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href="#New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 New York </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derelict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derelict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Derelict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derelict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gibraltar_salvage_hearings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gibraltar_salvage_hearings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Gibraltar salvage hearings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gibraltar_salvage_hearings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_explanations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_explanations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Proposed explanations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_explanations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Proposed explanations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_explanations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foul_play" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foul_play"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Foul play </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foul_play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifeboat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifeboat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Lifeboat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifeboat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_phenomena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_phenomena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Natural phenomena </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_phenomena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myths_and_false_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myths_and_false_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Myths and false histories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myths_and_false_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career_and_final_voyage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career_and_final_voyage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Later career and final voyage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_career_and_final_voyage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy and commemorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mary Celeste</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ماري سليست – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماري سليست" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri_Selest" title="Meri Selest – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meri Selest" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="ম্যারি সেলেস্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যারি সেলেস্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Мария Селесте – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мария Селесте" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%84" title="Μαίρη Σελέστ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαίρη Σελέστ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ماری سلست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماری سلست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC_%EC%85%80%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%ED%98%B8_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" title="메리 셀러스트호 사건 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메리 셀러스트호 사건" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5" title="Մարի Չելեստե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարի Չելեստե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98" title="מרי סלסט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרי סלסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мери Селест – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мери Селест" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste_(schip,_1861)" title="Mary Celeste (schip, 1861) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mary Celeste (schip, 1861)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="メアリー・セレスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メアリー・セレスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%ABMary_Celeste%C2%BB" title="«Mary Celeste» – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="«Mary Celeste»" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мария Целеста – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мария Целеста" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ماری سلێست – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماری سلێست" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="แมรีเซเลสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมรีเซเลสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Марія Целеста – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марія Целеста" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mary Celeste" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E8%B5%9B%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8F%B7" title="玛丽·赛勒斯特号 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ship found abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean in 1872</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ship. For the fictional ship, see <a href="/wiki/J._Habakuk_Jephson%27s_Statement" title="J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement">J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement</a>. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Huron_(English_band)" title="Huron (English band)">Huron (English band)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Celeste_as_Amazon_in_1861_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mary_Celeste_as_Amazon_in_1861_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Mary_Celeste_as_Amazon_in_1861_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mary_Celeste_as_Amazon_in_1861_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Mary_Celeste_as_Amazon_in_1861_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mary_Celeste_as_Amazon_in_1861_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-Mary_Celeste_as_Amazon_in_1861_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="760" /></a><div>An 1861 painting of Mary Celeste (named Amazon at the time) by an unknown artist</div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">History</th></tr> <tr><th height="30" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:left;padding-left:2px;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/56px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="56" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/84px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/112px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a>Canada</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Name</td><td>Amazon</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Port of registry</td><td><a href="/wiki/Parrsboro" title="Parrsboro">Parrsboro</a>, Nova Scotia</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Builder</td><td>Joshua Dewis, <a href="/wiki/Spencer%27s_Island" title="Spencer's Island">Spencer's Island</a>, Nova Scotia</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Launched</td><td>May 18, 1861</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Fate</td><td>Ran aground <a href="/wiki/Glace_Bay" title="Glace Bay">Glace Bay</a>, Nova Scotia, 1867, salvaged and given to American owners</td></tr> <tr><th height="30" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:left;padding-left:2px;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1867%E2%80%931877).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867%E2%80%931877%29.svg/54px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867%E2%80%931877%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867%E2%80%931877%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867%E2%80%931877%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867%E2%80%931877%29.svg/107px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867%E2%80%931877%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>United States</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Name</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">Amazon (1861–1868)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">Mary Celeste (1869–1885)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Port of registry</td><td>Principally New York or Boston</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Builder</td><td>Rebuilt 1872, New York (yard not named)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Fate</td><td>Deliberately wrecked off the coast of Haiti, 1885</td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Tonnage</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">198.42 gross tons as built 1861</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">282.28 gross tons after rebuild 1872</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td>99.3 ft (30.3 m) as built, 103 ft (31 m) after rebuild</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>22.5 ft (6.9 m) as built, 25.7 ft (7.8 m) after rebuild</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Depth</td><td>11.7 ft (3.6 m) as built, 16.2 ft (4.9 m) after rebuild</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Decks</td><td>1, as built, 2 after rebuild</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Sail plan</td><td><a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">Brigantine</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> Mary Celeste (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/səˈlɛst/</a>; often erroneously referred to as Marie Celeste<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>) was a Canadian-built, American-registered merchant <a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">brigantine</a> that was discovered adrift and deserted in the Atlantic Ocean off the <a href="/wiki/Azorean" class="mw-redirect" title="Azorean">Azorean</a> islands on December 4, 1872. The Canadian brigantine <a href="/wiki/Dei_Gratia_(brigantine)" title="Dei Gratia (brigantine)">Dei Gratia</a> found her in a dishevelled but seaworthy condition under <a href="/wiki/Reefing" title="Reefing">partial sail</a> and with her lifeboat missing. The last entry in her log was dated ten days earlier. She had left New York City for <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> on November 7 and was still amply provisioned when found. Her cargo of alcohol was intact, and the captain's and crew's personal belongings were undisturbed. None of those who had been on board were ever seen or heard from again. Mary Celeste was built in <a href="/wiki/Spencer%27s_Island" title="Spencer's Island">Spencer's Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, and launched under British registration as Amazon in 1861. She was transferred to American ownership and registration in 1868, when she acquired her new name. Thereafter she sailed uneventfully until her 1872 voyage. At the salvage hearings in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> following her recovery, the court's officers considered various possibilities of foul play, including mutiny by Mary Celeste's crew, piracy by the Dei Gratia crew or others, and conspiracy to carry out insurance or salvage fraud. No convincing evidence supported these theories, but unresolved suspicions led to a relatively low salvage award. The inconclusive nature of the hearings fostered continued speculation as to what had happened to the ship's occupants, and the story has repeatedly been complicated by false detail and fantasy. Hypotheses that have been advanced include the effects on the crew of alcohol fumes rising from the cargo, <a href="/wiki/Submarine_earthquake" title="Submarine earthquake">submarine earthquakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">waterspouts</a>, attack by a <a href="/wiki/Giant_squid" title="Giant squid">giant squid</a>, and paranormal intervention. After the Gibraltar hearings, Mary Celeste continued in service under new owners. In 1885, her captain deliberately wrecked her off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> as part of an attempted <a href="/wiki/Insurance_fraud" title="Insurance fraud">insurance fraud</a>. The story of her 1872 abandonment has been recounted and dramatized many times in documentaries, novels, plays, and films, and the name of the ship has become a byword for unexplained desertion. In 1884, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> wrote "<a href="/wiki/J._Habakuk_Jephson%27s_Statement" title="J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement">J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement</a>", a short story based on the mystery, but spelled the vessel's name as Marie Celeste. The story's popularity led to the spelling becoming more common than the original in everyday use. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villageview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Villageview.jpg/220px-Villageview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Villageview.jpg/330px-Villageview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Villageview.jpg/440px-Villageview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Spencer's Island, photographed in 2011</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> of the future Mary Celeste was laid in late 1860 at the shipyard of Joshua Dewis in the village of <a href="/wiki/Spencer%27s_Island" title="Spencer's Island">Spencer's Island</a>, on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The ship was constructed of locally felled timber, with two masts, and was rigged as a <a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">brigantine</a>; she was <a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">carvel-built</a>, the hull planking flush rather than overlapping.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> She was launched on May 18, 1861, given the name Amazon, and registered at nearby <a href="/wiki/Parrsboro" title="Parrsboro">Parrsboro</a> on June 10, 1861. Her registration documents described her as 99.3 feet (30.3 m) in length, 25.5 feet (7.8 m) broad, with a depth of 11.7 feet (3.6 m), and of 198.42 <a href="/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage" title="Gross register tonnage">gross tonnage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Begg14-5">[5]</a> She was owned by a local consortium of nine people, headed by Dewis; among the co-owners was Robert McLellan, the ship's first captain.<a href="#cite_note-Fay46-6">[6]</a> For her maiden voyage in June 1861, Amazon sailed to <a href="/wiki/Five_Islands,_Nova_Scotia" title="Five Islands, Nova Scotia">Five Islands, Nova Scotia</a> to take on a cargo of timber for passage across the Atlantic to London.<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> After supervising the ship's loading, Captain McLellan fell ill; his condition worsened. The Amazon returned to Spencer's Island where McLellan died on June 19.<a href="#cite_note-Begg17-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> John Nutting Parker took over as captain, and resumed the voyage to London, in the course of which Amazon encountered further misadventures. She collided with fishing equipment in the narrows off <a href="/wiki/Eastport,_Maine" title="Eastport, Maine">Eastport, Maine</a>, and after leaving London ran into and sank a <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a> in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Begg17-9">[8]</a> Parker remained in command for two years, during which Amazon worked mainly in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> trade. She crossed the Atlantic to France in November 1861,<a href="#cite_note-Fay49-7">[7]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> was the subject of a painting, possibly by Honoré de Pellegrin, a well-known maritime artist of the Marseilles School.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> In 1863, Parker was succeeded by William Thompson, who remained in command until 1867.<a href="#cite_note-Begg17-9">[8]</a> These were quiet years; Amazon's mate later recalled that, "We went to the West Indies, England and the Mediterranean—what we call the foreign trade. Not a thing unusual happened."<a href="#cite_note-Fay49-7">[7]</a> In October 1867, at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a>, Amazon was driven ashore in a storm, and was so badly damaged that her owners abandoned her as a wreck.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> On October 15, she was acquired as a <a href="/wiki/Flotsam,_jetsam,_lagan_and_derelict#Derelict" title="Flotsam, jetsam, lagan and derelict">derelict</a> by Alexander McBean, of <a href="/wiki/Glace_Bay" title="Glace Bay">Glace Bay</a>, Nova Scotia.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ownership_reassignment_and_name_change">Ownership reassignment and name change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ownership reassignment and name change">edit</a>]</div> Within a month, McBean sold the wreck to a local businessman, who in November 1868, sold it to Richard W. Haines, an American mariner from New York.<a href="#cite_note-Fay53-16">[15]</a> Haines paid US$1,750 for the wreck, and then spent $8,825 restoring it.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> He made himself her captain, and, in December 1868, registered her with the <a href="/wiki/Collector_of_the_Port_of_New_York" title="Collector of the Port of New York">Collector of the Port of New York</a> as an American vessel, under a new name, Mary Celeste.<a href="#cite_note-Fay53-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[b]</a> In October 1869, the ship was seized by Haines's creditors,<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> and sold to a New York consortium headed by James H. Winchester. During the next three years, the composition of this consortium changed several times, although Winchester retained at least a half-share throughout. No record of Mary Celeste's trading activities during this period have been found.<a href="#cite_note-Fay53-16">[15]</a> Early in 1872, the ship underwent a major refit, costing $10,000, which enlarged her considerably. Her length was increased to 103 feet (31 m), her breadth to 25.7 feet (7.8 m) and her depth to 16.2 feet (4.9 m).<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Among the structural changes, a second deck was added; an inspector's report refers to extensions to the <a href="/wiki/Poop_deck" title="Poop deck">poop deck</a>, new <a href="/wiki/Transom_(nautical)" title="Transom (nautical)">transoms</a> and the replacement of many timbers.<a href="#cite_note-Fay53-16">[15]</a> The work increased the ship's tonnage to 282.28. On October 29, 1872, the consortium was made up of Winchester with six shares and two minor investors with one share apiece, the remaining four of twelve shares being held by the ship's new captain, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Briggs" title="Benjamin Briggs">Benjamin Spooner Briggs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captain_Briggs_and_crew">Captain Briggs and crew</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Captain Briggs and crew">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Briggs" title="Benjamin Briggs">Benjamin Briggs</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Wareham,_Massachusetts" title="Wareham, Massachusetts">Wareham, Massachusetts</a>, on April 24, 1835, one of five sons of sea captain Nathan Briggs. All but one of the sons went to sea, two becoming captains.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> Benjamin was an observant Christian who read the Bible regularly and often bore witness to his faith at prayer meetings.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> In 1862, he married his cousin Sarah Elizabeth Cobb, and enjoyed a Mediterranean honeymoon on board his <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> Forest King. Two children were born: Arthur in September 1865, and Sophia Matilda in October 1870.<a href="#cite_note-Begg26-26">[24]</a> By the time of Sophia's birth, Briggs had achieved a high standing within his profession.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> He considered retiring from the sea to go into business with his seafaring brother Oliver, who had also grown tired of the wandering life. They did not proceed with this project, but each invested his savings in a share of a ship: Oliver invested in Julia A. Hallock, and Benjamin in Mary Celeste.<a href="#cite_note-Begg26-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[c]</a> In October 1872, Benjamin took command of Mary Celeste for her first voyage following her extensive New York refit, which was to take her to <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> in Italy. He arranged for his wife and infant daughter to accompany him,<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> while his school-aged son was left at home in the care of his grandmother.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> Briggs chose the crew for this voyage with care.<a href="#cite_note-Begg33-32">[29]</a> First mate Albert G. Richardson was married to a niece of Winchester and had sailed under Briggs before.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> Second mate Andrew Gilling, aged about 25, was born in New York, and was of Danish extraction.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> The steward, newly married Edward William Head, was signed on with a personal recommendation from Winchester. The four general seamen were Germans from the <a href="/wiki/Frisian_Islands" title="Frisian Islands">Frisian Islands</a>: the brothers Volkert and Boz Lorenzen, Arian Martens, and Gottlieb Goudschaal. A later testimonial described them as "peaceable and first-class sailors." In a letter to his mother shortly before the voyage, Briggs declared himself eminently satisfied with ship and crew.<a href="#cite_note-Begg33-32">[29]</a> Sarah Briggs informed her mother that the crew appeared to be quietly capable "... if they continue as they have begun".<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abandonment">Abandonment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abandonment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York">New York</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New York">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_McCord_-_New_York_Harbor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/George_McCord_-_New_York_Harbor.jpg/170px-George_McCord_-_New_York_Harbor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/George_McCord_-_New_York_Harbor.jpg/255px-George_McCord_-_New_York_Harbor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/George_McCord_-_New_York_Harbor.jpg/340px-George_McCord_-_New_York_Harbor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A painting by <a href="/wiki/George_McCord" class="mw-redirect" title="George McCord">George McCord</a> of New York harbor in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> On October 20, 1872, Briggs arrived at Pier 50 on the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> in New York City<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> to supervise the loading of the ship's cargo of 1,701 barrels of alcohol;<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hastings44-38">[35]</a> his wife and infant daughter joined him a week later.<a href="#cite_note-Begg26-26">[24]</a> On Sunday, November 3, Briggs wrote to his mother to say that he intended to leave on Tuesday, adding that "our vessel is in beautiful trim and I hope we shall have a fine passage."<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> On the morning of Tuesday, November 5, Mary Celeste left Pier 50 with Briggs, his wife and daughter, and seven crew members, and moved into <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a>. The weather was uncertain, and Briggs decided to wait for better conditions. He anchored the ship just off <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Begg30-40">[37]</a> where Sarah used the delay to send a final letter to her mother-in-law. "Tell Arthur," she wrote, "I make great dependence on the letters I shall get from him, and will try to remember anything that happens on the voyage which he would be pleased to hear."<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> The weather eased two days later, and Mary Celeste left the harbor and entered the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-Begg30-40">[37]</a> While Mary Celeste prepared to sail, the Canadian brigantine <a href="/wiki/Dei_Gratia_(brigantine)" title="Dei Gratia (brigantine)">Dei Gratia</a> lay nearby in <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken, New Jersey</a>, awaiting a cargo of petroleum destined for Genoa via <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> Captain David Morehouse and first mate Oliver Deveau were Nova Scotians, both highly experienced and respected seamen.<a href="#cite_note-Begg38-43">[40]</a> Captains Briggs and Morehouse shared common interests, and some writers think it likely that they knew each other, if only casually.<a href="#cite_note-Hastings44-38">[35]</a> Some accounts assert that they were close friends who dined together on the evening before Mary Celeste's departure, but the evidence for this is limited to a recollection by Morehouse's widow 50 years after the event.<a href="#cite_note-Begg30-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[d]</a> Dei Gratia departed for Gibraltar on November 15, following the same general route eight days after Mary Celeste.<a href="#cite_note-Begg38-43">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derelict">Derelict</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Derelict">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px"><div style="position:relative;width:250px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map of the North Atlantic"><img alt="A map of the North Atlantic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg/250px-North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg/375px-North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg/500px-North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="575" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.906%;left:62.342%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Discovery position, Dec 4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/8px-Black_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/12px-Black_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/16px-Black_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><div style="position: relative; top: 3.7em; left: 3em;">Discovery position, Dec 4</div></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.272%;left:57.115%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Last log position, Nov 25" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/8px-Black_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/12px-Black_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/16px-Black_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><div style="position: relative; top: 4em; left: -2.9em;">Last log position, Nov 25</div></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.113%;left:24.662%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><div style="position: relative; top: -0.1em; left: -2.4em;">New York</div></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.624%;left:76.552%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Genoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><div style="position: relative; top: -0.1em; left: 1.8em;">Genoa</div></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg" title="File:North Atlantic Ocean laea location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location map</div></div></div> Dei Gratia had reached a position of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mary_Celeste&params=38_20__N_17_15__W_">38°20′N 17°15′W / 38.333°N 17.250°W / 38.333; -17.250</a>, midway between the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> and the coast of Portugal at about 1 p.m. on Wednesday, December 4, 1872, land time (Thursday, December 5, sea time).<a href="#cite_note-49">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> Captain Morehouse came on deck, and the helmsman reported a vessel heading unsteadily towards Dei Gratia at a distance of about six miles (9.7 km). The ship's erratic movements and the odd set of her sails led Morehouse to suspect that something was wrong.<a href="#cite_note-Begg40-48">[44]</a> As the vessel drew close, he could see nobody on deck, and he received no reply to his signals, so he sent Deveau and second mate John Wright in a ship's boat to investigate. The pair established that this was the Mary Celeste by the name on her stern;<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> they then climbed aboard and found the ship deserted. The sails were partly set and in a poor condition, some missing altogether, and much of the rigging was damaged, with ropes hanging loosely over the sides. The main hatch cover was secure, but the fore and <a href="/wiki/Lazarette" title="Lazarette">lazarette</a> hatches were open, their covers beside them on the deck. The ship's single lifeboat was a small <a href="/wiki/Yawl" title="Yawl">yawl</a> that had apparently been stowed across the main hatch, but it was missing, while the <a href="/wiki/Binnacle" title="Binnacle">binnacle</a> housing the ship's compass had shifted from its place and its glass cover was broken.<a href="#cite_note-Fay38-52">[47]</a> There was about three and a half feet (1.1 m) of water in the hold, a significant but not alarming amount for a ship of this size.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> A makeshift sounding rod (a device for measuring the amount of water in the hold) was found abandoned on the deck.<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> They found the ship's daily log in the mate's cabin, and its final entry was dated at 8 a.m. on November 25, nine days earlier. It recorded Mary Celeste's position then as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mary_Celeste&params=37_1__N_25_1__W_">37°1′N 25°1′W / 37.017°N 25.017°W / 37.017; -25.017</a> off <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Island" title="Santa Maria Island">Santa Maria Island</a> in the Azores, nearly 400 nautical miles (740 km) from the point where Dei Gratia encountered her.<a href="#cite_note-Begg40-48">[44]</a> Deveau saw that the cabin interiors were wet and untidy from water that had entered through doorways and skylights, but were otherwise in reasonable order. He found personal items scattered about Briggs' cabin, including a sheathed sword under the bed, but most of the ship's papers were missing along with the captain's navigational instruments. Galley equipment was neatly stowed away; there was no food prepared or under preparation, but there were ample provisions in the stores. There were no obvious signs of fire or violence; the evidence indicated an orderly departure from the ship by means of the missing lifeboat.<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> Deveau returned to report these findings to Morehouse, who decided to bring the derelict into Gibraltar 600 nautical miles (1,100 km) away. Under maritime law, a <a href="/wiki/Marine_salvage" title="Marine salvage">salvor</a> could expect a substantial share of the combined value of rescued vessel and cargo, the exact award depending on the degree of danger inherent in the salvaging. Morehouse divided Dei Gratia's crew of eight between the two vessels, sending Deveau and two experienced seamen to Mary Celeste while he and four others remained on Dei Gratia. The weather was relatively calm for most of the way to Gibraltar, but each ship was seriously undercrewed and progress was slow. Dei Gratia reached Gibraltar on December 12; Mary Celeste had encountered fog and arrived on the following morning. She was immediately impounded by the vice admiralty court to prepare for salvage hearings.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> Deveau wrote to his wife that the ordeal of bringing the ship in was such that "I can hardly tell what I am made of, but I do not care so long as I got in safe. I shall be well paid for the Mary Celeste."<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gibraltar_salvage_hearings">Gibraltar salvage hearings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gibraltar salvage hearings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_of_Gibraltar_1810.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rock_of_Gibraltar_1810.jpg/220px-Rock_of_Gibraltar_1810.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rock_of_Gibraltar_1810.jpg/330px-Rock_of_Gibraltar_1810.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rock_of_Gibraltar_1810.jpg/440px-Rock_of_Gibraltar_1810.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>Gibraltar in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> The salvage court hearings began in Gibraltar on December 17, 1872, under <a href="/wiki/James_Cochrane_(judge)" title="James Cochrane (judge)">Sir James Cochrane</a>, the chief justice of Gibraltar. The hearing was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Solly-Flood_(attorney_general)" title="Frederick Solly-Flood (attorney general)">Frederick Solly-Flood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Gibraltar" title="Attorney General of Gibraltar">Attorney General of Gibraltar</a>, who was also Advocate-General and <a href="/wiki/Proctor" title="Proctor">Proctor</a> for the Queen in Her Office of Admiralty. Flood was described by a historian of the Mary Celeste affair as a man "whose arrogance and pomposity were inversely proportional to his IQ",<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> and as "... the sort of man who, once he had made up his mind about something, couldn't be shifted".<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> The testimonies of Deveau and Wright convinced Flood unalterably that a crime had been committed,<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> a belief picked up by the New York Shipping and Commercial List on December 21: "The inference is that there has been foul play somewhere, and that alcohol is at the bottom of it."<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> On December 23, Flood ordered an examination of Mary Celeste, which was carried out by John Austin, Surveyor of Shipping, with the assistance of a diver, Ricardo Portunato. Austin noted cuts on each side of the bow, caused, he thought, by a sharp instrument, and found possible traces of blood on the captain's sword. His report emphasized that the ship did not appear to have been struck by heavy weather, citing a <a href="/wiki/Vial" title="Vial">vial</a> of sewing machine oil found upright in its place.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> Austin did not acknowledge that the vial might have been replaced since the abandonment, nor did the court raise this point.<a href="#cite_note-Begg73-28">[26]</a> Portunato's report on the hull concluded that the ship had not been involved in a collision or run aground.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> A further inspection by a group of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Naval</a> captains endorsed Austin's opinion that the cuts on the bow had been caused deliberately. They also discovered stains on one of the ship's rails that might have been blood, together with a deep mark possibly caused by an axe.<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> These findings strengthened Flood's suspicions that human wrongdoing rather than natural disaster lay behind the mystery.<a href="#cite_note-Begg68-65">[60]</a> On January 22, 1873, he sent the reports to the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade" title="Board of Trade">Board of Trade</a> in London, adding his own conclusion that the crew had got at the alcohol and murdered the Briggs family and the ship's officers in a drunken frenzy. They had cut the bows to simulate a collision, then fled in the yawl to suffer an unknown fate.<a href="#cite_note-Begg68-65">[60]</a> Flood thought that Morehouse and his men were hiding something, specifically that Mary Celeste had been abandoned in a more easterly location, and that the log had been doctored. He could not accept that Mary Celeste could have traveled so far while uncrewed.<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[f]</a> James Winchester arrived in Gibraltar on January 15, to enquire when Mary Celeste might be released to deliver her cargo. Flood demanded a surety of $15,000, money Winchester did not have.<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-H53-70">[64]</a> Winchester became aware that Flood thought Winchester might have deliberately engaged a crew that would kill Briggs and his officers as part of some conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-Begg78-71">[65]</a> On January 29, during a series of sharp exchanges with Flood, Winchester testified to Briggs's high character, and insisted that Briggs would not have abandoned the ship except in extremity.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> Flood's theories of mutiny and murder received significant setbacks when scientific analysis of the stains found on the sword and elsewhere on the ship showed that they were not blood.<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[g]</a> A second blow to Flood followed in a report commissioned by Horatio Sprague, the American consul in Gibraltar, from Captain Shufeldt of the US Navy. In Shufeldt's view, the marks on the bow were not man-made, but came from the natural actions of the sea on the ship's timbers.<a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a> With nothing concrete to support his suspicions, Flood reluctantly released Mary Celeste from the court's jurisdiction on February 25. Two weeks later, with a locally raised crew headed by Captain George Blatchford from Massachusetts, she left Gibraltar for Genoa. The question of the salvage payment was decided on April 8, when Cochrane announced the award: £1,700, or about one-fifth of the total value of ship and cargo.<a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a> This was far lower than the general expectation—one authority thought that the award should have been twice or even three times that amount, given the level of hazard in bringing the derelict into port.<a href="#cite_note-77">[70]</a> Cochrane's final words were harshly critical of Morehouse for his decision, earlier in the hearing, to send Dei Gratia under Deveau to deliver her cargo of petroleum—although Morehouse had remained in Gibraltar at the disposal of the court.<a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a> Cochrane's tone carried an implication of wrongdoing, which, says Hicks, ensured that Morehouse and his crew "...would be under suspicion in the court of public opinion forever."<a href="#cite_note-79">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_explanations">Proposed explanations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proposed explanations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foul_play">Foul play</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foul play">edit</a>]</div> The evidence in Gibraltar failed to support Flood's theories of murder and conspiracy, yet suspicion of foul play lingered. Flood, and some newspaper reports, briefly suspected insurance fraud on the part of Winchester on the basis that Mary Celeste had been heavily overinsured. Winchester was able to refute these allegations, and no inquiry was instituted by the insurance companies that had issued the policies.<a href="#cite_note-Hicks150-80">[73]</a> In 1931, an article in the <a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Review" title="Quarterly Review">Quarterly Review</a> suggested that Morehouse could have lain in wait for Mary Celeste, then lured Briggs and his crew aboard Dei Gratia and killed them there. Paul Begg argues that this theory ignores the fact that Dei Gratia was the slower ship; she left New York eight days after Mary Celeste departed and would not have caught Mary Celeste before she reached Gibraltar.<a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Begg101-82">[75]</a> Another theory posits that Briggs and Morehouse were partners in a conspiracy to share the salvage proceeds,<a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a> although no evidence exists of a friendship between the two captains.<a href="#cite_note-Hastings133-84">[77]</a> Hicks comments that "if Morehouse and Briggs had been planning such a scam, they would not have devised such an attention-drawing mystery." He also asks why Briggs abandoned his son Arthur if he had intended to disappear permanently.<a href="#cite_note-Hicks150-80">[73]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Riffian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffian people">Riffian</a> pirates were active off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> in the 1870s, Charles Edey Fay observes that pirates would have looted the ship, but the personal possessions, some of significant value, of the captain and crew were left undisturbed.<a href="#cite_note-Fay127-85">[78]</a> In 1925, historian John Gilbert Lockhart surmised that Briggs slaughtered all on board and then killed himself in a fit of religious mania. Lockhart later spoke to Briggs's descendants, and he apologized and withdrew this theory in a later edition of his book.<a href="#cite_note-Begg101-82">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hastings133-84">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifeboat">Lifeboat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lifeboat">edit</a>]</div> Briggs's cousin Oliver Cobb later suggested that the transfer of personnel to the yawl may have been intended as a temporary safety measure. He speculated from Deveau's report on the state of the rigging and ropes that the ship's main <a href="/wiki/Halliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Halliard">halliard</a> may have been used to attach the yawl to the ship, enabling the company to return to Mary Celeste when the danger had passed. However, Mary Celeste would have sailed away empty if the line had parted, leaving the yawl adrift with its occupants.<a href="#cite_note-Begg132-86">[79]</a> Begg notes that it would be illogical to attach the yawl to a vessel that the crew thought was about to explode or sink.<a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Macdonald_Hastings" title="Macdonald Hastings">Macdonald Hastings</a> argues that Briggs was an experienced captain who would not have led a panicked abandonment, writing: "If the Mary Celeste had blown her timbers, she would still have been a better bet for survival than the ship's boat." According to Hastings, if Briggs had relied on the ship's boat for survival rather than on Mary Celeste, he would have "behaved like a fool; worse, a frightened one."<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> Arthur N. Putman, a New York insurance appraiser, was a leading investigator in sea mysteries in the early 20th century and wrote a similar lifeboat theory stressing that only a single lifeboat was missing from the vessel. He discovered that the boat's rope was cut, not untied, which indicated that the abandonment of Mary Celeste was performed quickly. The ship's log contained several mentions of ominous rumbling and small explosions from the hold, although cargos of alcohol naturally emit explosive gas and such sounds are commonly heard. He supposes that there had been a more intense explosion and, in response, a sailor ventured below deck with an open flame or lit cigar that ignited the fumes, causing an explosion violent enough to dislodge the top of the hatch, which had been found in an unusual position. Putman also postulated that in a panicked terror the captain, his family and the crew boarded the lone lifeboat, cut the rope and abandoned Mary Celeste.<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_phenomena">Natural phenomena</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Natural phenomena">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trombe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Trombe.jpg/220px-Trombe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Trombe.jpg/330px-Trombe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Trombe.jpg/440px-Trombe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A waterspout, photographed off Florida (1969). A waterspout strike has been offered as a possible solution to the Mary Celeste mystery.</figcaption></figure> Commentators generally agree that some extraordinary and alarming circumstance must have arisen to cause the entire crew to abandon a sound and seaworthy ship with ample provisions.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> Deveau ventured an explanation based on the sounding rod found on deck. He suggested that Briggs abandoned ship after a false sounding because of a malfunction, perhaps of the pumps, that created a false impression that the vessel was rapidly accumulating water.<a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> A severe <a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">waterspout</a> strike before the abandonment could explain the amount of water in the ship and the ragged state of her rigging and sails. The low barometric pressure generated by the spout could have driven water from the bilges up into the pumps, leading the crew to overestimate the amount of water on Mary Celeste and believe that she was in danger of sinking.<a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a> Other explanations include the possible appearance of a displaced iceberg, the fear of running aground while becalmed and a sudden <a href="/wiki/Submarine_earthquake" title="Submarine earthquake">submarine earthquake</a>. Hydrographical evidence suggests that an iceberg drifting so far south was improbable and other ships would have seen it.<a href="#cite_note-Fay127-85">[78]</a> Begg gives more consideration to a theory that Mary Celeste began drifting towards the <a href="/wiki/Dollabarat" title="Dollabarat">Dollabarat</a> reef off Santa Maria Island when she was becalmed. The theory supposes that Briggs feared that his ship would run aground and launched the yawl in the hope of reaching land. The wind could then have lifted and blown Mary Celeste away from the reef while the rising seas swamped and sank the yawl. The weakness of this theory is that if the ship had been becalmed, all sails would have been set to catch any available breeze, yet it was found with many of its sails furled.<a href="#cite_note-Begg33-32">[29]</a> An earthquake on the seabed could have caused sufficient turbulence on the surface to damage parts of Mary Celeste's cargo, thus releasing noxious fumes. Rising fears of an imminent explosion could have led Briggs to order the ship's abandonment; the displaced hatches suggest that an inspection, or an attempted airing, had taken place.<a href="#cite_note-Begg136-94">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a> of January 24, 1886 drew attention to a case in which a vessel carrying alcohol had exploded.<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> The same journal's issue of February 9, 1913 cited a seepage of alcohol through a few porous barrels as the source of gases that may have caused or threatened an explosion in Mary Celeste's hold.<a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a> Briggs's cousin Oliver Cobb was a strong proponent of this theory, in which a sufficiently alarming scenario—rumblings from the hold, the smell of escaping fumes and possibly an explosion—could have caused Briggs to have ordered the evacuation of the ship.<a href="#cite_note-Begg132-86">[79]</a> In his haste to leave the ship before it exploded, Briggs may have failed to properly secure the yawl to the tow line. A sudden breeze could have blown the ship away from the occupants of the yawl, leaving them to succumb to the elements. The lack of damage from an explosion and the generally sound state of the cargo upon discovery tend to weaken this case.<a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[h]</a> In 2006, an experiment was performed for <a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)" title="Channel 5 (British TV channel)">Channel Five</a> television by chemist <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Sella" title="Andrea Sella">Andrea Sella</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_College,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="University College, London">University College, London</a>, and the results helped to revive the explosion theory. Sella built a model of the hold, with paper cartons representing the barrels. Using butane gas, he created an explosion that caused a considerable blast and ball of flame, but contrary to expectation, there was no fire damage within the replica hold. He said: "What we created was a pressure-wave type of explosion. There was a spectacular wave of flame but, behind it, was relatively cool air. No soot was left behind and there was no burning or scorching."<a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Myths_and_false_histories">Myths and false histories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Myths and false histories">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paranormal" title="Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paranormal" title="Template talk:Paranormal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Fact and fiction became intertwined in the decades that followed. The Los Angeles Times retold the Mary Celeste story in June 1883 with invented detail. "Every sail was set, the tiller was lashed fast, not a rope was out of place. ... The fire was burning in the galley. The dinner was standing untasted and scarcely cold … the log written up to the hour of her discovery."<a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a> The November 1906 Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine reported that Mary Celeste drifted off the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde Islands">Cape Verde Islands</a>, some 1,400 nautical miles (2,600 km) south of the actual location. Among many inaccuracies, the first mate was "a man named Briggs," and there were live chickens on board.<a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a> The most influential retelling, according to many commentators, was a story in the January 1884 issue of the <a href="/wiki/Cornhill_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornhill Magazine">Cornhill Magazine</a> which ensured that the Mary Celeste affair would never be forgotten.<a href="#cite_note-Begg88-103">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a> This was an early work of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, a 25 year-old ship's surgeon at the time. Doyle's story "<a href="/wiki/J._Habakuk_Jephson%27s_Statement" title="J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement">J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement</a>" did not adhere to the facts. He renamed the ship Marie Celeste, the captain's name was J. W. Tibbs, the fatal voyage took place in 1873, and it was from <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. The vessel carried passengers, among them the titular Jephson.<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a> In the story, a fanatic named Septimius Goring with a hatred of the white race has suborned members of the crew to murder Tibbs and take the vessel to the shores of Western Africa. The rest of the ship's company is killed, save for Jephson who is spared because he possesses a magical charm that is venerated by Goring and his accomplices.<a href="#cite_note-106">[i]</a> Doyle had not expected his story to be taken seriously, but Sprague was still serving as the U.S. consul in Gibraltar<a href="#cite_note-108">[j]</a> and was sufficiently intrigued to inquire if any part of the story might be true.<a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Conan_Doyle_by_Herbert_Rose_Barraud_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Arthur_Conan_Doyle_by_Herbert_Rose_Barraud_1893.jpg/170px-Arthur_Conan_Doyle_by_Herbert_Rose_Barraud_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Arthur_Conan_Doyle_by_Herbert_Rose_Barraud_1893.jpg/255px-Arthur_Conan_Doyle_by_Herbert_Rose_Barraud_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Arthur_Conan_Doyle_by_Herbert_Rose_Barraud_1893.jpg/340px-Arthur_Conan_Doyle_by_Herbert_Rose_Barraud_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2005" data-file-height="2812" /></a><figcaption>Arthur Conan Doyle, whose <a href="/wiki/J._Habakuk_Jephson%27s_Statement" title="J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement">1884 short story</a> did much to disseminate Mary Celeste myths</figcaption></figure> In 1913, <a href="/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine" title="The Strand Magazine">The Strand Magazine</a> provided <a href="/wiki/Abel_Fosdyk_papers" title="Abel Fosdyk papers">an alleged survivor's account</a> from one Abel Fosdyk, supposedly Mary Celeste's steward. In this version, the crew had gathered on a temporary swimming platform to watch a swimming contest, when the platform suddenly collapsed. All except Fosdyk were drowned or eaten by sharks. Unlike Doyle's story, the magazine proposed this as a serious solution to the enigma, but it contained many simple mistakes, including "Griggs" for Briggs, "Boyce" for Morehouse, Briggs's daughter as a seven-year-old child rather than a two-year-old, a crew of 13, and an ignorance of nautical language.<a href="#cite_note-Begg88-103">[95]</a> Many more people were convinced by a plausible literary hoax of the 1920s perpetrated by Irish writer Laurence J. Keating, again presented as a survivor's story of one John Pemberton. This one told a complex tale of murder, madness, and collusion with the Dei Gratia. It included basic errors, such as using Doyle's name ("Marie Celeste") and misnaming key personnel.<a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a> Nevertheless, the story was so convincingly told that the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a> of July 26, 1926, believed its truth to be beyond dispute.<a href="#cite_note-111">[101]</a> Hastings describes Keating's hoax as "an impudent trick by a man not without imaginative ability."<a href="#cite_note-112">[102]</a> In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> published a story by Captain R. Lucy, whose alleged informant was Mary Celeste's former <a href="/wiki/Boatswain" title="Boatswain">boatswain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-H88-113">[103]</a> although no such person is recorded in the registered crew list.<a href="#cite_note-114">[104]</a> In this tale, Briggs and his crew are cast in the role of predators; they sight a derelict steamer, which they board and find deserted with £3,500 of gold and silver in its safe. They decide to split the money, abandon Mary Celeste, and seek new lives in Spain, which they reach by using the steamer's lifeboats. Hastings finds it astonishing that such an unlikely story was widely believed for a time; readers, he says, "were fooled by the magic of print."<a href="#cite_note-H88-113">[103]</a> Chambers's Journal of September 17, 1904, suggests that the entire complement of Mary Celeste was plucked off one by one by a giant octopus or squid.<a href="#cite_note-115">[105]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a>, giant squid (<a href="/wiki/Architeuthis_dux" class="mw-redirect" title="Architeuthis dux">Architeuthis dux</a>) can reach 15 meters (49 ft) in length<a href="#cite_note-116">[106]</a> and have been known to attack ships.<a href="#cite_note-117">[107]</a> Begg remarks that such a creature could conceivably have picked off a crew member, but it could hardly have taken the yawl and the captain's navigation instruments.<a href="#cite_note-118">[108]</a> Other explanations have suggested paranormal intervention; an undated edition of the British Journal of Astrology describes the Mary Celeste story as "a mystical experience", connecting it "with the Great <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Pyramid of Gizeh</a>, the lost continent of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Israelism" title="British Israelism">British Israel Movement</a>".<a href="#cite_note-H122-119">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a> has been invoked, even though Mary Celeste was abandoned in a completely different part of the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-120">[110]</a> Similar fantasies have considered theories of abduction by aliens in flying saucers.<a href="#cite_note-H122-119">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career_and_final_voyage">Later career and final voyage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later career and final voyage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Celeste_NYTimes_1873February26.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mary_Celeste_NYTimes_1873February26.png/220px-Mary_Celeste_NYTimes_1873February26.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mary_Celeste_NYTimes_1873February26.png/330px-Mary_Celeste_NYTimes_1873February26.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mary_Celeste_NYTimes_1873February26.png/440px-Mary_Celeste_NYTimes_1873February26.png 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="2014" /></a><figcaption>Newspaper article titled "A Brig's Officers Believed to Have Been Murdered at Sea"</figcaption></figure> Mary Celeste left Genoa on June 26, 1873, and arrived in New York on September 19.<a href="#cite_note-121">[111]</a> The Gibraltar hearings, with newspaper stories of bloodshed and murder, had made her an unpopular ship; Hastings records that she "... rotted on wharves where nobody wanted her."<a href="#cite_note-122">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[k]</a> In February 1874, the consortium sold the ship, at a considerable loss, to a partnership of New York businessmen.<a href="#cite_note-Hicks158-128">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gonave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gonave.jpg/220px-Gonave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gonave.jpg/330px-Gonave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gonave.jpg/440px-Gonave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A2ve_Island" title="Gonâve Island">Gonâve Island</a>, in the Gulf of Gonâve, Haiti. The Rochelois Bank is faintly discernible in the southerly channel between the island and the mainland.</figcaption></figure> Under this new ownership, Mary Celeste sailed mainly in the West Indian and Indian Ocean routes, regularly losing money.<a href="#cite_note-Hicks158-128">[117]</a> Details of her movements occasionally appeared in the shipping news; in February 1879, she was reported at the island of <a href="/wiki/St._Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Helena">St. Helena</a>,<a href="#cite_note-129">[118]</a> where she had called to seek medical assistance for her captain, Edgar Tuthill, who had fallen ill. Tuthill died on the island, encouraging the idea that the ship was cursed—he was her third captain to die prematurely.<a href="#cite_note-Hicks158-128">[117]</a> In February 1880, the owners sold Mary Celeste to a partnership of Bostonians headed by Wesley Gove. A new captain, Thomas L. Fleming, remained in the post until August 1884, when he was replaced by Gilman C. Parker.<a href="#cite_note-130">[119]</a> During these years, the ship's port of registration changed several times, before reverting to Boston. There are no records of her voyages during this time, although Brian Hicks, in his study of the affair, asserts that Gove tried hard to make a success of her.<a href="#cite_note-131">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[121]</a> In November 1884, Parker conspired with a group of Boston shippers, who filled Mary Celeste with a largely worthless cargo, misrepresented on the ship's manifest as valuable goods and insured for US$30,000 ($1,020,000 today). On December 16, Parker set out for <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>, the capital and chief port of Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-133">[122]</a> On January 3, 1885, Mary Celeste approached the port via the channel between <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A2ve_Island" title="Gonâve Island">Gonâve Island</a> and the mainland, in which lay a large and well-charted coral reef, the Rochelois Bank. Parker deliberately ran the ship on to this reef, ripping out her bottom and wrecking her beyond repair. He and the crew then rowed themselves ashore, where Parker sold the salvageable cargo for $500 to the American consul, and instituted insurance claims for the alleged value.<a href="#cite_note-Hicks178-134">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[124]</a> When the consul reported that what he had bought was almost worthless,<a href="#cite_note-136">[125]</a> the ship's insurers began a thorough investigation, which soon revealed the truth of the over-insured cargo. In July 1885, Parker and the shippers were tried in Boston for conspiracy to commit insurance fraud. Parker was additionally charged with "wilfully cast[ing] away the ship," a crime known as <a href="/wiki/Barratry_(admiralty_law)" title="Barratry (admiralty law)">barratry</a>, which at the time carried the death penalty. The conspiracy case was heard first, but on August 15, the jury announced that they could not agree on a verdict. Some jurors were unwilling to risk prejudicing Parker's forthcoming capital trial by finding him guilty on the conspiracy charge. Rather than ordering an expensive retrial, the judge negotiated an arrangement whereby the defendants withdrew their insurance claims and repaid all they had received. The barratry charge against Parker was deferred, and he was allowed to go free. Nevertheless, his professional reputation was ruined, and he died in poverty three months later. One of his co-defendants went mad, and another killed himself. Begg observes that "if the court of man could not punish these men ... the curse that had devilled the ship since her first skipper Robert McLellan had died on her maiden voyage could reach beyond the vessel's watery grave and exact its own terrible retribution."<a href="#cite_note-137">[126]</a> In August 2001, an expedition headed by the marine archaeologist and author <a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a> announced that they had found the remains of a ship embedded in the Rochelois reef. Only a few pieces of timber and some metal artifacts could be salvaged, the remainder of the wreckage being lost within the coral.<a href="#cite_note-138">[127]</a> Initial tests on the wood indicated that it was the type extensively used in New York shipyards at the time of Mary Celeste's 1872 refit, and it seemed the remains of Mary Celeste had been found.<a href="#cite_note-139">[128]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronological</a> tests carried out by Scott St George of the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Canada" title="Geological Survey of Canada">Geological Survey of Canada</a> showed that the wood came from trees, most probably from the US state of Georgia, that would still have been growing in 1894, about ten years after Mary Celeste's demise.<a href="#cite_note-140">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_commemorations">Legacy and commemorations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy and commemorations">edit</a>]</div> Mary Celeste was not the first reported case of a ship being found strangely deserted on the high seas. <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gould" title="Rupert Gould">Rupert Gould</a>, a naval officer and investigator of maritime mysteries, lists other such occurrences between 1840 and 1855.<a href="#cite_note-141">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[l]</a> Whatever the truth of these stories, it is the Mary Celeste that is remembered; the ship's name, or the misspelled Marie Celeste, has become fixed in people's minds as synonymous with inexplicable desertion.<a href="#cite_note-144">[132]</a> In October 1955, <a href="/wiki/MV_Joyita" title="MV Joyita">MV Joyita</a>, a 70-ton motor vessel, disappeared in the South Pacific while traveling between <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>, with 25 people on board.<a href="#cite_note-145">[133]</a> The vessel was found a month later, deserted and drifting north of <a href="/wiki/Vanua_Levu" title="Vanua Levu">Vanua Levu</a>, 600 miles (970 km) from its route.<a href="#cite_note-146">[134]</a> None of those aboard were seen again, and a commission of inquiry failed to establish an explanation. David Wright, the affair's principal historian, has described the case as "... a classic marine mystery of Mary Celeste proportions."<a href="#cite_note-147">[135]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:350px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #E0E6F8;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> There has never been a clear consensus on any one scenario. It is a mystery that has tormented countless people, including the families of the lost sailors and hundreds of others who have tried in vain to solve the riddle. The Ghost Ship may be the best example of the old proverb that the sea never gives up its secrets. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">– Brian Hicks: Ghost Ship (2004)<a href="#cite_note-148">[136]</a></cite></div> </div> The Mary Celeste story inspired two well-received radio plays in the 1930s, by L. Du Garde Peach and Tim Healey respectively,<a href="#cite_note-149">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[138]</a> and a stage version of Peach's play in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-151">[139]</a> Several novels have been published, generally offering natural rather than fantastic explanations.<a href="#cite_note-152">[m]</a> In 1935, the British film company <a href="/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions" title="Hammer Film Productions">Hammer Film Productions</a> issued <a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_the_Mary_Celeste" title="The Mystery of the Mary Celeste">The Mystery of the Mary Celeste</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[140]</a> (retitled Phantom Ship for American audiences), starring <a href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</a> as a deranged sailor. It was not a commercial success, although Begg considers it "a period piece well worth watching".<a href="#cite_note-154">[141]</a> A 1938 short film titled <a href="/wiki/The_Ship_That_Died" title="The Ship That Died">The Ship That Died</a> presents dramatizations of a range of theories to explain the abandonment: mutiny, fear of explosion due to alcohol fumes, and the supernatural.<a href="#cite_note-155">[142]</a> In November 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel</a> screened a documentary, The True Story of the Mary Celeste, which investigated many aspects of the case without offering any definite solution. One theory proposed pump congestion and instrument malfunction. The Mary Celeste had been used for transporting coal, which is known for its dust, before it was loaded with alcohol. The pump was found disassembled on deck, so the crew may have been attempting to repair it. The hull was packed full, and the captain would have no way of judging how much water had been taken on while navigating rough seas. The filmmakers postulated that the chronometer was faulty, meaning that Briggs could have ordered abandonment thinking that they were close to Santa Maria, when they were 120 miles (190 km) farther west.<a href="#cite_note-156">[143]</a> At Spencer's Island, Mary Celeste and her lost crew are commemorated by a monument at the site of the brigantine's construction and by a memorial outdoor cinema built in the shape of the vessel's hull.<a href="#cite_note-157">[144]</a> Postage stamps commemorating the incident have been issued by Gibraltar (twice) and by the Maldives (twice, once with the name of the ship misspelt as Marie Celeste).<a href="#cite_note-158">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_ship" title="Ghost ship">Ghost ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_disappeared_mysteriously_at_sea" title="List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea">List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The historian Charles Edey Fay gives different details of the first voyage. In his account, the trip took Amazon first to the port of <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Nova_Scotia" title="Windsor, Nova Scotia">Windsor, Nova Scotia</a>, where she was loaded with plaster for transport to New York.<a href="#cite_note-Fay49-7">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> The reason for the choice of name is unclear; Begg points out that <a href="/wiki/Maria_Celeste" title="Maria Celeste">Maria Celeste</a> was an illegitimate daughter of the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, and was also the name of a well-known nun, either of which might have influenced Haines.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Julia A. Hallock sank during a storm in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a> on January 8, 1873, while the Mary Celeste mystery was under discussion in Gibraltar. Captain Oliver Briggs went down with the ship, from which there was only one survivor.<a href="#cite_note-Begg73-28">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Lionel and Patricia Fanthorpe report the friendship and the farewell dinner as facts,<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> while other writers are dubious, notably Paul Begg: "One should not doubt the authority of Mrs Morehouse, but in this case it seems almost inconceivable that such a friendship, had it existed, would not have been mentioned during the salvage hearings or have afterwards been independently confirmed by Captain Briggs's family."<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> "Sea time" in the 19th century was 12 hours ahead of land time, thus the new day started at noon in sea time.<a href="#cite_note-Begg40-48">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> In disputing Flood's theory, Fay draws attention to the case of the William L. White, which in 1888–89 drifted unmanned for more than 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km) over a period of 10 months, during which it was observed by 45 other vessels.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Although these conclusions were made known to Cochrane and Flood, their publication was withheld for 14 years, enabling stories of likely bloodshed and violence to linger in the public mind.<a href="#cite_note-Hastings44-38">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> In Genoa, 9 of the 1,701 barrels of alcohol were found empty, through seepage or minor damage. The remainder of the barrels were intact. This was considered an acceptable loss from a cargo of this kind.<a href="#cite_note-Hicks140-98">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> The full text of Doyle's story is at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cornhillmagazine49londuoft#page/viii/mode/2up">"J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement"</a>. The Cornhill Magazine: 1–32. January 1884.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cornhill+Magazine&rft.atitle=J.+Habakuk+Jephson%27s+Statement&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=1884-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcornhillmagazine49londuoft%23page%2Fviii%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Sprague served in Gibraltar from 1848 to 1901; the report of his death in The New York Times of October 19, 1901, described him as the "oldest US consul".<a href="#cite_note-107">[98]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Two British newspapers, The Times and The Manchester Guardian, carried reports in February 1873 that mentioned the supposed bloodstains and the appearance of violence.<a href="#cite_note-123">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[114]</a> The Boston Post of February 24 expressed the view that the crew, "mostly of foreigners," had got at the alcohol and subsequently murdered Briggs, his wife, his child, and the officers, before escaping to the "Western Islands."<a href="#cite_note-125">[115]</a> On March 24, the United States Department of the Treasury wrote in a circular of "grave suspicions" of murder by the crew in a drunken fury.<a href="#cite_note-126">[116]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Begg describes Gould as "... an able, intelligent and reliable researcher," but contends that, "It is not always easy to verify such stories ... because the facts and details get changed as the story passes through numerous tellings and retellings."<a href="#cite_note-142">[131]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Among recent fact-based novels are: Richard Rees: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60282369">The Shadow of the Mary Celeste</a>. Published by Robert Hale, London 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-709-05745-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-709-05745-8">0-709-05745-8</a>.; Brian Freemantle: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59377572">The Mary Celeste</a>. Published by Severn House Publishers, Sutton, Surrey 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-727-85411-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-727-85411-9">0-727-85411-9</a> (first published as The "Mary Celeste" under the pseudonym John Maxwell at Cape, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-01671-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-01671-7">0-224-01671-7</a>). Valerie Martin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842880686">The Ghost of the Mary Celeste</a>. Published by Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, New York 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3855-3350-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3855-3350-8">978-0-3855-3350-8</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_University_Press2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Oxford University Press (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109065147/https://www.lexico.com/definition/mary_celeste">"Mary Celeste (proper noun)"</a>. Lexico.com. Dictionary.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/mary_celeste">the original</a> on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mary+Celeste+%28proper+noun%29&rft.btitle=Lexico.com&rft.pub=Dictionary.com&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fmary_celeste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Fay, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Fay, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Fay, pp. 192–193 </li> <li id="cite_note-Begg14-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Begg14_5-0">^</a> Begg, pp. 14–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fay46-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Fay46_6-0">^</a> Fay, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fay49-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fay49_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay49_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay49_7-2">c</a> Fay, pp. 49–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-Begg17-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Begg17_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Begg17_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Begg17_9-2">c</a> Begg, pp. 17–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Fay, p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Begg, Plate 2, pp. 166–167 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vallejogallery.com/artist.php?id=49&artist=J._Honore_M._PELLEGRIN">"J. Honore M. Pellegrin (1793–1869)"</a>. Vallejo Gallery. Retrieved February 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J.+Honore+M.+Pellegrin+%281793%E2%80%931869%29&rft.pub=Vallejo+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vallejogallery.com%2Fartist.php%3Fid%3D49%26artist%3DJ._Honore_M._PELLEGRIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Hicks, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Fay, pp. 50–51 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Begg, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fay53-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fay53_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay53_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay53_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay53_16-3">d</a> Fay, pp. 53–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Begg, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Begg, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Hicks, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Fay, pp. 199–200 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Begg, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Hastings, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Begg, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Fay, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-Begg26-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Begg26_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Begg26_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Begg26_26-2">c</a> Begg, pp. 26–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Fay, pp. 22–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Begg73-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Begg73_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Begg73_28-1">b</a> Begg, pp. 73–74 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Hicks, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Fay, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Begg33-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Begg33_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Begg33_32-1">b</a> <a 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BBC News. August 9, 2001. Retrieved February 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Famous+Ghost+Ship+Found&rft.date=2001-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F1482337.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Begg, pp. 162–163 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2005" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, Jonathan (January 23, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/dating-of-wrecks-timbers-puts-wind-in-sails-of-the-mary-celeste-mystery-487927.html">"Dating of Wreck's Timbers Puts Wind in Sails of the 'Mary Celeste' Mystery"</a>. The Independent on Sunday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+on+Sunday&rft.atitle=Dating+of+Wreck%27s+Timbers+Puts+Wind+in+Sails+of+the+%27Mary+Celeste%27+Mystery&rft.date=2005-01-23&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Fdating-of-wrecks-timbers-puts-wind-in-sails-of-the-mary-celeste-mystery-487927.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Gould, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Begg, pp. 125–127 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Begg, pp. 81–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/newspaperRetrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=DateAscend&tabID=T003&prodId=TTDA&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchId=R1&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=1&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28tx%2CNone%2C6%29Joyita%24&retrieveFormat=MULTIPAGE_DOCUMENT&userGroupName=wes_ttda&inPS=true&contentSet=LTO&&docId=&docLevel=FASCIMILE&workId=&relevancePageBatch=CS119231833&contentSet=UDVIN&callistoContentSet=UDVIN&docPage=article&hilite=y">"Ship's Disappearance Without Trace"</a>. 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The New Zealand Herald. New Zealand Press Association. March 29, 2002. Retrieved March 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Author+Says+He%27s+Solved+MV+Joyita+Mystery%2C+47+Years+Later&rft.date=2002-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D1292221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Wright, p. viii </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Hicks, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mary Celeste: Last Night's Broadcast of Radio Play". The Manchester Guardian. May 9, 1931. p. 14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/478244306">478244306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manchester+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mary+Celeste%3A+Last+Night%27s+Broadcast+of+Radio+Play&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1931-05-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Wireless Notes and Programmes". The Manchester Guardian. August 3, 1938. p. 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/484400437">484400437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manchester+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wireless+Notes+and+Programmes&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1938-08-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mystery of the Mary Celeste". The Manchester Guardian. March 30, 1949. p. 3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/478908520">478908520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manchester+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mystery+of+the+Mary+Celeste&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1949-03-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phantom_ship">Phantom Ship (1936)</a> – Film on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Begg, pp. 110, 272 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Fujiwara, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumberg2007" class="citation journal cs1">Blumberg, Jess (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/abandoned-ship-the-mary-celeste-174488104/">"Abandoned Ship: The Mary Celeste"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved July 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Abandoned+Ship%3A+The+Mary+Celeste&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Blumberg&rft.aufirst=Jess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fabandoned-ship-the-mary-celeste-174488104%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmulders2007" class="citation web cs1">Smulders, Marylin (August 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dal.ca/news/2007/08/30/spencers.html">"Thinking With Your Hands: Dal students create outdoor cinema in Spencer's Island"</a>. DalNews. Dalhousie University. Retrieved March 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DalNews&rft.atitle=Thinking+With+Your+Hands%3A+Dal+students+create+outdoor+cinema+in+Spencer%27s+Island&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft.aulast=Smulders&rft.aufirst=Marylin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dal.ca%2Fnews%2F2007%2F08%2F30%2Fspencers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Begg, pp. 115–116 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBegg2007" class="citation book cs1">Begg, Paul (2007). Mary Celeste: The Greatest Mystery of the Sea. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-3621-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-3621-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-3621-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Celeste%3A+The+Greatest+Mystery+of+the+Sea&rft.place=Harlow%2C+Essex&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-3621-0&rft.aulast=Begg&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanthorpeFanthorpe1997" class="citation book cs1">Fanthorpe, Lionel; Fanthorpe, Patricia (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-K3WqCAUT0kC&pg=PA78">The World's Greatest Unsolved Mysteries</a>. Toronto: Hounslow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88882-194-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88882-194-2"><bdi>978-0-88882-194-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Greatest+Unsolved+Mysteries&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Hounslow+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-88882-194-2&rft.aulast=Fanthorpe&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft.au=Fanthorpe%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-K3WqCAUT0kC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFay1988" class="citation book cs1">Fay, Charles Edey (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofmaryceles0000fayc">The Story of the Mary Celeste</a>. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25730-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25730-3"><bdi>978-0-486-25730-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Mary+Celeste&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-486-25730-3&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=Charles+Edey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofmaryceles0000fayc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"> Revised edition of book originally published by Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts in 1942.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujiwara1998" class="citation book cs1">Fujiwara, Chris (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSX8EUOlqT0C&pg=PT14">Jacques Tourneur: The Cinema of Nightfall</a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0811-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0811-2"><bdi>978-1-4766-0811-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacques+Tourneur%3A+The+Cinema+of+Nightfall&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0811-2&rft.aulast=Fujiwara&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtSX8EUOlqT0C%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gould" title="Rupert Gould">Gould, Rupert</a> (1946). The Stargazer Talks. London: Geoffrey Bles. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4904905">4904905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stargazer+Talks&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Geoffrey+Bles&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4904905&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Macdonald_Hastings" title="Macdonald Hastings">Hastings, Macdonald</a> (1972). Mary Celeste. London: Michael Joseph. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-1024-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-1024-6"><bdi>978-0-7181-1024-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Celeste&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-1024-6&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Macdonald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2004" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Brian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ShRgiyIWUV8C&pg=PA180">Ghost Ship: The Mysterious True Story of the Mary Celeste and her Missing Crew</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-46665-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-46665-5"><bdi>978-0-345-46665-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Ship%3A+The+Mysterious+True+Story+of+the+Mary+Celeste+and+her+Missing+Crew&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-345-46665-5&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DShRgiyIWUV8C%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2002" class="citation book cs1">Wright, David G (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RUReAwAAQBAJ">Joyita: Solving the Mystery</a>. Auckland: Auckland University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86940-725-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86940-725-4"><bdi>978-1-86940-725-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joyita%3A+Solving+the+Mystery&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Auckland+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86940-725-4&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=David+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRUReAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Celeste&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste" class="extiw" title="commons:Mary Celeste">Mary Celeste</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.numa.net/expeditions/mary-celeste/">Mary Celeste</a> photos and video at <a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Underwater_and_Marine_Agency" title="National Underwater and Marine Agency">National Underwater and Marine Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maryceleste.net/">The Mary Celeste – fact not fiction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phantom_ship">Phantom Ship (1936)</a> – film on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a> (December 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4289">"Skeptoid #289: The Mystery of the Mary Celeste"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptoid&rft.atitle=Skeptoid+%23289%3A+The+Mystery+of+the+Mary+Celeste&rft.date=2011-12-20&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskeptoid.com%2Fepisodes%2F4289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Celeste" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1867_shipwrecks" title="Template:1867 shipwrecks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1867_shipwrecks" title="Template talk:1867 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1867_shipwrecks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1867 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_1867" class="hlist vevent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1867" title="List of shipwrecks in 1867">Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1867</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shipwrecks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; padding:0 1em 0 1em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li>6 Feb: <a href="/wiki/Padstow_Lifeboat_Station" title="Padstow Lifeboat Station">RNLB Albert Edward</a></li> <li>12 Feb: <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Portland_(1826_ship)" title="Duchess of Portland (1826 ship)">Duchess of Portland</a></li> <li>14 Feb: <a href="/wiki/CSS_Sumter" title="CSS Sumter">Gibraltar</a></li> <li>4 Mar: <a href="/wiki/William_Bell,_No._24" title="William Bell, No. 24">William Bell, No. 24</a></li> <li>12 Mar: <a href="/wiki/Rover_incident" title="Rover incident">Rover</a></li> <li> 1 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_General_Lyon" title="USS General Lyon">General Lyon</a></li> <li>11 Apr: <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Curtis" title="Caleb Curtis">Caleb Curtis</a></li> <li>19 Jun: <a href="/wiki/USS_Sacramento_(1862)" title="USS Sacramento (1862)">Sacramento</a></li> <li>17 Jul: <a href="/wiki/Lady_Lyttleton" title="Lady Lyttleton">Lady Lyttleton</a></li> <li>24 Oct: <a href="/wiki/Aeolus_(1850)" title="Aeolus (1850)">Aeolus</a></li> <li>29 Oct: <a href="/wiki/RMS_Rhone" title="RMS Rhone">Rhone</a></li> <li>c. Sep: <a href="/wiki/USS_R._R._Cuyler_(1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS R. R. Cuyler (1860)">El Rayo</a></li> <li>c. Oct: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amazon</a></li> <li>13 Nov: <a href="/wiki/USS_Hendrick_Hudson" title="USS Hendrick Hudson">Hendrick Hudson</a></li> <li>Unk: <a href="/wiki/Antelope_(shipwreck)" title="Antelope (shipwreck)">Antelope</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; padding:0 1em 0 1em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li>13 Feb: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dryad_(1866)" title="HMS Dryad (1866)">HMS Dryad</a></li> <li> 1 Mar: <a href="/wiki/French_ironclad_Couronne" title="French ironclad Couronne">Couronne</a></li> <li>30 Aug: <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Guerri%C3%A8re_(1860)" title="French frigate Guerrière (1860)">Guerrière</a></li> <li>16 Sep: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Malacca_(1853)" title="HMS Malacca (1853)">HMS Malacca</a></li> <li>27 Oct: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1827)" title="HMS Royal George (1827)">HMS Royal George</a></li> <li>18 Nov: <a href="/wiki/USS_De_Soto_(1859)" title="USS De Soto (1859)">USS De Soto</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Monongahela_(1862)" title="USS Monongahela (1862)">USS Monongahela</a></li> <li>22 Dec: <a href="/wiki/French_brig_Euryale_(1863)" title="French brig Euryale (1863)">Euryale</a></li> <li>Unk: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1861)" title="HMS Investigator (1861)">HMS Investigator</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist vevent" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1866" title="List of shipwrecks in 1866">← 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1868" title="List of shipwrecks in 1868">1868 →</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_1872" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1872_shipwrecks" title="Template:1872 shipwrecks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1872_shipwrecks" title="Template talk:1872 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1872_shipwrecks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1872 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_1872" class="hlist vevent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1872" title="List of shipwrecks in 1872">Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1872</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shipwrecks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; padding:0 1em 0 1em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li> 5 Mar: <a href="/wiki/Great_Republic_(1853_clipper)" title="Great Republic (1853 clipper)">Great Republic</a></li> <li> 7 Mar: <a href="/wiki/USS_Abeona" title="USS Abeona">USS Abeona</a></li> <li>15 Apr: <a href="/wiki/CSS_Shenandoah" title="CSS Shenandoah">El Majidi</a></li> <li>29 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Monticello_(1859)" title="USS Monticello (1859)">Monticello</a></li> <li> 6 Jun: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Tees_(1817)" title="HMS Tees (1817)">Tees</a> </li> <li>24 Jul: <a href="/wiki/SS_America_(1869)" title="SS America (1869)">America</a></li> <li>31 Jul: <a href="/wiki/Lahloo_(clipper)" title="Lahloo (clipper)">Lahloo</a></li> <li> Aug: <a href="/wiki/HNoMS_Axel_Thorsen_(1810)" title="HNoMS Axel Thorsen (1810)">HNoMS Axel Thorsen</a></li> <li>22 Oct: <a href="/wiki/USS_Union_(1861)" title="USS Union (1861)">Missouri</a></li> <li> Oct: <a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)">USS Polaris</a></li> <li>21 Nov: <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Nicholson" title="Fanny Nicholson">Fanny Nicholson</a></li> <li>25 Nov: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_(1865)" title="Royal Adelaide (1865)">Royal Adelaide</a></li> <li>16 Dec: <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_(ship)" title="Henrietta (ship)">Henrietta</a></li> <li> Unk: <a href="/wiki/Ariel_(clipper)" title="Ariel (clipper)">Ariel</a></li> <li> Unk: <a href="/wiki/USS_Mohican_(1859)" title="USS Mohican (1859)">Mohican</a> </li> <li> Unk: <a href="/wiki/SS_Russia_(1872)" title="SS Russia (1872)">Russia</a></li> <li> Unk: <a href="/wiki/Ticonderoga_(clipper)" title="Ticonderoga (clipper)">Ticonderoga</a></li> <li> Unk: <a href="/wiki/PS_Young_Australian" title="PS Young Australian">Young Australian</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; padding:0 1em 0 1em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li> 5 Jan: <a href="/wiki/SS_Silesia_(1869)" title="SS Silesia (1869)">Silesia</a></li> <li>26 Jan: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hotspur_(1870)" title="HMS Hotspur (1870)">HMS Hotspur</a></li> <li>14 Mar: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lord_Clyde" title="HMS Lord Clyde">HMS Lord Clyde</a></li> <li>21 Mar: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_Alfred" title="HMS Royal Alfred">HMS Royal Alfred</a></li> <li>24 Mar: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Defence_(1861)" title="HMS Defence (1861)">HMS Defence</a></li> <li> Mar: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lord_Warden" title="HMS Lord Warden">HMS Lord Warden</a></li> <li> May: <a href="/wiki/French_ironclad_Alma" title="French ironclad Alma">Alma</a></li> <li> Jul: <a href="/wiki/Livonia_(yacht)" title="Livonia (yacht)">Livonia</a></li> <li> 7 Sep: <a href="/wiki/Sappho_(yacht)" title="Sappho (yacht)">Sappho</a></li> <li>19 Oct: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_ship_Charkieh" title="Egyptian ship Charkieh">Charkieh</a></li> <li>22 Oct: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Serapis_(1866)" title="HMS Serapis (1866)">HMS Serapis</a></li> <li> Oct: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Daphne_(1866)" title="HMS Daphne (1866)">HMS Daphne</a></li> <li> 3 Dec: <a href="/wiki/Italian_ironclad_Terribile" title="Italian ironclad Terribile">Terribile</a></li> <li> 5 Dec: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Celeste</a></li> <li> 8 Dec: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Windsor_Castle_(1858)" title="HMS Windsor Castle (1858)">HMS Cambridge</a></li> <li>25 Dec: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hercules_(1868)" title="HMS Hercules (1868)">HMS Hercules</a></li> <li>25 Dec: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Northumberland_(1866)" title="HMS Northumberland (1866)">HMS Northumberland</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist vevent" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1871" title="List of shipwrecks in 1871">← 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1873" title="List of shipwrecks in 1873">1873 →</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_1885" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1885_shipwrecks" title="Template:1885 shipwrecks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1885_shipwrecks" title="Template talk:1885 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1885_shipwrecks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1885 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_1885" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1885" title="List of shipwrecks in 1885">Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1885</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shipwrecks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>3 Jan: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Celeste</a></li> <li>15 Jan: <a href="/wiki/PS_Admiral_Moorsom_(1860)" title="PS Admiral Moorsom (1860)">Admiral Moorsom</a></li> <li>15 Feb: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_frigate_Yuyuen" title="Chinese frigate Yuyuen">Yuyuen</a></li> <li>5 Mar: <a href="/wiki/SS_City_of_Paris_(1865)" title="SS City of Paris (1865)">Tonquin</a></li> <li>8 May: <a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Fish" title="Mary E. Fish">Mary E. Fish</a></li> <li>2 Jun: <a href="/wiki/SMS_Augusta" title="SMS Augusta">SMS Augusta</a></li> <li>10 Jun: <a href="/wiki/Russian_ironclad_Kreml" title="Russian ironclad Kreml">Kreml</a></li> <li>24 Jun: <a href="/wiki/SS_City_of_Tokio" title="SS City of Tokio">City of Tokio</a></li> <li>18 Aug: <a href="/wiki/SS_Jarvis_Lord" title="SS Jarvis Lord">Jarvis Lord</a></li> <li>September (unknown date): <a href="/wiki/Sweepstakes_(schooner)" title="Sweepstakes (schooner)">Sweepstakes</a></li> <li>25 Oct: <a href="/wiki/Russian_ship_Dmitry" title="Russian ship Dmitry">Dmitry</a></li> <li>6 Nov: <a href="/wiki/Mary_and_Catherine" title="Mary and Catherine">Mary and Catherine</a></li> <li>7 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SS_Algoma" title="SS Algoma">Algoma</a></li> <li>8 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SS_City_of_Brooklyn" title="SS City of Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>28 Jan: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Castor_(1832)" title="HMS Castor (1832)">HMS Castor</a></li> <li>24 Apr: <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Ambrose Light</a></li> <li>6 May: <a href="/wiki/Bayard_(ship)" title="Bayard (ship)">Bayard</a></li> <li>20 Sep: <a href="/wiki/RMS_Etruria" title="RMS Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li>17 Oct: <a href="/wiki/SS_Camorta" title="SS Camorta">Camorta</a>, Glenfruin</li> <li>4 Dec: <a href="/wiki/SS_Chester_(1884)" title="SS Chester (1884)">Chester</a></li> <li>16 Dec: <a href="/wiki/Red_Jacket_(clipper)" title="Red Jacket (clipper)">Red Jacket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1884" title="List of shipwrecks in 1884">1884</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1884" title="List of shipwrecks in 1884"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1886" title="List of shipwrecks in 1886"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1886" title="List of shipwrecks in 1886">1886</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33209#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" 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