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<span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary_and_medicinal_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_and_medicinal_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culinary and medicinal uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary_and_medicinal_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Guizotia abyssinica</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%91%E1%8C%8D" title="ኑግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኑግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizotia_scabra" title="Guizotia scabra – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Guizotia scabra" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast%C5%88%C3%A1k_habe%C5%A1sk%C3%BD" title="Mastňák habešský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mastňák habešský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizotia" title="Guizotia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Guizotia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramtillkraut" title="Ramtillkraut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ramtillkraut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizotia_abyssinica" title="Guizotia abyssinica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guizotia abyssinica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abisinia_gvizotio" title="Abisinia gvizotio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abisinia gvizotio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizotia_abyssinica" title="Guizotia abyssinica – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guizotia abyssinica" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="रामतिल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रामतिल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizotia_abyssinica" title="Guizotia abyssinica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guizotia abyssinica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಗುರೆಳ್ಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುರೆಳ್ಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%87" title="कारळे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कारळे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingellikruid" title="Gingellikruid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gingellikruid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="झुसे तिल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="झुसे तिल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olejarka_abisy%C5%84ska" title="Olejarka abisyńska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Olejarka abisyńska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Гвизоция абиссинская – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гвизоция абиссинская" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abesinska_gizotija" title="Abesinska gizotija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abesinska gizotija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelti%C3%B6" title="Keltiö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keltiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerfr%C3%B6" title="Nigerfrö – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nigerfrö" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizotia_abyssinica" title="Guizotia abyssinica – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Guizotia abyssinica" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizotia_abyssinica" title="Guizotia abyssinica – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Guizotia abyssinica" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Guizotia abyssinica</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Guizotia_abyssinica_niger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Guizotia_abyssinica_niger.jpg/220px-Guizotia_abyssinica_niger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Guizotia_abyssinica_niger.jpg/330px-Guizotia_abyssinica_niger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Guizotia_abyssinica_niger.jpg/440px-Guizotia_abyssinica_niger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>Guizotia abyssinica</i> flower </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Guizotia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guizotia" title="Guizotia"><i>Guizotia</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>G. abyssinica</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Guizotia abyssinica</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus_the_younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolus Linnaeus the younger">L.f.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Henri_Gabriel_de_Cassini" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini">Cass.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><small>Synonymy</small></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Anthemis mysorensis</i> <small>herb.madr. ex DC.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Bidens ramtilla</i> <small>Wall. ex DC.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Buphthalmum ramtilla</i> <small>Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Guizotia oleifera</i> <small>(DC.) DC.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Jaegeria abyssinica</i> <small>(L.f.) Spreng.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Polymnia abyssinica</i> <small>L.f. 1782</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Ramtilla oleifera</i> <small>DC.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Tetragonotheca abyssinica</i> <small>Ledeb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Verbesina sativa</i> <small>Roxb. ex Sims</small> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Nyger" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>.</div> <p><i><b>Guizotia abyssinica</b></i> is an erect, stout, branched <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a> herb, grown for its <a href="/wiki/Edible_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible oil">edible oil</a> and seed. Its cultivation originated in the <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian highlands">Ethiopian highlands</a>, and has spread to other parts of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. Common names include <b>noog/nug</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethio-Semitic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Eritrea" title="Languages of Eritrea">Eritrean</a> ኑግ <i>nūg</i> or ኒህዩግ <i>nihyug</i>); <b>ramtil</b> or <b>ramtilla</b>; <b>niger</b> or <b>nyger seed</b> (all pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NY</span>-jər</i></a>);<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>inga seed</b>; and <b>blackseed</b>. Noug has been described as semi-domesticated, self-incompatible crop with yellow flowering heads and seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent studies have revealed the regional genetic diversity of some noug populations grown in Ethiopia based on <a href="/wiki/Random_amplified_polymorphic_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Random amplified polymorphic DNA">RAPD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amplified_fragment_length_polymorphism" title="Amplified fragment length polymorphism">AFLP</a> markers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"><span title="The material near this tag may be using jargon that limits the article's accessibility. (July 2024)">jargon</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seed">Seed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guizotia_abyssinica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Seed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Native to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, niger seeds are also grown in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niger seeds resemble <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower seeds</a> in shape, but are smaller in size and black. It bears a fairly thick, adherent seed coat and can be stored for up to a year without deterioration. Niger seed contains <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and soluble <a href="/wiki/Sugars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugars">sugars</a>. Niger seeds are used as <a href="/wiki/Bird_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird feed">bird feed</a> worldwide. Commercial niger seed is grown in Africa, India and other areas of southeast Asia, and the seed is imported around the world as a popular type of birdseed. Before it is imported, however, niger seed is sterilized by intense heat to prevent germination of any additional seeds that may be part of the mix. Treated niger seed may germinate but would typically be stunted, limiting its spread and offering less of a threat to native plants.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_Seed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Niger_Seed.jpg/220px-Niger_Seed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Niger_Seed.jpg/330px-Niger_Seed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Niger_Seed.jpg/440px-Niger_Seed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Niger seed</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Basic nutritional components of niger seeds</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Component</th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>Oil</td> <td>30%–40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Proteins</td> <td>10%–25% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Soluble sugars</td> <td>12%–18% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Crude fiber</td> <td>10%–20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moisture</td> <td>10%–11% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guizotia_abyssinica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Requiring moderate rainfall between 1,000 to 1,250 millimetres (39 to 49 in) annually, niger seed needs moist soil to grow properly. Niger should be grown in light black soils or brownish loam with sufficient depth but it also can be grown on well drained heavy soils or rocky <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterite</a> soils. It can grow in semi-shade or full sun. The yield of seeds will average 300–400 kilograms per hectare (270–360 lb/acre) under favorable conditions but can produce up to 600 kilograms per hectare (540 lb/acre). It gives a dependable yield even under unfavorable climatic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-SEA_2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEA_2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seed, technically a fruit called an <a href="/wiki/Achene" title="Achene">achene</a>, is often sold as birdseed as it is a favourite of finches, especially the <a href="/wiki/Carduelis" title="Carduelis">goldfinch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greenfinch" title="Greenfinch">greenfinch</a> (<i>Chloris</i>). In the birdseed market, niger is often sold or referred to as thistle seed. This is a misnomer resulting from early marketing of the seed as "thistle" to take advantage of the finches' preference for thistle.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wild Bird Feeding Industry (WBFI) has trademarked the name Nyjer "... to eliminate product confusion and the offensive mispronunciation of Niger as well as to promote a positive image for the use of 'Guizotia abyssinica' as a wild bird feed."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guizotiaabyssinica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Guizotiaabyssinica.jpg/250px-Guizotiaabyssinica.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Guizotiaabyssinica.jpg/375px-Guizotiaabyssinica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Guizotiaabyssinica.jpg/500px-Guizotiaabyssinica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Niger seed</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1982, the USDA ordered that imported niger seed must be heat sterilized to kill the contaminant <a href="/wiki/Dodder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodder">dodder</a> seed. This treatment, however, was insufficient to kill seeds of other Federal noxious weeds, including <i><a href="/wiki/Asphodelus_fistulosus" title="Asphodelus fistulosus">Asphodelus fistulosus</a></i> (onion weed), <i><a href="/wiki/Digitaria" title="Digitaria">Digitaria</a></i> spp. (includes African couchgrass), <i><a href="/wiki/Oryza" title="Oryza">Oryza</a></i> spp. (red rice), <i><a href="/wiki/Paspalum_scrobiculatum" title="Paspalum scrobiculatum">Paspalum scrobiculatum</a></i> (kodo millet), <i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis" title="Prosopis">Prosopis</a></i> spp. (includes mesquites), <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_viarum" title="Solanum viarum">Solanum viarum</a></i> (tropical soda apple), <i><a href="/wiki/Striga_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Striga (plant)">Striga</a></i> spp. (witchweed), and <i><a href="/wiki/Urochloa_panicoides" title="Urochloa panicoides">Urochloa panicoides</a></i> (liver-seed grass). In 2001 a new treatment required that imported niger seed must be heat treated at 120 °C (248 °F) for 15 minutes. </p><p>In 2002, the 'EarlyBird' variety of <i>Guizotia abyssinica</i> with a crop maturity of 65 days was developed and adapted to grow in the United States. The 'EarlyBird' variety of <i>Guizotia abyssinica</i> is protected by U.S.D.A. Plant Variety Protection Certificate Number <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131119222959/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/pvp4.pl?Thistle%209900412%20200500140">9900412</a>. A second variety of <i>Guizotia abyssinica</i> submitted to the U.S.D.A. for Plant Variety Protection (Application Number <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131119222959/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/pvp4.pl?Thistle%209900412%20200500140">200500140</a>) called 'Earlybird 50' has a crop maturity of 50 days and is a shorter, more dense plant with a higher yield and is less susceptible to lodging than the 'EarlyBird' variety. Both varieties have short enough maturities to make production feasible in many U.S. growing regions. <i>Guizotia abyssinica</i> is not a Federal noxious weed and is now in commercial agricultural production in the United States often grown as a first or second crop before or after <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">soybeans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">cucurbits</a>. Niger is self-sterile and requires bees for cross pollination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oil">Oil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guizotia_abyssinica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ramtil_oil" title="Ramtil oil">Ramtil oil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beautiful_Eastern_Ghats_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Beautiful_Eastern_Ghats_04.jpg/220px-Beautiful_Eastern_Ghats_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Beautiful_Eastern_Ghats_04.jpg/330px-Beautiful_Eastern_Ghats_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Beautiful_Eastern_Ghats_04.jpg/440px-Beautiful_Eastern_Ghats_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4501" data-file-height="2981" /></a><figcaption>A field soon to be harvested for oil production in <a href="/wiki/Araku_Valley" title="Araku Valley">Araku Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Niger seed yields about 30–35% of its weight in oil which is clear, slow-drying, and edible. Niger seed oil is a <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated">polyunsaturated</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-drying_oil" title="Semi-drying oil">semi-drying oil</a>. It has a pale yellow or orange color with a nutty taste and sweet odor. The raw oil has a low acidity and can be used directly for cooking. Normally, it has a poor shelf life and will become rancid when stored for a long period. Its fatty acid composition is similar to <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">sunflower oil</a> and has high content of <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a>. It is used as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> and can be mixed with <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>. The presence of linoleic acid varies from 45.0 to 65.0% depending on harvested soil conditions and seed variety. The physical character of oil and its fatty acid composition is furnished in the following tables.<sup id="cite_ref-purdue_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdue-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Physical characteristics of oil</b><sup id="cite_ref-cftri_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cftri-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Characteristic</th> <th>Range </th></tr> <tr> <td>Refractive index 40<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C</td> <td>1.4655–1.4673 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saponification value</td> <td>187–195 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iodine value</td> <td>112–129.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unsaponifiable matter</td> <td>0.5–1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moisture</td> <td>0.5–0.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bellier turbidity temperature</td> <td>24.5–27.8<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Free fatty acid">Free fatty acid</a></td> <td>0.2–2.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fatty acid composition of niger seed oil</b><sup id="cite_ref-cftri_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cftri-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Fatty acid</th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Myristic_acid" title="Myristic acid">Myristic acid</a> (C14:0)</td> <td>1.7%–3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">Palmitic acid</a> (C16:0)</td> <td>5.8%–13.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">Stearic acid</a> (C18:0)</td> <td>5.0%–7.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">Oleic acid</a> (C18:1)</td> <td>13.4%–39.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">Linoleic acid</a> (C18:2)</td> <td>45.5%–65.8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary_and_medicinal_uses">Culinary and medicinal uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guizotia_abyssinica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culinary and medicinal uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Niger seeds are used for human consumption in the southern parts of India. In <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, niger seeds (called <i>valisalu</i>/<i>valasulu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <i>uchellu</i>/<i>gurellu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, and <i>karale</i> in <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>) are used to make a dry <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutney</a>, which is used as an accompaniment with breads such as <a href="/wiki/Chapati" title="Chapati">chapati</a>. They are also used as a spice in some <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curries</a>. In Ethiopia, an infusion made from roasted and ground niger seeds, sugar and water is used in treating common colds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guizotia_abyssinica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A paste or gruel made from slightly roasted and ground niger seed, mixed with roasted and ground <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flaxseeds</a> (Amharic: <i>telbah</i>) and hot water, is traditionally used in Ethiopia in treating leather. </p><p>The seed's oil is widely used for industrial purposes such as <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> making, <a href="/wiki/Paints" class="mw-redirect" title="Paints">paints</a> preparations and preparation of different types of emulsions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seed is used as <a href="/wiki/Bird_food" title="Bird food">bird food</a>. As the seeds are so small, specialized <a href="/wiki/Bird_feeder#Seed_feeders" title="Bird feeder">bird feeders</a> are manufactured for niger seed. In the United Kingdom the seeds attract <a href="/wiki/Finch" title="Finch">finches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siskin" title="Siskin">siskins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niger oil cake, which consists of the residues obtained after processing of the seeds to make oil, is rich in protein and is used to feed livestock, particularly in Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guizotia_abyssinica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-51338">The Plant List, <i>Guizotia abyssinica</i> (L.f.) Cass. </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMid-michigan2016" class="citation web cs1">Mid-michigan, Wild Birds Unlimited (10 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lansingwbu.blogspot.com/2016/10/how-to-pronounce-nyjer.html">"How to pronounce Nyjer®"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+pronounce+Nyjer%C2%AE&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft.aulast=Mid-michigan&rft.aufirst=Wild+Birds+Unlimited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flansingwbu.blogspot.com%2F2016%2F10%2Fhow-to-pronounce-nyjer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuizotia+abyssinica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2011/11/30/winegar">"When did Niger become Nyjer?"</a>. <i>www.mprnews.org</i>. 30 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mprnews.org&rft.atitle=When+did+Niger+become+Nyjer%3F&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2011%2F11%2F30%2Fwinegar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuizotia+abyssinica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempewolfKaneOstevikGeleta2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dempewolf, Hannes; Kane, Nolan C.; Ostevik, Katherine L.; Geleta, Mulatu; Barker, Michael S.; Lai, Zhao; Stewart, Megan L.; Bekele, Endashaw; Engels, Johannes M. 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Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.feedipedia.org/node/41">https://www.feedipedia.org/node/41</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guizotia_abyssinica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/40px-Ge%27ez.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/60px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/80px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="102" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ethiopic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Ethiopic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Ethiopic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Ethiopic characters.</div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDresslerSchmidtZizka2014" class="citation book cs1">Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanplants.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?submitForm=true&page_id=77&searchTextMenue=Guizotia+scabra&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=6&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=1&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=2&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=3&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=5">"<i>Guizotia scabra</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanplants.senckenberg.de"><i>African plants – a Photo Guide</i></a>. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EGuizotia+scabra%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.btitle=African+plants+%E2%80%93+a+Photo+Guide&rft.place=Frankfurt%2FMain&rft.pub=Forschungsinstitut+Senckenberg&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Dressler&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+M.&rft.au=Zizka%2C+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanplants.senckenberg.de%2Froot%2Findex.php%3FsubmitForm%3Dtrue%26page_id%3D77%26searchTextMenue%3DGuizotia%2Bscabra%26filterRegionIDs%26%2391%3B%26%2393%3B%3D6%26filterRegionIDs%26%2391%3B%26%2393%3B%3D1%26filterRegionIDs%26%2391%3B%26%2393%3B%3D2%26filterRegionIDs%26%2391%3B%26%2393%3B%3D3%26filterRegionIDs%26%2391%3B%26%2393%3B%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuizotia+abyssinica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Guizotia_abyssinica.html">James A. Duke. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops (unpublished)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Guizotia.html">" Multilingual taxonomic information"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=+Multilingual+taxonomic+information&rft.pub=University+of+Melbourne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au%2FSorting%2FGuizotia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuizotia+abyssinica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-174.html">Nigerseed: Specialty Grain Opportunity for Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Guizotia+abyssinica&CAN=COMIND">Plants for a Future database</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeegeler1983" class="citation book cs1">Seegeler, C.J.P. 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers8433" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers8433" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Guizotia abyssinica</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1818500" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1818500">Q1818500</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Guizotia_abyssinica" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Guizotia abyssinica">Guizotia abyssinica</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=772">772</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/96521">96521</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/56433">56433</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APSA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://apsa.anu.edu.au/sample/286-304-1">286-304-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id41547">41547</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=3975">3975</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3HLGN">3HLGN</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=6567">6567</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/467296">467296</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/GUIAB">GUIAB</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/157463">157463</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220005889">220005889</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Guizotia%20abyssinica">Guizotia abyssinica</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220005889">220005889</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FoIO: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/GUIABY">GUIABY</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3088634">3088634</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=18068">18068</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/163437">163437</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/210735-1">210735-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10886577">10886577</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=37477">37477</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=341">341</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.148135/">2.148135</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000459160">NHMSYS0000459160</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4230">4230</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/fd362944-7555-44a9-b72a-990cf804f4e2">fd362944-7555-44a9-b72a-990cf804f4e2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=4659">4659</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=515721">515721</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guizotia+abyssinica">Guizotia abyssinica</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=5555">5555</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-51338">gcc-51338</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/GUAB">GUAB</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A210735-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:210735-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute" title="South African National Biodiversity Institute">SANBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=3057-1">3057-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/2700812">2700812</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/3183">3183</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=13062">13062</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000095153">wfo-0000095153</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1095019">1095019</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Polymnia abyssinica</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38736656" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q38736656">Q38736656</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/181375">181375</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4LBGZ">4LBGZ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5385718">5385718</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=29289">29289</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/239176-1">239176-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A239176-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:239176-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/2727482">2727482</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000048834">wfo-0000048834</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1170538">1170538</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox415" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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