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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Drug resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiological_Effects_of_rpoB_Mutations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_Effects_of_rpoB_Mutations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Physiological Effects of rpoB Mutations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_Effects_of_rpoB_Mutations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%">DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Organism</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><span class="reflink plainlinksneverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=83333&rn=1">Escherichia coli</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">rpoB</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&rn=1&list_uids=948488">948488</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3IYD">3IYD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">RefSeq (Prot)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_418414.1">NP_418414.1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0A8V2">P0A8V2</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC number</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?enzyme+2.7.7.6">2.7.7.6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chromosome</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000913.3?report=graph&from=4180640&to=4185876&strand=true&content=5">genomic: 4.18 - 4.19 Mb</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P0A8V2">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P0A8V2">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>rpoB</b></i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> encodes the β subunit of bacterial <a href="/wiki/RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a> and the homologous <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastid</a>-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP). It codes for 1342 amino acids in <i>E. coli</i>, making it the second-largest polypeptide in the bacterial cell.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is targeted by the <a href="/wiki/Rifamycin" title="Rifamycin">rifamycin</a> family of antibacterials, such as <a href="/wiki/Rifampin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifampin">rifampin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Floss2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floss2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mutations in <i>rpoB</i> that confer resistance to rifamycins do so by altering the protein's drug-binding residues, thereby reducing affinity for these antibiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feklistov_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feklistov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some bacteria contain multiple copies of the <a href="/wiki/16S_rRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="16S rRNA">16S rRNA</a> gene, which is commonly used as the molecular marker to study <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a>. In these cases, the single-copy <i>rpoB</i> gene can be used to study microbial diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An inhibitor of transcription in bacteria, <a href="/wiki/Tagetitoxin" title="Tagetitoxin">tagetitoxin</a>, also inhibits PEP, showing that the complex found in plants is very similar to the homologous enzyme in bacteria. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drug_resistance">Drug resistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RpoB&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Drug resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a bacterium without the proper mutation(s) in <i>rpoB</i> <a href="/wiki/Rifampicin" title="Rifampicin">rifampicin</a> binds to a site near the fork in the β subunit and prevents the polymerase from transcribing more than two or three base pairs of any RNA sequence and stopping production of proteins within the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacteria with mutations in the proper loci along the <i>rpoB</i> gene are resistant to this effect.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial studies were done by Jin and Gross to generate <i>rpoB</i> mutations in <i>E. coli</i> that conferred resistance to rifampicin. Three clusters of mutations were identified, cluster I at codons 507-533, cluster II at codons 563-572, and cluster III at codon 687.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of these mutations are located within an 81 base pair(bp) region in cluster I dubbed the "Rifampicin Resistance Determining Region (RRDR)".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resistance is typically associated with a mutation wherein a base in the DNA is substituted for another one and the new sequence codes for an amino acid with a large side chain that inhibits the rifampicin molecules from binding to the polymerase.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are additional mutations which can occur in the β subunit of the polymerase which are located away from the rifampicin binding site that can also result in mild resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potentially indicating that the shape of these areas may affect the formation of the rifampicin binding site.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nucleic acid probes can detect mutations in <i>rpoB</i> that confer rifampicin resistance. For <i><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</a></i>, the rifamycin-resistant mutations most commonly encountered involve codons 516, 526, and 531 (numbered, by convention, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> <i>rpoB</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mutations result in high rifampicin resistance with a relatively low loss of fitness.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i>, the rifamycin-resistant mutation most commonly encountered involves codon 526.<sup id="cite_ref-Wichelhaus1999_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wichelhaus1999-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to imparting resistance to rifampicin, certain <i>rpoB</i> mutations have been identified in 70% of <a href="/wiki/Vancomycin-intermediate_staphylococcus_aureus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancomycin-intermediate staphylococcus aureus">Vancomycin Intermediate <i>S. aureus</i></a> (VISA) strains.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiological_Effects_of_rpoB_Mutations">Physiological Effects of rpoB Mutations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RpoB&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physiological Effects of rpoB Mutations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The regions of the <i>rpoB</i> gene which are susceptible to mutations are typically well conserved, indicating they are important for life.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes it very likely that mutations within these regions have some effect on the overall fitness of the organism.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These physiological changes can include a reduced rate of growth, increased sensitivity to increases or decreases in temperature, and alterations to the properties of RNA chain elongation and transcription termination.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such changes are not universal across all bacteria, though. A mutation in codon 450 of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> leads to a minor loss of fitness, while the corresponding mutation in <i>S. aureus</i> results in bacteria barely able to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis" title="Neisseria meningitidis">Neisseria meningitidis</a> rpoB</i> mutations have been observed to increase expression of enzymes which are involved in metabolizing carbohydrates, as well as enzymes involved in the <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a> and in transcription elongation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time enzymes involved in ATP production, cell division, and lipid metabolism are all downregulated, or expressed at a lower than normal level.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>M. tuberculosis</i> mutations in the rpoB gene can significantly upregulate <a href="/wiki/Polyketide_synthase" title="Polyketide synthase">polyketide synthase</a>, potentially indicating increased production of phthiocerol dimycocerosate, a lipid produced by <i>M. tuberculosis</i> and implicated in virulence of the bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mutations also impact promoter binding, elongation, termination, and transcription-coupled repair processes in the RNA polymerase itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, <i>rpoB</i> mutations were used to study transcription mechanisms before interest shifted to their ability to impart antibiotic resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particular mutations can even result in strains of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> which grow better in the presence of rifampicin than they do when the antibiotic is not present.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In bacteria which are used to produce naturally occurring antibiotics such as <a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">erythromycin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Saccharopolyspora_erythraea" title="Saccharopolyspora erythraea">Saccharopolyspora erythraea</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Vancomycin" title="Vancomycin">vancomycin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Amycolatopsis_orientalis" title="Amycolatopsis orientalis">Amycolatopsis orientalis</a></i>) certain <i>rpoB</i> mutations can increase the production of antibiotic by bacteria with those mutations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RpoB&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2014" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein BP (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fja.2014.107">"Resistance to rifampicin: a review"</a>. <i>The Journal of Antibiotics</i>. <b>67</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">625–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fja.2014.107">10.1038/ja.2014.107</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25118103">25118103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Antibiotics&rft.atitle=Resistance+to+rifampicin%3A+a+review&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E625-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fja.2014.107&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25118103&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=BP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fja.2014.107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARpoB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Floss2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Floss2005_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlossYu2005" class="citation journal cs1">Floss HG, Yu TW (February 2005). "Rifamycin-mode of action, resistance, and biosynthesis". <i>Chemical Reviews</i>. <b>105</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">621–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr030112j">10.1021/cr030112j</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15700959">15700959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Rifamycin-mode+of+action%2C+resistance%2C+and+biosynthesis&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E621-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr030112j&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15700959&rft.aulast=Floss&rft.aufirst=HG&rft.au=Yu%2C+TW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARpoB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbellKorzhevaMustaevMurakami2001" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell EA, Korzheva N, Mustaev A, Murakami K, Nair S, Goldfarb A, Darst SA (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2801%2900286-0">"Structural mechanism for rifampicin inhibition of bacterial rna polymerase"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>104</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">901–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2801%2900286-0">10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00286-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11290327">11290327</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8229399">8229399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Structural+mechanism+for+rifampicin+inhibition+of+bacterial+rna+polymerase&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E901-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8229399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11290327&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2801%2900286-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=EA&rft.au=Korzheva%2C+N&rft.au=Mustaev%2C+A&rft.au=Murakami%2C+K&rft.au=Nair%2C+S&rft.au=Goldfarb%2C+A&rft.au=Darst%2C+SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0092-8674%252801%252900286-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARpoB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feklistov-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feklistov_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeklistovMeklerJiangWestblade2008" class="citation journal cs1">Feklistov A, Mekler V, Jiang Q, Westblade LF, Irschik H, Jansen R, Mustaev A, Darst SA, <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Ebright" title="Richard H. Ebright">Ebright RH</a> (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2567451">"Rifamycins do not function by allosteric modulation of binding of Mg2+ to the RNA polymerase active center"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>105</b> (39): <span class="nowrap">14820–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..10514820F">2008PNAS..10514820F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0802822105">10.1073/pnas.0802822105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2567451">2567451</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18787125">18787125</a>.</cite><span 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title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10543773">10543773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antimicrobial+Agents+and+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=Molecular+characterization+of+rpoB+mutations+conferring+cross-resistance+to+rifamycins+on+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2813-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC89569%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10543773&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Faac.43.11.2813&rft.aulast=Wichelhaus&rft.aufirst=TA&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4fer%2C+V&rft.au=Brade%2C+V&rft.au=B%C3%B6ddinghaus%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC89569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARpoB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> 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/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transcription" title="Template:Transcription"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transcription" title="Template talk:Transcription"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transcription" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transcription"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transcription_(Bacterial,_Eukaryotic)309" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">Transcription</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bacterial_transcription" title="Bacterial transcription">Bacterial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_transcription" title="Eukaryotic transcription">Eukaryotic</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transcriptional_regulation" title="Transcriptional regulation">Transcriptional regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">prokaryotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operon" title="Operon">Operon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lac_operon" title="Lac operon">lac operon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trp_operon" title="Trp operon">trp operon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_operon" title="Gab operon">gab operon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_Operon" title="Gua Operon">Gua Operon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-arabinose_operon" title="L-arabinose operon">ara operon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal_operon" title="Gal operon">gal operon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repressor" title="Repressor">Repressor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lac_repressor" title="Lac repressor">lac repressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_repressor" title="Tryptophan repressor">trp repressor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">eukaryotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histone-modifying_enzymes" title="Histone-modifying enzymes">Histone-modifying enzymes</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Histone" title="Histone">histone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nucleosome" title="Nucleosome">nucleosome</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histone_methylation" title="Histone methylation">Histone methylation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Histone_methyltransferase" title="Histone methyltransferase">Histone methyltransferase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EZH2" title="EZH2">EZH2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demethylase" title="Demethylase">Histone demethylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histone_acetylation_and_deacetylation" title="Histone acetylation and deacetylation">Histone acetylation and deacetylation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histone_deacetylase" title="Histone deacetylase">Histone deacetylase</a> <a href="/wiki/HDAC1" title="HDAC1">HDAC1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histone_acetyltransferase" title="Histone acetyltransferase">Histone acetyltransferase</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_methylation" title="DNA methylation">DNA methylation</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA_methyltransferase" title="DNA methyltransferase">DNA methyltransferase</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chromatin_remodeling" title="Chromatin remodeling">Chromatin remodeling</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHD7" title="CHD7">CHD7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_coregulator" title="Transcription coregulator">Transcription coregulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activator_(genetics)" title="Activator (genetics)">Activator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coactivator_(genetics)" title="Coactivator (genetics)">Coactivator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corepressor" title="Corepressor">Corepressor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inducer" title="Inducer">Inducer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)" title="Promoter (genetics)">Promoter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pribnow_box" title="Pribnow box">Pribnow box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TATA_box" title="TATA box">TATA box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_recognition_element" title="B recognition element">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAAT_box" title="CAAT box">CAAT box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Response_element" title="Response element">Response element</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhancer_(genetics)" title="Enhancer (genetics)">Enhancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-box" title="E-box">E-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Response_element" title="Response element">Response element</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulator_(genetics)" title="Insulator (genetics)">Insulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silencer (DNA)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_control_region" title="Internal control region">Internal control region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_transcription#Initiation" title="Bacterial transcription">Bacterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_transcription#Initiation" title="Eukaryotic transcription">Eukaryotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeal_transcription_factor_B" title="Archaeal transcription factor B">Archaeal transcription factor B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elongation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_transcription#Elongation" title="Bacterial transcription">bacterial</a> <a href="/wiki/RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">rpoB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_transcription#Transcription_process" title="Eukaryotic transcription">eukaryotic</a> <a href="/wiki/RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a>: <a href="/wiki/RNA_polymerase_II" title="RNA polymerase II">RNA polymerase II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Termination<br />(<a href="/wiki/Bacterial_transcription#Termination" title="Bacterial transcription">bacterial</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_transcription#Termination" title="Eukaryotic transcription">eukaryotic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminator_(genetics)" title="Terminator (genetics)">Terminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_termination" title="Intrinsic termination">Intrinsic termination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho_factor" title="Rho factor">Rho factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gene_expression217" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gene_expression" title="Template:Gene expression"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gene_expression" title="Template talk:Gene expression"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene_expression" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gene expression"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gene_expression217" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">Gene expression</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_genetics" title="Introduction to genetics">Introduction<br />to genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">Genetic code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology">Central dogma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> → <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">RNA</a> → <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology#Special_transfers_of_biological_sequential_information" title="Central dogma of molecular biology">Special transfers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase" title="RNA-dependent RNA polymerase">RNA→RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcription" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse transcription">RNA→DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Protein→Protein</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">Transcription</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_transcription" title="Bacterial transcription">Bacterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeal_transcription" title="Archaeal transcription">Archaeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_transcription" title="Eukaryotic transcription">Eukaryotic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">Key elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcription factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)" title="Promoter (genetics)">Promoter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Post-transcriptional_modification" title="Post-transcriptional modification">Post-transcription</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_transcript" title="Primary transcript">Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA / hnRNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-prime_cap" title="Five-prime cap">5' capping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_splicing" title="RNA splicing">Splicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyadenylation" title="Polyadenylation">Polyadenylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histone_acetylation_and_deacetylation" title="Histone acetylation and deacetylation">Histone acetylation and deacetylation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)">Translation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_translation" title="Bacterial translation">Bacterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeal_translation" title="Archaeal translation">Archaeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_translation" title="Eukaryotic translation">Eukaryotic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">Key elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;white-space:nowrap;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">Ribosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA">Transfer RNA (tRNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribosome-nascent_chain_complex" title="Ribosome-nascent chain complex">Ribosome-nascent chain complex (RNC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-translational_modification" title="Post-translational modification">Post-translational modification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">Regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genomic_imprinting" title="Genomic imprinting">imprinting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcriptional_regulation" title="Transcriptional regulation">Transcriptional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_regulatory_network" title="Gene regulatory network">Gene regulatory network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-regulatory_element" title="Cis-regulatory element">cis-regulatory element</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_operon" title="Lac operon">lac operon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transcriptional_regulation" title="Post-transcriptional regulation">Post-transcriptional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P-bodies" title="P-bodies">sequestration (P-bodies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_splicing" title="Alternative splicing">alternative splicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translational_regulation" title="Translational regulation">Translational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-translational_regulation" title="Post-translational regulation">Post-translational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">reversible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis">irreversible</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RpoB&oldid=1221633919">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RpoB&oldid=1221633919</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gene_expression" title="Category:Gene expression">Gene expression</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:RNA" 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