400f6b9a928a8b3422971" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:31.281ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {KOH_{(aq)}\longrightarrow {K^{+}}_{(aq)}+{OH^{-}}_{(aq)}}}}"></span> formularekin. </p><p>Base eta <a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">azido</a> kontzeptuak kontrajartzen dira. Baliabidearen basikotasuna (edo <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkalinitatea</a>) neurtzeko, <a href="/wiki/POH" class="mw-redirect" title="POH">pOH</a> kontzeptua erabiltzen da, zeina <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pHrekin</a> osatzen den; era horretan, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle pH+pOH=pK_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>p</mi> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle pH+pOH=pK_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4e978d4093c136095e61ceab1ee38db4d425a596" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:18.819ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle pH+pOH=pK_{w}}"></span>, (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/71de1e2fde304def502c373a8280825ec3fbc229" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.382ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{w}}"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presio_eta_tenperatura_baldintza_estandarizatuak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presio eta tenperatura baldintza estandarizatuak (sortu gabe)">CNPTn</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{-14}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>14</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{-14}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92a08bbb40a2400004de406f706eb549de0d1e3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.48ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-14}}"></span>-ren berdina da. Hori dela eta, azido zein baseetarako pH-a erabiltzea oso zabalduta dago<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-20230526110806_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-20230526110806-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Basearen kontzeptua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_Fran%C3%A7ois_Rouelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillaume François Rouelle (sortu gabe)">Guillaume François Rouelle</a> kimikari <a href="/wiki/Frantziar" title="Frantziar">frantziarrak</a> sortu zuen 1754an. Likido <a href="/wiki/Lurrunkor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lurrunkor">larrunkorrak</a> ziren azidoak (adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Azido_azetiko" title="Azido azetiko">azido azetikoa</a>) substantzia jakin batzuekin nahastean gatz solido bihurtzen zirela ikusi zuen. Substantzia hauek gatza eratzeko <i>basea</i> (oinarria)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> zirela erabaki zuen. Hain zuzen, hortik datorkio izena. </p><p>Baseak, kimikoki, <a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">azidoen</a> kontrakoak dira. Azido baten eta base baten arteko erreakzioari <a href="/wiki/Neutralizazio" title="Neutralizazio">neutralizazio</a> diotsote. Azidoek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidronio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidronio (sortu gabe)">hidronio</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ioi" title="Ioi">ioiaren</a> (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>) kontzentrazioa handitzen dute, eta baseek txikitu egiten dute. Baseek eta azidoek, elkarrekin erreakzionatzean, ura eta <a href="/wiki/Gatz" class="mw-disambig" title="Gatz">gatzak</a> (edo beren disoluzioak) ekoizten dituzte. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propietateak">Propietateak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Propietateak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Propietateak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guztiz <a href="/wiki/Hidrolisi" title="Hidrolisi">hidrolizatzen</a> den eta pH-a 14 ingurura igotzen den baseari base indartsu deitzen zaio. Base indartsuek, azido indartsuek bezala, ehun biziak erasotzen dituzte, eta erredura larriak eragin ditzakete. Baseak ahulak ere izan daitezke, esaterako, azalerak garbitzeko erabiltzen den amoniakoa. <i>Arrhenius</i> baseek, uretan disolbagarriak izanik, pH-a 7.0tik gora daukaten disoluzioak sortzen dituzte. <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">Alkaliak</a> baseen azpimultzo berezia osatzen dute: beren ezaugarri nagusia da uretan disolbaturik hidroxido-ioiak (OH<sup>-</sup>) ematen dituztela. </p><p>Baseen propietate nagusiak hauek dira: </p> <ul><li>Zapore <a href="/wiki/Mingots" title="Mingots">mingotsa</a> (azidoek zapore <a href="/wiki/Garratz" title="Garratz">garratza</a> daukate, eta <a href="/wiki/Aldehido" title="Aldehido">aldehido</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zetona" title="Zetona">zetonek</a> zapore <a href="/wiki/Gozo_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gozo (argipena)">gozoa</a> daukate).</li> <li>Ukitu lirdingatsu edo xaboitsua, giza <a href="/wiki/Azal_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Azal (argipena)">azaleko</a> <a href="/wiki/Gantz" title="Gantz">gantzen</a> <a href="/wiki/Saponifikazio" title="Saponifikazio">saponifikazioarenondorioz</a>.</li> <li>Base kontzentratu edo indartsuak korrosiboak dira <a href="/wiki/Materia_organiko" title="Materia organiko">materia organikoarekin</a>, eta bortizki erreakzionatzen dute substantzia azidoekin.</li> <li>Ur-disoluzioak edo base urtuek ioietan banantzen dira, eta elektrizitatearen eroaleak dira.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basearen_definizio_desberdinak">Basearen definizio desberdinak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Basearen definizio desberdinak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Basearen definizio desberdinak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Azido-base_erreakzio" title="Azido-base erreakzio">Azido-base erreakzio</a>»</div> <p>Hasierako definizioa <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante August Arrheniusek</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, 1887an, adierazitakoa da. <a href="/wiki/Bronsted_eta_Lowry-ren_azido_base_teoria" title="Bronsted eta Lowry-ren azido base teoria">Brønsted-Lowryren azido-base teoriak</a>, Brønsted eta Lowryk 1923an formulatuak, dio substantzia alkalino bat (H<sup>+</sup>) protoi bat hartzeko gai dena dela<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Definizio horrek aurrekoa barne hartzen du: aurreko adibidean, KOH-a OH<sup>−</sup> ioien disoluzio batean disoziatzean, horiek dira basea protoi bat onartu ahal izateko. Teoria hori disolbatzaile ez-urtsuetan ere aplika daiteke<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Lewis-ek, 1923an, gehiago zabaldu zuen azidoen eta baseen definizioa, nahiz eta teoria horrek ez zuen eraginik izango urte batzuk geroago arte. Lewisen teoriaren arabera, basea elektroi pare bat eman dezakeen substantzia da<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. OH<sup>−</sup> ioiak, beste ioi edo molekulek NH<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, etab. bezalako beste ioi edo molekulek bezala, loturarik gabeko elektroi-pare bat dute; beraz, base dira. Arrheniusen edo Brønsted eta Lowryren teoriaren araberako base guztiak Lewisen baseak dira. </p> <ul><li>Arrhenius baseen adibideak: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NaOH}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>NaOH</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NaOH}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4b18cf9f5cbc622e8196a33ded17befa65a97cc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.457ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NaOH}}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {KOH}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>KOH</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {KOH}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8191ea79c3b4260f2c758cebf339aa458296ebaa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.359ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {KOH}}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Al(OH)3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Al</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Al(OH)3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39901c930f564ffec3fb3d336650a4dea5891beb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.805ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Al(OH)3}}}"></span></li> <li>Brønsted eta Lowry baseen adibideak: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NH3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NH3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/824a27d82d3d59e63f6dd1f4140d5adc396347dc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.54ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NH3}}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {S2-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>S</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {S2-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8d054da9757e04f9bdd2dccff13af491a2e597a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.803ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {S2-}}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HS-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>HS</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HS-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1188193fdd3d0a797c244c0f028b28ef768f3274" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.546ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HS-}}}"></span>.</li></ul> <p>Oinarrien propietate orokor batzuk hauek dira<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-20230526110806_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-20230526110806-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li>Hatzekin tratatzen direnean, biskositate edo xaboizko sentsazioa ematen dute, giza larruazaleko lipidoen saponifikazioaren ondorioz.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontzentrazio_(kimika)" title="Kontzentrazio (kimika)">Kontzentrazio</a> handian daudenean edo base sendoak direnean, kaustikoak dira; materia organikoarekiko korrosiboak, eta, substantzia azidoekin, bortizki erreakzionatzen dute.</li> <li>Uretan disolbatzen dira, eta, horrela, ioietan disoziatzen dira, eta substantzia <a href="/wiki/Elektrizitate" title="Elektrizitate">elektriko</a> eroaleak dira.</li> <li>Adierazleekin honela erreakzionatzen dute: <a href="/wiki/Tintaroi" title="Tintaroi">tintaroi-papera</a> urdin bihurtzen dute, eta, <a href="/wiki/Fenolftaleina" title="Fenolftaleina">fenolftaleina</a> proban, kolore arrosa agertzen da.</li> <li>Zapore <a href="/wiki/Garratz" title="Garratz">garratza</a> dute<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Kaustikoak dira.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrhenius_azido-basearen_teoria">Arrhenius azido-basearen teoria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Arrhenius azido-basearen teoria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Arrhenius azido-basearen teoria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante August Arrhenius</a> kimikari suediarrak disoziazio elektrolitikoaren teoria proposatu zuen <a href="/wiki/1887" title="1887">1887an</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, zeinean <a href="/wiki/Elektrolito" title="Elektrolito">elektrolitoak</a>, ur-disoluzio edo ardatzetan, partzialki elektrikoki kargatutako ioietan disoziatzen ziren. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elektrolito" title="Elektrolito">Elektrolitoak</a> <a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">azido</a>, base eta <a href="/wiki/Gatz_(kimika)" title="Gatz (kimika)">gatzetan</a> sailkatzen dira. Arrheniusen arabera, zehazki, <b>baseak</b>, ur-disoluzioan, <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">hidroxilo</a> anioiak, OH<sup>−</sup>, ematen dituzten substantziak dira; hau da, azido erradikal negatiboez ordezka daitezkeen hidroxilo talde bat edo gehiago dituzte gatzak sortzeko. Adibidez: </p> <center><i>NaOH ⇌ Na<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>-</sup></i></center> <p>Arrhenius baseen adibideak: <a href="/wiki/Sodio_hidroxido" title="Sodio hidroxido">sodio hidroxidoa</a> (NaOH), <a href="/wiki/Potasio_hidroxido" title="Potasio hidroxido">potasio hidroxidoa</a> (KOH), <a href="/wiki/Aluminio_hidroxido" title="Aluminio hidroxido">aluminio hidroxidoa</a> (Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brønsted_eta_Lowry"><span id="Br.C3.B8nsted_eta_Lowry"></span>Brønsted eta Lowry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Brønsted eta Lowry»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Brønsted eta Lowry"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Bronsted_eta_Lowry-ren_azido_base_teoria" title="Bronsted eta Lowry-ren azido base teoria">Bronsted eta Lowry-ren azido base teoria</a>»</div> <p>Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted kimikari daniarrak eta Thomas Martin Lowry ingelesak, <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923an</a>, modu independentean, egungoa gainditzen zuen <a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">azidoen</a> eta <b>baseen</b> portaerari buruzko teoria bat argitaratu zuten, urte haietan Arrhenius azido-basearen teoria, zeina edozein motatako <a href="/wiki/Disolbatzaile" title="Disolbatzaile">disobatzaileari</a> aplika zitekeen, Arrheniusena ur-disoluzioetarako soilik erabil zitekeen bitartean<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Teoria berri horren arabera, <a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">azido</a> bat protoiak eman ditzakeen substantzia da, eta <b>base</b> bat onar ditzakeen substantzia da. <a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">Azido</a> bat eta <b>base</b> bat elkartuak dira ekuazioaren bidez erlazionatzen direnean: </p> <center>azido⇌ protoi + base </center> <p>Adibide gisa ditugu: </p> <center> CH<sub>3</sub>COOH ⇌ H<sup>+</sup> + CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>-</sup> <p>NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> ⇌ H<sup>+</sup> + NH<sub>3</sub> </p> CO<sub>3</sub>H<sup>-</sup> ⇌ H<sup>+</sup> + CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup></center> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azidoak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azidoak (sortu gabe)">Azidoak</a> eta <b>baseak</b> ioiak edo molekula neutroak izan daitezke. H<sup>+</sup> protoiaren <a href="/wiki/Solbatazio" title="Solbatazio">solbatazioa</a> kontuan hartuta <a href="/wiki/Disolbatzaile" title="Disolbatzaile">disolbatzailea</a>, <i>bikote elkartu</i> arteko erlazioa ur-disoluziotan, hauxe da: </p> <center>A + H<sub>2</sub>O ⇌ H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> + B</center> <p>kasu honetan, <a href="/wiki/Ura" class="mw-redirect" title="Ura">urak</a> <a href="/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi">protoien</a> hartzaile gisa jokatzen du, hau da, <b>base</b> bezala. Aldaketa honela orokortu daiteke: </p> <div style="float:right;margin-right:5px;margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:5px;texto-align:center"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Johannes_Br%C3%B8nsted.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted"><img alt="Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Johannes_Br%C3%B8nsted.jpg/160px-Johannes_Br%C3%B8nsted.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Johannes_Br%C3%B8nsted.jpg/240px-Johannes_Br%C3%B8nsted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Johannes_Br%C3%B8nsted.jpg/320px-Johannes_Br%C3%B8nsted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 111.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 109.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Thomas_Martin_Lowry2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Martin Lowry"><img alt="Thomas Martin Lowry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Thomas_Martin_Lowry2.jpg/164px-Thomas_Martin_Lowry2.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Thomas_Martin_Lowry2.jpg/247px-Thomas_Martin_Lowry2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Thomas_Martin_Lowry2.jpg/329px-Thomas_Martin_Lowry2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1593" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thomas Martin Lowry</div> </li> </ul> </div> <center> azido 1 + base 2 ⇌ azido 2 + base 1</center> <p>non 1. azidoa 1. basearekin elkartzen den eta 2. azidoa 2. basearekin. Kontuan izan, <a href="/wiki/Ura" class="mw-redirect" title="Ura">urak</a> <a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">azido</a> edo <b>base</b> gisa joka dezakeela. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronsted_eta_Lowry-ren_azido_base_teoria" title="Bronsted eta Lowry-ren azido base teoria">Brønsted-Lowry eta Lowry baseen teoriaren adibideak</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amoniako" title="Amoniako">amoniakoa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lewis_azido-basearen_teoria">Lewis azido-basearen teoria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lewis azido-basearen teoria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Lewis azido-basearen teoria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Lewisen_azido_eta_baseak" title="Lewisen azido eta baseak">Lewisen azido eta baseak</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bronsted_eta_Lowry-ren_azido_base_teoria" title="Bronsted eta Lowry-ren azido base teoria">Brønsted eta Lowry-ren teoria</a> ez da nahikoa substantzien azido edo oinarrizko portaera kasu guztiak ulertzeko, <a href="/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi">protoi</a> trukearekin erreakzioetara mugatzen baita. Badira <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno">hidrogenoa</a> ez duten eta portaera <a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">azidoa</a> dutenak, adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Karbono_dioxido" title="Karbono dioxido">karbono dioxidoa</a>, CO<sub>2</sub>, edo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sufre_trioxido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sufre trioxido (sortu gabe)">sufre trioxidoa</a>, SO<sub>3</sub>, azidoen antzera jokatzen baitute, izan ere, oinarrizko <a href="/wiki/Oxido" title="Oxido">oxidoen</a> aurrean, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Kare" title="Kare">kaltzio oxidoa</a>, CaO, edo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodio_oxido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodio oxido (sortu gabe)">sodio oxidoa</a>, Na<sub>2</sub>O, disolbatzaileen faltan eta, beraz, <a href="/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi">protoi</a> transferentziarik gabe, esaterako, <a href="/wiki/Gatz_(kimika)" title="Gatz (kimika)">gatzak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodio_karbonato" title="Sodio karbonato">sodio karbonatoa</a>, CaCO<sub>3</sub>, edo <a href="/wiki/Sodio_sulfato" title="Sodio sulfato">sodio sulfatoa</a>, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, osatzeko erreakzionatzen dute. Erreakzioak honako ekuazio kimiko hauekin irudika daitezke: </p> <center>CO<sub>2</sub> + CaO ⇌ CaCO<sub>3</sub> SO<sub>3</sub> + Na<sub>2</sub>O ⇌ Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></center> <p>Modu berean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tionil_klorido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tionil klorido (sortu gabe)">Tionil klorido</a>, Cl<sub>2</sub>SO, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potasio_sulfito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potasio sulfito (sortu gabe)">Potasio sulfitoaren</a>, K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3,</sub> arteko erreakzioa <a href="/wiki/Sufre_dioxido" title="Sufre dioxido">sufre dioxido</a> likidoan disolbatuta ekuazio honen arabera erreakzionatzen du: </p> <center> 2 Cl<sup>-</sup> + SO<sup>2+</sup> + SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup> + 2 K<sup>+</sup> ⇌ 2 Cl<sup>-</sup> + 2 K<sup>+</sup> + 2 SO<sub>2</sub> </center> <p>zeinak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protolisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protolisi (sortu gabe)">protolisirik</a> ere ez duen; <a href="/wiki/Azido_klorhidriko" title="Azido klorhidriko">azido klorhidrikoaren</a> (HCl) eta <a href="/wiki/Sodio_hidroxido" title="Sodio hidroxido">sodio hidroxidoaren</a> (NaOH) arteko disoluzio urtsuko erreakzioa da Brønsted eta Lowryren teoriarekin azal daitekeena: </p> <center> Cl<sup>-</sup> + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> + Na<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>-</sup> ⇌ Cl<sup>-</sup> + Na<sup>+</sup> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O </center> <p>Erreakzio horiek <a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno">oxigeno</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomo</a> batetik beste atomo batera <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroi</a> bikote bat (lotura kobalente datiboaren bitartez) partzialki lagatzea dakarte. </p><p>Gertaera horien ondorioz, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Gilbert Newton Lewisek</a> <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923an</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adierazi zuen eta <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938an</a> azidoaren eta baseen teoria orokorragoa garatu zuen. Teoria horren arabera: </p> <ul><li>Azido bat elektroi bikote batek onar dezakeen substantzia oro da, molekularra edo ionikoa.</li> <li>Basea elektroi bikote batek laga dezakeen substantzia oro da.</li></ul> <p>Baina Lewisen teoriak ez du ematen baseek azidoekin duten erreakzioaren zenbatespen kuantitatiboa. Hori dela eta, Pearsonen Teoria azido-base gogorra-biguna (HSAB siglekin ezaguna) izeneko ebaluazio kualitatiboa aplikatu ohi da. Ebaluazio horrek azido bigunek azkarrago erreakzionatzen dutela eta base bigunekin lotura sendoagoak eratzen dituztela deskribatzen du. Azido gogorrek, berriz, azkarrago erreakzionatzen dute, eta, base gogorrekin, lotura sendoagoak eratzen dituzte. Beste faktore guztiak berdin mantentzen dira<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Jatorrizko lanerako sailkapena oreka-konstanteetan oinarrituta zegoen Lewisen bi baseren erreakzioetarako Lewisen azido batengatik lehiatuz. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Baseen eta azidoen sailkapena HSAB printzipioan </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Base gogorrak </th> <th>Tarteko baseak </th> <th>Bases bigunak </th></tr> <tr> <td>OH<sup>-</sup>, RO<sup>-</sup>, F<sup>-</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup>, RCOO<sup>-</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, NH<sub>3</sub>, RNH<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, ROH, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>, R<sub>2</sub>O, NR<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, NH<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> </td> <td>Br<sup>-</sup>, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>N </td> <td>RS<sup>-</sup>, RSH, I<sup>-</sup>, H<sup>-</sup>, R<sub>3</sub>C<sup>-</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Alkeno" title="Alkeno">alkeno</a>, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, R<sub>3</sub>P, (RO)<sub>3</sub>P </td></tr> <tr> <th>Azido gogorra </th> <th>Tarteko azidoak </th> <th>Azido bigunak </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%">H<sup>+</sup>, Li<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, BF<sub>3</sub>, B(OR)<sub>3</sub>, AlR<sub>3</sub>, AlCl<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>3</sub>, BF<sub>3</sub>, RCO<sup>+</sup>, CO<sub>2</sub>, RSO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> </td> <td style="width:33%">Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, SO<sub>2</sub>, R<sub>3</sub>C<sup>+</sup>, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub><sup>+</sup>, NO<sup>+</sup> </td> <td>Ag<sup>+</sup>, Cu<sup>+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup>, RS<sup>+</sup>, I<sup>+</sup>, Br<sup>+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, BH<sub>3</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Karbeno" title="Karbeno">karbeno</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Azido gogorrek</b> eta <b>base gogorrek</b> honako hauek izaten dituzte: <a href="/wiki/Erradio_ioniko" title="Erradio ioniko">Erradio ioniko</a>/<a href="/wiki/Erradio_atomiko" title="Erradio atomiko">atomiko</a> txikiak <a href="/wiki/Oxidazio-egoera" title="Oxidazio-egoera">Oxidazio-egoera</a> altua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarizagarritasun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polarizagarritasun (sortu gabe)">Polarizagarritasun</a> txikia <a href="/wiki/Elektronegatibotasun" title="Elektronegatibotasun">Elektronegatibotasun</a> handia Energia gutxiko <a href="/w/index.php?title=HOMO/LUMO/SOMO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HOMO/LUMO/SOMO (sortu gabe)">HOMO</a>, baseen kasuan, eta energia handiko <a href="/w/index.php?title=HOMO/LUMO/SOMO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HOMO/LUMO/SOMO (sortu gabe)">LUMO</a>, azidoen kasuan<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baseen_ezaugarriak">Baseen ezaugarriak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Baseen ezaugarriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Baseen ezaugarriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyleren</a> arabera, honako propietate hauek dituzten substantziak dira baseak: </p> <ul><li>Zapore <a href="/wiki/Mingots" title="Mingots">mingots</a> bereizgarria dute.</li> <li>Bere disoluzioek <a href="/wiki/Korronte_elektriko" title="Korronte elektriko">korronte elektrikoaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Eroale_elektriko" title="Eroale elektriko">eroaleak</a> dira.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintaroi" title="Tintaroi">Tintaroi paper</a> gorria urdinera aldatzen dute.</li> <li>Gehienak narritagarriak dira <a href="/wiki/Larruazal" title="Larruazal">larruazalarentzat</a> (kaustikoak), larruazaleko gantza disolbatzen baitute. Hainbat mailatan, suntsitzaileak dira giza ehunentzat. Hautsek, lainoek eta lurrunek narritadura eragiten dute arnasan, azalean eta begietan, eta lesioak, sudur-trenkadan.</li> <li>Ukimen <a href="/wiki/Xaboi" title="Xaboi">xaboitsua</a> dute.</li> <li>Uretan disolbagarriak dira (hidroxidoak batez ere)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">Azidoekin</a> erreakzionatzen dute gatza eta ura osatuz<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Base_baten_indarra">Base baten indarra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Base baten indarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Base baten indarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Base </b>sendo bat uretan erabat banatzen dena da; hau da, gehieneko <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/67df34a451cb63d51af2da3befde8d614e821737" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.062ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Ioi" title="Ioi">ioi</a>-kopurua ematen du. <a href="/wiki/Potasio_hidroxido" title="Potasio hidroxido">Potasio hidroxidoa</a> base indartsu baten adibidea da. </p><p><b>Base </b>ahul batek ere <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/67df34a451cb63d51af2da3befde8d614e821737" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.062ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}"></span>ioiak ekartzen dizkio medioari, baina molekula disoziatuen kopurua orekan dago ez daudenekin. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\rm {Al(OH)_{3}\rightleftharpoons 3OH^{-}+Al^{3+}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\rm {Al(OH)_{3}\rightleftharpoons 3OH^{-}+Al^{3+}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2170bffffc6ded9d34b5f5fe80c9c5eeb3de57d9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.206ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\rm {Al(OH)_{3}\rightleftharpoons 3OH^{-}+Al^{3+}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Kasu horretan, <a href="/wiki/Aluminio_hidroxido" title="Aluminio hidroxido">aluminio hidroxidoa</a> orekan dago (deskonposatuz eta osatuz) sortzen dituen <a href="/wiki/Ioi" title="Ioi">ioiekin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Base_baten_formakuntza">Base baten formakuntza</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Base baten formakuntza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Base baten formakuntza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Base bat sortzen da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxido_metaliko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxido metaliko (sortu gabe)">oxido metaliko</a> batek urarekin erreakzionatzen duenean (<a href="/wiki/Hidrolisi" title="Hidrolisi">hidrolisia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\rm {MgO+H_{2}O\rightarrow Mg(OH)_{2}\,}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\rm {MgO+H_{2}O\rightarrow Mg(OH)_{2}\,}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a105f1df5636dce5cfef946624960e449e889ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.257ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\rm {MgO+H_{2}O\rightarrow Mg(OH)_{2}\,}}}"></span>, beraz,</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\rm {Al_{2}O_{3}+3H_{2}O\rightarrow 2Al(OH)_{3}\,}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\rm {Al_{2}O_{3}+3H_{2}O\rightarrow 2Al(OH)_{3}\,}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c4203361913aa0cc0fd1a5ffc8370729e3598102" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.883ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\rm {Al_{2}O_{3}+3H_{2}O\rightarrow 2Al(OH)_{3}\,}}}"></span> da.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baseen_nomenklatura">Baseen nomenklatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Baseen nomenklatura»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Baseen nomenklatura"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Base </b>bat sortzeko erabili elementuen izenetatik hartutako nomenklaturak, eta elkartu <b>ioi hidroxilo</b> (OH) batekin elementuaren balentzia-zenbakia hartuz eta konbinatuz (posizioa aldatuz), taulan erakusten den bezala: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#E8E8E8" align="center"> <th>Formula </th> <th>Tradizionala </th> <th>Stock </th> <th>IUPAC </th></tr> <tr> <th>CuOH </th> <td>Hidroxido kuprosoa </td> <td>Kobre hidroxidoa (I) </td> <td>Kobre hidroxidoa </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub> </th> <td>Hidroxido kuprikoa </td> <td>Kobre hidroxidoa (II) </td> <td>Kobre dihidróxidoa </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Elementu batek bi balentzia baino gehiago dituenean, ez zaio nomenklatura tradizionalik jartzen. Balentzia txikiena erabiltzean, <i>oso</i>n amaitzen da elementua hartzean, eta handiena erabiltzean, <i>iko</i>n<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Kimika_Puru_eta_Aplikatuko_Nazioarteko_Batasuna" title="Kimika Puru eta Aplikatuko Nazioarteko Batasuna">IUPAC</a> nomenklaturan, aurrizkien konformazio bat emango zaio elementuari erabilitako balentziaren arabera (Mono, Di, Tri, Tetra, Penta, Hexa, etab.), -hidroxi edo -oxidrilo amaierarekin batera, zeina (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/67df34a451cb63d51af2da3befde8d614e821737" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.062ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}"></span>) OH −1 kargadun ioia den<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baseen_adibideak">Baseen adibideak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Baseen adibideak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Baseen adibideak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baseen adibide batzuk dira: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodio_hidroxido" title="Sodio hidroxido">Soda kaustikoa</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Sodio_hidroxido" title="Sodio hidroxido">sosa kaustikoa</a> (NaOH, sodio hidroxidoa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesio_hidroxido" title="Magnesio hidroxido">Magnesio-esnea</a> (Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>, magnesio-hidroxidoa)</li> <li>Igerilekuko <a href="/wiki/Kloro" title="Kloro">kloroa</a> (NaCIO, sodio hipokloritoa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiazido" title="Antiazido">Antiazidoak</a> orokorrean (adibidez: AI(OH)<sub>3</sub>, aluminio hidroxidoa)</li> <li>Garbiketa-produktuak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoniako" title="Amoniako">Amoniakoa</a> (NH<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaboi" title="Xaboi">Xaboia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Detergente" title="Detergente">detergenteak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodio_bikarbonato" title="Sodio bikarbonato">Sodio bikarbonatoa</a> (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baseak_eta_pH-a">Baseak eta pH-a</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Baseak eta pH-a»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Baseak eta pH-a"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lagin urtsu baten pH-a haren azidotasunaren neurri bat da<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ur puruan, oxoni (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>) ioietan eta hidroxido (OH-) ioietan disoziatutako hamar milioi molekulatik bat, gutxi gorabehera, honako ekuazio honen arabera: </p> <dl><dd>2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>(aq) + OH<sup>−</sup>(aq)</dd></dl> <p>Kontzentrazioa, molaritatean neurtua (M edo moleak dm³-ko), zeinaren ioiak [H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>] eta [OH<sup>−</sup>] eta bere produktua uraren disoziazio konstantea den eta 10<sup>−7</sup> balioa duen <i>M</i>. pH-a honela definitzen da: −log [H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>], beraz, ur puruak 7ko pH-a du. Zenbaki horiek zuzenak dira 23° C-ra, eta, beste tenperatura batzuetan, zertxobait ezberdinak dira. </p><p>Base batek disoluzioaren hydronium ionak (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>) onartzen (hartzen) ditu, edo hidroxido ioiak (OH<sup>−</sup>) ematen dizkio disoluzioari. Bi ekintza horiek hydronium ioien kontzentrazioa jaisten dute, eta, beraz, pH-a handitzen dute. Aitzitik, azido batek H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> ioiak ematen dizkio disoluzioari, edo OH<sup>−</sup>-ak onartzen du. beraz, pH-a jaitsi egiten da. </p><p>Adibidez, sodio hidroxido mol bat (40 g) uretan disolbatzen bada disoluzio litro bat egiteko, hidroxido ioien kontzentrazioa [OH<sup>−</sup>] = 1 mol/L bihurtzen da. Beraz, [H<sup>+</sup>] = 10<sup>−14</sup> mol/L, eta pH = −log 10<sup>−14</sup> = 14. Kontuan izan, kalkulu horretan, jarduera kontzentrazioaren baliokide dela suposatzen dela, eta kontzentrazio hori ez dela errealista 0,1 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> baino gehiagoko kontzentrazioetan. </p><p>Disoziazioaren <b>basea </b>edo K<sub>b</sub> konstantea basikotasun-neurri bat da. PKB pKaren erregistroaren ezezkotasuna da, eta, pK<sub>a</sub> + pK<sub>b</sub> = 14 balioen harreman sinplearen ondorioz, pKa balioekin lotutakoa. </p><p>Alkalinotasuna da disoluzio batek azidoak karbonato edo hidrogenokarbonatu puntuen baliokidetasunarekin neutralizatzeko duen ahalmenaren neurri bat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Azidoen_neutralizazioa">Azidoen neutralizazioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Azidoen neutralizazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Azidoen neutralizazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Azido-base_erreakzio" title="Azido-base erreakzio">Azido-base erreakzio</a>»</div> <p>Base indartsu bat uretan disolbatzen denean, <a href="/wiki/Sodio_hidroxido" title="Sodio hidroxido">sodio hidroxidoa</a> kasu, hura deskonposatu egiten da (kasu horretan, sodio ioietan eta <a href="/wiki/Hidroxido" title="Hidroxido">hidroxidoan</a>): </p> <dl><dd>NaOH → Na<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>−</sup></dd></dl> <p>Era berean, azido bat uretan disolbatzen bada disoziatu ere egiten da; adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno_kloruro" title="Hidrogeno kloruro">hidrogeno kloruroa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azido_klorhidriko" title="Azido klorhidriko">azido klorhidrikoa</a>) disolbatzean, oxoni ioiak eta ioi kloruroak sortzen dira: </p> <dl><dd>HCl + H<sub>2</sub>O → H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>−</sup></dd></dl> <p>Bi disoluzioak ioi disoziatuekin nahasten direnean, H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> ioiak eta OH<sup>−</sup> ioiak konbinatu egiten dira ur <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekulak</a> sortzeko: </p> <dl><dd>H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>−</sup> → 2H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>Sodio hidroxido eta azido klorhidriko kopuru berberak disolbatzen badira, <b>basea </b>eta azidoa elkar neutralizatzen dute zehatz-mehatz, eta NaCl bakarrik uzten da hauspeakin ([gatz arrunta]) eta ur moduan. Modu orokorrean esan daiteke ezen<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <blockquote style="padding-right:2em; padding-left:1.5em; padding-bottom:0.5em; padding-top:0.5em; border:1px solid; font-family:Georgia,serif; border-color: #49768C; background-color: #FFFFFF; color: #000000"> <p>azidoa + basea → gatza + ura </p> </blockquote> <p>Edozein azidoren isuriak neutralizatzeko, <b>base </b>ahulak erabili behar dira, hala nola sosa edo arrautza-zuringoa. Azido baten isurketa base indartsu batekin neutralizatzen saiatuz gero, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Sodio_hidroxido" title="Sodio hidroxido">sodio hidroxidoarekin</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Potasio_hidroxido" title="Potasio hidroxido">potasio hidroxidoarekin</a>, erreakzio exotermiko bortitza eragin daiteke, eta base beraren ekintzak azidoaren isurketa bezain txarra eragin dezake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ez-hidroxidoen_alkalinotasuna">Ez-hidroxidoen alkalinotasuna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ez-hidroxidoen alkalinotasuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Ez-hidroxidoen alkalinotasuna"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baseak, oro har, azido ugari neutralizatu ditzaketen konposatuak dira. Amoniakoa eta sodio karbonatoa <b>baseak </b>dira, baina substantzia horietako bakar batek ere ez du OH<sup>?</sup> multzorik. Bi konposatuek H<sup>+</sup> onartzen dute uretan disolbatzen direnean: </p> <dl><dd>Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → 2 Na<sup>+</sup> + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> + OH<sup>−</sup></dd> <dd>NH<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>−</sup></dd></dl> <p>Hortik abiatuta, pH-a edo azidotasuna baseetako ur-soluzioetarako kalkula daiteke. <b>Baseak </b> emaile elektroniko bikote gisa ere zuzenean jarduteko: </p> <dl><dd>CO₃<sup>2−</sup> + H<sup>+</sup> → HCO₃<sup>−</sup></dd> <dd>NH₃ + H<sup>+</sup> → NH₄<sup>+</sup></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono">Karbonoak</a> <b>base</b> gisa jardun dezake, baita <a href="/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno">nitrogenoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno">oxigenoak</a> ere. Hori gertatu ohi da litiozko butilo, alkoxido eta metalen <a href="/wiki/Amida" title="Amida">amidetan</a>, hala nola sodiozko amidan. Erresonantzia egonkorturik gabeko karbono-, nitrogeno- eta oxigeno-<b>baseak</b> oso indartsuak izaten dira; <b>superbase</b> diotsete, eta uraren azidotasun beragatik ezin dira egon ur-disoluzio batean. Erresonantzia egonkortzeak, baina, <b>base</b> ahulagoetan ahalbidetzen du, hala nola karboxilatoetan; adibidez, sodio azetatoa <b>base</b> ahula da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Base_sendo_eta_ahulak">Base sendo eta ahulak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Base sendo eta ahulak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Base sendo eta ahulak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Potassium_hydroxide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Potassium_hydroxide.jpg/220px-Potassium_hydroxide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Potassium_hydroxide.jpg/330px-Potassium_hydroxide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Potassium_hydroxide.jpg/440px-Potassium_hydroxide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>Potasio hidroxidoa (KOH)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Base</b> sendo bat uretan erabat banatzen dena da, hau da, OH<sup>-</sup> ioien kopuru handiena ematen duena. Adibidez, potasio hidroxidoa oinarri sendoa da. </p> <dl><dd>KOH → OH<sup>-</sup> +  K<sup>+</sup> (ur disoluzioan)</dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Bronsted_eta_Lowry-ren_azido_base_teoria" title="Bronsted eta Lowry-ren azido base teoria">Bronsted-Lowry teoriak</a> baseen indarra kuantifikatzen du, hau da, azidoaren protoi bat bereizteko gaitasuna. <i>K<sub>b</sub></i> konstantearen bidez neurtzen da, erreakzioaren oreka-konstantea azidoaren basearen konparazioarekin. Basikotasunaren konstantea zenbat eta handiagoa izan, orduan eta handiagoa izango da <b>basearen</b> indarra, eta, handiagoa, protoiak bereizteko duen gaitasuna. Oro har, basikotasun-konstantea p<i>K<sub>b</sub></i> konstanteen basikotasun-indize gisa adierazten da. Adibidez, amoniakoa Bronsted-en base gisa deskriba daiteke: </p> <div align="center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {NH_{3}+H_{2}O}}\rightleftharpoons {\mathsf {NH_{4}^{+}+OH^{-}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">N</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">+</mo> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathsf {NH_{3}+H_{2}O}}\rightleftharpoons {\mathsf {NH_{4}^{+}+OH^{-}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2e886cff6764ebc39ca47738aaee60accb797a60" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.719ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {NH_{3}+H_{2}O}}\rightleftharpoons {\mathsf {NH_{4}^{+}+OH^{-}}}}"></span> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{b}={\frac {[{\mathsf {NH_{4}^{+}}}]\cdot [{\mathsf {OH^{-}}}]}{[{\mathsf {NH_{3}}}]}}=1{,}79\cdot 10^{-5};}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">N</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>79</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>;</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{b}={\frac {[{\mathsf {NH_{4}^{+}}}]\cdot [{\mathsf {OH^{-}}}]}{[{\mathsf {NH_{3}}}]}}=1{,}79\cdot 10^{-5};}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a84df26045c54cf2f49c317887b42b68713f776" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:34.997ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{b}={\frac {[{\mathsf {NH_{4}^{+}}}]\cdot [{\mathsf {OH^{-}}}]}{[{\mathsf {NH_{3}}}]}}=1{,}79\cdot 10^{-5};}"></span> </p> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ \mathrm {p} K_{b}=-\log K_{a}=4{,}75.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>75.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ \mathrm {p} K_{b}=-\log K_{a}=4{,}75.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/30a35a2c8ee5f529efded9d590da681d9d60ce82" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:24.391ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ \mathrm {p} K_{b}=-\log K_{a}=4{,}75.}"></span></div> <p>Base polibasikoetarako, <i>K<sub>b1</sub></i>, <i>K<sub>b2</sub></i>, eta abarren disoziazio-konstanteen hainbat balio lor daitezke. Adibidez, ion fosfato bat hiru aldiz protonatuta egon daiteke. </p> <div align="center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {PO_{4}^{3-}+H_{2}O}}\rightleftharpoons {\mathsf {HPO_{4}^{2-}+OH^{-}}};K_{\mathrm {b1} }={\frac {[{\mathsf {HPO_{4}^{2-}}}]\cdot [{\mathsf {OH^{-}}}]}{[{\mathsf {PO_{4}^{3-}}}]}}=2{,}10\cdot 10^{-2};}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">P</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">3</mn> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">P</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">2</mn> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">+</mo> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">P</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">2</mn> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">P</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">3</mn> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>10</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>;</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathsf {PO_{4}^{3-}+H_{2}O}}\rightleftharpoons {\mathsf {HPO_{4}^{2-}+OH^{-}}};K_{\mathrm {b1} }={\frac {[{\mathsf {HPO_{4}^{2-}}}]\cdot [{\mathsf {OH^{-}}}]}{[{\mathsf {PO_{4}^{3-}}}]}}=2{,}10\cdot 10^{-2};}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/07098ccbbeb4b3ec557cd12b11ecc95247ac46fa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:70.709ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {PO_{4}^{3-}+H_{2}O}}\rightleftharpoons {\mathsf {HPO_{4}^{2-}+OH^{-}}};K_{\mathrm {b1} }={\frac {[{\mathsf {HPO_{4}^{2-}}}]\cdot [{\mathsf {OH^{-}}}]}{[{\mathsf {PO_{4}^{3-}}}]}}=2{,}10\cdot 10^{-2};}"></span> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {HPO_{4}^{2-}+H_{2}O}}\rightleftharpoons {\mathsf {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}+OH^{-}}};K_{\mathrm {b2} }={\frac {[{\mathsf {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}}}]\cdot [{\mathsf {OH^{-}}}]}{[{\mathsf {HPO_{4}^{2-}}}]}}=1{,}58\cdot 10^{-7};}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">P</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">2</mn> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">P</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">+</mo> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">P</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">P</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">2</mn> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>58</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>;</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathsf {HPO_{4}^{2-}+H_{2}O}}\rightleftharpoons {\mathsf {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}+OH^{-}}};K_{\mathrm {b2} }={\frac {[{\mathsf {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}}}]\cdot [{\mathsf {OH^{-}}}]}{[{\mathsf {HPO_{4}^{2-}}}]}}=1{,}58\cdot 10^{-7};}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98f41277386fdfb0493fa73864e09fc0d5efa8e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:72.819ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {HPO_{4}^{2-}+H_{2}O}}\rightleftharpoons {\mathsf {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}+OH^{-}}};K_{\mathrm {b2} }={\frac {[{\mathsf {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}}}]\cdot [{\mathsf {OH^{-}}}]}{[{\mathsf {HPO_{4}^{2-}}}]}}=1{,}58\cdot 10^{-7};}"></span> </p> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}+H_{2}O}}\rightleftharpoons {\mathsf {H_{3}PO_{4}+OH^{-}}};K_{\mathrm {b3} }={\frac {[{\mathsf {H_{3}PO_{4}}}]\cdot [{\mathsf {OH^{-}}}]}{[{\mathsf {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}}}]}}=1{,}32\cdot 10^{-12}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">P</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">P</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">+</mo> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">P</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">4</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">P</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>32</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathsf {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}+H_{2}O}}\rightleftharpoons {\mathsf {H_{3}PO_{4}+OH^{-}}};K_{\mathrm {b3} }={\frac {[{\mathsf {H_{3}PO_{4}}}]\cdot [{\mathsf {OH^{-}}}]}{[{\mathsf {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}}}]}}=1{,}32\cdot 10^{-12}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8edd80220578041bf77ca61fac3b8d75cd680c5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:72.96ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}+H_{2}O}}\rightleftharpoons {\mathsf {H_{3}PO_{4}+OH^{-}}};K_{\mathrm {b3} }={\frac {[{\mathsf {H_{3}PO_{4}}}]\cdot [{\mathsf {OH^{-}}}]}{[{\mathsf {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}}}]}}=1{,}32\cdot 10^{-12}.}"></span></div> <p>Basearen potentziaren ezaugarria da, halaber, bere <i>K<sub>a</sub></i> (BH<sup>+</sup>) azido konjugatuaren azidotasun konstantea, non produktuaren basikotasuna <i>K<sub>b</sub></i> konstantea baita <i>K<sub>a</sub></i> (BH<sup>+</sup>) konstante batengatik, uraren produktu ionikoa soluzio urtsuentzat eta disolbatzaile orokorraren autoprotolisi konstantea. </p> <div align="center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{a}\mathrm {(NH_{4}^{+})} ={\frac {[{\mathsf {NH_{3}}}]\cdot [{\mathsf {H^{+}}}]}{[{\mathsf {NH_{4}^{+}}}]}}=5{,}62\cdot 10^{-10};}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">N</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>62</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>;</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{a}\mathrm {(NH_{4}^{+})} ={\frac {[{\mathsf {NH_{3}}}]\cdot [{\mathsf {H^{+}}}]}{[{\mathsf {NH_{4}^{+}}}]}}=5{,}62\cdot 10^{-10};}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/73e68780390be761544486c2075e5adb99a96674" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:40.622ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{a}\mathrm {(NH_{4}^{+})} ={\frac {[{\mathsf {NH_{3}}}]\cdot [{\mathsf {H^{+}}}]}{[{\mathsf {NH_{4}^{+}}}]}}=5{,}62\cdot 10^{-10};}"></span> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {K_{a}\mathrm {(NH_{4}^{+})} }\cdot {K_{b}\mathrm {(NH_{3})} }=K_{w}=1\cdot 10^{-14};}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>14</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>;</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {K_{a}\mathrm {(NH_{4}^{+})} }\cdot {K_{b}\mathrm {(NH_{3})} }=K_{w}=1\cdot 10^{-14};}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/590f9002c685539693bb7d16b5fbd1f2eaee4c5d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:39.368ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {K_{a}\mathrm {(NH_{4}^{+})} }\cdot {K_{b}\mathrm {(NH_{3})} }=K_{w}=1\cdot 10^{-14};}"></span> </p> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {p} K_{a}\mathrm {(NH_{4}^{+})} }+{\mathrm {p} K_{b}\mathrm {(NH_{3})} }=\mathrm {p} K_{w}=14}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>14</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathrm {p} K_{a}\mathrm {(NH_{4}^{+})} }+{\mathrm {p} K_{b}\mathrm {(NH_{3})} }=\mathrm {p} K_{w}=14}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63fe24743ba7d11e39d7c31037383dd424a548a5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:37.763ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {p} K_{a}\mathrm {(NH_{4}^{+})} }+{\mathrm {p} K_{b}\mathrm {(NH_{3})} }=\mathrm {p} K_{w}=14}"></span></div> <p>Base sendoen beste adibide batzuk metal alkalinoen hidroxidoak eta lur alkalinoak dira: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potasio_hidroxido" title="Potasio hidroxido">Potasio hidroxidoa</a> (KOH) edo potasa kaustikoa</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bario_hidroxido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bario hidroxido (sortu gabe)">Bario hidroxidoa</a> (Ba(OH)₂)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zesio_hidroxido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zesio hidroxido (sortu gabe)">Zesio hidroxidoa</a> (CsOH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodio_hidroxido" title="Sodio hidroxido">Sodio hidroxidoa</a> (NaOH) edo soda kaustikoa</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estrontzio_hidroxido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estrontzio hidroxido (sortu gabe)">Estrontzio hidroxidoa</a> (Sr(OH)₂)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaltzio_hidroxido" title="Kaltzio hidroxido">Kaltzio hidroxidoa</a> (Ca(OH)₂), kare hila edo kare itzalia ere deitua</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litio_hidroxido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litio hidroxido (sortu gabe)">Litio hidroxidoa</a> (LiOH)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubidio_hidroxido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubidio hidroxido (sortu gabe)">Rubidio hidroxidoa</a> (RbOH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesio_hidroxido" title="Magnesio hidroxido">Magnesio hidroxidoa</a> (Mg(OH)₂)</li></ul> <p>Oinarri ahul batek ere OH<sub>-</sub> ioiak ematen dio medioari, baina orekan dago molekula disoziatuen eta ez daudenen kopurua. </p> <dl><dd><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Al(OH)<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />3</span></span> ⇔ <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">3OH<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">−<br /></span></span> + <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Al<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">+<br /></span></span></dd></dl> <p>Kasu horretan, aluminio hidroxidoa <a href="/wiki/Oreka_kimiko" title="Oreka kimiko">orekan</a> dago (etengabe deskonposatuz eta osatuz) sortzen dituen ioiekin. Base baten basikotasun-konstanteak (<i>K<sub>b</sub></i>) haren disoziazio-maila adierazten du. </p><p>B base bat emanda, uretan disolbatzean, bere BH<sup>+</sup> azido konjugatua lortzen da: </p> <dl><dd>B(aq) + H₂O(l) → BH<sup>+</sup>(aq) + OH<sup>-</sup>(aq)</dd></dl> <p>Eta baliozkoa izango da hurrengo ekuazioa (soilik base ahulen bidez), zeinak kontzentrazioa basikotasunaren konstantearekin lotzen duen: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{Kb}}={[{\mbox{BH}}^{+}]\cdot [{\mbox{OH}}^{-}] \over [{\mbox{B}}]}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Kb</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>BH</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>OH</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>B</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{Kb}}={[{\mbox{BH}}^{+}]\cdot [{\mbox{OH}}^{-}] \over [{\mbox{B}}]}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e774c14af482b8bf89f51dac22bad8a3e6d44e6a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:21.263ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{Kb}}={[{\mbox{BH}}^{+}]\cdot [{\mbox{OH}}^{-}] \over [{\mbox{B}}]}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="NavFrame collapsed"> <div class="NavHead"> p<i>K<sub>b</sub></i> i p<i>K<sub>a</sub></i> azido konjokatuaren disoluzio urtsu diluituetako balioak </div> <div class="NavContent"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Basearen formula</th> <th>Azido konjokatuaren formula</th> <th>p<i>K<sub>b</sub></i></th> <th>p<i>K<sub>a</sub></i> (BH<sup>+</sup>)</th> <th>Basearen formula</th> <th>Azido konjokatuaren formula</th> <th>p<i>K<sub>b</sub></i></th> <th>p<i>K<sub>a</sub></i> (BH<sup>+</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></td> <td>HClO<sub>4</sub></td> <td>19 ± 0,5</td> <td>-5 ± 0,5</td> <td>HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup></td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></td> <td>6,80</td> <td>7,20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></td> <td>16,8 ± 0,5</td> <td>-2,8 ± 0,5</td> <td>ClO<sup>-</sup></td> <td>HClO</td> <td>6,75</td> <td>7,25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>H<sub>2</sub>O</td> <td>H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup></td> <td>15,74</td> <td>-1,74</td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>BO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></td> <td>H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub></td> <td>4,76</td> <td>9,24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></td> <td>HNO<sub>3</sub></td> <td>15,32</td> <td>-1,32</td> <td>NH<sub>3</sub></td> <td>NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></td> <td>4,75</td> <td>9,25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>HOOC-COO<sup>-</sup></td> <td>(COOH)<sub>2</sub></td> <td>12,74</td> <td>1,26</td> <td>CN<sup>-</sup></td> <td>HCN</td> <td>4,78</td> <td>9,22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>HSO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub></td> <td>12,08</td> <td>1,92</td> <td>CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup></td> <td>HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></td> <td>3,67</td> <td>10,33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup></td> <td>HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></td> <td>12,04</td> <td>1,96</td> <td>HOO<sup>-</sup></td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td> <td>11,62</td> <td>3,38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></td> <td>H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></td> <td>11,88</td> <td>2,12</td> <td>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup></td> <td>HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup></td> <td>1,68</td> <td>12,32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>F<sup>-</sup></td> <td>HF</td> <td>10,86</td> <td>3,14</td> <td>OH<sup>-</sup></td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>O</td> <td>-1,74</td> <td>15,74 </td></tr> <tr> <td>NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup></td> <td>HNO<sub>2</sub></td> <td>10,65</td> <td>3,35</td> <td>NH<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup></td> <td>NH<sub>3</sub> (?.)</td> <td>-19</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>-</sup></td> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>COOH</td> <td>9,24</td> <td>4,76</td> <td>H<sup>-</sup></td> <td>H<sub>2</sub></td> <td>-24,6</td> <td>38,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SH<sup>-</sup></td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>S</td> <td>6,95</td> <td>7,05</td> <td>?H<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></td> <td>?H<sub>4</sub></td> <td>-44</td> <td>58 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Superbaseak">Superbaseak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Superbaseak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Superbaseak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karbanioien, amiden eta hidruroen 1. taldeko gatzak base are indartsuagoak izaten dira, haien azido konjokatuak oso ahulak direlako: hidrokarburoak, aminak eta dihidrogenoak, hurrenez hurren. Normalean, base horiek sortzen dira metal alkalino puruak gehituz –sodioa, esaterako– azido konjokatuari<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Superbase diotse eta ezin dira disoluzio urtsuan mantendu ioi hidroxidoa baino base indartsuagoak direlako, eta, beraz, ura azido konjokatutik desprotonatzen dute. Adibidez, ioi etòxidak (etanolaren base konjugatua) delakoak uraren presentzian erreakzio hau izaten du: </p><p><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CH<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />3</span>CH<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />2</span>O<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">−<br /></span></span> + <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">H<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />2</span>O</span> → <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CH<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />3</span>CH<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />2</span>OH</span> + <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">OH<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">−<br /></span></span> </p><p>Zenbait superbase dira: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-butilo-litio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-butilo-litio (sortu gabe)">N-butilo-litioa</a> (n-BuLi)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litiozko_diisopropilamida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litiozko diisopropilamida (sortu gabe)">Litiozko diisopropilamida</a> (<span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />6</span>H<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />14</span>LiN</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litiozko_dietilamida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litiozko dietilamida (sortu gabe)">Litiozko dietilamida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodio_amida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodio amida (sortu gabe)">Sodio amida</a> (NaNH₂)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodio_hidruroa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodio hidruroa (sortu gabe)">Sodio hidruroa</a> (NaH)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bis(trimetilsilil)_litio_amida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bis(trimetilsilil) litio amida (sortu gabe)">Bis(trimetilsilil) litio amida</a> (<span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">((CH<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />3</span>)<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />3</span>Si)<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />2</span>NLi</span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Azidoen_neutralizazioa_2">Azidoen neutralizazioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Azidoen neutralizazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Azidoen neutralizazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Base sendo bat, sodio hidroxidoa adibidez, uretan disolbatzen denean, <a href="/wiki/Hidroxido" title="Hidroxido">hidroxido</a> ioietan (<sup>-</sup>OH) eta sodio ioietan deskonposatzen da: </p> <dl><dd>NaOH → Na<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>−</sup></dd></dl> <p>Antzera, azido klorhidrikoa edo hidrogeno kloruroa uretan disolbatzen da oxonio ioiak (H₃ O<sup>+</sup>) eta kloro ioiak osatuz: </p> <dl><dd>HCl + H₂O → H₃O<sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>−</sup></dd></dl> <p>Bi disoluzioak nahasten ditugunean, H₃O<sup>+</sup> eta OH<sup>-</sup> ioiak konbinatu egiten dira ur-molekulak sortzeko: </p> <dl><dd>H₃O<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>−</sup> → 2 H₂O</dd></dl> <p>NaOH eta HCl kantitate berdinak disolbatzen baditugu, basea eta azidoa modu zehatzean neutralizatzen dira, NaCl bakarrik utziz (gatz arrunta) disoluzioan. </p><p>Base ahulak, hala nola soda edo <a href="/wiki/Zuringo" title="Zuringo">arrautza-zuringoa</a>, azido-isuriak neutralizatzeko erabil daitezke. Base sendoak erabiltzeak, hala nola sodio hidroxidoa edo potasio hidroxidoa, erreakzio exotermiko bortitza eragin lezake, jatorrizko azidoa isurtzea baino ondorio arriskutsuagoekin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baseak_katalizatzaile_gisa">Baseak katalizatzaile gisa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Baseak katalizatzaile gisa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Baseak katalizatzaile gisa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oinarrizko substantziak erreakzio kimikoen disolbaezintasun-katalizatzaile heterogeneoak izateko erabil daitezke. Adibidez, oxido metalikoak, magnesio oxidoa, kaltzio oxidoa eta bario oxidoa, baita potasio fluoruroa eta zeolita batzuk ere. Trantsizioko metal askok katalizatzaile onak egiten dituzte, eta, horietako askok, oinarrizko substantziak osatzen dituzte. Oinarrizko katalizatzaile batzuk hidrogenazioetarako, lotura bikoitzeko migrazioetarako, Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley murrizteko, Michaelen erreakziorako eta beste erreakzio askotarako erabili izan dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=GpNkL8SiYW8C&pg=PA360&dq=base+o+%C3%A1lcali+sustancia&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizydK73P_YAhXLuhQKHYyQAQIQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=base%20o%20%C3%A1lcali%20sustancia&f=false"><i>Bases de la fisiología. </i></a> Editorial Tebar 2007 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7360-266-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7360-266-2">978-84-7360-266-2</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSol_902014-02-17">Sol 90.  (2014-02-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=BcYRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=base+y+%C3%A1cido+son+contraopuestos&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwilm8Ps3P_YAhXItRQKHS1uCE8Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=base%20y%20%C3%A1cido%20son%20contraopuestos&f=false"><i>Materia. </i></a> Britannica Digital Learning <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-62513-140-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-62513-140-9">978-1-62513-140-9</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-20230526110806-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-20230526110806_3-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-20230526110806_3-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a class="external text" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Base_(qu%C3%ADmica)&oldid=149475584"><i>Base (química). </i></a> 2023-02-23 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Origin of the Term Base</i> William B. Jensen Journal of Chemical Education • 1130 Vol. 83 No. 8 August <b>2006</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAntónAndrés2015-06">Antón, Juan Luis; Andrés, Dulce María.  (2015-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=Rr3gCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA152&dq=base++Svante+August+Arrhenius.&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij-a-w3f_YAhUFSBQKHfP0CBQQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=base%20%20Svante%20August%20Arrhenius.&f=false"><i>Física y Química 3º ESO (LOMCE). </i></a> Editorial Editex <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9078-527-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9078-527-0">978-84-9078-527-0</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=i1H7p7WRUq0C&pg=PA116&dq=teor%C3%ADa+%C3%A1cido-base+de+Br%C3%B8nsted-Lowry,&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiAzLLR3f_YAhVFtxQKHQLRDP4Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=teor%C3%ADa%20%C3%A1cido-base%20de%20Br%C3%B8nsted-Lowry,&f=false"><i>Quimica 2. </i></a> Ediciones Umbral <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-968-5607-20-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-968-5607-20-9">978-968-5607-20-9</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=dTFeuRRZoy0C&pg=PA556&dq=Lewis+en+1923+ampli%C3%B3+a%C3%BAn+m%C3%A1s+la+definici%C3%B3n+de+%C3%A1cidos+y+bases&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ-qeC3v_YAhVEcRQKHdJLANgQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Lewis%20en%201923%20ampli%C3%B3%20a%C3%BAn%20m%C3%A1s%20la%20definici%C3%B3n%20de%20%C3%A1cidos%20y%20bases&f=false"><i>Best &Taylor. Bases Fisiológicas de la Práctica Médica. </i></a> Ed. Médica Panamericana 2010 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-950-06-0460-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-950-06-0460-4">978-950-06-0460-4</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/base">«Definition of BASE»</a> <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Arrhenius-dissociation.html">«ChemTeam: Arrhenius dissociation article»</a> <i>www.chemteam.info</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Bronsted-Article.html">«ChemTeam: J.N. Bronsted on Acids and Bases»</a> <i>www.chemteam.info</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a class="external text" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Lowry&oldid=125802146"><i>Thomas Lowry. </i></a> 2020-05-05 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" class="extiw" title="es:Gilbert Newton Lewis">Lewis, G.N</a>. (1923). <i>Valence and the Structure of Molecules</i> (INGELESEZ). Nueva York: The Chemical Catalogo Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kimika_Puru_eta_Aplikatuko_Nazioarteko_Batasuna" title="Kimika Puru eta Aplikatuko Nazioarteko Batasuna">IUPAC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/reports/1999/7110minkin/h.html">Glossary of terms used in theoretical organic chemistry</a>, consulta 16 Des 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHill1999">Hill, John W..  (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=ZM-qMxtLABUC&pg=PA179&dq=bases+un+sabor+amargo&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiD4uPK3__YAhWI6RQKHSSRC2IQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=bases%20un%20sabor%20amargo&f=false"><i>Química para el nuevo milenio. </i></a> Pearson Educación <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-970-17-0341-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-970-17-0341-0">978-970-17-0341-0</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131023639/https://books.google.es/books?id=6uc7sbjaxO8C&pg=PA475&dq=bases+%C3%B3xido+met%C3%A1lico&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDoOXKk4DZAhWHWhQKHUy-ApAQ6AEIVTAI#v=onepage&q=bases%20%C3%B3xido%20met%C3%A1lico&f=false">Guía</a></i>. David Vázquez. 1983. Originaletik artxibatua 2018-01-31n. 2018-01-30ean begiratua.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBaldorBaldor2002-01-01">Baldor, F. A.; Baldor, F. J..  (2002-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=nvJk8o0x9MwC&pg=PA54&dq=Nomenclatura+de+bases+qu%C3%ADmica&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi4w9WHlIDZAhUKuxQKHW1rBE8Q6AEILzAC#v=onepage&q=Nomenclatura%20de%20bases%20qu%C3%ADmica&f=false"><i>Nomenclatura química inorgánica. </i></a> Selector, S.A. de C.V. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-968-403-131-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-968-403-131-9">978-968-403-131-9</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBermejo2003-07-22">Bermejo, María José García.  (2003-07-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=ifnceRGljrYC&pg=PA323&dq=nomenclatura+IUPAC+bases&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiyzamblYDZAhVHcRQKHYFJDyYQ6AEIUTAH#v=onepage&q=nomenclatura%20IUPAC%20bases&f=false"><i>Manual Del Auxiliar de Laboratorio. Temario Ebook. </i></a> MAD-Eduforma <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-665-2879-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-665-2879-5">978-84-665-2879-5</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDIONISIOESTHERANDREAFRANCISCO2011-03-01">DIONISIO, ESCOBAR; ESTHER, MAYORAL; ANDREA, PASTOR; FRANCISCO, RUIZ CASADO.  (2011-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=yMBr-EG23ewC&pg=PA114&dq=nomenclatura+IUPAC+para+hidroxidos&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio3OeVl4DZAhVNkRQKHWYfBhI4FBDoAQhXMAk#v=onepage&q=nomenclatura%20IUPAC%20para%20hidroxidos&f=false"><i>Ciencia y Tecnología. Nivel II. Cultura general. </i></a> Ediciones Paraninfo, S.A. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9732-842-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9732-842-5">978-84-9732-842-5</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/ph">«pH | enciclopedia.cat»</a> <i>www.enciclopedia.cat</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a class="external text" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Base_(qu%C3%ADmica)&oldid=149475584"><i>Base (química). </i></a> 2023-02-23 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">McNaught, A.D.; Wilkinson, A (1997). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/s06135.html">IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, the "Gold Book"</a></i> (ingelesez) (2. argt.). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. <small><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-9678550-9-8" class="extiw" title="es:Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-9678550-9-8">ISBN 0-9678550-9-8</a></small>. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.S06135">doi:10.1351/goldbook.S06135</a></small>. Consultado el 22-abril-13.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">Azidoak</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236167">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236165">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11193" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11193">Q11193</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bases">Bases</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q11193%22">Q11193</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11982608d">11982608d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11982608d">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4144090-0">4144090-0</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85012058">sh85012058</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph527105">ph527105</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/basicity">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Kimikako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=KEGG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KEGG (sortu gabe)">KEGG</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C00701">C00701</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11193" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11193">Q11193</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bases">Bases</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q11193%22">Q11193</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See \u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetak\u003E.");});</script><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Base&oldid=9301726">https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Base&oldid=9301726</a>"(e)tik eskuratuta</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Kategoriak" title="Berezi:Kategoriak">Kategoriak</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Ikur_tipografikoak" title="Kategoria:Ikur tipografikoak">Ikur tipografikoak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Azido-base_kimika" title="Kategoria:Azido-base kimika">Azido-base kimika</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategoria:Pages_that_use_a_deprecated_format_of_the_chem_tags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategoria:Pages that use a deprecated format of the chem tags (sortu gabe)">Pages that use a deprecated format of the chem tags</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Ezkutuko kategoriak: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia_guztiek_izan_beharreko_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluak">Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Hezkuntza_Programako_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Hezkuntza Programako artikuluak">Hezkuntza Programako artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Hezkuntza_Programa/Fisika_eta_Kimika" title="Kategoria:Hezkuntza Programa/Fisika eta Kimika">Hezkuntza Programa/Fisika eta Kimika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia:BNF_identifikatzailea_duten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:BNF identifikatzailea duten artikuluak">Wikipedia:BNF identifikatzailea duten artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia:GND_identifikatzailea_duten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:GND identifikatzailea duten artikuluak">Wikipedia:GND identifikatzailea duten artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia:LCCN_identifikatzailea_duten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:LCCN identifikatzailea duten artikuluak">Wikipedia:LCCN identifikatzailea duten artikuluak</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Orriaren azken aldaketa: 26 maiatza 2023, 12:08.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Testua <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eu">Creative Commons Aitortu-PartekatuBerdin 4.0 lizentziari</a> jarraituz erabil daiteke; baliteke beste klausularen batzuk ere aplikatu behar izatea. Xehetasunen berri izateko, ikus <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">erabilera-baldintzak</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Pribazitate politika</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Wikipediari_buruz">Wikipediari buruz</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Erantzukizunen_mugaketa_orokorra">Lege oharra</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Garatzaileak</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/eu.wikipedia.org">Estatistikak</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie adierazpena</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//eu.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Base&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mugikorreko bista</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5zrpf","wgBackendResponseTime":142,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.534","walltime":"0.894","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11686,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":95377,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":23353,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":26674,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":8,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 508.706 1 -total"," 45.51% 231.528 1 Txantiloi:Autoritate_kontrola"," 21.73% 110.554 1 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia_zerrenda"," 18.10% 92.059 16 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia"," 16.70% 84.968 32 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia/oinarria"," 13.90% 70.694 2 Txantiloi:Top_icon"," 12.62% 64.192 1 Txantiloi:Wikipedia1000"," 11.39% 57.964 2 Txantiloi:Category_handler"," 11.25% 57.214 9 Txantiloi:Chem"," 10.24% 52.067 9 Txantiloi:Chem/link"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.194","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3811100,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-84d8f4b96-sz6zj","timestamp":"20241117235135","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Base","url":"https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Base","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11193","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11193","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-03-04T07:48:15Z","dateModified":"2023-05-26T11:08:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b5\/Decorative_Soaps.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>