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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early proposals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Initial success</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Network expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Routing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Routing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Routing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Routing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Track" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Track"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Track</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Track-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Signal system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Electrical systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Traction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lines_under_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lines_under_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lines under construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lines_under_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Planned lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancelled_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancelled_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cancelled lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancelled_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Proposed lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tōkaidō,_San'yō_and_Kyushu_Shinkansen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tōkaidō,_San'yō_and_Kyushu_Shinkansen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tōkaidō, San'yō and Kyushu Shinkansen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tōkaidō,_San'yō_and_Kyushu_Shinkansen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tōhoku,_Hokkaido,_Yamagata_and_Akita_Shinkansen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tōhoku,_Hokkaido,_Yamagata_and_Akita_Shinkansen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tōhoku, Hokkaido, Yamagata and Akita Shinkansen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tōhoku,_Hokkaido,_Yamagata_and_Akita_Shinkansen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jōetsu_Shinkansen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jōetsu_Shinkansen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Jōetsu Shinkansen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jōetsu_Shinkansen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hokuriku_Shinkansen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hokuriku_Shinkansen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Hokuriku Shinkansen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hokuriku_Shinkansen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Train_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Train types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Train_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Train types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Train_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Passenger_trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passenger_trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Passenger trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passenger_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tōkaidō_and_San'yō_Shinkansen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tōkaidō_and_San'yō_Shinkansen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Tōkaidō and San'yō Shinkansen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tōkaidō_and_San'yō_Shinkansen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kyushu_and_Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyushu_and_Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Kyushu and Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyushu_and_Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tohoku,_Hokkaido,_Joetsu,_and_Hokuriku_Shinkansen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tohoku,_Hokkaido,_Joetsu,_and_Hokuriku_Shinkansen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Tohoku, Hokkaido, Joetsu, and Hokuriku Shinkansen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tohoku,_Hokkaido,_Joetsu,_and_Hokuriku_Shinkansen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yamagata_and_Akita_Shinkansen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yamagata_and_Akita_Shinkansen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Yamagata and Akita Shinkansen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yamagata_and_Akita_Shinkansen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Experimental trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maglev_trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maglev_trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Maglev trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maglev_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Maintenance vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Speed records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Speed_records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Speed records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Speed_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Traditional rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maglev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maglev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Maglev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maglev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reliability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reliability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reliability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punctuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Punctuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Safety record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noise_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Noise pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earthquake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthquake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Earthquake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy_snow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_snow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Heavy snow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_snow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ridership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ridership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ridership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ridership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ridership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ridership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Annual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cumulative_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cumulative_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Cumulative comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cumulative_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Future</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Future-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Future subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speed_increases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_increases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Speed increases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed_increases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tōhoku_Shinkansen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tōhoku_Shinkansen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.1</span> <span>Tōhoku Shinkansen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tōhoku_Shinkansen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hokkaido_Shinkansen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hokkaido_Shinkansen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.2</span> <span>Hokkaido Shinkansen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hokkaido_Shinkansen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hokuriku_extension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hokuriku_extension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Hokuriku extension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hokuriku_extension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abandoned_interim_Gauge_Change_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abandoned_interim_Gauge_Change_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2.1</span> <span>Abandoned interim Gauge Change plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abandoned_interim_Gauge_Change_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tohoku_extension/Hokkaido_Shinkansen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tohoku_extension/Hokkaido_Shinkansen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Tohoku extension/Hokkaido Shinkansen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tohoku_extension/Hokkaido_Shinkansen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maglev_(Chūō_Shinkansen)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maglev_(Chūō_Shinkansen)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Maglev (<i>Chūō Shinkansen</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maglev_(Chūō_Shinkansen)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mini-Shinkansen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mini-Shinkansen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>Mini-Shinkansen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mini-Shinkansen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proposed_Ou_Base_Tunnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_Ou_Base_Tunnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6.1</span> <span>Proposed Ou Base Tunnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_Ou_Base_Tunnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gauge_Change_Train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gauge_Change_Train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7</span> <span>Gauge Change Train</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gauge_Change_Train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_with_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_with_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Competition with air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_with_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Outside Japan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_Japan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outside Japan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Existing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Existing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1.1</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_negotiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_negotiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Under negotiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_negotiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_subject_to_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_subject_to_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Proposed subject to funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_subject_to_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3.1</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_opportunities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_opportunities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Potential opportunities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_opportunities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4.2</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_and_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_and_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4.3</span> <span>United States and Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_and_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4.4</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4.5</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shinkansen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="شينكانسن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شينكانسن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="শিনকানছেন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শিনকানছেন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Einkansen" title="Şinkansen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şinkansen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="শিনকানসেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিনকানসেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkansen" title="Sinkansen – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sinkansen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Шинкансен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шинкансен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0inkansen" title="Šinkansen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šinkansen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%BD" title="Σινκανσέν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σινκανσέν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cinkanseno" title="Ŝinkanseno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝinkanseno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="شینکانسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شینکانسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%B9%B8%EC%84%BC" title="신칸센 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신칸센" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="शिनकानसेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शिनकानसेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%9F" title="שינקנסן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שינקנסן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სინკანსენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინკანსენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0inkansen" title="Šinkansen – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šinkansen" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkanszen" title="Sinkanszen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sinkanszen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Шинкансен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шинкансен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="ഷിങ്കാൻസൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷിങ്കാൻസൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="शिनकान्सेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिनकान्सेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Шинкансэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шинкансэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ရှင်ခန်ဆန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှင်ခန်ဆန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="शिन्कान्सेन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शिन्कान्सेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A" title="新幹線 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新幹線" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="شنکانسین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شنکانسین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Синкансэн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синкансэн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0inkansen" title="Šinkansen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šinkansen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0inkansen" title="Šinkansen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šinkansen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Шинкансен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шинкансен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சின்கான்சென் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சின்கான்சென்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="ชิงกันเซ็ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชิงกันเซ็ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Einkansen" title="Şinkansen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şinkansen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Сінкансен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сінкансен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A" title="新幹線 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="新幹線" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Shinkansen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="新干线 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新干线" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="שינקאנסען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שינקאנסען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A" title="新幹線 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="新幹線" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A" title="新幹線 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新幹線" data-language-autonym="中文" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese high-speed rail system</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_East_Shinkansen_lineup_at_Niigata_Depot_201210.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/JR_East_Shinkansen_lineup_at_Niigata_Depot_201210.jpg/300px-JR_East_Shinkansen_lineup_at_Niigata_Depot_201210.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/JR_East_Shinkansen_lineup_at_Niigata_Depot_201210.jpg/450px-JR_East_Shinkansen_lineup_at_Niigata_Depot_201210.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/JR_East_Shinkansen_lineup_at_Niigata_Depot_201210.jpg/600px-JR_East_Shinkansen_lineup_at_Niigata_Depot_201210.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption>A lineup of <a href="/wiki/JR_East" class="mw-redirect" title="JR East">JR East</a> Shinkansen trains in October 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinkansen0-n700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Shinkansen0-n700.jpg/300px-Shinkansen0-n700.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Shinkansen0-n700.jpg/450px-Shinkansen0-n700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Shinkansen0-n700.jpg/600px-Shinkansen0-n700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2261" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>A lineup of <a href="/wiki/JR_West" class="mw-redirect" title="JR West">JR West</a> Shinkansen trains in October 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinkansen_map_202405_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shinkansen_map_202405_en.png/299px-Shinkansen_map_202405_en.png" decoding="async" width="299" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shinkansen_map_202405_en.png/449px-Shinkansen_map_202405_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shinkansen_map_202405_en.png/599px-Shinkansen_map_202405_en.png 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Map of Shinkansen lines (as of May 2024, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Hakata-Minami_Line" title="Hakata-Minami Line">Hakata-Minami Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gala-Yuzawa_Line" title="Gala-Yuzawa Line">Gala-Yuzawa Line</a> extension). The section of the Nishi-Kyushu Shinkansen west of Takeo-onsen utilizes a <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_interchange" title="Cross-platform interchange">cross-platform interchange</a> with conventional express trains due to the suspension of the <a href="/wiki/Gauge_change_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge change train">GCT</a> development.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Shinkansen</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:新幹線">新幹線</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɕiŋkaꜜɰ̃seɴ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/48\/TomJ-Shinkansen.ogg\/TomJ-Shinkansen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"TomJ-Shinkansen.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/TomJ-Shinkansen.ogg/TomJ-Shinkansen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:TomJ-Shinkansen.ogg" title="File:TomJ-Shinkansen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">new trunk line</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span>, colloquially known in English as the <b>bullet train</b>, is a network of <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed railway</a> lines in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. It was initially built to connect distant Japanese regions with <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, the capital, to aid economic growth and development. Beyond long-distance travel, some sections around the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Japan" title="List of metropolitan areas in Japan">largest metropolitan areas</a> are used as a commuter rail network.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is owned by the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Railway_Construction,_Transport_and_Technology_Agency" title="Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency">Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency</a> and operated by five <a href="/wiki/Japan_Railways_Group" title="Japan Railways Group">Japan Railways Group</a> companies. </p><p>Starting with the <a href="/wiki/Tokaido_Shinkansen" title="Tokaido Shinkansen">Tokaido Shinkansen</a> (515.4 km; 320.3 mi) in 1964,<sup id="cite_ref-Safety_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safety-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the network has expanded to consist of 2,951.3 km (1,833.9 mi) of lines with maximum speeds of 260–320 km/h (160–200 mph), 283.5 km (176.2 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Mini-shinkansen" title="Mini-shinkansen">Mini-shinkansen</a> lines with a maximum speed of 130 km/h (80 mph), and 10.3 km (6.4 mi) of spur lines with Shinkansen services.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The network links most major cities on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>, and connects to <a href="/wiki/Hakodate" title="Hakodate">Hakodate</a> on the northern island of <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>. An extension to <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a> is under construction and scheduled to open in March 2031.<sup id="cite_ref-railjournal20160216_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railjournal20160216-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maximum operating speed is 320 km/h (200 mph) (on a 387.5 km (241 mi) section of the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_Shinkansen" title="Tōhoku Shinkansen">Tōhoku Shinkansen</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Test runs have reached 443 km/h (275 mph) for conventional rail in 1996, and up to a <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record_for_rail_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Land speed record for rail vehicles">world record</a> 603 km/h (375 mph) for <a href="/wiki/SCMaglev" title="SCMaglev">SCMaglev</a> trains in April 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian20150421_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian20150421-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original Tokaido Shinkansen, connecting <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, three of Japan's largest cities, is one of the world's busiest high-speed rail lines. In the one-year period preceding March 2017, it carried 159 million passengers,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and since its opening more than six decades ago, it has transported more than 6.4 billion total passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-Safety_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safety-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At peak times, the line carries up to 16 trains per hour in each direction with 16 cars each (1,323-seat capacity and occasionally additional standing passengers) with a minimum headway of three minutes between trains.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shinkansen network of Japan had the highest annual passenger ridership (a maximum of 386 million in 2007) of any <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> network until 2011, when the <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">Chinese high-speed railway</a> network surpassed it at 370 million passengers annually, reaching over 2.9 billion annual passengers in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Shinkansen</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">新幹線</span></span>)</span> in Japanese means 'new trunk line' or 'new main line', but this word is used to describe both the railway lines the trains run on and the trains themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English, the trains are also known as the bullet train. The term <i>bullet train</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">弾丸列車</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">dangan ressha</i></span>)</span> originates from 1939, and was the initial name given to the Shinkansen project in its earliest planning stages.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the name <i>super express</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">超特急</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chō-tokkyū</i></span>)</span>, used exclusively until 1972 for <em><a href="/wiki/Hikari_(train)" title="Hikari (train)">Hikari</a></em> trains on the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkaidō Shinkansen">Tōkaidō Shinkansen</a>, is used today in English-language announcements and signage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JNR_SystemMap_19641001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/JNR_SystemMap_19641001.png/220px-JNR_SystemMap_19641001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/JNR_SystemMap_19641001.png/330px-JNR_SystemMap_19641001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/JNR_SystemMap_19641001.png/440px-JNR_SystemMap_19641001.png 2x" data-file-width="4494" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>A JNR map from the October 1964 English-language timetable, showing the then-new Tokaido Shinkansen line (in red) and conventional lines</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_fuji.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/0_fuji.JPG/220px-0_fuji.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/0_fuji.JPG/330px-0_fuji.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/0_fuji.JPG/440px-0_fuji.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2705" data-file-height="1841" /></a><figcaption>A 0 series set in front of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Japan was the first country to build dedicated railway lines for high-speed travel. Because of the mountainous terrain, the existing network consisted of <a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span>) <a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">narrow-gauge</a> lines, which generally took indirect routes and could not be adapted to higher speeds due to technical limitations of narrow-gauge rail. For example, if a standard-gauge rail has a curve with a maximum speed of 145 km/h (90 mph), the same curve on narrow-gauge rail will have a maximum allowable speed of 130 km/h (81 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Japan had a greater need for new high-speed lines than countries where the existing <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge railway">standard gauge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge railway">broad gauge</a> rail system had more upgrade potential. </p><p>Among the key people credited with the construction of the first Shinkansen are <a href="/wiki/Hideo_Shima" title="Hideo Shima">Hideo Shima</a>, the Chief Engineer, and <a href="/wiki/Shinji_Sog%C5%8D" title="Shinji Sogō">Shinji Sogō</a>, the first President of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways" title="Japanese National Railways">Japanese National Railways</a> (JNR) who managed to persuade politicians to back the plan. Other significant people responsible for its technical development were Tadanao Miki, Tadashi Matsudaira, and Hajime Kawanabe based at the <a href="/wiki/Railway_Technical_Research_Institute" title="Railway Technical Research Institute">Railway Technical Research Institute</a> (RTRI), part of JNR. They were responsible for much of the technical development of the first line, the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkaidō Shinkansen">Tōkaidō Shinkansen</a>. All three had worked on aircraft design during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hood_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hood-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_proposals">Early proposals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Railroad" title="Greater East Asia Railroad">Greater East Asia Railroad</a></div> <p>The popular English name <i>bullet train</i> is a literal translation of the Japanese term <i>dangan ressha</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">弾丸列車</span></span>)</span>, a nickname given to the project while it was initially discussed in the 1930s. The name stuck because of the original <a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">0 Series Shinkansen</a>'s resemblance to a bullet and its high speed. </p><p>The <i>Shinkansen</i> name was first formally used in 1940 for a proposed standard gauge passenger and freight line between Tokyo and <a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki" title="Shimonoseki">Shimonoseki</a> that would have used steam and electric locomotives with a top speed of 200 km/h (120 mph). Over the next three years, the Ministry of Railways drew up more ambitious plans to extend the line to Beijing (through a <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Undersea_Tunnel" title="Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel">tunnel to Korea</a>) and even <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, and build connections to the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> and other trunk lines in Asia. These plans were abandoned in 1943 as Japan's position in World War II worsened. However, some construction did commence on the line; several tunnels on the present-day Shinkansen date to the war-era project.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the end of World War II, high-speed rail was forgotten for several years while traffic of passengers and freight steadily increased on the conventional <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Main_Line" title="Tōkaidō Main Line">Tōkaidō Main Line</a> along with the reconstruction of Japanese industry and economy. By the mid-1950s the Tōkaidō Line was operating at full capacity, and the Ministry of Railways decided to revisit the Shinkansen project. In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Odakyu_Electric_Railway" title="Odakyu Electric Railway">Odakyu Electric Railway</a> introduced its <a href="/wiki/Odakyu_3000_series_SE" title="Odakyu 3000 series SE">3000 series SE</a> <a href="/wiki/Romancecar" title="Romancecar">Romancecar</a> train, setting a world speed record of 145 km/h (90 mph) for a narrow gauge train when JNR leased a trainset in order to perform high-speed tests.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This train gave designers the confidence that they could safely build an even faster standard gauge train. Thus the first Shinkansen, the 0 series, was built on the success of the Romancecar.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, the Japanese national attitude was that as was happening in the United States, railways would soon be outdated and replaced by air travel and highways.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Shinji_Sog%C5%8D" title="Shinji Sogō">Shinji Sogō</a>, President of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways" title="Japanese National Railways">Japanese National Railways</a>, insisted strongly on the possibility of <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a>, and the Shinkansen project was implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-JRTR_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRTR-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Government approval came in December 1958, and construction of the first segment of the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkaidō Shinkansen">Tōkaidō Shinkansen</a> between Tokyo and <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> started in April 1959. The cost of constructing the Shinkansen was at first estimated at nearly 200 billion yen,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was raised in the form of a government loan, railway bonds and a low-interest loan of US$80 million from the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. Initial estimates, however, were understated and the actual cost was about 380 billion yen.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the budget shortfall became clear in 1963, Sogo resigned to take responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A test facility for rolling stock, called the Kamonomiya Model Section, opened in <a href="/wiki/Odawara,_Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odawara, Kanagawa">Odawara</a> in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_success">Initial success</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Initial success"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JNR_19641001_Table1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/JNR_19641001_Table1.png/220px-JNR_19641001_Table1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/JNR_19641001_Table1.png/330px-JNR_19641001_Table1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/JNR_19641001_Table1.png/440px-JNR_19641001_Table1.png 2x" data-file-width="2335" data-file-height="2683" /></a><figcaption>1964 JNR Passenger Timetable, Table 1, showing shinkansen service on the New Tokaido Line</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tōkaidō Shinkansen began service on 1 October 1964, in time for the <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">first Tokyo Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conventional Limited Express service took six hours and 40 minutes from Tokyo to Osaka, but the Shinkansen made the trip in just four hours, shortened to three hours and ten minutes by 1965. It enabled day trips between Tokyo and Osaka, the two largest metropolises in Japan, significantly changed the style of business and life of the Japanese people, and increased new traffic demand. The service was an immediate success, reaching the 100 million passenger mark in less than three years on 13 July 1967, and one billion passengers in 1976. Sixteen-car trains were introduced for <a href="/wiki/Expo_%2770" title="Expo '70">Expo '70</a> in Osaka. With an average of 23,000 passengers per hour in each direction in 1992, the Tōkaidō Shinkansen was the world's busiest high-speed rail line.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014, the train's 50th anniversary, daily passenger traffic rose to 391,000 which, spread over its 18-hour schedule, represented an average of just under 22,000 passengers per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Shinkansen trains, the <a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">0 series</a>, ran at speeds of up to 210 km/h (130 mph), later increased to 220 km/h (137 mph). The last of these trains, with their classic bullet-nosed appearance, were retired on 30 November 2008. A driving car from one of the 0 series trains was donated by JR West to the <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Museum" title="National Railway Museum">National Railway Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-railwaygazette20010801_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railwaygazette20010801-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network_expansion">Network expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Network expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tōkaidō Shinkansen's rapid success prompted an extension westward to <a href="/wiki/Okayama" title="Okayama">Okayama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka,_Fukuoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukuoka, Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a> (the <a href="/wiki/San%27y%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="San'yō Shinkansen">San'yō Shinkansen</a>), which was completed in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kakuei_Tanaka" title="Kakuei Tanaka">Kakuei Tanaka</a> was an ardent supporter of the Shinkansen, and his government proposed an extensive network paralleling most existing trunk lines. Two new lines, the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_Shinkansen" title="Tōhoku Shinkansen">Tōhoku Shinkansen</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Detsu_Shinkansen" title="Jōetsu Shinkansen">Jōetsu Shinkansen</a>, were built following this plan. Many other planned lines were delayed or scrapped entirely as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways" title="Japanese National Railways">JNR</a> slid into debt throughout the late 1970s, largely because of the high cost of building the Shinkansen network. By the early 1980s, the company was practically insolvent, leading to its privatization in 1987. </p><p>Development of the Shinkansen by the privatised regional JR companies has continued, with new train models developed, each generally with its own distinctive appearance (such as the <a href="/wiki/500_Series_Shinkansen" title="500 Series Shinkansen">500 series</a> introduced by <a href="/wiki/JR_West" class="mw-redirect" title="JR West">JR West</a>). Since 2014, Shinkansen trains run regularly at speeds up to 320 km/h (200 mph) on the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_Shinkansen" title="Tōhoku Shinkansen">Tōhoku Shinkansen</a>; only the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_maglev_train" title="Shanghai maglev train">Shanghai maglev train</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed" title="China Railway High-speed">China Railway High-speed</a> networks, and the Indonesian <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">Jakarta-Bandung High-speed</a> railway have commercial services that operate faster.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Extensions in Kyushu and Hokuriku Shinkansen also need to be mentioned. (January 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since 1970, development has also been underway for the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chūō Shinkansen</a>, a planned <a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">maglev</a> line from Tokyo to Osaka. On 21 April 2015, a seven-car <a href="/wiki/L0_series" class="mw-redirect" title="L0 series">L0 series</a> maglev trainset set a <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record_for_railed_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Land speed record for railed vehicles">world speed record</a> of 603 km/h (375 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-guardian20150421_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian20150421-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To enable high-speed operation, Shinkansen uses a range of advanced technology compared with conventional rail, achieving not only high speed but also a high standard of safety and comfort. Its success has influenced other railways in the world, demonstrating the importance and advantages of <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Routing">Routing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Routing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shinkansen routes never intersect with slower, narrow-gauge conventional lines (except <a href="/wiki/Mini-shinkansen" title="Mini-shinkansen">mini-shinkansen</a>, which runs along these older lines). Consequently, the shinkansen is not affected by slower local or freight trains (except for <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_Shinkansen" title="Hokkaido Shinkansen">Hokkaido Shinkansen</a> while traveling through the <a href="/wiki/Seikan_Tunnel" title="Seikan Tunnel">Seikan Tunnel</a>), and has the capacity to operate many high-speed trains punctually. In addition, shinkansen routes (excluding mini-shinkansen) are completely <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade separated</a> from roads and highways, meaning <a href="/wiki/Railway_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway crossing">railway crossings</a> are almost eliminated. Tracks are strictly off-limits with penalties against trespassing strictly regulated by law. The routes use tunnels and <a href="/wiki/Viaduct" title="Viaduct">viaducts</a> to go through and over obstacles rather than around them, with a minimum curve radius of 4,000 m (13,123 ft) (2,500 m (8,202 ft) on the oldest Tōkaidō Shinkansen).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Track">Track</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Track"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyohashi_Station_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Toyohashi_Station_001.JPG/220px-Toyohashi_Station_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Toyohashi_Station_001.JPG/330px-Toyohashi_Station_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Toyohashi_Station_001.JPG/440px-Toyohashi_Station_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Shinkansen <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> track, with welded rails to reduce vibration</figcaption></figure> <p>The Shinkansen uses <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span>) narrow gauge of most other lines in Japan. <a href="/wiki/Continuous_welded_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous welded rail">Continuous welded rail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swingnose_crossing" title="Swingnose crossing">swingnose crossing</a> points are employed, eliminating gaps at turnouts and crossings. Long rails are used, joined by expansion joints to minimize gauge fluctuation due to thermal elongation and shrinkage. </p><p>A combination of <a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">ballasted</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slab_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Slab track">slab track</a> is used, with slab track exclusively employed on concrete bed sections such as viaducts and tunnels. Slab track is significantly more cost-effective in tunnel sections, since the lower track height reduces the cross-sectional area of the tunnel, reducing construction costs up to 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the smaller diameter of Shinkansen tunnels, compared to some other high-speed lines, has resulted in the issue of <a href="/wiki/Piston_effect#Tunnel_boom" title="Piston effect">tunnel boom</a> becoming a concern for residents living close to tunnel portals. </p><p>The slab track consists of rails, fasteners and track slabs with a cement asphalt mortar. On the roadbed and in tunnels, circular upstands, measuring 400–520 mm (16–20 inches) in diameter and 200 mm (7.9 inches) high, are located at 5-metre intervals. The prefabricated upstands are made of either <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> or pre-stressed reinforced concrete; they prevent the track slab from moving latitudinally or longitudinally. One track slab weighs approximately 5 tons and is 2,220–2,340 mm (87–92 inches) wide, 4,900–4,950 mm (193–195 inches) long and 160–200 mm (6.3–7.9 inches) thick.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signal_system">Signal system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Signal system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATC_TEC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ATC_TEC.png/220px-ATC_TEC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ATC_TEC.png/330px-ATC_TEC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ATC_TEC.png/440px-ATC_TEC.png 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Braking curve for the original ATC-1 used on the <a href="/wiki/Tokaido_Shinkansen" title="Tokaido Shinkansen">Tokaido Shinkansen</a> (Vertical axis represents the speed of the train whereas the horizontal axis represents the distance.)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4%E6%89%80(%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4%E6%89%80%28%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%29.jpg/220px-%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4%E6%89%80%28%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4%E6%89%80%28%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%29.jpg/330px-%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4%E6%89%80%28%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4%E6%89%80%28%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%29.jpg/440px-%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4%E6%89%80%28%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Replica of the Shinkansen CTC as seen at the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Railway_Museum" title="Kyoto Railway Museum">Kyoto Railway Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Shinkansen employs an <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Train_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Train Control">ATC</a> (Automatic Train Control) system, eliminating the need for trackside signals. It uses a comprehensive system of <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Train_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Train Protection">Automatic Train Protection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Centralized_traffic_control" title="Centralized traffic control">Centralized traffic control</a> manages all train operations, and all tasks relating to train movement, track, station and schedule are networked and computerized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_systems">Electrical systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electrical systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shinkansen uses a <a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="25 kV AC railway electrification">25 kV AC</a> overhead power supply (20 kV AC on <a href="/wiki/Mini-shinkansen" title="Mini-shinkansen">Mini-shinkansen</a> lines), to overcome the limitations of the 1,500 V <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> used on the existing electrified narrow-gauge system. Power is distributed along the train's axles to reduce the heavy axle loads under single power cars.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AC frequency of the power supply for the Tokaido Shinkansen is 60 Hz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trains">Trains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolling-Stock-Gauge-in-Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rolling-Stock-Gauge-in-Japan.svg/220px-Rolling-Stock-Gauge-in-Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rolling-Stock-Gauge-in-Japan.svg/330px-Rolling-Stock-Gauge-in-Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rolling-Stock-Gauge-in-Japan.svg/440px-Rolling-Stock-Gauge-in-Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Japanese loading gauge legend. Green: Shinkansen loading gauge <br /> Grey: Conventional loading gauge <br /> Blue: Rural loading gauge <br /> Figures in brackets are former limits.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shinkansen trains are <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">electric multiple units</a> (EMUs), offering fast acceleration, deceleration and reduced damage to the track because of the use of lighter vehicles compared to locomotives or power cars. The coaches are air-sealed to ensure stable air pressure when entering tunnels at high speed. </p><p>Shinkansen trains (excluding mini-Shinkansen) are also built to a larger <a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">loading gauge</a> compared to conventional-speed rolling stock.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This larger loading gauge permits wider coaches, allowing for 5-abreast seating (2+3) in Standard Class coaches, compared to the more common 4-abreast (2+2) seating usually found elsewhere. On occasions, this wider loading gauge was also used to allow 6-abreast seating (3+3) on certain trains, such as the <a href="/wiki/E1_Series_Shinkansen" title="E1 Series Shinkansen">E1</a> and <a href="/wiki/E4_Series_Shinkansen" title="E4 Series Shinkansen">E4 series</a> sets. This, combined with a lack of power cars, allows for a higher passenger capacity within a shorter train length. However, since mini-Shinkansen lines are effectively track-regauged conventional lines, the conventional loading gauge for 1,067mm lines still applies on mini-Shinkansen lines. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Line_scan_photo_of_Shinkansen_N700A_Series_Set_G13_in_2017,_car_01.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shinkansen N700A Series, car 01"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Line_scan_photo_of_Shinkansen_N700A_Series_Set_G13_in_2017%2C_car_01.png/1000px-Line_scan_photo_of_Shinkansen_N700A_Series_Set_G13_in_2017%2C_car_01.png" decoding="async" width="1000" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Line_scan_photo_of_Shinkansen_N700A_Series_Set_G13_in_2017%2C_car_01.png/1500px-Line_scan_photo_of_Shinkansen_N700A_Series_Set_G13_in_2017%2C_car_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Line_scan_photo_of_Shinkansen_N700A_Series_Set_G13_in_2017%2C_car_01.png/2000px-Line_scan_photo_of_Shinkansen_N700A_Series_Set_G13_in_2017%2C_car_01.png 2x" data-file-width="6897" data-file-height="1640" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Line_scan_photo_of_Shinkansen_N700A_Series_Set_G13_in_2017,_car_01.png" title="File:Line scan photo of Shinkansen N700A Series Set G13 in 2017, car 01.png"> </a></div>Shinkansen N700A Series, car 01</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traction">Traction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Traction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shinkansen has used EMUs from the outset, with the <a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">0 Series Shinkansen</a> having all axles powered. Other railway manufacturers were traditionally reluctant or unable to use distributed traction configurations (<a href="/wiki/Talgo" title="Talgo">Talgo</a>, the German <a href="/wiki/ICE_2" title="ICE 2">ICE 2</a> and the French (and subsequently South Korean) <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a> (and <a href="/wiki/KTX-I" title="KTX-I">KTX-I</a> and <a href="/wiki/KTX-Sancheon" title="KTX-Sancheon">KTX-Sancheon</a>) use the <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a> (also known as power car) configuration with the <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_102" title="Renfe Class 102">Renfe Class 102</a> and continues with it for the <a href="/wiki/Talgo_AVRIL" title="Talgo AVRIL">Talgo AVRIL</a> because it is not possible to use powered bogies as part of Talgo's bogie design, which uses a modified <a href="/wiki/Jacobs_bogie" title="Jacobs bogie">Jacobs bogie</a> with a single axle instead of two and allows the wheels to rotate independently of each other, on the ICE 2, TGV and KTX it is because it easily allows for a high ride quality and less electrical equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) In Japan, significant engineering desirability exists for the electric multiple unit configuration. A greater proportion of motored axles permits higher acceleration, so the Shinkansen does not lose as much time if stopping frequently. Shinkansen lines have more stops in proportion to their lengths than high-speed lines elsewhere in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lines">Lines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokuriku_Shinkansen_2024_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hokuriku_Shinkansen_2024_Map.jpg/220px-Hokuriku_Shinkansen_2024_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hokuriku_Shinkansen_2024_Map.jpg/330px-Hokuriku_Shinkansen_2024_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hokuriku_Shinkansen_2024_Map.jpg/440px-Hokuriku_Shinkansen_2024_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Map of Shinkansen services in the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABbu_region" title="Chūbu region">Chūbu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kantō regions</a> as of March 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>The main Shinkansen lines are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Line </th> <th>Start </th> <th>End </th> <th>Operating speed </th> <th>Length </th> <th>Operator </th> <th>Opened </th> <th>Annual passengers (2023) <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tokaido_Shinkansen" title="Tokaido Shinkansen">Tōkaidō Shinkansen</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Station" title="Tokyo Station">Tokyo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin-Osaka_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin-Osaka Station">Shin-Osaka</a> </td> <td>285 km/h (177 mph) </td> <td>515.4 km (320 mi) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company" title="Central Japan Railway Company"><img alt="The logo of the Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JR_logo_%28central%29.svg/25px-JR_logo_%28central%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JR_logo_%28central%29.svg/38px-JR_logo_%28central%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JR_logo_%28central%29.svg/50px-JR_logo_%28central%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company" title="Central Japan Railway Company">JR Central</a></td> <td>1964</td> <td>160,705,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/San%27y%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="San'yō Shinkansen">San'yō Shinkansen</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin-Osaka_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin-Osaka Station">Shin-Osaka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hakata_Station" title="Hakata Station">Hakata</a> </td> <td>300 km/h (186 mph) </td> <td>553.7 km (344 mi) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company" title="West Japan Railway Company"><img alt="Logo of the West Railway Company (JR West)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JR_logo_%28west%29.svg/25px-JR_logo_%28west%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JR_logo_%28west%29.svg/38px-JR_logo_%28west%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JR_logo_%28west%29.svg/50px-JR_logo_%28west%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company" title="West Japan Railway Company">JR West</a></td> <td>1972–1975</td> <td>70,301,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_Shinkansen" title="Tōhoku Shinkansen">Tōhoku Shinkansen</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Station" title="Tokyo Station">Tokyo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin-Aomori_Station" title="Shin-Aomori Station">Shin-Aomori</a> </td> <td>320 km/h (199 mph) </td> <td>674.9 km (419 mi) </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company"><img alt="Logo of the East Japan Railway Company (JR East)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/JR_logo_%28east%29.svg/25px-JR_logo_%28east%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/JR_logo_%28east%29.svg/38px-JR_logo_%28east%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/JR_logo_%28east%29.svg/50px-JR_logo_%28east%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">JR East</a></td> <td>1982–2010</td> <td>81,547,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Detsu_Shinkansen" title="Jōetsu Shinkansen">Jōetsu Shinkansen</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmiya_Station_(Saitama)" title="Ōmiya Station (Saitama)">Ōmiya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niigata_Station" title="Niigata Station">Niigata</a> </td> <td>275 km/h (171 mph) </td> <td>269.5 km (167 mi) </td> <td>1982</td> <td>39,776,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_Shinkansen" title="Hokuriku Shinkansen">Hokuriku Shinkansen</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Takasaki_Station" title="Takasaki Station">Takasaki</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsuruga_Station" title="Tsuruga Station">Tsuruga</a> </td> <td>260 km/h (162 mph) </td> <td>470.6 km (292 mi) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company"><img alt="Logo of the East Japan Railway Company (JR East)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/JR_logo_%28east%29.svg/25px-JR_logo_%28east%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/JR_logo_%28east%29.svg/38px-JR_logo_%28east%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/JR_logo_%28east%29.svg/50px-JR_logo_%28east%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">JR East</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company" title="West Japan Railway Company"><img alt="Logo of the West Railway Company (JR West)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JR_logo_%28west%29.svg/25px-JR_logo_%28west%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JR_logo_%28west%29.svg/38px-JR_logo_%28west%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JR_logo_%28west%29.svg/50px-JR_logo_%28west%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company" title="West Japan Railway Company">JR West</a></td> <td>1997–2024</td> <td>30,308,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Shinkansen" title="Kyushu Shinkansen">Kyushu Shinkansen</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hakata_Station" title="Hakata Station">Hakata</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima-Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Station" title="Kagoshima-Chūō Station">Kagoshima-Chūō</a> </td> <td>260 km/h (162 mph) </td> <td>256.8 km (160 mi) </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Railway_Company" title="Kyushu Railway Company"><img alt="Logo of the Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JR_logo_%28kyushu%29.svg/25px-JR_logo_%28kyushu%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JR_logo_%28kyushu%29.svg/38px-JR_logo_%28kyushu%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JR_logo_%28kyushu%29.svg/50px-JR_logo_%28kyushu%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Railway_Company" title="Kyushu Railway Company">JR Kyushu</a></td> <td>2004–2011</td> <td rowspan="2">16,089,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen" title="Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen">Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Takeo-Onsen_Station" title="Takeo-Onsen Station">Takeo-Onsen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_Station" title="Nagasaki Station">Nagasaki</a> </td> <td>260 km/h (162 mph) </td> <td>66.0 km (41 mi) </td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_Shinkansen" title="Hokkaido Shinkansen">Hokkaido Shinkansen</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin-Aomori_Station" title="Shin-Aomori Station">Shin-Aomori</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto_Station" title="Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto Station">Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto</a> </td> <td>260 km/h (162 mph) </td> <td>148.8 km (92 mi) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_Railway_Company" title="Hokkaido Railway Company"><img alt="The logo of Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/JR_logo_%28hokkaido%29.svg/25px-JR_logo_%28hokkaido%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/JR_logo_%28hokkaido%29.svg/38px-JR_logo_%28hokkaido%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/JR_logo_%28hokkaido%29.svg/50px-JR_logo_%28hokkaido%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_Railway_Company" title="Hokkaido Railway Company">JR Hokkaido</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td>1,401,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In practice, the Tokaido, San'yō, and Kyushu lines form a contiguous west/southbound line from Tokyo, as train services run between the Tokaido and San'yō lines and between the San'yō and Kyushu lines, though the lines are operated by different companies. </p><p>The Tokaido Shinkansen tracks are not physically connected to the lines of the Tohoku Shinkansen at Tokyo Station, as they use different electrification standards, signaling systems, and earthquake mitigation devices. There also exists a dispute between JR East and JR Central about the use of the two platforms which were added to the Tokaido line's half of Tokyo station. Before JNR's privatization, they were conceived as being shared with the Tohoku line, and their construction used funds allocated to the Tohoku line's extension to Tokyo; however, the extension was finished after privatization, by which time the platforms were owned by JR Central. Therefore, there is no through service between those lines. All northbound services from Tokyo travel along the Tohoku Shinkansen until at least Ōmiya before splitting off towards Sendai or Takasaki. </p><p>Two further lines, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Mini-shinkansen" title="Mini-shinkansen">Mini-shinkansen</a></i>, have also been constructed by re-gauging and upgrading existing sections of line: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Shinkansen" title="Yamagata Shinkansen">Yamagata Shinkansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Station_(Fukushima)" title="Fukushima Station (Fukushima)">Fukushima</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shinj%C5%8D_Station" title="Shinjō Station">Shinjō</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akita_Shinkansen" title="Akita Shinkansen">Akita Shinkansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morioka_Station" title="Morioka Station">Morioka</a> – <a href="/wiki/Akita_Station" title="Akita Station">Akita</a>)</li></ul> <p>There are two standard-gauge lines not technically classified as Shinkansen lines but run Shinkansen trains as they use tracks leading to Shinkansen storage/maintenance yards: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakata_Minami_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakata Minami Line">Hakata Minami Line</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hakata_Station" title="Hakata Station">Hakata</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hakata-Minami_Station" title="Hakata-Minami Station">Hakata-Minami</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala-Yuzawa_Line" title="Gala-Yuzawa Line">Gala-Yuzawa Line</a> – technically a branch of the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Detsu_Line" title="Jōetsu Line">Jōetsu Line</a> – (<a href="/wiki/Echigo-Yuzawa_Station" title="Echigo-Yuzawa Station">Echigo-Yuzawa</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gala-Yuzawa_Station" title="Gala-Yuzawa Station">Gala-Yuzawa</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lines_under_construction">Lines under construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lines under construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following lines are under construction. These lines except <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chūō Shinkansen</a>, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seibi_Shinkansen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seibi Shinkansen (page does not exist)">Seibi Shinkansen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%82%99%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:整備新幹線">ja</a>]</span> or <i>planned Shinkansen</i>, are the Shinkansen projects designated in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_Plan_of_the_Shinkansen_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic Plan of the Shinkansen Railway (page does not exist)">Basic Plan of the Shinkansen Railway</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD%E3%82%92%E9%96%8B%E5%A7%8B%E3%81%99%E3%81%B9%E3%81%8D%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E3%81%AE%E8%B7%AF%E7%B7%9A%E3%82%92%E5%AE%9A%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB" class="extiw" title="ja:建設を開始すべき新幹線鉄道の路線を定める基本計画">ja</a>]</span> decided by the government. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_Shinkansen" title="Hokkaido Shinkansen">Hokkaido Shinkansen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto_Station" title="Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto Station">Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sapporo_Station" title="Sapporo Station">Sapporo</a> is under construction and scheduled to open by March 2031.<sup id="cite_ref-railjournal20160216_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railjournal20160216-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chūō Shinkansen</a> (Tokyo–Nagoya–Osaka) is the first <a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">maglev</a> Shinkansen line, which has been under construction since 2014. JR Central has abandoned a previously announced 2027 target date for the line from Tokyo to Nagoya due to a dispute with the prefecture of Shizuoka, and as of 2023 there is no official target date.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Line </th> <th>Route </th> <th>Speed </th> <th>Length </th> <th>Construction began </th> <th>Expected start of revenue services </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_Shinkansen" title="Hokkaido Shinkansen">Hokkaido Shinkansen</a> Phase 2 </td> <td>Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto – Sapporo </td> <td>260 km/h (162 mph) </td> <td>211.3 km (131 mi) </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>FY2030 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planned_lines">Planned lines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Planned lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The extension of <a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_Shinkansen" title="Hokuriku Shinkansen">Hokuriku Shinkansen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> is proposed, with the route via Obama and Kyoto selected by the government on 20 December 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-railwaygazette.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railwaygazette.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction is proposed to commence in 2030, and take 15 years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen" title="Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen">Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen</a> has been built to full Shinkansen standards between Takeo-Onsen and Nagasaki, with the existing narrow-gauge line from Shin-Tosu to Takeo Onsen to remain as narrow-gauge track, although there is a proposal to build the section between Shin-Tosu and Takeo Onsen to full Shinkansen standards. In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism" title="Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism">Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism</a> released <a href="/wiki/Cost-benefit_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost-benefit analysis">cost-benefit analysis</a> results to compare and contrast full Shinkansen, <a href="/wiki/Mini-shinkansen" title="Mini-shinkansen">Mini-shinkansen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gauge_Change_Train" title="Gauge Change Train">Gauge Change Train</a> for this section.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Line </th> <th>Route </th> <th>Speed </th> <th>Length </th> <th>Construction proposed </th> <th>Expected start of revenue services </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen" title="Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen">Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen</a> Phase 2 </td> <td>Takeo-Onsen – Shin-Tosu </td> <td>260 km/h (162 mph) </td> <td>TBD </td> <td>TBD </td> <td>TBD </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hokuriku Shinkansen Phase 4 </td> <td>Tsuruga – Obama – Kyoto – Shin-Osaka </td> <td>260 km/h (162 mph) </td> <td>TBD </td> <td>2030 </td> <td>FY2045 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chūō Shinkansen</a> Phase 1 </td> <td>Shinagawa – Nagoya </td> <td>505 km/h (314 mph) </td> <td>285.6 km (177 mi) </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>Unknown<sup id="cite_ref-kyodo03Jul20_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kyodo03Jul20-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>(Originally 2027)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chūō Shinkansen</a> Phase 2 </td> <td>Nagoya – Shin-Osaka </td> <td>505 km/h (314 mph) </td> <td>152.4 km (95 mi) </td> <td>TBD </td> <td>Unknown<sup id="cite_ref-kyodo03Jul20_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kyodo03Jul20-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>(Originally 2037)</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancelled_lines">Cancelled lines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cancelled lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Narita_Shinkansen" title="Narita Shinkansen">Narita Shinkansen</a> project to connect Tokyo to <a href="/wiki/Narita_International_Airport" title="Narita International Airport">Narita International Airport</a>, initiated in the 1970s but halted in 1983 after landowner protests, has been officially cancelled and removed from the Basic Plan governing Shinkansen construction. Parts of its planned right-of-way were used by the <a href="/wiki/Narita_Sky_Access_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Narita Sky Access Line">Narita Sky Access Line</a> which opened in 2010, and the <a href="/wiki/Keiyo_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Keiyo Line">Keiyo Line</a> reused space originally set aside for the Narita Shinkansen terminus at <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Station" title="Tokyo Station">Tokyo Station</a>. Although the Sky Access Line uses standard-gauge track, it was not built to Shinkansen specifications and there are no plans to convert it into a full Shinkansen line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_lines">Proposed lines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Proposed lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planned_Shinkansen_Map_English_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Planned_Shinkansen_Map_English_2021.svg/220px-Planned_Shinkansen_Map_English_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Planned_Shinkansen_Map_English_2021.svg/330px-Planned_Shinkansen_Map_English_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Planned_Shinkansen_Map_English_2021.svg/440px-Planned_Shinkansen_Map_English_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Map of proposed Shinkansen lines</figcaption></figure> <p>Many Shinkansen lines were proposed during the boom of the early 1970s but have yet to be constructed and have subsequently been shelved indefinitely. </p> <ul><li>Hokkaido Shinkansen northward extension: Sapporo–Asahikawa</li> <li>Hokkaido South Loop Shinkansen<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">北海道南回り新幹線</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hokkaidō Minami-mawari Shinkansen</i></span>)</span>: <a href="/wiki/Oshamanbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oshamanbe">Oshamanbe</a>–<a href="/wiki/Muroran" title="Muroran">Muroran</a>–Sapporo</li> <li>Uetsu Shinkansen<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">羽越新幹線</span></span>)</span>: <a href="/wiki/Toyama,_Toyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyama, Toyama">Toyama</a>–Niigata–Aomori <ul><li>Toyama–Jōetsu-Myōkō exists as part of the Hokuriku Shinkansen, and Nagaoka–Niigata exists as part of the Jōetsu Shinkansen, with provisions for the Uetsu Shinkansen at Nagaoka.</li></ul></li> <li>Ōu Shinkansen<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">奥羽新幹線</span></span>)</span>: Fukushima–Yamagata–Akita <ul><li>Fukushima–Shinjō and Ōmagari–Akita exist as the <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Shinkansen" title="Yamagata Shinkansen">Yamagata Shinkansen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akita_Shinkansen" title="Akita Shinkansen">Akita Shinkansen</a>, respectively, but as "Mini-Shinkansen" upgrades of existing track, they do not meet the requirements of the Basic Plan.</li></ul></li> <li>Hokuriku-Chūkyō Shinkansen<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">北陸・中京新幹線</span></span>)</span>: Nagoya–Tsuruga</li> <li>Sanin Shinkansen<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">山陰新幹線</span></span>)</span>: Osaka–Tottori–Matsue–Shimonoseki</li> <li>Trans-Chūgoku Shinkansen<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">中国横断新幹線</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chūgoku Ōdan Shinkansen</i></span>)</span>: Okayama–Matsue</li> <li>Shikoku Shinkansen<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">四国新幹線</span></span>)</span>: Osaka–Tokushima–Takamatsu–Matsuyama–Ōita</li> <li>Trans-Shikoku Shinkansen<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">四国横断新幹線</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shikoku Ōdan Shinkansen</i></span>)</span>: Okayama–Kōchi–Matsuyama <ul><li>There have been some activity regarding the Shikoku and Trans-Shikoku Shinkansen in recent years. In 2016, the Shikoku and Trans-Shikoku Shinkansen were identified as potential future projects in a review of long-term plans for the Shikoku area and funds allocated towards the planning of the route.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A profitability study has also been commissioned by the city of <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_(city)" title="Ōita (city)">Oita</a> in 2018 that found the route to be potentially profitable<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>East Kyushu Shinkansen<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">東九州新幹線</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Higashi-Kyushu Shinkansen</i></span>)</span>: Fukuoka–Ōita–Miyazaki–Kagoshima</li> <li>Trans-Kyushu Shinkansen<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">九州横断新幹線</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kyushu Ōdan Shinkansen</i></span>)</span>: Ōita–Kumamoto</li></ul> <p>In addition, the Basic Plan specified that the Jōetsu Shinkansen should start from <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku_Station" title="Shinjuku Station">Shinjuku</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Station" title="Tokyo Station">Tokyo Station</a>, which would have required building an additional 30 km (19 mi) of track between Shinjuku and Ōmiya. While no construction work was ever started, land along the proposed track, including an underground section leading to Shinjuku Station, remains reserved. If capacity on the Tokyo–Ōmiya section proves insufficient at some point, construction of the Shinjuku–Ōmiya link may be reconsidered. </p><p>In December 2009, then transport minister <a href="/wiki/Seiji_Maehara" title="Seiji Maehara">Seiji Maehara</a> proposed a bullet train link to <a href="/wiki/Haneda_Airport" title="Haneda Airport">Haneda Airport</a>, using an existing spur that connects the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkaidō Shinkansen">Tōkaidō Shinkansen</a> to a train depot. <a href="/wiki/JR_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="JR Central">JR Central</a> called the plan "unrealistic" due to tight train schedules on the existing line, but reports said that Maehara wished to continue discussions on the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The succeeding minister has not indicated whether this proposal remains supported. While the plan may become more feasible after the opening the Chūō Shinkansen (sometimes referred to as a bypass to the Tokaido Shinkansen) frees up capacity, construction is already underway for other rail improvements between Haneda and Tokyo station expected to be completed prior to the opening of the <a href="/wiki/2020_Tokyo_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Tokyo Olympics">2020 Tokyo Olympics</a>, so any potential Shinkansen service would likely offer only marginal benefit. Despite these plans ultimately not being realized (owing in part due to the effects of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a>), rail projects in the vicinity of Haneda Airport, including the <a href="/wiki/Haneda_Airport_Access_Line" title="Haneda Airport Access Line">Haneda Airport Access Line</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Rinkai_Subway_Line" title="Tokyo Rinkai Subway Line">Tokyo Rinkai Subway Line</a>, continue to undergo planning.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services">Services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Shinkansen##" title="Talk:Shinkansen">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JR-Central-Tokyo-STA_Home14-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/JR-Central-Tokyo-STA_Home14-15.jpg/220px-JR-Central-Tokyo-STA_Home14-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/JR-Central-Tokyo-STA_Home14-15.jpg/330px-JR-Central-Tokyo-STA_Home14-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/JR-Central-Tokyo-STA_Home14-15.jpg/440px-JR-Central-Tokyo-STA_Home14-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Tokyo Station Tokaido Shinkansen platforms, September 2021</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinkansen_tickets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Shinkansen_tickets.jpg/220px-Shinkansen_tickets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Shinkansen_tickets.jpg/330px-Shinkansen_tickets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Shinkansen_tickets.jpg/440px-Shinkansen_tickets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>The Shinkansen fare system is integrated with Japan's low-speed intercity railway lines, with a surcharge is required to ride the Shinkansen. Here, an ordinary ticket from <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Station" title="Tokyo Station">Tokyo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Takamatsu_Station_(Kagawa)" title="Takamatsu Station (Kagawa)">Takamatsu</a> is coupled with a Shinkansen express fare ticket from Tokyo to <a href="/wiki/Okayama_Station" title="Okayama Station">Okayama</a>, allowing use of the Shinkansen from Tokyo to Okayama and use of local lines from Okayama to Takamatsu. For trips exclusively on one Shinkansen, the base fare and Shinkansen express fare may be combined into a single ticket.</figcaption></figure><p>Originally intended to carry passenger trains by day and freight trains by night, the Shinkansen lines carried exclusively passengers for the first five and a half decades of their operation. Lght freight has been carried on some passenger services since 2019, and there are plans to expand this with freight-only trains in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The system shuts down between midnight and 06:00 every day for maintenance. Japan's few remaining overnight passenger trains run on the older, narrow-gauge network that the Shinkansen parallels. </p><p>There are three principal service types on the Shinkansen: </p> <ul><li><b>Express services</b> – these stop at only the very largest stations and, as a result, are the fastest Shinkansen services measured by average speed.</li> <li><b>Semi-express services</b> – these stop at certain smaller stops alongside stopping at all the largest stations. These allow for faster connections from smaller stops to larger stations than would be otherwise possible with a local service.</li> <li><b>Local services</b> – these stop at every station along the Shinkansen line. Consequently, local services are the slowest Shinkansen services measured by average speed. Frequently, these services only operate on a part of the line, instead of covering the entirety.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tōkaidō,_San'yō_and_Kyushu_Shinkansen"><span id="T.C5.8Dkaid.C5.8D.2C_San.27y.C5.8D_and_Kyushu_Shinkansen"></span>Tōkaidō, San'yō and Kyushu Shinkansen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tōkaidō, San'yō and Kyushu Shinkansen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(train)" title="Nozomi (train)">Nozomi</a></i> (express, Tokaido and San'yō)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hikari_(train)" title="Hikari (train)">Hikari</a></i> (semi-express, Tokaido and San'yō)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hikari_Rail_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Hikari Rail Star">Hikari Rail Star</a></i> (semi-express, San'yō)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kodama_(train)" title="Kodama (train)">Kodama</a></i> (local, Tokaido and San'yō)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakura_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakura (train)">Sakura</a></i> (semi-express, San'yō and Kyushu)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mizuho_(train)" title="Mizuho (train)">Mizuho</a></i> (express, San'yō and Kyushu)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsubame_(train)" title="Tsubame (train)">Tsubame</a></i> (local, Kyushu)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tōhoku,_Hokkaido,_Yamagata_and_Akita_Shinkansen"><span id="T.C5.8Dhoku.2C_Hokkaido.2C_Yamagata_and_Akita_Shinkansen"></span>Tōhoku, Hokkaido, Yamagata and Akita Shinkansen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tōhoku, Hokkaido, Yamagata and Akita Shinkansen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_(train)" title="Hayabusa (train)">Hayabusa</a></i> (express, Tohoku & Hokkaido, using <a href="/wiki/E5_series" class="mw-redirect" title="E5 series">E5 series</a>/<a href="/wiki/H5_series" class="mw-redirect" title="H5 series">H5 series</a> trains)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayate_(train)" title="Hayate (train)">Hayate</a></i> (local, Tohoku & Hokkaido. Express discontinued in 2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamabiko" title="Yamabiko">Yamabiko</a></i> (semi-express, Tohoku)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasuno" title="Nasuno">Nasuno</a></i> (local, Tohoku)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aoba_(train)" title="Aoba (train)">Aoba</a></i> (discontinued)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komachi_(train)" title="Komachi (train)">Komachi</a></i> (Akita)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsubasa_(train)" title="Tsubasa (train)">Tsubasa</a></i> (Yamagata)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jōetsu_Shinkansen"><span id="J.C5.8Detsu_Shinkansen"></span>Jōetsu Shinkansen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Jōetsu Shinkansen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Toki_(train)" title="Toki (train)">Toki / Max Toki</a></i> (semi-express, Jōetsu)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanigawa_(train)" title="Tanigawa (train)">Tanigawa / Max Tanigawa</a></i> (local, Jōetsu)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asahi_(train)" title="Asahi (train)">Asahi / Max Asahi</a></i> (discontinued)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hokuriku_Shinkansen">Hokuriku Shinkansen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hokuriku Shinkansen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kagayaki" title="Kagayaki">Kagayaki</a></i> (express, Hokuriku)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hakutaka_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakutaka (train)">Hakutaka</a></i> (semi-express, Hokuriku)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsurugi_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsurugi (train)">Tsurugi</a></i> (local, Hokuriku)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asama_(train)" title="Asama (train)">Asama</a></i> (local, Hokuriku)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen">Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamome_(train)" title="Kamome (train)">Kamome</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-kamome_selection_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamome_selection-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Train_types">Train types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Train types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trains are up to sixteen cars long. With each car measuring 25 m (82 ft) in length, the longest trains are 400 m (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> mile) end to end. Stations are similarly long to accommodate these trains. Some of Japan's high-speed maglev trains are considered Shinkansen,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other slower maglev trains (such as <a href="/wiki/Linimo" title="Linimo">Linimo</a>, serving local communities in and nearby <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture" title="Aichi Prefecture">Aichi Prefecture</a>) are intended as alternatives to conventional urban <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passenger_trains">Passenger trains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Passenger trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tōkaidō_and_San'yō_Shinkansen"><span id="T.C5.8Dkaid.C5.8D_and_San.27y.C5.8D_Shinkansen"></span>Tōkaidō and San'yō Shinkansen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tōkaidō and San'yō Shinkansen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">0 series</a>: The first Shinkansen trains which entered service in 1964. Maximum operating speed was 220 km/h (135 mph). More than 3,200 cars were built. Withdrawn in December 2008.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_Series_Shinkansen" title="100 Series Shinkansen">100 series</a>: Entered service in 1985, and featured <a href="/wiki/Bilevel_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilevel cars">bilevel cars</a> with restaurant car and compartments. Maximum operating speed was 230 km/h (145 mph). Later used only on San'yō Shinkansen <i><a href="/wiki/Kodama_(train)" title="Kodama (train)">Kodama</a></i> services. Withdrawn in March 2012.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/300_Series_Shinkansen" title="300 Series Shinkansen">300 series</a>: Entered service in 1992, initially on <i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(train)" title="Nozomi (train)">Nozomi</a></i> services with maximum operating speed of 270 km/h (170 mph). Withdrawn in March 2012.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Series_Shinkansen" title="500 Series Shinkansen">500 series</a>: Introduced on <i>Nozomi</i> services in 1997, with an operating speed of 300 km/h (185 mph). Since 2008, sets have been shortened from 16 to 8 cars for use on San'yō Shinkansen <i>Kodama</i> services.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/700_Series_Shinkansen" title="700 Series Shinkansen">700 series</a>: Introduced in 1999, with maximum operating speed of 285 km/h (175 mph). The JR Central owned units were withdrawn in March 2020, with the JR West owned units continuing to operate on the <a href="/wiki/San%27y%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="San'yō Shinkansen">San'yō Shinkansen</a> line between Shin-Osaka and Hakata.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N700_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700 Series Shinkansen">N700 series</a>: In service since 2007, with a maximum operating speed of 300 km/h (185 mph).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N700_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700 Series Shinkansen">N700A series</a>: An upgraded version of N700 series with improved acceleration & deceleration and quieter traction motors. All N700 series sets have been converted to N700A.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N700S_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700S Series Shinkansen">N700S series</a>: An evolution of the N700 series. First trainset was rolled out in 2019 with passenger services commencing on 1 July 2020.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinkansen_Series0_R67_JNRcolor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="0 series"><img alt="0 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shinkansen_Series0_R67_JNRcolor.jpg/120px-Shinkansen_Series0_R67_JNRcolor.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shinkansen_Series0_R67_JNRcolor.jpg/180px-Shinkansen_Series0_R67_JNRcolor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shinkansen_Series0_R67_JNRcolor.jpg/240px-Shinkansen_Series0_R67_JNRcolor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">0 series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinkansen100.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="100 series"><img alt="100 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shinkansen100.jpg/120px-Shinkansen100.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shinkansen100.jpg/180px-Shinkansen100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shinkansen100.jpg/240px-Shinkansen100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">100 series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_Central_Shinkansen_300.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="300 series"><img alt="300 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/JR_Central_Shinkansen_300.jpg/120px-JR_Central_Shinkansen_300.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/JR_Central_Shinkansen_300.jpg/180px-JR_Central_Shinkansen_300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/JR_Central_Shinkansen_300.jpg/240px-JR_Central_Shinkansen_300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">300 series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinkansen_500_series_W2_formation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="500 series"><img alt="500 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Shinkansen_500_series_W2_formation.jpg/120px-Shinkansen_500_series_W2_formation.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Shinkansen_500_series_W2_formation.jpg/180px-Shinkansen_500_series_W2_formation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Shinkansen_500_series_W2_formation.jpg/240px-Shinkansen_500_series_W2_formation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="1421" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">500 series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_Central_Shinkansen_700.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="700 series"><img alt="700 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/JR_Central_Shinkansen_700.jpg/120px-JR_Central_Shinkansen_700.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/JR_Central_Shinkansen_700.jpg/180px-JR_Central_Shinkansen_700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/JR_Central_Shinkansen_700.jpg/240px-JR_Central_Shinkansen_700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">700 series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinkansen_700_Rail_Star_(8086223807).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="700 series (Hikari Rail Star)"><img alt="700 series (Hikari Rail Star)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Shinkansen_700_Rail_Star_%288086223807%29.jpg/120px-Shinkansen_700_Rail_Star_%288086223807%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Shinkansen_700_Rail_Star_%288086223807%29.jpg/180px-Shinkansen_700_Rail_Star_%288086223807%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Shinkansen_700_Rail_Star_%288086223807%29.jpg/240px-Shinkansen_700_Rail_Star_%288086223807%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="1886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">700 series (Hikari Rail Star)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinkansen_N700_z15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="N700 series"><img alt="N700 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shinkansen_N700_z15.jpg/120px-Shinkansen_N700_z15.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shinkansen_N700_z15.jpg/180px-Shinkansen_N700_z15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shinkansen_N700_z15.jpg/240px-Shinkansen_N700_z15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2153" data-file-height="1469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">N700 series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Series-N700A-F20.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="N700A series"><img alt="N700A series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Series-N700A-F20.jpg/120px-Series-N700A-F20.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Series-N700A-F20.jpg/180px-Series-N700A-F20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Series-N700A-F20.jpg/240px-Series-N700A-F20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3806" data-file-height="2537" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">N700A series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Series-N700S-J2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="N700S series"><img alt="N700S series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Series-N700S-J2.jpg/120px-Series-N700S-J2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Series-N700S-J2.jpg/180px-Series-N700S-J2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Series-N700S-J2.jpg/240px-Series-N700S-J2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4816" data-file-height="3214" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">N700S series</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kyushu_and_Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen">Kyushu and Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Kyushu and Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/800_Series_Shinkansen" title="800 Series Shinkansen">800 series</a>: In service since 2004 on <i><a href="/wiki/Tsubame_(train)" title="Tsubame (train)">Tsubame</a></i> services, with a maximum speed of 260 km/h (160 mph).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N700_Series_Shinkansen#8-car_S_sets_(N700-7000_series)" title="N700 Series Shinkansen">N700-7000/8000 series</a> In service since March 2011 on <i><a href="/wiki/Mizuho_(train)" title="Mizuho (train)">Mizuho</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sakura_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakura (train)">Sakura</a></i> services with a maximum speed of 300 km/h (185 mph).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N700S_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700S Series Shinkansen">N700S-8000 series</a>: 6-car trains introduced in 2022<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <i><a href="/wiki/Kamome/Relay_Kamome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamome/Relay Kamome">Kamome</a></i> services with a maximum speed of 260 km/h.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JRK-800_U004_2020-10-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="800 series"><img alt="800 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/JRK-800_U004_2020-10-12.jpg/120px-JRK-800_U004_2020-10-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/JRK-800_U004_2020-10-12.jpg/180px-JRK-800_U004_2020-10-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/JRK-800_U004_2020-10-12.jpg/240px-JRK-800_U004_2020-10-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">800 series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinkansen_N700-7000_S1_(49766090102).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="N700 series (Kyushu)"><img alt="N700 series (Kyushu)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Shinkansen_N700-7000_S1_%2849766090102%29.jpg/120px-Shinkansen_N700-7000_S1_%2849766090102%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Shinkansen_N700-7000_S1_%2849766090102%29.jpg/180px-Shinkansen_N700-7000_S1_%2849766090102%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Shinkansen_N700-7000_S1_%2849766090102%29.jpg/240px-Shinkansen_N700-7000_S1_%2849766090102%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">N700 series (Kyushu)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N700S-Y4_Kamome-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="N700S-8000 series (Nishi Kyushu)"><img alt="N700S-8000 series (Nishi Kyushu)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/N700S-Y4_Kamome-29.jpg/120px-N700S-Y4_Kamome-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/N700S-Y4_Kamome-29.jpg/180px-N700S-Y4_Kamome-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/N700S-Y4_Kamome-29.jpg/240px-N700S-Y4_Kamome-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3812" data-file-height="2542" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">N700S-8000 series (Nishi Kyushu)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tohoku,_Hokkaido,_Joetsu,_and_Hokuriku_Shinkansen"><span id="Tohoku.2C_Hokkaido.2C_Joetsu.2C_and_Hokuriku_Shinkansen"></span>Tohoku, Hokkaido, Joetsu, and Hokuriku Shinkansen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tohoku, Hokkaido, Joetsu, and Hokuriku Shinkansen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/200_Series_Shinkansen" title="200 Series Shinkansen">200 series</a>: The first type introduced on the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_Shinkansen" title="Tōhoku Shinkansen">Tohoku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joetsu_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Joetsu Shinkansen">Joetsu Shinkansen</a> in 1982 and withdrawn in April 2013. Maximum speed was 240 km/h (150 mph). The final configuration was as 10-car sets. 12-car and 16-car sets also operated at earlier times.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E1_Series_Shinkansen" title="E1 Series Shinkansen">E1 series</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bilevel_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilevel car">Bilevel</a> 12-car trains introduced in 1994 and withdrawn in September 2012. Maximum speed was 240 km/h (150 mph).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2_Series_Shinkansen" title="E2 Series Shinkansen">E2 series</a>: 8/10-car sets in service since 1997 with a maximum speed of 275 km/h (170 mph).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E4_Series_Shinkansen" title="E4 Series Shinkansen">E4 series</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bilevel_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilevel car">Bilevel</a> 8-car trains introduced in 1997 and withdrawn in October 2021. Maximum speed was 240 km/h (150 mph).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E5_and_H5_Series_Shinkansen" title="E5 and H5 Series Shinkansen">E5 series</a>: 10-car sets in service since March 2011 with a maximum speed of 320 km/h (200 mph).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E5_and_H5_Series_Shinkansen" title="E5 and H5 Series Shinkansen">H5 series</a>: The cold weather derivative of the E5 series. 10-car sets entered service from March 2016 on the <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_Shinkansen" title="Hokkaido Shinkansen">Hokkaido Shinkansen</a> with a maximum speed of 320 km/h (200 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-jrhokkaido20140416_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jrhokkaido20140416-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yomiuri20140416_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yomiuri20140416-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E7_and_W7_Series_Shinkansen" title="E7 and W7 Series Shinkansen">E7 series</a>: 12-car trains operated on the <a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_Shinkansen" title="Hokuriku Shinkansen">Hokuriku Shinkansen</a> since March 2014, with a maximum speed of 260 km/h (160 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-jreast20120904_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jreast20120904-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the E7 series began operating on the Joetsu Shinkansen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E7_and_W7_Series_Shinkansen" title="E7 and W7 Series Shinkansen">W7 series</a>: 12-car trains operated on the Hokuriku Shinkansen since March 2015, with a maximum speed of 260 km/h (160 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-jreast20120904_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jreast20120904-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_East_Shinkansen_200(renewal).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="200 series"><img alt="200 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/JR_East_Shinkansen_200%28renewal%29.jpg/120px-JR_East_Shinkansen_200%28renewal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/JR_East_Shinkansen_200%28renewal%29.jpg/180px-JR_East_Shinkansen_200%28renewal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/JR_East_Shinkansen_200%28renewal%29.jpg/240px-JR_East_Shinkansen_200%28renewal%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">200 series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JReastE1_Omiya_20120918.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="E1 series"><img alt="E1 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/JReastE1_Omiya_20120918.jpg/120px-JReastE1_Omiya_20120918.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/JReastE1_Omiya_20120918.jpg/180px-JReastE1_Omiya_20120918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/JReastE1_Omiya_20120918.jpg/240px-JReastE1_Omiya_20120918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4930" data-file-height="3150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">E1 series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Series-E2-1000-J70.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="E2 series"><img alt="E2 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Series-E2-1000-J70.jpg/120px-Series-E2-1000-J70.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Series-E2-1000-J70.jpg/180px-Series-E2-1000-J70.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Series-E2-1000-J70.jpg/240px-Series-E2-1000-J70.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="1775" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">E2 series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Series-E4-P13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="E4 series"><img alt="E4 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Series-E4-P13.jpg/120px-Series-E4-P13.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Series-E4-P13.jpg/180px-Series-E4-P13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Series-E4-P13.jpg/240px-Series-E4-P13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3561" data-file-height="2374" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">E4 series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JRE-TEC-E5_omiya.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="E5 series"><img alt="E5 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/JRE-TEC-E5_omiya.JPG/120px-JRE-TEC-E5_omiya.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/JRE-TEC-E5_omiya.JPG/180px-JRE-TEC-E5_omiya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/JRE-TEC-E5_omiya.JPG/240px-JRE-TEC-E5_omiya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2463" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">E5 series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H5kei_hayabusa_and_E6kei_komachi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="H5 series"><img alt="H5 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/H5kei_hayabusa_and_E6kei_komachi.JPG/120px-H5kei_hayabusa_and_E6kei_komachi.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/H5kei_hayabusa_and_E6kei_komachi.JPG/180px-H5kei_hayabusa_and_E6kei_komachi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/H5kei_hayabusa_and_E6kei_komachi.JPG/240px-H5kei_hayabusa_and_E6kei_komachi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4022" data-file-height="2484" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">H5 series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Series-E7-F19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="E7 series"><img alt="E7 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Series-E7-F19.jpg/120px-Series-E7-F19.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Series-E7-F19.jpg/180px-Series-E7-F19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Series-E7-F19.jpg/240px-Series-E7-F19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">E7 series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JRW-Series-W7_W3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="W7 series"><img alt="W7 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JRW-Series-W7_W3.jpg/120px-JRW-Series-W7_W3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JRW-Series-W7_W3.jpg/180px-JRW-Series-W7_W3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JRW-Series-W7_W3.jpg/240px-JRW-Series-W7_W3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5202" data-file-height="3468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">W7 series</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yamagata_and_Akita_Shinkansen">Yamagata and Akita Shinkansen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Yamagata and Akita Shinkansen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/400_Series_Shinkansen" title="400 Series Shinkansen">400 series</a>: The first <a href="/wiki/Mini-shinkansen" title="Mini-shinkansen">Mini-shinkansen</a> type, introduced in 1992 on <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Shinkansen" title="Yamagata Shinkansen">Yamagata Shinkansen</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tsubasa_(train)" title="Tsubasa (train)">Tsubasa</a></i> services with a maximum speed of 240 km/h. Withdrawn in April 2010.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E3_Series_Shinkansen" title="E3 Series Shinkansen">E3 series</a>: Introduced in 1997 on <a href="/wiki/Akita_Shinkansen" title="Akita Shinkansen">Akita Shinkansen</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Komachi_(train)" title="Komachi (train)">Komachi</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Shinkansen" title="Yamagata Shinkansen">Yamagata Shinkansen</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tsubasa_(train)" title="Tsubasa (train)">Tsubasa</a></i> services with a maximum speed of 275 km/h, later operated solely on the Yamagata Shinkansen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E6_Series_Shinkansen" title="E6 Series Shinkansen">E6 series</a>: Introduced in March 2013 on Akita Shinkansen <i>Komachi</i> services, with a maximum speed of 300 km/h (185 mph), raised to 320 km/h (200 mph) in March 2014.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E8_Series_Shinkansen" title="E8 Series Shinkansen">E8 series</a>: Replacement of the E3 series for Tsubasa services introduced from 2024.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:400_L3_Tsubasa_Yamagata_20020824.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="400 series"><img alt="400 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/400_L3_Tsubasa_Yamagata_20020824.jpg/120px-400_L3_Tsubasa_Yamagata_20020824.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/400_L3_Tsubasa_Yamagata_20020824.jpg/180px-400_L3_Tsubasa_Yamagata_20020824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/400_L3_Tsubasa_Yamagata_20020824.jpg/240px-400_L3_Tsubasa_Yamagata_20020824.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">400 series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E3-Komachi-R20-131109.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="E3 series (Komachi)"><img alt="E3 series (Komachi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/E3-Komachi-R20-131109.JPG/120px-E3-Komachi-R20-131109.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/E3-Komachi-R20-131109.JPG/180px-E3-Komachi-R20-131109.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/E3-Komachi-R20-131109.JPG/240px-E3-Komachi-R20-131109.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="1053" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">E3 series (Komachi)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E3-2000_L67_Akayu_Tsubasa_128_20150905.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="E3 series (Tsubasa)"><img alt="E3 series (Tsubasa)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/E3-2000_L67_Akayu_Tsubasa_128_20150905.jpg/120px-E3-2000_L67_Akayu_Tsubasa_128_20150905.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/E3-2000_L67_Akayu_Tsubasa_128_20150905.jpg/180px-E3-2000_L67_Akayu_Tsubasa_128_20150905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/E3-2000_L67_Akayu_Tsubasa_128_20150905.jpg/240px-E3-2000_L67_Akayu_Tsubasa_128_20150905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">E3 series (Tsubasa)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E6_series_Z12_Komachi_20161013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="E6 series"><img alt="E6 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/E6_series_Z12_Komachi_20161013.jpg/120px-E6_series_Z12_Komachi_20161013.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/E6_series_Z12_Komachi_20161013.jpg/180px-E6_series_Z12_Komachi_20161013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/E6_series_Z12_Komachi_20161013.jpg/240px-E6_series_Z12_Komachi_20161013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3975" data-file-height="2651" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">E6 series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinkansen_E8_series_test.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="E8 series"><img alt="E8 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Shinkansen_E8_series_test.jpg/120px-Shinkansen_E8_series_test.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Shinkansen_E8_series_test.jpg/180px-Shinkansen_E8_series_test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Shinkansen_E8_series_test.jpg/240px-Shinkansen_E8_series_test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1022" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">E8 series</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimental_trains">Experimental trains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Experimental trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_1000_Shinkansen" title="Class 1000 Shinkansen">Class 1000</a> – 1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_951_Shinkansen" title="Class 951 Shinkansen">Class 951</a> – 1969</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_961_Shinkansen" title="Class 961 Shinkansen">Class 961</a> – 1973</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_962_Shinkansen" title="Class 962 Shinkansen">Class 962</a> – 1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN350" title="WIN350">500-900 series "WIN350"</a> – 1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR21" title="STAR21">Class 952/953 "STAR21"</a> – 1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/300X" title="300X">Class 955 "300X"</a> – 1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_Change_Train" title="Gauge Change Train">Gauge Change Train</a> – 1998 to present</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastech_360#Class_E954_Fastech_360S" title="Fastech 360">Class E954 "Fastech 360S"</a> – 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastech_360#Class_E955_Fastech_360Z" title="Fastech 360">Class E955 "Fastech 360Z"</a> – 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALFA-X#Class_E956_ALFA-X" title="ALFA-X">Class E956 "ALFA-X"</a> – 2019</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Class_1000_Shinkansen_Photograph.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Class 1000"><img alt="Class 1000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Class_1000_Shinkansen_Photograph.png/120px-Class_1000_Shinkansen_Photograph.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Class_1000_Shinkansen_Photograph.png/180px-Class_1000_Shinkansen_Photograph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Class_1000_Shinkansen_Photograph.png/240px-Class_1000_Shinkansen_Photograph.png 2x" data-file-width="2130" data-file-height="1426" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Class 1000</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:951-1_RTRI_Kokubunji_199711.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Class 951"><img alt="Class 951" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/951-1_RTRI_Kokubunji_199711.jpg/120px-951-1_RTRI_Kokubunji_199711.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/951-1_RTRI_Kokubunji_199711.jpg/180px-951-1_RTRI_Kokubunji_199711.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/951-1_RTRI_Kokubunji_199711.jpg/240px-951-1_RTRI_Kokubunji_199711.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3015" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Class 951</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JNR_shinkansen_961_sendai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Class 961"><img alt="Class 961" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/JNR_shinkansen_961_sendai.jpg/120px-JNR_shinkansen_961_sendai.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/JNR_shinkansen_961_sendai.jpg/180px-JNR_shinkansen_961_sendai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/JNR_shinkansen_961_sendai.jpg/240px-JNR_shinkansen_961_sendai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Class 961</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:925-10_S2_Takasaki_20020925.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Class 962"><img alt="Class 962" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/925-10_S2_Takasaki_20020925.jpg/120px-925-10_S2_Takasaki_20020925.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/925-10_S2_Takasaki_20020925.jpg/180px-925-10_S2_Takasaki_20020925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/925-10_S2_Takasaki_20020925.jpg/240px-925-10_S2_Takasaki_20020925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Class 962</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WIN350_Maibara_19981011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="WIN350"><img alt="WIN350" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/WIN350_Maibara_19981011.jpg/120px-WIN350_Maibara_19981011.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/WIN350_Maibara_19981011.jpg/180px-WIN350_Maibara_19981011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/WIN350_Maibara_19981011.jpg/240px-WIN350_Maibara_19981011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="940" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">WIN350</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STAR21_952-1_Maibara_20060727.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="STAR21"><img alt="STAR21" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/STAR21_952-1_Maibara_20060727.JPG/120px-STAR21_952-1_Maibara_20060727.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/STAR21_952-1_Maibara_20060727.JPG/180px-STAR21_952-1_Maibara_20060727.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/STAR21_952-1_Maibara_20060727.JPG/240px-STAR21_952-1_Maibara_20060727.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">STAR21</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinkansen955-1-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="300X"><img alt="300X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Shinkansen955-1-2.jpg/120px-Shinkansen955-1-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Shinkansen955-1-2.jpg/180px-Shinkansen955-1-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Shinkansen955-1-2.jpg/240px-Shinkansen955-1-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">300X</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauge_Changing_Train_20120912.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gauge change train (2nd generation)"><img alt="Gauge change train (2nd generation)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gauge_Changing_Train_20120912.jpg/120px-Gauge_Changing_Train_20120912.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gauge_Changing_Train_20120912.jpg/180px-Gauge_Changing_Train_20120912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gauge_Changing_Train_20120912.jpg/240px-Gauge_Changing_Train_20120912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="2028" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gauge change train (2nd generation)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E954_S9_Sendai_20060421.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fastech 360S"><img alt="Fastech 360S" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/E954_S9_Sendai_20060421.jpg/120px-E954_S9_Sendai_20060421.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/E954_S9_Sendai_20060421.jpg/180px-E954_S9_Sendai_20060421.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/E954_S9_Sendai_20060421.jpg/240px-E954_S9_Sendai_20060421.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fastech 360S</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E955_Sendai_General_Shinkansen_Depot_20080726.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fastech 360Z"><img alt="Fastech 360Z" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/E955_Sendai_General_Shinkansen_Depot_20080726.jpg/120px-E955_Sendai_General_Shinkansen_Depot_20080726.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/E955_Sendai_General_Shinkansen_Depot_20080726.jpg/180px-E955_Sendai_General_Shinkansen_Depot_20080726.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/E955_Sendai_General_Shinkansen_Depot_20080726.jpg/240px-E955_Sendai_General_Shinkansen_Depot_20080726.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fastech 360Z</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E956S13Sendai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ALFA-X"><img alt="ALFA-X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/E956S13Sendai.jpg/120px-E956S13Sendai.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/E956S13Sendai.jpg/180px-E956S13Sendai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/E956S13Sendai.jpg/240px-E956S13Sendai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ALFA-X</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maglev_trains">Maglev trains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Maglev trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>These trains were and are used only for experimental runs, though the L0 series could be a passenger train.</i> </p> <ul><li>LSM200 – 1972</li> <li>ML100 – 1972</li> <li>ML100A – 1975</li> <li>ML-500 – 1977</li> <li>ML-500R – 1979</li> <li>MLU001 – 1981</li> <li>MLU002 – 1987</li> <li>MLU002N – 1993</li> <li>MLX01 – 1996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L0_series" class="mw-redirect" title="L0 series">L0 series</a> – 2012</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ML100_RTRI_20151010.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="ML100"><img alt="ML100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ML100_RTRI_20151010.JPG/120px-ML100_RTRI_20151010.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ML100_RTRI_20151010.JPG/180px-ML100_RTRI_20151010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ML100_RTRI_20151010.JPG/240px-ML100_RTRI_20151010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ML100</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ML500_RTRI_20151010.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="ML500"><img alt="ML500" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/ML500_RTRI_20151010.JPG/120px-ML500_RTRI_20151010.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/ML500_RTRI_20151010.JPG/180px-ML500_RTRI_20151010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/ML500_RTRI_20151010.JPG/240px-ML500_RTRI_20151010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ML500</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_MLX01-1_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MLX01"><img alt="MLX01" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/JR_MLX01-1_001.jpg/120px-JR_MLX01-1_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/JR_MLX01-1_001.jpg/180px-JR_MLX01-1_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/JR_MLX01-1_001.jpg/240px-JR_MLX01-1_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1004" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MLX01</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Series_L0.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="L0 series"><img alt="L0 series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Series_L0.JPG/120px-Series_L0.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Series_L0.JPG/180px-Series_L0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Series_L0.JPG/240px-Series_L0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="1875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">L0 series</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintenance_vehicles">Maintenance vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Maintenance vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>911 Type diesel <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a></li> <li>912 Type diesel locomotive</li> <li>DD18 Type diesel locomotive</li> <li>DD19 Type diesel locomotive</li> <li>941 Type (rescue train)</li> <li>921 Type (track inspection car)</li> <li>922 Type (<i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Yellow" title="Doctor Yellow">Doctor Yellow</a></i> sets T1, T2, T3)</li> <li>923 Type (<i>Doctor Yellow</i> sets T4, T5)</li> <li>925 Type (<i>Doctor Yellow</i> sets S1, S2)</li> <li>E926 Type (<i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Yellow#For_Tōhoku,_Jōetsu,_Hokuriku,_Yamagata,_and_Akita_Shinkansen" title="Doctor Yellow">East i</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Class_922_Doctor_Yellow_set_T2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Doctor Yellow Type 922"><img alt="Doctor Yellow Type 922" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Class_922_Doctor_Yellow_set_T2.jpg/120px-Class_922_Doctor_Yellow_set_T2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Class_922_Doctor_Yellow_set_T2.jpg/180px-Class_922_Doctor_Yellow_set_T2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Class_922_Doctor_Yellow_set_T2.jpg/240px-Class_922_Doctor_Yellow_set_T2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4105" data-file-height="2689" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Doctor Yellow Type 922</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Type923-T4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Doctor Yellow Type 923"><img alt="Doctor Yellow Type 923" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Type923-T4.jpg/120px-Type923-T4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Type923-T4.jpg/180px-Type923-T4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Type923-T4.jpg/240px-Type923-T4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3739" data-file-height="2492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Doctor Yellow Type 923</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:925-10_S2_Takasaki_20020925.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Doctor Yellow Type 925"><img alt="Doctor Yellow Type 925" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/925-10_S2_Takasaki_20020925.jpg/120px-925-10_S2_Takasaki_20020925.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/925-10_S2_Takasaki_20020925.jpg/180px-925-10_S2_Takasaki_20020925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/925-10_S2_Takasaki_20020925.jpg/240px-925-10_S2_Takasaki_20020925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Doctor Yellow Type 925</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TypeE926.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Type E926 East-i"><img alt="Type E926 East-i" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/TypeE926.jpg/120px-TypeE926.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/TypeE926.jpg/180px-TypeE926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/TypeE926.jpg/240px-TypeE926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Type E926 East-i</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:911_dl.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Type 911 locomotive"><img alt="Type 911 locomotive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/911_dl.JPG/120px-911_dl.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/911_dl.JPG/180px-911_dl.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/911_dl.JPG/240px-911_dl.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="1196" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Type 911 locomotive</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokaido_Shinkansen_Kyoto_station_railway_track_maintenancea_line_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Track maintenance vehicles stabled along sidings outside Kyoto station"><img alt="Track maintenance vehicles stabled along sidings outside Kyoto station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tokaido_Shinkansen_Kyoto_station_railway_track_maintenancea_line_02.jpg/120px-Tokaido_Shinkansen_Kyoto_station_railway_track_maintenancea_line_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tokaido_Shinkansen_Kyoto_station_railway_track_maintenancea_line_02.jpg/180px-Tokaido_Shinkansen_Kyoto_station_railway_track_maintenancea_line_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tokaido_Shinkansen_Kyoto_station_railway_track_maintenancea_line_02.jpg/240px-Tokaido_Shinkansen_Kyoto_station_railway_track_maintenancea_line_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Track maintenance vehicles stabled along sidings outside <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto station">Kyoto station</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Multiple_Tie_Tamper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tamping machine"><img alt="Tamping machine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Multiple_Tie_Tamper.jpg/120px-Multiple_Tie_Tamper.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Multiple_Tie_Tamper.jpg/180px-Multiple_Tie_Tamper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Multiple_Tie_Tamper.jpg/240px-Multiple_Tie_Tamper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tamping_machine" title="Tamping machine">Tamping machine</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86%E8%BB%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ballast cleaner"><img alt="Ballast cleaner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86%E8%BB%8A.jpg/120px-%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86%E8%BB%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86%E8%BB%8A.jpg/180px-%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86%E8%BB%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86%E8%BB%8A.jpg/240px-%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86%E8%BB%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ballast_cleaner" title="Ballast cleaner">Ballast cleaner</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BB%B6%E7%B7%9A%E8%BB%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Overhead line replacement vehicle"><img alt="Overhead line replacement vehicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%E5%BB%B6%E7%B7%9A%E8%BB%8A.jpg/120px-%E5%BB%B6%E7%B7%9A%E8%BB%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%E5%BB%B6%E7%B7%9A%E8%BB%8A.jpg/180px-%E5%BB%B6%E7%B7%9A%E8%BB%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%E5%BB%B6%E7%B7%9A%E8%BB%8A.jpg/240px-%E5%BB%B6%E7%B7%9A%E8%BB%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Overhead line replacement vehicle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%A3%85%E6%9F%B1%E8%BB%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Loading vehicle"><img alt="Loading vehicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%E8%A3%85%E6%9F%B1%E8%BB%8A.jpg/120px-%E8%A3%85%E6%9F%B1%E8%BB%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%E8%A3%85%E6%9F%B1%E8%BB%8A.jpg/180px-%E8%A3%85%E6%9F%B1%E8%BB%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%E8%A3%85%E6%9F%B1%E8%BB%8A.jpg/240px-%E8%A3%85%E6%9F%B1%E8%BB%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Loading vehicle</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speed_records">Speed records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Speed records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_rail">Traditional rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Traditional rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:300x-955-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/300x-955-6.jpg/220px-300x-955-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/300x-955-6.jpg/330px-300x-955-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/300x-955-6.jpg/440px-300x-955-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3052" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Class 955 "300X"</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Speed<sup id="cite_ref-Semmens1997_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semmens1997-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2">Train </th> <th rowspan="2">Location </th> <th rowspan="2">Date </th> <th rowspan="2">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <th>km/h </th> <th>mph </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">200 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">124 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Class_1000_Shinkansen" title="Class 1000 Shinkansen">Class 1000 Shinkansen</a> </td> <td>Kamonomiya test track in <a href="/wiki/Odawara,_Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odawara, Kanagawa">Odawara</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkaidō Shinkansen">Tōkaidō Shinkansen</a> </td> <td align="right">31 October 1962 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">256 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">159 </td> <td>Class 1000 Shinkansen </td> <td>Kamonomiya test track </td> <td align="right">30 March 1963 </td> <td>Former <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record_for_railed_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Land speed record for railed vehicles">world speed record</a> for <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">EMU</a> trains. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">286 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">178 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Class_951_Shinkansen" title="Class 951 Shinkansen">Class 951 Shinkansen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San%27y%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="San'yō Shinkansen">San'yō Shinkansen</a> </td> <td align="right">24 February 1972 </td> <td>Former world speed record for EMU trains. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">319 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">198 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Class_961_Shinkansen" title="Class 961 Shinkansen">Class 961 Shinkansen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oyama,_Tochigi" title="Oyama, Tochigi">Oyama</a> test track, part of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_Shinkansen" title="Tōhoku Shinkansen">Tōhoku Shinkansen</a> </td> <td align="right">7 December 1979 </td> <td>Former world speed record for EMU trains. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">326 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">203 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/300_Series_Shinkansen" title="300 Series Shinkansen">300 series</a> </td> <td>Tōkaidō Shinkansen </td> <td align="right">28 February 1991 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">336 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">209 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/400_Series_Shinkansen" title="400 Series Shinkansen">400 series</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Detsu_Shinkansen" title="Jōetsu Shinkansen">Jōetsu Shinkansen</a> </td> <td align="right">26 March 1991 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">345 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">214 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/400_Series_Shinkansen" title="400 Series Shinkansen">400 series</a> </td> <td>Jōetsu Shinkansen </td> <td align="right">19 September 1991 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">346 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">215 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WIN350" title="WIN350">500-900 series "WIN350"</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San%27y%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="San'yō Shinkansen">San'yō Shinkansen</a> </td> <td align="right">6 August 1992 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">350 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">217 </td> <td>500–900 series "WIN350"</td> <td>San'yō Shinkansen </td> <td align="right">8 August 1992 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">352 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">219 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/STAR21" title="STAR21">Class 952/953 "STAR21"</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Detsu_Shinkansen" title="Jōetsu Shinkansen">Jōetsu Shinkansen</a> </td> <td align="right">30 October 1992 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">425 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">264 </td> <td>Class 952/953 "STAR21" </td> <td>Jōetsu Shinkansen </td> <td align="right">21 December 1993 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">427 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">265 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/300X" title="300X">Class 955 "300X"</a> </td> <td>Tōkaidō Shinkansen </td> <td align="right">11 July 1996 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">443 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">275 </td> <td>Class 955 "300X" </td> <td>Tōkaidō Shinkansen </td> <td align="right">26 July 1996 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maglev">Maglev</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Maglev"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_Central_SCMaglev_L0_Series_Shinkansen_201408081002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/JR_Central_SCMaglev_L0_Series_Shinkansen_201408081002.jpg/220px-JR_Central_SCMaglev_L0_Series_Shinkansen_201408081002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/JR_Central_SCMaglev_L0_Series_Shinkansen_201408081002.jpg/330px-JR_Central_SCMaglev_L0_Series_Shinkansen_201408081002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/JR_Central_SCMaglev_L0_Series_Shinkansen_201408081002.jpg/440px-JR_Central_SCMaglev_L0_Series_Shinkansen_201408081002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/L0_Series_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="L0 Series Shinkansen">L0 Series Shinkansen</a>, unconventional world speed record holder (603 km/h or 374.7 mph)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Speed </th> <th rowspan="2">Train </th> <th rowspan="2">Location </th> <th rowspan="2">Date </th> <th rowspan="2">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <th>km/h </th> <th>mph </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">550 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">342 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/SCMaglev" title="SCMaglev">MLX01</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chūō Shinkansen</a> (Yamanashi test track) </td> <td align="right">24 December 1997 </td> <td rowspan="4">Former <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record_for_railed_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Land speed record for railed vehicles">world speed record</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">552 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">343 </td> <td align="right">14 April 1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">581 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">361 </td> <td align="right">2 December 2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">590 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">367 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/L0_Series_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="L0 Series Shinkansen">L0 series</a> </td> <td align="right">16 April 2015<sup id="cite_ref-yomiuri20150416_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yomiuri20150416-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">603 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">375 </td> <td align="right">21 April 2015<sup id="cite_ref-guardian20150421_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian20150421-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>World speed record </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reliability">Reliability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Reliability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuality">Punctuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Punctuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shinkansen is very reliable thanks to several factors, including its near-total separation from slower traffic. There are separate laws governing interfering with or otherwise obstructing Shinkansen trains, tracks, or its operation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/JR_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="JR Central">JR Central</a> reported that the Shinkansen's average delay from schedule per train was 24 seconds. This includes delays due to uncontrollable causes, such as natural disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_record">Safety record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Safety record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the Shinkansen's 60-plus year history, carrying over 10 billion passengers, there have been no passenger fatalities due to train accidents such as derailments or collisions,<sup id="cite_ref-Safety_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safety-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite frequent earthquakes and typhoons. Injuries and a <a href="/wiki/Mishima_Station_incident" title="Mishima Station incident">single fatality</a> have been caused by doors closing on passengers or their belongings; attendants are employed at platforms to prevent such accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have, however, been suicides by passengers jumping both from and in front of moving trains.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 June 2015, a passenger committed suicide on board a Shinkansen train by setting himself on fire, killing another passenger and seriously injuring seven other people.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC33322794_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC33322794-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been two derailments of Shinkansen trains in passenger service. The first one occurred during the <a href="/wiki/2004_Ch%C5%ABetsu_earthquake" title="2004 Chūetsu earthquake">Chūetsu earthquake on 23 October 2004</a>. Eight of ten cars of the <a href="/wiki/Derailment_of_Shangye-Yuehou_New_Trunk_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Derailment of Shangye-Yuehou New Trunk Line"><i>Toki</i> No. 325 train on the Jōetsu Shinkansen derailed</a> near <a href="/wiki/Nagaoka_Station" title="Nagaoka Station">Nagaoka Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagaoka,_Niigata" title="Nagaoka, Niigata">Nagaoka, Niigata</a>. There were no casualties among the 154 passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another derailment happened on 2 March 2013 on the <a href="/wiki/Akita_Shinkansen" title="Akita Shinkansen">Akita Shinkansen</a> when the <i>Komachi</i> No. 25 train derailed in blizzard conditions in <a href="/wiki/Daisen,_Akita" title="Daisen, Akita">Daisen, Akita</a>. No passengers were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-straitstimes20130332_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-straitstimes20130332-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the event of an earthquake, an earthquake detection system can bring the train to a stop very quickly; newer trainsets are lighter and have stronger braking systems, allowing for quicker stopping. New anti-derailment devices were installed on tracks after analysis of the Jōetsu derailment.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several months after the exposure of the <a href="/wiki/Kobe_Steel#Scandal" title="Kobe Steel">Kobe Steel falsification scandal</a>, which is among the suppliers of <a href="/wiki/High-strength_low-alloy_steel" title="High-strength low-alloy steel">high-strength steel</a> for Shinkansen trainsets, cracks were found upon inspection of a single <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogie</a>, and removed from service on 11 December 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-rg20171213_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rg20171213-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 January 2024, a massive power outage struck the Tohoku, Hokuriku and Joetsu Shinkansen lines, resulting in the cancellation of 283 trains and affecting about 120,000 passengers. <a href="/wiki/JR_East" class="mw-redirect" title="JR East">JR East</a> said that the outage was caused by a Kagayaki service train touching an overhead power cable which was left dangling after the metal rod supporting it fractured between <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmiya_Station_(Saitama)" title="Ōmiya Station (Saitama)">Omiya Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saitama_(city)" title="Saitama (city)">Saitama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ueno_Station" title="Ueno Station">Ueno Station</a> in Tokyo. The incident damaged the train's pantographs and a window,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while two railway employees were hospitalized following an explosion that occurred at the site during repairs.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Shinkansen services were restored the following morning.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shinkansen has had a significant beneficial effect on Japan's business, economy, society, environment and culture beyond mere construction and operational contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-jrtr-okada_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jrtr-okada-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resultant time savings alone from switching from a conventional to a high-speed network have been estimated at 400 million hours, and the system has an economic contribution of <span style="white-space: nowrap">¥500 billion</span> per year.<sup id="cite_ref-jrtr-okada_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jrtr-okada-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That does not include the savings from reduced reliance on imported fuel, which also has <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> benefits. Shinkansen lines, particularly in the very crowded coastal <a href="/wiki/Taiheiy%C5%8D_Belt" title="Taiheiyō Belt">Taiheiyō Belt</a> <a href="/wiki/Megalopolis_(city_type)" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalopolis (city type)">megalopolis</a>, met two primary goals: </p> <ul><li>Shinkansen trains reduced the congestion burden on regional transportation by increasing throughput on a minimal land footprint, therefore being economically preferable compared to modes (such as airports or highways) common in less densely populated regions of the world.</li> <li>As rail was already the primary urban mode of passenger travel, from that perspective it was akin to a <a href="/wiki/Sunk_cost" title="Sunk cost">sunk cost</a>; there was not a significant number of motorists to convince to switch modes. The initial megalopolitan Shinkansen lines were profitable and paid for themselves. Connectivity rejuvenated rural towns such as <a href="/wiki/Kakegawa,_Shizuoka" title="Kakegawa, Shizuoka">Kakegawa</a> that would otherwise be too distant from major cities.<sup id="cite_ref-jrtr-okada_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jrtr-okada-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>However, upon the introduction of the 1973 Basic Plan the initial prudence in developing Shinkansen lines gave way to political considerations to extend the mode to far less populated regions of the country, partly to spread these benefits beyond the key centres of <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kanto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinki">Kinki</a>. Although in some cases regional extension was frustrated by protracted land acquisition (sometimes influenced by the cancellation of the Narita Shinkansen following fierce protests by locals), over time Shinkansen lines were built to relatively sparsely populated areas with the intent to disperse the population away from the capital. </p><p>Such expansion had a significant cost. JNR, the national railway company, was already burdened with subsidizing unprofitable rural and regional railways. It then assumed Shinkansen construction debt until the government corporation eventually owed some <span style="white-space: nowrap">¥28 trillion</span>, contributing to it being regionalised and privatized in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-jrtr-kakumoto_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jrtr-kakumoto-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The privatized JRs eventually paid <span style="white-space: nowrap">¥9.2 trillion</span> to acquire JNR's Shinkansen network.<sup id="cite_ref-jrtr-okada_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jrtr-okada-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following privatization, the JR group of companies have continued Shinkansen network expansion to less populated areas, but with far more flexibility to <a href="/wiki/Corporate_spin-off" title="Corporate spin-off">spin-off</a> unprofitable railways or cut costs than in JNR days. An important factor is the post <a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">bubble</a> <a href="/wiki/Zero_interest-rate_policy" title="Zero interest-rate policy">zero interest-rate policy</a> that allows JR to borrow huge sums of capital without significant concern regarding <a href="/wiki/Amortization_schedule" title="Amortization schedule">repayment timing</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> study found that the presence of a Shinkansen line had improved housing affordability by making it more realistic for lower-income city workers to live in exurban areas much further away from the city, which tend to have cheaper housing options. That in turn helps the city to "decentralise" and reduce city property prices.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traveling by the Tokaido Shinkansen from Tokyo to Osaka produces only around 16% of the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> of the equivalent journey by car, a saving of 15,000 tons of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> per year.<sup id="cite_ref-jrtr-okada_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jrtr-okada-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noise_pollution">Noise pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Noise pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise pollution</a> concerns have made increasing speed more difficult. In Japan, <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> is high and there have been strong protests against the Shinkansen's noise pollution. Its noise is thus limited to less than 70 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a> in residential areas.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Improvement and reduction of the <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantograph (rail)">pantograph</a>, weight saving of cars, and construction of <a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">noise barriers</a> and other measures have been implemented. Research is primarily aimed at reducing operational noise, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunnel boom">tunnel boom</a> phenomenon caused when trains transit tunnels at high speed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earthquake">Earthquake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Earthquake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the risk of earthquakes in Japan, the Urgent Earthquake Detection and Alarm System (UrEDAS) (an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_warning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquake warning system">earthquake warning system</a>) was introduced in 1992. It enables automatic braking of Shinkansen trains in the event of large earthquakes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy_snow">Heavy snow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Heavy snow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkaidō Shinkansen">Tōkaidō Shinkansen</a> often experiences heavy snow in the area around <a href="/wiki/Maibara_Station" title="Maibara Station">Maibara Station</a> between December and February, requiring trains to reduce speed thus disrupting the timetable. Snow-dispersing sprinkler systems have been installed, but delays of 10–20 minutes still occur during snowy weather. Snow-related treefalls have also caused service interruptions. Along the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Detsu_Shinkansen" title="Jōetsu Shinkansen">Jōetsu Shinkansen</a> route, snow can be very heavy, with depths of two to three metres; the line is equipped with stronger sprinklers and <a href="/wiki/Ballastless_track" title="Ballastless track">slab track</a> to mitigate the snow's effects. Despite having multiple days with delays longer than 30 minutes, the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_Shinkansen" title="Tōhoku Shinkansen">Tōhoku Shinkansen</a> still presents a slight advantage in reliability compared to air travel on days with significant snowfall.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ridership">Ridership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Ridership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annual">Annual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Annual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Annual ridership figures for selected years (in millions of passengers)<sup id="cite_ref-mlit_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlit-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Tokaido</th> <th>Tohoku</th> <th>San'yō</th> <th>Joetsu</th> <th>Nagano</th> <th>Kyushu</th> <th>Hokkaido</th> <th>Sum*</th> <th>Total<br />(excl. transfers) </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year#Japan" title="Fiscal year">FY</a>2007 </th> <td>151.32 </td> <td>84.83 </td> <td>64.43 </td> <td>38.29 </td> <td>10.13 </td> <td>4.18 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>353.18</b> </td> <td><b>315.77</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>FY2015 </th> <td>162.97 </td> <td>90.45 </td> <td>72.06 </td> <td>42.96 </td> <td>31.84 </td> <td>13.65 </td> <td>**0.10 </td> <td><b>414.03</b> </td> <td><b>365.71</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>FY2016 </th> <td>167.72 </td> <td>91.09 </td> <td>72.53 </td> <td>43.06 </td> <td>30.75 </td> <td>13.27 </td> <td>2.11 </td> <td><b>420.53</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>FY2017 </th> <td>170.09 </td> <td>91.98 </td> <td>74.46 </td> <td>43.80 </td> <td>31.03 </td> <td>14.24 </td> <td>2.19 </td> <td><b>427.78</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>FY2018 </th> <td>174.105 </td> <td>93.44 </td> <td>75.92 </td> <td>44.53 </td> <td>31.755 </td> <td>14.6 </td> <td>1.64 </td> <td><b>436.00</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* The sum of the ridership of individual lines does not equal the ridership of the system because a single rider may be counted multiple times when using multiple lines, to get proper ridership figures for a system, in the above case, is only counted once. </p><p>** Only refers to 6 days of operation: 26 March 2016 (opening date) to 31 March 2016 (end of FY2015). </p><p>Until 2011, Japan's high-speed rail system had the highest annual patronage of any system worldwide, when China's HSR network's patronage reached 1.7 billion and became the world's highest.<sup id="cite_ref-fc2web_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fc2web-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cumulative_comparison">Cumulative comparison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Cumulative comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Cumulative high-speed rail passengers (in millions of passengers)<sup id="cite_ref-whhh_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whhh-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Shinkansen (see notes)</th> <th>Asia (other)</th> <th>Europe</th> <th>World</th> <th>Shinkansen share (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1964</td> <td>11.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>11.0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td>1,616.3</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1,616.3</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985</td> <td>2,390.3</td> <td>0</td> <td>45.7</td> <td>2,436.0</td> <td>98.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>3,559.1</td> <td>0</td> <td>129.9</td> <td>3,689.0</td> <td>96.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>5,018.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>461</td> <td>5,479</td> <td>91.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>6,531.7</td> <td>0</td> <td>1,103.5</td> <td>7,635.1</td> <td>85.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>8,088.3</td> <td>52.2</td> <td>2,014.6</td> <td>10,155.1</td> <td>79.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>9,651.0</td> <td>965</td> <td><i>3,177.0</i></td> <td><i>15,417</i></td> <td><i>70.8%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td><i>10,344</i></td> <td>2,230</td> <td><i>3,715</i></td> <td><i>16,210</i></td> <td><i>64.5%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td><i>11,050</i></td> <td><i>3,910</i></td> <td><i>4,300</i></td> <td><i>19,260</i></td> <td><i>57.4%</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notes: </p> <ul><li>Data in <i>italics</i> includes extrapolated estimations where data is missing. Turkey and Russia data here is included in "Europe" column, rather than split between Asia and Europe. Only systems with 200 km/h or higher regular service speed are considered.</li> <li>"Shinkansen share(%)" refers to percent of Shinkansen ridership (including fully assembled exported trainsets) as a percent of "World" total. Currently this only pertains to Taiwan, but may change if Japan exports Shinkansen to other nations.</li> <li>"Shinkansen" column does not include Shinkansen <a href="/wiki/Knock_down_kit" class="mw-redirect" title="Knock down kit">knock down kits</a> made in Japan exported to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> for assembly, or any derivative system thereof in China)</li> <li>"Asia (other)" column refers to sum of riderships of all HSR systems geographically in Asia that do not use Shinkansen. (this data excludes Russia and Turkey, which geographically have parts in Asia but for sake of convenience included in Europe column)</li> <li>For 2013, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism" title="Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism">Japan's Ministry of Transport</a> has not updated data, nor is summed European data available (even 2012 data is very rough), however Taiwan ridership is 47.49 million<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Korea with 54.5 million<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and China with 672 million in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Cumulative ridership since October 1964 is over 5 billion passengers for the Tokaido Shinkansen Line alone and 10 billion passengers for Japan's entire shinkansen network.<sup id="cite_ref-fc2web_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fc2web-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Nevertheless, China's share is increasing fast, as close to 9.5 billion passengers in that nation have been served by the end of 2018 and is projected to pass Japan's cumulative numbers by as early as 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed_increases">Speed increases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Speed increases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tōhoku_Shinkansen"><span id="T.C5.8Dhoku_Shinkansen"></span>Tōhoku Shinkansen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Tōhoku Shinkansen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/E5_Series_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="E5 Series Shinkansen">E5 series</a> trains, capable of up to 320 km/h (200 mph), initially limited to 300 km/h (186 mph), were introduced on the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_Shinkansen" title="Tōhoku Shinkansen">Tōhoku Shinkansen</a> in March 2011. Operation at the maximum speed of 320 km/h (200 mph) between <a href="/wiki/Utsunomiya_Station" title="Utsunomiya Station">Utsunomiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morioka_Station" title="Morioka Station">Morioka</a> on this route commenced on 16 March 2013. It reduced the journey time to around 3 hours for trains from Tokyo to Shin-Aomori, a distance of 674 km (419 mi). </p><p>Extensive trials using the <a href="/wiki/Fastech_360" title="Fastech 360">Fastech 360</a> test trains have shown that operation at 360 km/h (224 mph) is not feasible because of problems of <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Piston_effect#Tunnel_Boom" title="Piston effect">tunnel boom</a>), overhead wire wear, and braking distances. On 30 October 2012, JR East announced that it was pursuing research and development to increase speeds to 360 km/h (224 mph) on the Tohoku Shinkansen by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-jreast20121030_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jreast20121030-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/ALFA-X" title="ALFA-X">ALFA-X</a> is undergoing testing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hokkaido_Shinkansen">Hokkaido Shinkansen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Hokkaido Shinkansen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon commencement of services in 2016, the maximum speed on the approximately 82 km (51 mi) <a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">dual gauge</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_Shinkansen" title="Hokkaido Shinkansen">Hokkaido Shinkansen</a> (including through the <a href="/wiki/Seikan_Tunnel" title="Seikan Tunnel">Seikan Tunnel</a>) was 140 km/h (85 mph), which was increased to 160 km/h (100 mph) by March 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-saves3mins_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saves3mins-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are approximately 50 freight trains using the dual gauge section each day, so limiting the travel of such trains to times outside of Shinkansen services is not an option. Because of this and other weather-related factors cited by JR East and JR Hokkaido, the fastest journey time between Tokyo and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto is 3 hours, 57 minutes. </p><p>During the 2020-21 New Year Holiday period, certain Shinkansen services were operated at 210 km/h (130 mph) on the dual gauge section and was proposed again for the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Week_(Japan)" title="Golden Week (Japan)">Golden Week</a> Holiday period from 3–6 May 2021, due to fewer freight trains operating.<sup id="cite_ref-saves3mins_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saves3mins-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To achieve the full benefit of Shinkansen trains travelling on the dual gauge section at 260 km/h (160 mph) (the maximum speed proposed through the tunnel), alternatives are being considered, such as a system to automatically slow Shinkansen trains to 200 km/h (125 mph) when passing narrow-gauge trains, and/or loading freight trains onto special "<a href="/wiki/Train_on_Train" title="Train on Train">Train on Train</a>" standard-gauge trains (akin to a covered piggyback flatcar train) built to withstand the <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a> of oncoming Shinkansen trains traveling at full speed. This would enable a travel time from Tokyo to Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto of 3 hours and 45 minutes, a saving of 12 minutes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hokuriku_extension">Hokuriku extension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Hokuriku extension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_Shinkansen#Future_plans" title="Hokuriku Shinkansen">Hokuriku Shinkansen § Future plans</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fukui-C-3082.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fukui-C-3082.jpg/220px-Fukui-C-3082.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fukui-C-3082.jpg/330px-Fukui-C-3082.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fukui-C-3082.jpg/440px-Fukui-C-3082.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_Shinkansen" title="Hokuriku Shinkansen">Hokuriku Shinkansen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fukui_(city)" title="Fukui (city)">Fukui</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Hokuriku Shinkansen was extended from Kanazawa to Tsuruga on 16 March 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are further plans to extend the line from Tsuruga to Osaka, with the Obama-Kyoto route chosen by the government on 20 December 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-railwaygazette.com_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railwaygazette.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after a government committee investigated the five nominated routes.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Construction of the extension beyond Tsuruga is not expected to commence before 2030, with a projected 15-year construction period. On 6 March 2017 the government committee announced the chosen route from Kyoto to Shin-Osaka is to be via <a href="/wiki/Kyotanabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyotanabe">Kyotanabe</a>, with a station at <a href="/wiki/Matsuiyamate_Station" title="Matsuiyamate Station">Matsuiyamate</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Katamachi_Line" title="Katamachi Line">Katamachi Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abandoned_interim_Gauge_Change_plans">Abandoned interim Gauge Change plans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Abandoned interim Gauge Change plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To extend the benefits of the Hokuriku Shinkansen to stations west of Tsuruga before the line to Osaka is completed, JR West was working in partnership with Talgo on the development of a <a href="/wiki/Gauge_Change_Train" title="Gauge Change Train">Gauge Change Train</a> (CGT) capable of operating under both the 25 kV AC electrification used on the Shinkansen and the 1.5 kV DC system employed on conventional lines. A trial of the proposed bogie was undertaken on a purpose-built 180 m (590 ft) gauge-changer at Tsuruga, but it was unsuccessful and the plans were abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tohoku_extension/Hokkaido_Shinkansen"><span id="Tohoku_extension.2FHokkaido_Shinkansen"></span>Tohoku extension/Hokkaido Shinkansen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Tohoku extension/Hokkaido Shinkansen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_Shinkansen" title="Hokkaido Shinkansen">Hokkaido Shinkansen</a> forms an extension of the Tohoku Shinkansen north of <a href="/wiki/Shin-Aomori_Station" title="Shin-Aomori Station">Shin-Aomori</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto_Station" title="Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto Station">Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto Station</a> (north of the <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Hakodate,_Hokkaido" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakodate, Hokkaido">Hakodate</a>) through the <a href="/wiki/Seikan_Tunnel" title="Seikan Tunnel">Seikan Tunnel</a>, which was converted to dual gauge as part of the project, opening in March 2016. </p><p><a href="/wiki/JR_Hokkaido" class="mw-redirect" title="JR Hokkaido">JR Hokkaido</a> is extending the Hokkaido Shinkansen from Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto to <a href="/wiki/Sapporo_Station" title="Sapporo Station">Sapporo</a> to open by March 2031,<sup id="cite_ref-railjournal20160216_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railjournal20160216-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with tunnelling work on the 5.27 km (3.27 mi) Murayama tunnel, situated about 1 km (0.62 mi) north of Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto Station, commencing in March 2015, and due to be completed by March 2021. The 211.3 km (131.3 mi) extension will be approximately 76% in tunnels, including major tunnels such as Oshima (~26.5 km (16.5 mi)), Teine (~26.5 km (16.5 mi)) and Shiribeshi (~18 km (11 mi)).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although an extension from Sapporo to <a href="/wiki/Asahikawa" title="Asahikawa">Asahikawa</a> was included in the 1973 list of planned lines, at this time it is unknown whether the Hokkaido Shinkansen will be extended beyond Sapporo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen_2">Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen" title="Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen">Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/JR_Kyushu" class="mw-redirect" title="JR Kyushu">JR Kyushu</a> opened the Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen from <a href="/wiki/Takeo-Onsen_Station" title="Takeo-Onsen Station">Takeo-Onsen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_Station" title="Nagasaki Station">Nagasaki</a> (built to full Shinkansen standard) on 23 September 2022, with the existing narrow gauge section between Shin-Tosu and Takeo Onsen proposed to be upgraded as part of this project. </p><p>This proposal initially involved introducing <a href="/wiki/Gauge_Change_Train" title="Gauge Change Train">Gauge Change Trains</a> (GCT) travelling from Hakata to Shin-Tosu (26.3 km (16.3 mi)) on the existing Kyushu Shinkansen line, then passing through a specific gauge changing (standard to narrow) section of track linking to the existing <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_Main_Line" title="Nagasaki Main Line">Nagasaki Main Line</a>, along which it would travel to Hizen Yamaguchi (37.6 km (23.4 mi)), then onto the <a href="/wiki/Sasebo_Line" title="Sasebo Line">Sasebo Line</a> to Takeo-Onsen (13.7 km (8.5 mi)), where another gauge changing section (narrow to standard) would lead onto the final Shinkansen line to Nagasaki (66 km (41 mi)). However, significant technical issues with the axles of the GCT resulted in its cancellation. </p><p>On 28 October 2020, JR Kyushu announced it would utilize a 6-car version of the N700S for the isolated Shinkansen section from Nagasaki, with 'cross platform' change to a relay service at Takeo Onsen station to connect to Hakata.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JR Kyushu also announced the service would continue to use the name 'Kamome' for the Hakata-Nagasaki service, which has been in use since 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-kamome_selection_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamome_selection-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shinkansen line shortens the distance between Hakata and Nagasaki by 6.2% (9.6 km (6.0 mi)), and while only 64% of the route is built to full Shinkansen standards, it eliminated the slowest sections of the previous narrow gauge route. </p><p>As part of the GCT proposal, the 12.8 km (8.0 mi) section of single track between Hizen Yamaguchi and Takeo Onsen was proposed to be duplicated. However, due to the issues with the development of the GCT, the proposal did not advance. </p><p>The initial section between Nagasaki and Takeo Onsen opened on 23 September 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maglev_(Chūō_Shinkansen)"><span id="Maglev_.28Ch.C5.AB.C5.8D_Shinkansen.29"></span>Maglev (<i>Chūō Shinkansen</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Maglev (Chūō Shinkansen)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a> trains have been undertaking test runs on the Yamanashi test track since 1997, running at speeds of over 500 km/h (310 mph). As a result of this extensive testing, maglev technology is almost ready for public usage.<sup id="cite_ref-maglev_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maglev-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extension of the test track from 18.4 to 42.8 km (11.4 to 26.6 mi) was completed in June 2013, enabling extended high-speed running trials to commence in August 2013. This section will be incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chūō Shinkansen</a> which will eventually link Tokyo to Osaka. Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Shinagawa,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinagawa, Tokyo">Shinagawa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a> section began in 2014, with 86% of the 286 km (178 mi) route to be in tunnels. Plans were approved in 2017 for the Chūō Shinkansen to begin at <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Station" title="Tokyo Station">Tokyo Station</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Shinagawa_Station" title="Shinagawa Station">Shinagawa Station</a> as initially planned due to difficulties in securing land.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CEO of JR Central originally announced plans to have the <a href="/wiki/JR%E2%80%93Maglev" class="mw-redirect" title="JR–Maglev">maglev</a> <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chūō Shinkansen</a> operating from Tokyo to <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Station" title="Nagoya Station">Nagoya</a> by 2027,<sup id="cite_ref-maglev_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maglev-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a subsequent extension to Osaka by 2037. However, as of 2022, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen#The_Ōi_River_issue" title="Chūō Shinkansen">continuing controversy over routing across the Ōi River</a> has prevented the start of construction in Shizuoka, and there is no target date for opening.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the shortest route (through the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Alps" title="Japanese Alps">Japanese Alps</a>), JR Central estimates that it will take 40 minutes to run from Shinagawa to Nagoya. The planned travel time from Shinagawa to Shin-Osaka is 1 hour 7 minutes. The Tokaido Shinkansen as of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> had a minimum connection time of 2 hours 19 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the government has granted approval<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the shortest route between Tokyo and Nagoya, some prefectural governments, particularly Nagano, lobbied to have the line routed farther north to serve the city of <a href="/wiki/Chino,_Nagano" title="Chino, Nagano">Chino</a> and either <a href="/wiki/Ina,_Nagano" title="Ina, Nagano">Ina</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kiso-Fukushima_Station" title="Kiso-Fukushima Station">Kiso-Fukushima</a>. However, that would increase both the travel time (from Tokyo to Nagoya) and the cost of construction.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JR Central has confirmed it will construct the line through <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture" title="Kanagawa Prefecture">Kanagawa Prefecture</a>, and terminate at <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Station" title="Tokyo Station">Tokyo Station</a>. </p><p>The route for the Nagoya to Osaka section is also contested. It is planned to go via <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>, about 40 km (25 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>. Kyoto is lobbying to have the route moved north and be largely aligned with the existing <a href="/wiki/Tokaido_Shinkansen" title="Tokaido Shinkansen">Tokaido Shinkansen</a>, which services Kyoto and not Nara.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mini-Shinkansen">Mini-Shinkansen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Mini-Shinkansen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mini-shinkansen<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ミニ新幹線</span></span>)</span> is the name given to the routes where former narrow gauge lines have been converted to standard gauge to allow Shinkansen trains to travel to cities without the expense of constructing full Shinkansen standard lines. </p><p>Two mini-shinkansen routes have been constructed: the <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Shinkansen" title="Yamagata Shinkansen">Yamagata Shinkansen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akita_Shinkansen" title="Akita Shinkansen">Akita Shinkansen</a>. Shinkansen services to these lines traverse the <a href="/wiki/Tohoku_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohoku Shinkansen">Tohoku Shinkansen</a> line from Tokyo before branching off to traditional main lines. On both the Yamagata/Shinjo and Akita lines, the narrow gauge lines were regauged, resulting in the local services being operated by <a href="/wiki/701-5000_series" class="mw-redirect" title="701-5000 series">standard gauge versions</a> of <span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span> (<span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span>) suburban/interurban rolling stock. On the Akita line between Omagari and Akita, one of the two narrow gauge lines was regauged, and a section of the remaining narrow gauge line is dual gauge, providing the opportunity for Shinkansen services to pass each other without stopping. </p><p>The maximum speed on these lines is 130 km/h (81 mph), however the overall travel time to/from Tokyo is improved due to the elimination of the need for passengers to change trains at <a href="/wiki/Fukushima,_Fukushima" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima, Fukushima">Fukushima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morioka,_Iwate" class="mw-redirect" title="Morioka, Iwate">Morioka</a> respectively. </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">Loading gauge</a> (size of the train that can travel on a line) was not altered when the rail gauge was widened, only Shinkansen trains specially built for these routes can travel on the lines. They are the E3 and E6 series trains. </p><p>As some of the E3 series on the Yamagata Shinkansen will be retiring soon, they will be replaced by the new <a href="/wiki/E8_Series_Shinkansen" title="E8 Series Shinkansen">E8 Series Shinkansen</a> trains from Spring 2024 with an increased speed of 300 km/h (186 mph), up from the 275 km/h (171 mph) on the <a href="/wiki/E3_series_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="E3 series (train)">E3 Series</a> trains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Whilst no further Mini-shinkansen routes have been proposed, it remains an option for providing Shinkansen services to cities on the narrow gauge network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed_Ou_Base_Tunnel">Proposed Ou Base Tunnel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Proposed Ou Base Tunnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Construction of a <a href="/wiki/Base_tunnel" title="Base tunnel">Base tunnel</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Shinkansen" title="Yamagata Shinkansen">Yamagata Shinkansen</a> is proposed, with JR East having undertaken a survey of a planned route from Niwasaka to Sekine, just south of Yonezawa station.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 23.1 km (14.4 mi) of the proposed 24.9 km (15.5 mi) line would be in tunnel, mostly to the north of the existing 88 km (55 mi) Fukushima – Yamagata section. To be built on an improved alignment, the tunnel would lower journey times between Fukushima and Yamagata by ~10 min due to a proposed line speed of up to 200 km/h. </p><p>The tunnel would avoid the Itaya Toge pass through the Ou mountains west of Fukushima. Gradients range from 3.0% to 3.8% and the line reaches an altitude of 548 m (1,798 ft). The curvature and steep grades limit train speeds to 55 km/h (34 mph) or less, and the line is vulnerable to heavy rain and snowfall as well as high winds. Between 2011 and 2017 a total of 410 Yamagata mini-Shinkansen services were either suspended or delayed, and 40% of these incidents occurred on the line over the Itaya Toge pass. </p><p>If the <span style="white-space: nowrap">¥150 billion</span> base tunnel is authorised, detailed design would take five years and construction another 15 years. The cost could increase by <span style="white-space: nowrap">¥12 billion</span> if the tunnel were to be built with a cross-section large enough to permit the line to be upgraded to the full Shinkansen loading gauge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gauge_Change_Train">Gauge Change Train</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Gauge Change Train"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gauge_Change_Train" title="Gauge Change Train">Gauge Change Train</a></div> <p>This is the name for the concept of using a single train that is designed to travel on both <span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span> (<span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span>) narrow gauge railway lines and the <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) standard gauge used by Shinkansen train services in Japan. The trucks/bogies of the Gauge Change Train (GCT) allow the wheels to be unlocked from the axles, narrowed or widened as necessary, and then relocked. This allows a GCT to traverse both standard gauge and narrow gauge tracks without the expense of regauging lines. </p><p>Three test trains were constructed, with the second set having completed reliability trials on the <a href="/wiki/Yosan_Line" title="Yosan Line">Yosan Line</a> east of <a href="/wiki/Matsuyama,_Ehime" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsuyama, Ehime">Matsuyama</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a>) in September 2013. The third set was undertaking gauge changing trials at <a href="/wiki/Shin-Yatsushiro_Station" title="Shin-Yatsushiro Station">Shin-Yatsushiro Station</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>), commencing in 2014 for a proposed three-year period, however testing was suspended in December 2014 after accumulating approximating 33,000 km (21,000 mi), following the discovery of defective thrust bearing oil seals on the bogies.<sup id="cite_ref-mynavi20141224_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mynavi20141224-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The train was being trialled between <a href="/wiki/Kumamoto" title="Kumamoto">Kumamoto</a>, travelling on the narrow gauge line to Shin-Yatsushiro, where a gauge changer was installed, so the GCT could be trialled on the Shinkansen line to <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a>. It was anticipated the train would travel approximately 600,000 km (370,000 mi) over the three-year trial. </p><p>A new "full standard" Shinkansen line is under construction from Takeo Onsen to <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_Station" title="Nagasaki Station">Nagasaki</a>, with the Shin-Tosu – Takeo Onsen section of the <a href="/wiki/Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen" title="Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen">Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen</a> to remain narrow gauge. GCTs were proposed to provide Shinkansen service from the line's scheduled opening in fiscal 2022, however with the GCT being cancelled, JR Kyushu announced it would provide an interim <a href="/wiki/Kamome_(train)#Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen" title="Kamome (train)">'relay'</a> service.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition_with_air">Competition with air</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Competition with air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared with air transport, the Shinkansen has several advantages, including scheduling frequency and flexibility, punctual operation, comfortable seats, lower carbon emissions, and convenient city-centre terminals. </p><p>Shinkansen fares are generally competitive with domestic air fares. From a speed and convenience perspective, the Shinkansen's market share has surpassed that of air travel for journeys of less than 750 km (470 mi), while air and rail remain highly competitive with each other in the 800–900 km (500–560 mi) range and air has a higher market share for journeys of more than 1,000 km (620 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During snowy weather, the Shinkansen is known to face fewer delays compared to air travel due to snow. One study done in 2016 concluded that the Tohoku Shinkansen between Tokyo and Aomori had substantially fewer days with delays longer than 30 minutes compared to air travel.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Tokyo – Nagoya (342 km; 213 mi), Tokyo – Sendai (325 km; 202 mi), Tokyo – <a href="/wiki/Hanamaki,_Iwate" title="Hanamaki, Iwate">Hanamaki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morioka,_Iwate" class="mw-redirect" title="Morioka, Iwate">Morioka</a>) (496 km; 308 mi), Tokyo – Niigata (300 km; 190 mi): There were air services between these cities, but they were withdrawn after Shinkansen services started. Shinkansen runs between these cities in about two hours or less.</li> <li>Tokyo – Osaka (515 km; 320 mi): Shinkansen is dominant because of fast (2 hours 22 minutes) and frequent service (up to every 10 minutes by <i>Nozomi</i>); however, air travel has a certain share (~20–30%).</li> <li>Tokyo – Okayama (676 km; 420 mi), Tokyo – Hiroshima (821 km; 510 mi): Shinkansen is reported to have increased its market share from ~40% to ~60% over the last decade.<sup id="cite_ref-asia.nikkei.com_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asia.nikkei.com-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shinkansen takes about three to four hours and there are <i>Nozomi</i> trains every 30 minutes, but airlines may provide cheaper fares, attracting price-conscious passengers.</li> <li>Tokyo – Fukuoka (1,069 km; 664 mi): The Shinkansen takes about five hours on the fastest <i>Nozomi</i>, and discount carriers have made air travel far cheaper, so most people choose air. Additionally, unlike many cities, there is very little convenience advantage for the location of the Shinkansen stations of the two cities as <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Airport" title="Fukuoka Airport">Fukuoka Airport</a> is located near the central <a href="/wiki/Tenjin,_Fukuoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenjin, Fukuoka">Tenjin</a> district, and <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_City_Subway" title="Fukuoka City Subway">Fukuoka City Subway</a> <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABk%C5%8D_Line_(Fukuoka_City_Subway)" title="Kūkō Line (Fukuoka City Subway)">Line 1</a> connects the Airport and Tenjin via Hakata Station and <a href="/wiki/Haneda_Airport" title="Haneda Airport">Haneda Airport</a> is similarly conveniently located.</li> <li>Osaka – Fukuoka (554 km; 344 mi): One of the most competitive sections. The Shinkansen takes about two and a half hours by <i>Nozomi</i> or <i>Mizuho</i>, and the JR West <i>Hikari Rail Star</i> or JR West/JR Kyushu <i>Sakura</i> trains operate twice an hour, taking about 2 hours and 40 minutes between the two cities. Again the location of the airports involved (<a href="/wiki/Itami_Airport" title="Itami Airport">Itami Airport</a> in Osaka's case) helps with the popularity of air travel.</li> <li>Tokyo – Aomori (675 km; 419 mi): The fastest Shinkansen service between these cities is 3 hours. JAL is reported to have reduced the size of planes servicing this route since the Shinkansen extension opened in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-asia.nikkei.com_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asia.nikkei.com-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tokyo – Hokuriku (345 km; 214 mi): The fastest Shinkansen service between these areas is 2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> hours. ANA is reported to have reduced the number of services from Tokyo to Kanazawa and Toyama from 6 to 4 per day since the Shinkansen extension opened in 2015. The share of passengers travelling this route by air is reported to have dropped from 40% to 10% in the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Japan">Outside Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Outside Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THSR_700T_TR17_20130907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/THSR_700T_TR17_20130907.jpg/220px-THSR_700T_TR17_20130907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/THSR_700T_TR17_20130907.jpg/330px-THSR_700T_TR17_20130907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/THSR_700T_TR17_20130907.jpg/440px-THSR_700T_TR17_20130907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4490" data-file-height="2820" /></a><figcaption>Shinkansen <a href="/wiki/700T_Series_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="700T Series Shinkansen">700T train</a> on a test run on the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail" title="Taiwan High Speed Rail">Taiwan High Speed Rail</a> in September 2013</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CRH2A-4028_at_Pearl_River_West_Bridge_(20180924125904).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CRH2A-4028_at_Pearl_River_West_Bridge_%2820180924125904%29.jpg/220px-CRH2A-4028_at_Pearl_River_West_Bridge_%2820180924125904%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CRH2A-4028_at_Pearl_River_West_Bridge_%2820180924125904%29.jpg/330px-CRH2A-4028_at_Pearl_River_West_Bridge_%2820180924125904%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CRH2A-4028_at_Pearl_River_West_Bridge_%2820180924125904%29.jpg/440px-CRH2A-4028_at_Pearl_River_West_Bridge_%2820180924125904%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3827" data-file-height="2552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/China_Railways_CRH2" class="mw-redirect" title="China Railways CRH2">China Railways CRH2</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/E2_Series_Shinkansen" title="E2 Series Shinkansen">E2 Series Shinkansen</a>, September 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unit_395008_at_Ebbsfleet_International.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Unit_395008_at_Ebbsfleet_International.JPG/220px-Unit_395008_at_Ebbsfleet_International.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Unit_395008_at_Ebbsfleet_International.JPG/330px-Unit_395008_at_Ebbsfleet_International.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Unit_395008_at_Ebbsfleet_International.JPG/440px-Unit_395008_at_Ebbsfleet_International.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_395" title="British Rail Class 395">British Rail Class 395</a> in the United Kingdom, September 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Railways using Shinkansen technology are not limited to those in Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Existing">Existing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Existing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">0 Series Shinkansen</a> power car which was used in Taiwan for testing is on display at <a href="/wiki/Tainan_HSR_station" title="Tainan HSR station">Tainan HSR station</a>. This is one of only two Shinkansen on display in a museum outside of Japan. The <a href="/wiki/700T_Series_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="700T Series Shinkansen">700T Series</a>, operated by <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail" title="Taiwan High Speed Rail">Taiwan High Speed Rail</a>, is the first operational Shinkansen type exported outside Japan. Based off the <a href="/wiki/700_Series_Shinkansen" title="700 Series Shinkansen">700 series</a>, they were built by <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries" title="Kawasaki Heavy Industries">Kawasaki Heavy Industries</a> and are operated as 12-car sets. They first entered service in January 2007, with a maximum speed of 300 km/h (190 mph). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH2" title="China Railway CRH2">China Railway CRH2</a> is based on the <a href="/wiki/E2_Series_Shinkansen#10-car_J50_sets_(-1000_sub-series)" title="E2 Series Shinkansen">E2-1000 series</a> design. The trains are built by CSR Sifang Loco & Rolling stocks corporation under a license purchased in 2004 from a consortium formed of Kawasaki Heavy Industries, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Electric Corporation">Mitsubishi Electric Corporation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>. Trial services started in January 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A retired <a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">0 Series Shinkansen</a> power car was donated to the <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Museum" title="National Railway Museum">National Railway Museum</a>, in 2000. This is one of only two Shinkansen on display in a museum outside of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_395" title="British Rail Class 395">Class 395</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_A-Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitachi A-Train">A-Train</a> family of rolling stock, incorporates technology from the <a href="/wiki/400_Series_Shinkansen" title="400 Series Shinkansen">400 Series Shinkansen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty nine EMUs were ordered from Hitachi for commuter services on the <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_1" title="High Speed 1">High Speed 1</a> line and entered service in June 2009, operating at a maximum speed of 140 mph (225 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_800" title="British Rail Class 800">Class 800</a> eighty bi-mode trains were built by Hitachi for <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" title="Great Western Railway (train operating company)">Great Western Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London North Eastern Railway">London North Eastern Railway</a>, they operate at a maximum speed of 125 mph (200 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Citation makes no reference to Shinkansen technology. (October 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_801" title="British Rail Class 801">Class 801</a> forty two EMUs were built by Hitachi for <a href="/wiki/London_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London North Eastern Railway">London North Eastern Railway</a>, branded as the <i>Azuma</i>, they operate at a maximum speed of 125 mph (200 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Citation makes no reference to Shinkansen technology. (October 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hitachi have continued to build <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_A-train" title="Hitachi A-train">Hitachi A-train</a> family trains for <a href="/wiki/Train_operating_company" title="Train operating company">railway operators</a> in the United Kingdom. This has included deliveries of <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_802" title="British Rail Class 802">Class 802</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_803" title="British Rail Class 803">Class 803</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_805" title="British Rail Class 805">Class 805</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_807" title="British Rail Class 807">Class 807</a> trains to operators such as <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" title="Great Western Railway (train operating company)">Great Western Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/TransPennine_Express" title="TransPennine Express">TransPennine Express</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avanti_West_Coast" title="Avanti West Coast">Avanti West Coast</a>. It is expected that from early 2025, <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Railway" title="East Midlands Railway">East Midlands Railways</a> will deploy new <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_810" title="British Rail Class 810">Class 810</a> trains into service.<sup id="cite_ref-RailwaysIllustrated254_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RailwaysIllustrated254-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_negotiation">Under negotiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Under negotiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mumbai%E2%80%93Ahmedabad_high-speed_rail_corridor" title="Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor">Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor</a></div> <p>In December 2015, India and Japan signed an agreement for the construction of India's first high speed rail link <a href="/wiki/Mumbai%E2%80%93Ahmedabad_high-speed_rail_corridor" title="Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor">connecting Mumbai to Ahmedabad</a>, the intention being to initially operate imported E5 Series Shinkansen sets on the line. To be funded primarily through Japanese soft loans, the link was expected to cost up to US$18.6 billion and operational by 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project has been delayed by several years, and forecast costs risen. A contract to purchase up to 24 modified E5 sets is expected to be agreed and signed by the end of 2024, with delivery approximately 24 months later.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sets are to incorporate design changes such as the modification of <a href="/wiki/Air-conditioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-conditioning system">air conditioning system</a>, in order to operate efficiently at temperatures up to 50 degrees <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a>, larger capacity particulate filters, and increased large luggage spaces. One of the goal of Indian Railways is to replace the high-end technical offerings on Japan's train sets with indigenous bio-toilets. Similarly, the primary languages for documentation of facility usage instructions must be <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Texas_Central_Railway" title="Texas Central Railway">Texas Central Railway</a> would build a ~300 mi (480 km) long line using the N700 series rolling stock.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trains are proposed to operate at over 320 km/h (200 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_subject_to_funding">Proposed subject to funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Proposed subject to funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Japan will provide Shinkansen technology for a high-speed rail link between <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a> under an agreement reached with Thailand on 27 May 2015. Total project costs are estimated in excess of 1 trillion yen ($8.1 billion). Several hurdles remain, however, including securing the funding.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_opportunities">Potential opportunities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Potential opportunities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A private organization dedicated to aiding the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a> in delivering high speed rail, <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Land_and_Rail_Australia" title="Consolidated Land and Rail Australia">Consolidated Land and Rail Australia</a>, has considered purchasing Shinkansen technology or SC Maglev rolling stock for a potential <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>-<a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>-<a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> line.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Rail_Authority" title="High Speed Rail Authority">High Speed Rail Authority</a> was established by the Government. The Government committed AU$500 million to progress planning for a future high speed rail network – of this, AU$78.8 million was allocated to deliver the business case for the Sydney to Newcastle section, which is expected to be provided to the Government by the end of 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan Railways Group and Hitachi attended an industry briefing on 27 August 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of the Ireland 2040 infrastructural upgrade scheme, a high-speed rail network using Shinkansen technology is being investigated along the <a href="/wiki/Cork_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Cork City">Cork</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> axis, spanning the island of Ireland from north to south.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_and_Canada">United States and Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: United States and Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration" title="Federal Railroad Administration">Federal Railroad Administration</a> was in talks with a number of countries concerning high-speed rail, notably Japan, France and Spain. On 16 May 2009, FRA Deputy Chief Karen Rae expressed hope that Japan would offer its technical expertise to <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Canada" title="High-speed rail in Canada">Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_States" title="High-speed rail in the United States">United States</a>. Transportation Secretary <a href="/wiki/Ray_LaHood" title="Ray LaHood">Ray LaHood</a> indicated interest in test riding the Japanese Shinkansen in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Japan_Times20090516_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Japan_Times20090516-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UPI.com_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI.com-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 June 2009, <a href="/wiki/JR_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="JR Central">JR Central</a> Chairman, Yoshiyuki Kasai, announced plans to export both the <a href="/wiki/N700_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700 Series Shinkansen">N700 Series Shinkansen</a> high-speed train system and the <a href="/wiki/SCMaglev" title="SCMaglev">SCMaglev</a> to international export markets, including the United States and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-JapanToday_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapanToday-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japan had promoted its Shinkansen technology to the Government of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> for use on the once planned <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Brazil" title="High-speed rail in Brazil">high-speed rail</a> set to link <a href="/wiki/Rio%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Paulo_High-speed_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio–São Paulo High-speed rail">Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Campinas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nikkey_Shimbun_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nikkey_Shimbun-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 November 2008, Japanese Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_As%C5%8D" title="Tarō Asō">Tarō Asō</a> and Brazilian President <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> talked about this rail project. President Lula asked a consortium of Japanese companies to participate in the bidding process. Prime Minister Aso concurred on the bilateral cooperation to improve rail infrastructure in Brazil, including the Rio–São Paulo–Campinas high-speed rail line.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Japan_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Japan-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese consortium included the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Japan)">Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsui_%26_Co." title="Mitsui & Co.">Mitsui & Co.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries" title="Mitsubishi Heavy Industries">Mitsubishi Heavy Industries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries" title="Kawasaki Heavy Industries">Kawasaki Heavy Industries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kyodo_News_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyodo_News-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Nikkei_Net_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nikkei_Net-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nothing was implemented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Railways" title="Vietnam Railways">Vietnam Railways</a> was considering the use of Shinkansen technology for <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Express_Railway_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South Express Railway (Vietnam)">high-speed rail</a> between the capital <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> and the southern commercial hub of <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Keizai_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon Keizai Shimbun">Nihon Keizai Shimbun</a>, citing an interview with Chief Executive Officer Nguyen Huu Bang. The Vietnamese government had already given basic approval for the Shinkansen system, although it still requires financing and formal consent from the prime minister. Vietnam rejected a funding proposal in 2010, so funding for the $56 billion project is uncertain. Hanoi was exploring additional Japanese funding <a href="/wiki/Official_Development_Assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Development Assistance">Official Development Assistance</a> as well as funds from the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>. The 1,560-kilometre (970 mi) line would replace the current colonial-era rail line. <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> hoped to launch high-speed trains by 2020 and planned to start by building three sections, including a 90 km (56 mi) stretch between the central coastal cities of <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>, seen as potentially most profitable. Vietnam Railways had sent engineers to <a href="/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company" title="Central Japan Railway Company">Central Japan Railway Company</a> for technical training.<sup id="cite_ref-Nikkei_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikkei-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFP_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/31px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/47px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/62px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Japan" title="Rail transport in Japan">Rail transport in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Maglev_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Maglev Train">Shanghai Maglev Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_speed_rail_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="High speed rail in China">High speed rail in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_speed_rail_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="High speed rail in Europe">High speed rail in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_speed_rail_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="High speed rail in India">High speed rail in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_speed_rail_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="High speed rail in the United States">High speed rail in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinkansen_too_hard_ice_cream" title="Shinkansen too hard ice cream">Shinkansen too hard ice cream</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">194,800 million yen</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Pinker2014" class="citation news cs1">Joe Pinker (6 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527014442/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/10/what-50-years-of-bullet-trains-have-done-for-japan/381143/">"What 50 Years of Bullet Trains Have Done for Japan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/10/what-50-years-of-bullet-trainss-have-done-for-japan/381143/">the original</a> on 27 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+50+Years+of+Bullet+Trains+Have+Done+for+Japan&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft.au=Joe+Pinker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fbusiness%2Farchive%2F2014%2F10%2Fwhat-50-years-of-bullet-trainss-have-done-for-japan%2F381143%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Brasor_and_Masako_Tsubuku2014" class="citation news cs1">Philip Brasor and Masako Tsubuku (30 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516233813/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/sep/30/-sp-shinkansen-bullet-train-tokyo-rail-japan-50-years">"How the Shinkansen bullet train made Tokyo into the monster it is today"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group" title="Guardian Media Group">Guardian News and Media Limited</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/sep/30/-sp-shinkansen-bullet-train-tokyo-rail-japan-50-years">the original</a> on 16 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+the+Shinkansen+bullet+train+made+Tokyo+into+the+monster+it+is+today&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft.au=Philip+Brasor+and+Masako+Tsubuku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2014%2Fsep%2F30%2F-sp-shinkansen-bullet-train-tokyo-rail-japan-50-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Safety-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Safety_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Safety_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Safety_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.jr-central.co.jp/en/company/about_shinkansen/">"About the Shinkansen"</a>. <i>global.jr-central.co.jp</i>. Central Japan Railway Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211429/https://global.jr-central.co.jp/en/company/about_shinkansen/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%EF%BC%88%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C+5+%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E3%80%81%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%9F%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E7%9C%81%EF%BC%89+Rail+Transport+Statistics+%282023%2C+Ministry+of+Land%2C+Infrastructure+and+Transport%29+%28Japanese%29&rft.pub=Mlit.go.jp&rft.date=2024-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-stat.go.jp%2Fstat-search%2Ffiles%3Fpage%3D1%26layout%3Ddatalist%26toukei%3D00600350%26kikan%3D00600%26tstat%3D000001011026%26cycle%3D8%26year%3D20231%26month%3D0%26result_back%3D1%26tclass1val%3D0%26metadata%3D1%26data%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/12/15/japan/maglev-shinkansen-opening-delayed/">"JR Central changes opening date of maglev shinkansen line"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. 15 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=JR+Central+changes+opening+date+of+maglev+shinkansen+line&rft.date=2023-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2023%2F12%2F15%2Fjapan%2Fmaglev-shinkansen-opening-delayed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-railwaygazette.com-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-railwaygazette.com_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-railwaygazette.com_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUK" class="citation web cs1">UK, DVV Media. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/hokuriku-extension-route-agreed.html">"Hokuriku extension route agreed"</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516032820/https://www.railwaygazette.com/high-speed/hokuriku-extension-route-agreed/43741.article">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hokuriku+extension+route+agreed&rft.aulast=UK&rft.aufirst=DVV+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Finfrastructure%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2Fhokuriku-extension-route-agreed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlit.go.jp/report/press/tetsudo03_hh_000081.html">"九州新幹線（西九州ルート）の整備のあり方に係る調査について"</a> [About the investigation about the maintenance of the Kyushu Shinkansen (West Kyushu route)]. <i>mlit.co.jp</i> (in Japanese). 30 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705064325/https://www.mlit.go.jp/report/press/tetsudo03_hh_000081.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mlit.co.jp&rft.atitle=%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%EF%BC%88%E8%A5%BF%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%EF%BC%89%E3%81%AE%E6%95%B4%E5%82%99%E3%81%AE%E3%81%82%E3%82%8A%E6%96%B9%E3%81%AB%E4%BF%82%E3%82%8B%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlit.go.jp%2Freport%2Fpress%2Ftetsudo03_hh_000081.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kyodo03Jul20-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kyodo03Jul20_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kyodo03Jul20_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/07/a97dfd2524f6-shizuoka-says-no-to-construction-for-new-maglev-train-service.html">"JR Central gives up on opening new maglev train service in 2027"</a>. Kyodo. 3 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JR+Central+gives+up+on+opening+new+maglev+train+service+in+2027&rft.pub=Kyodo&rft.date=2020-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.kyodonews.net%2Fnews%2F2020%2F07%2Fa97dfd2524f6-shizuoka-says-no-to-construction-for-new-maglev-train-service.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLZO18571700W7A700C1LA0000/">"新幹線誘致、オ– ル四国で 4県や四経連で新組織結成"</a>. 日本経済新聞<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E8%AA%98%E8%87%B4%E3%80%81%E3%82%AA%E2%80%93+%E3%83%AB%E5%9B%9B%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%A7+4%E7%9C%8C%E3%82%84%E5%9B%9B%E7%B5%8C%E9%80%A3%E3%81%A7%E6%96%B0%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%B5%90%E6%88%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikkei.com%2Farticle%2FDGXLZO18571700W7A700C1LA0000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512114900/https://www.nishinippon.co.jp/item/n/385544/">"豊予海峡ル –ト・新幹線案１日６８００人利用で黒字大分市試算 [大分県]"</a> [Toyoyo Strait Route / Shinkansen Proposal Profitable for 6800 people a day Oita City Estimate [Oita Prefecture]] (in Japanese). 西日本新聞. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nishinippon.co.jp/nnp/oita/article/385544/">the original</a> on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E8%B1%8A%E4%BA%88%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1%E3%83%AB+%E2%80%93%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E6%A1%88+%EF%BC%91%E6%97%A5%EF%BC%96%EF%BC%98%EF%BC%90%EF%BC%90%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E3%81%A7%E9%BB%92%E5%AD%97+%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E5%B8%82%E8%A9%A6%E7%AE%97+%5B%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E7%9C%8C%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nishinippon.co.jp%2Fnnp%2Foita%2Farticle%2F385544%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/maehara-sounds-out-jr-tokai-over-shinkansen-link-for-haneda-airport">"Maehara sounds out JR Tokai over shinkansen link for Haneda airport"</a>. <i>Japan Today</i>. 28 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Today&rft.atitle=Maehara+sounds+out+JR+Tokai+over+shinkansen+link+for+Haneda+airport&rft.date=2009-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantoday.com%2Fcategory%2Fnational%2Fview%2Fmaehara-sounds-out-jr-tokai-over-shinkansen-link-for-haneda-airport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2021012001065/">"JR East's Haneda Airport Access Line to Open in FY 2029"</a>. 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JR+East%27s+Haneda+Airport+Access+Line+to+Open+in+FY+2029&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nippon.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fyjj2021012001065%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railwaygazette.com/high-speed/japanese-high-speed-rail-freight-services-expand/66634.article">"Japanese high speed rail freight services expand"</a>. <i>Railway Gazette International</i>. DVV Media International. 5 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Japanese+high+speed+rail+freight+services+expand&rft.date=2024-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fhigh-speed%2Fjapanese-high-speed-rail-freight-services-expand%2F66634.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASR805WFFR80ULFA022.html">"荷物専用の臨時列車、上越新幹線を走る JR東が初めて実験：朝日新聞デジタル"</a>. <i>朝日新聞デジタル</i> (in Japanese). 31 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB&rft.atitle=%E8%8D%B7%E7%89%A9%E5%B0%82%E7%94%A8%E3%81%AE%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E5%88%97%E8%BB%8A%E3%80%81%E4%B8%8A%E8%B6%8A%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E3%82%92%E8%B5%B0%E3%82%8B+JR%E6%9D%B1%E3%81%8C%E5%88%9D%E3%82%81%E3%81%A6%E5%AE%9F%E9%A8%93%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB&rft.date=2023-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Farticles%2FASR805WFFR80ULFA022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kamome_selection-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kamome_selection_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kamome_selection_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jrkyushu.co.jp/train/nishikyushu/">"2022年度秋頃に西九州新幹線が開業します!列車名「かもめ」"</a> [The West Kyushu Shinkansen will open in the fall of 2022! Train name "Kamome"]. <i>jrkyushu.co.jp</i> (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610210357/https://www.jrkyushu.co.jp/train/nishikyushu/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jrkyushu.co.jp&rft.atitle=2022%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E7%A7%8B%E9%A0%83%E3%81%AB%E8%A5%BF%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E3%81%8C%E9%96%8B%E6%A5%AD%E3%81%97%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99%21%E5%88%97%E8%BB%8A%E5%90%8D%E3%80%8C%E3%81%8B%E3%82%82%E3%82%81%E3%80%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jrkyushu.co.jp%2Ftrain%2Fnishikyushu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.jr-central.co.jp/news/n20090327/">"FY2009 Key Measures and Capital Investment – Central Japan Railway Company"</a>. <i>Central Japan Railway Company</i>. 27 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Japan+Railway+Company&rft.atitle=FY2009+Key+Measures+and+Capital+Investment+%E2%80%93+Central+Japan+Railway+Company&rft.date=2009-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.jr-central.co.jp%2Fnews%2Fn20090327%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railwaygazette.com/high-speed/shorter-n700s-to-serve-nagasaki/57681.article">"Shorter N700S to serve Nagasaki"</a></span>. <i>Railway Gazette International</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628222520/https://www.railwaygazette.com/high-speed/shorter-n700s-to-serve-nagasaki/57681.article">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Shorter+N700S+to+serve+Nagasaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fhigh-speed%2Fshorter-n700s-to-serve-nagasaki%2F57681.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jrhokkaido20140416-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jrhokkaido20140416_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416081225/https://www.jrhokkaido.co.jp/press/2014/140416-1.pdf"><bdi lang="ja">北海道新幹線用車両について</bdi></a> [Hokkaido Shinkansen Train Details] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>News release</i> (in Japanese). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+release&rft.atitle=%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%BB%8A%E4%B8%A1%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6&rft.date=2014-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jrhokkaido.co.jp%2Fpress%2F2014%2F140416-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yomiuri20140416-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yomiuri20140416_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140415234044/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/hokkaido/news/20140416-OYTNT50008.html"><bdi lang="ja">北海道新幹線「Ｈ５系」、内装には雪の結晶も</bdi></a> [Hokkaido Shinkansen "H5 series" – Interiors to feature snowflake design]. <i>Yomiuri Online</i> (in Japanese). Japan: The Yomiuri Shimbun. 16 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/hokkaido/news/20140416-OYTNT50008.html">the original</a> on 15 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Japan: JR East & JR West. 4 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://www.jreast.co.jp/press/2012/20120903.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+release&rft.atitle=%E5%8C%97%E9%99%B8%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E7%94%A8%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B0%E5%9E%8B%E8%BB%8A%E4%B8%A1%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6&rft.date=2012-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jreast.co.jp%2Fpress%2F2012%2F20120903.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Semmens1997-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Semmens1997_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemmens1997" class="citation book cs1">Semmens, Peter (1997). <i>High Speed in Japan: Shinkansen – The World's Busiest High-speed Railway</i>. Sheffield, UK: Platform 5 Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872524-88-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-872524-88-5"><bdi>1-872524-88-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Speed+in+Japan%3A+Shinkansen+%E2%80%93+The+World%27s+Busiest+High-speed+Railway&rft.place=Sheffield%2C+UK&rft.pub=Platform+5+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-872524-88-5&rft.aulast=Semmens&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yomiuri20150416-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yomiuri20150416_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150416230147/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/20150416-OYT1T50132.html"><bdi lang="ja">リニア「Ｌ０系」、世界最高の５９０キロ記録</bdi></a> [L0 series maglev sets world speed record of 590 km/h]. <i>Yomiuri Online</i> (in Japanese). Japan: The Yomiuri Shimbunl. 16 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/20150416-OYT1T50132.html">the original</a> on 16 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yomiuri+Online&rft.atitle=%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%80%8C%EF%BC%AC%EF%BC%90%E7%B3%BB%E3%80%8D%E3%80%81%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E3%81%AE%EF%BC%95%EF%BC%99%EF%BC%90%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AD%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%B2&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yomiuri.co.jp%2Fnational%2F20150416-OYT1T50132.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/ir/annualreport/_pdf/annualreport2016.pdf">"Central Japan Railway Company Annual Report 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705033221/http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/ir/annualreport/_pdf/annualreport2016.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Japan+Railway+Company+Annual+Report+2016&rft.pages=18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.jr-central.co.jp%2Fcompany%2Fir%2Fannualreport%2F_pdf%2Fannualreport2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613041921/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2001/03/08/national/railway-to-pay-for-1995-fatality/">"Railway to pay for 1995 fatality; Shinkansen victim's parents win 49 million yen in damages"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i>, 8 March 2001, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2001/03/08/national/railway-to-pay-for-1995-fatality/">the original</a> on 13 June 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Railway+to+pay+for+1995+fatality%3B+Shinkansen+victim%27s+parents+win+49+million+yen+in+damages&rft.date=2001-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2001%2F03%2F08%2Fnational%2Frailway-to-pay-for-1995-fatality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fact-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fact_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130122174638/http://factsanddetails.com/japan.php?itemid=852&catid=23&subcatid=153">"Shinkansen (Japanese Bullet Trains) and Maglev Magnetic Trains"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factsanddetails.com/japan.php?itemid=852&catid=23&subcatid=153">the original</a> on 22 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shinkansen+%28Japanese+Bullet+Trains%29+and+Maglev+Magnetic+Trains&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactsanddetails.com%2Fjapan.php%3Fitemid%3D852%26catid%3D23%26subcatid%3D153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC33322794-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC33322794_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316010554/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33322794">"Japan bullet train passenger starts fire injuring eight"</a>. <i>BBC News Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-33322794">the original</a> on 16 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Japan+bullet+train+passenger+starts+fire+injuring+eight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-33322794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jreast.co.jp/e/investor/ar/2005/pdf/ar2005_17.pdf">"Report on Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>jreast.co.jp</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519015119/https://www.jreast.co.jp/e/investor/ar/2005/pdf/ar2005_17.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jreast.co.jp&rft.atitle=Report+on+Niigata+Chuetsu+Earthquake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jreast.co.jp%2Fe%2Finvestor%2Far%2F2005%2Fpdf%2Far2005_17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(43.8 KB)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-straitstimes20130332-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-straitstimes20130332_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516080001/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/high-speed-bullet-train-derails-in-japan-media">"High-speed bullet train derails in Japan: Media"</a>. <i>The Sunday Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=High-speed+bullet+train+derails+in+Japan%3A+Media&rft.date=2013-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fbreaking-news%2Fasia%2Fstory%2Fhigh-speed-bullet-train-derails-japan-media-20130302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jsme.or.jp/jsme/uploads/2016/11/awardn11-3.pdf">https://www.jsme.or.jp/jsme/uploads/2016/11/awardn11-3.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr60/pdf/34-41_web.pdf">https://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr60/pdf/34-41_web.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rg20171213-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rg20171213_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/high-speed/single-view/view/crack-found-in-shinkansen-trainset-bogie.html">"Crack found in Shinkansen trainset bogie"</a></span>. <i>Railway Gazette</i>. 13 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202108/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/high-speed/single-view/view/crack-found-in-shinkansen-trainset-bogie.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%9B%94%EB%B3%84+%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84+%EC%97%AD%EA%B0%84+%EC%9D%B4%EC%9A%A9%EC%9D%B8%EC%9B%90&rft.pub=Ktdb.go.kr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fktdb.go.kr%2Fweb%2Fguest%2F419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finance.people.com.cn/stock/n/2015/0130/c67815-26478015.html"><bdi lang="zh">铁路2014年投资8088亿元超额完成全年计划-财经-人民网</bdi></a> [en: The railway invested 808.8 billion yuan in 2014, exceeding the annual plan – Xinhua English.news.cn]. <i>People.cn</i> (in Chinese). 30 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518201404/http://finance.people.com.cn/stock/n/2015/0130/c67815-26478015.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People.cn&rft.atitle=%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF2014%E5%B9%B4%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%848088%E4%BA%BF%E5%85%83+%E8%B6%85%E9%A2%9D%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E5%85%A8%E5%B9%B4%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92-%E8%B4%A2%E7%BB%8F-%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinance.people.com.cn%2Fstock%2Fn%2F2015%2F0130%2Fc67815-26478015.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710010525/http://tech.ifeng.com/a/20190101/45277984_0.shtml">"中国高铁动车组发送旅客90亿人次：2018年占比超60％"</a> [China's high-speed rail trains send 9 billion passengers: more than 60% in 2018]. <i>tech.ifeng.com</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.ifeng.com/a/20190101/45277984_0.shtml">the original</a> on 10 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tech.ifeng.com&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%AB%98%E9%93%81%E5%8A%A8%E8%BD%A6%E7%BB%84%E5%8F%91%E9%80%81%E6%97%85%E5%AE%A290%E4%BA%BF%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%A1%EF%BC%9A2018%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%A0%E6%AF%94%E8%B6%8560%EF%BC%85&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.ifeng.com%2Fa%2F20190101%2F45277984_0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jreast20121030-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jreast20121030_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202011722/http://www.jreast.co.jp/press/2012/20121013.pdf"><bdi lang="ja">グループ経営構想V</bdi></a> [Group Business Vision V] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). Japan: East Japan Railway Company. 30 October 2012. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jreast.co.jp/press/2012/20121013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Seikan+tunnel+Shinkansen+speed-up+saves+3+min&rft.date=2021-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fhigh-speed%2Fseikan-tunnel-shinkansen-speed-up-saves-3-min%2F58804.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railwaygazette.com/high-speed/tsuruga-joined-to-shinkansen-network/66140.article?ID=z9xqh~9jrfnt~q9qqr~W4ik~Ky0gk&utm_campaign=RG-WEEKLY-Hitachi-220324-DE&utm_medium=email&utm_source=email&utm_content=newsletter">"Tsuruga joined to Shinkansen network"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tsuruga+joined+to+Shinkansen+network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fhigh-speed%2Ftsuruga-joined-to-shinkansen-network%2F66140.article%3FID%3Dz9xqh~9jrfnt~q9qqr~W4ik~Ky0gk%26utm_campaign%3DRG-WEEKLY-Hitachi-220324-DE%26utm_medium%3Demail%26utm_source%3Demail%26utm_content%3Dnewsletter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Japan-s-newest-bullet-train-line-has-busy-first-year">"Japan's newest bullet train line has busy first year"</a>. <i>Asia.nikkei.com</i>. 15 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305141940/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Japan-s-newest-bullet-train-line-has-busy-first-year">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia.nikkei.com&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+newest+bullet+train+line+has+busy+first+year&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FPolitics-Economy%2FEconomy%2FJapan-s-newest-bullet-train-line-has-busy-first-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF京都新聞" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">京都新聞. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307023530/http://www.kyoto-np.co.jp/top/article/20170307000013">"北陸新幹線新駅「松井山手」検討京都－新大阪南回り案"</a> [Hokuriku Shinkansen new station "Matsui Yamate" study Kyoto-Shin-Osaka southbound plan]. <i>Kyoto-np.co.jp</i> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyoto-np.co.jp/top/article/20170307000013">the original</a> on 7 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyoto-np.co.jp&rft.atitle=%E5%8C%97%E9%99%B8%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E6%96%B0%E9%A7%85%E3%80%8C%E6%9D%BE%E4%BA%95%E5%B1%B1%E6%89%8B%E3%80%8D%E6%A4%9C%E8%A8%8E+%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%EF%BC%8D%E6%96%B0%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%9E%E3%82%8A%E6%A1%88&rft.au=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyoto-np.co.jp%2Ftop%2Farticle%2F20170307000013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF日本テレビ" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">日本テレビ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512121232/https://www.news24.jp/articles/2017/03/06/04355784.html">"北陸新幹線"京田辺市ルート"最終調整へ"</a> [To the final adjustment of the Hokuriku Shinkansen "Kyotanabe City Route"]. <i>news24.jp</i> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.jp/articles/2017/03/06/04355784.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news24.jp&rft.atitle=%E5%8C%97%E9%99%B8%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%22%E4%BA%AC%E7%94%B0%E8%BE%BA%E5%B8%82%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%22%E6%9C%80%E7%B5%82%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E3%81%B8&rft.au=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.jp%2Farticles%2F2017%2F03%2F06%2F04355784.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow2015" class="citation web cs1">Barrow, Keith (7 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916225223/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/high-speed/talks-begin-on-hokuriku-shinkansen-extension.html?channel=523+%2A+*">"Talks begin on Hokuriku Shinkansen extension"</a>. <i>railjournal.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/high-speed/talks-begin-on-hokuriku-shinkansen-extension.html?channel=523+*+*">the original</a> on 16 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=railjournal.com&rft.atitle=Talks+begin+on+Hokuriku+Shinkansen+extension&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railjournal.com%2Findex.php%2Fhigh-speed%2Ftalks-begin-on-hokuriku-shinkansen-extension.html%3Fchannel%3D523%2B%2A%2B%2A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709093503/https://www.mlit.go.jp/common/000215188.pdf">"今回の認可対象区間概要図"</a> [Outline map of the section subject to this approval] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>mlit.go.jp</i> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlit.go.jp/common/000215188.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mlit.go.jp&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%8A%E5%9B%9E%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%8D%E5%8F%AF%E5%AF%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%BA%E9%96%93+%E6%A6%82%E8%A6%81%E5%9B%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlit.go.jp%2Fcommon%2F000215188.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220222054752/https://www.jrkyushu.co.jp/news/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2022/02/22/220222_nishikyushu_kaigyoubi.pdf">"九州新幹線の開業日について"</a> [Opening date of the Nishi Kyusyu Shinkansen] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release) (in Japanese). 九州旅客鉄道. 22 February 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jrkyushu.co.jp/news/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2022/02/22/220222_nishikyushu_kaigyoubi.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E3%81%AE%E9%96%8B%E6%A5%AD%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6&rft.pub=%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E%E6%97%85%E5%AE%A2%E9%89%84%E9%81%93&rft.date=2022-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jrkyushu.co.jp%2Fnews%2F__icsFiles%2Fafieldfile%2F2022%2F02%2F22%2F220222_nishikyushu_kaigyoubi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maglev-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maglev_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maglev_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715113749/http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/ir/annualreport/_pdf/annualreport2010-05.pdf">"Promoting the Tokaido Shinkansen Bypass by the Superconducting Maglev system"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. english.jr-central.co.jp. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Shimbun&rft.atitle=%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AB%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E5%B0%8E%E5%85%A5%E3%82%92%EF%BC%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E3%83%BB%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E3%81%AE%E5%8B%95%E3%81%8D%E6%B4%BB%E7%99%BA%E5%8C%96%EF%BC%9D%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98%E6%9D%A5%E6%97%A5%E6%99%82%E3%81%AB%E5%83%8D%E3%81%8D%E3%81%8B%E3%81%91%E3%81%B8%EF%BC%9D%E6%96%B0%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%8D%94%E5%8A%9B%E3%81%AE%E6%9F%B1%E3%81%AB&rft.date=2008-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikkeyshimbun.com.br%2F080131-71colonia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Japan-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Japan_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/kaidan/s_aso/fwe_08/jp_brazil.html"><bdi lang="ja">日ブラジル首脳会談(概要)</bdi></a> [Japan-Brazil Summit Meeting (Summary)] (in Japanese). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 14 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512115223/https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/kaidan/s_aso/fwe_08/jp_brazil.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E9%A6%96%E8%84%B3%E4%BC%9A%E8%AB%87%28%E6%A6%82%E8%A6%81%29&rft.pub=The+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+Japan&rft.date=2008-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.go.jp%2Fmofaj%2Fkaidan%2Fs_aso%2Ffwe_08%2Fjp_brazil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kyodo_News-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kyodo_News_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003012231/http://www.47news.jp/CN/200808/CN2008081201000767.html"><bdi lang="ja">ブラジルに新幹線進出狙う三井物産、建設に応札へ</bdi></a> [Mitsui aims to advance the Shinkansen to Brazil, to bid for construction] (in Japanese). Kyodo News. 12 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.47news.jp/CN/200808/CN2008081201000767.html">the original</a> on 3 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AB%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E9%80%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%8B%99%E3%81%86+%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%95%E7%89%A9%E7%94%A3%E3%80%81%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD%E3%81%AB%E5%BF%9C%E6%9C%AD%E3%81%B8&rft.pub=Kyodo+News&rft.date=2008-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.47news.jp%2FCN%2F200808%2FCN2008081201000767.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nikkei_Net-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Nikkei_Net_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090620070725/http://www.nikkei.co.jp/news/sangyo/20090617AT1D1702A17062009.html"><bdi lang="ja">ブラジルに新幹線売り込み】日本勢、高速鉄道建設で各国と競合</bdi></a> [[Selling Shinkansen to Brazil] Japanese compete with other countries for high-speed rail construction] (in Japanese). The Nikkei Net. 17 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikkei.co.jp/news/sangyo/20090617AT1D1702A17062009.html">the original</a> on 20 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AB%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E5%A3%B2%E3%82%8A%E8%BE%BC%E3%81%BF%E3%80%91%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%8B%A2%E3%80%81%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD%E3%81%A7%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%A8%E7%AB%B6%E5%90%88&rft.pub=The+Nikkei+Net&rft.date=2009-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikkei.co.jp%2Fnews%2Fsangyo%2F20090617AT1D1702A17062009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikkei-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nikkei_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090904043603/http://www.nikkei.co.jp/news/kaigai/20090813AT2M1203A12082009.html"><bdi lang="ja">ベトナム縦断で新幹線国営鉄道会長、2020年部分開業目指す</bdi></a> [Shinkansen national railway chairman crosses Vietnam, aiming for partial opening in 2020] (in Japanese). The Nikkei Net. 13 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikkei.co.jp/news/kaigai/20090813AT2M1203A12082009.html">the original</a> on 4 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0%E7%B8%A6%E6%96%AD%E3%81%A7%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A+%E5%9B%BD%E5%96%B6%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E4%BC%9A%E9%95%B7%E3%80%812020%E5%B9%B4%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%E9%96%8B%E6%A5%AD%E7%9B%AE%E6%8C%87%E3%81%99&rft.pub=The+Nikkei+Net&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikkei.co.jp%2Fnews%2Fkaigai%2F20090813AT2M1203A12082009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFP_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823063033/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gv5p5C0gfrQ43JZcXx7lZ39KyfTg">"Vietnam plans Japanese bullet train link"</a>. AFP. 13 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gv5p5C0gfrQ43JZcXx7lZ39KyfTg">the original</a> on 23 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam+plans+Japanese+bullet+train+link&rft.pub=AFP&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5gv5p5C0gfrQ43JZcXx7lZ39KyfTg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatsuji_IwasaMasanobu_IshidoTatsuhiko_SugaRobert_Hancock2015" class="citation book cs1">Katsuji Iwasa; Masanobu Ishido; Tatsuhiko Suga; Robert Hancock (2015). <i>Shinkansen: the half century</i>. Tokyo: Kotsu Shimbunsha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784330596150" title="Special:BookSources/9784330596150"><bdi>9784330596150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shinkansen%3A+the+half+century&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Kotsu+Shimbunsha&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9784330596150&rft.au=Katsuji+Iwasa&rft.au=Masanobu+Ishido&rft.au=Tatsuhiko+Suga&rft.au=Robert+Hancock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimomae2022" class="citation book cs1">Shimomae, Tetsuo (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-16-6538-7"><i>Birth of the Shinkansen. The Origin Story of the World-First Bullet Train</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-16-6538-7">10.1007/978-981-16-6538-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-6537-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-16-6537-0"><bdi>978-981-16-6537-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+of+the+Shinkansen.+The+Origin+Story+of+the+World-First+Bullet+Train&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-16-6538-7&rft.isbn=978-981-16-6537-0&rft.aulast=Shimomae&rft.aufirst=Tetsuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-981-16-6538-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbel2022" class="citation book cs1">Abel, Jessamyn R. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDNPEAAAQBAJ"><i>Dream Super-Express: A Cultural History of the World's First Bullet Train</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-2995-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-2995-0"><bdi>978-1-5036-2995-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dream+Super-Express%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+the+World%27s+First+Bullet+Train&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-2995-0&rft.aulast=Abel&rft.aufirst=Jessamyn+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDNPEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinkansen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shinkansen" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rail_travel_in_Japan#Q164338" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Rail travel in Japan">Rail travel in Japan</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ihra-hsr.org/en/hsr/data.html">Shinkansen Data</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130162111/https://www.ihra-hsr.org/data/">Archived</a> 30 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, explanation by International High-speed Rail Association (IHRA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/discussionpapers/Hood.html">Biting the Bullet: What we can learn from the Shinkansen</a>, discussion paper by Christopher Hood in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk"><i>electronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies</i></a>, 23 May 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi.com/english/nation/TKY200410150138.html">East meets West</a>, a story of how the Shinkansen brought Tokyo and <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> closer together.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021055843/http://thehindubusinessline.com/life/2005/08/19/stories/2005081900120300.htm">Bullet on wheels</a>, a travel report by Vinod Jacob 19 August 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessible-japan.com/shinkansen-wheelchair-accessibility/">Shinkansen Wheelchair Accessibility</a>, review for riders with disabilities.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shinkansen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shinkansen" title="Template:Shinkansen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shinkansen" title="Template talk:Shinkansen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shinkansen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shinkansen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shinkansen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shinkansen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SCMaglev" title="SCMaglev">SCMaglev</a> lines (505 km/h)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chuo</a> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main lines (300–320 km/h)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San%27y%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="San'yō Shinkansen"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0060FF; color:white;"> <b>Sanyō</b> </span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_Shinkansen" title="Tōhoku Shinkansen"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> <b>Tohoku</b> </span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main lines (260–285 km/h)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokaido_Shinkansen" title="Tokaido Shinkansen"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0060FF; color:white;"> <b>Tōkaidō</b> </span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Detsu_Shinkansen" title="Jōetsu Shinkansen"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> <b>Joetsu</b> </span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_Shinkansen" title="Hokuriku Shinkansen"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;"> <b>Hokuriku</b> </span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Shinkansen" title="Kyushu Shinkansen"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> <b>Kyushu</b> </span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen" title="Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> <b>Nishi Kyushu</b> </span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_Shinkansen" title="Hokkaido Shinkansen"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9ACD32; color:black;"> <b>Hokkaido</b> </span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mini-shinkansen" title="Mini-shinkansen">Mini-shinkansen</a> (130 km/h)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Shinkansen" title="Yamagata Shinkansen"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8000; color:black;"> <b>Yamagata</b> </span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akita_Shinkansen" title="Akita Shinkansen"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0080; color:black;"> <b>Akita</b> </span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conventional lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakata-Minami_Line" title="Hakata-Minami Line"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0060FF; color:white;"> <b>Hakata-Minami</b> </span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala-Yuzawa_Line" title="Gala-Yuzawa Line"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> <b>Gala-Yuzawa</b> </span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lines under construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chuo</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_Shinkansen" title="Hokkaido Shinkansen">Hokkaido Sapporo Extension</a> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuo_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuo Shinkansen">Chuo Osaka Extension</a> (2037)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Shinkansen#Nagasaki_(West_Kyushu)_Route" title="Kyushu Shinkansen">Nishi Kyushu Extension</a> (date unknown)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_Shinkansen" title="Hokuriku Shinkansen">Hokuriku Osaka Extension</a> (date unknown)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narita_Shinkansen" title="Narita Shinkansen">Narita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narrow-gauge line (200+ km/h)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tokky%C5%AB" title="Super Tokkyū">Super Tokkyū</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Series-N700S-J2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Series-N700S-J2.jpg/95px-Series-N700S-J2.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Series-N700S-J2.jpg/143px-Series-N700S-J2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Series-N700S-J2.jpg/190px-Series-N700S-J2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4816" data-file-height="3214" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Series-E5-U15_Yamabiko-50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Series-E5-U15_Yamabiko-50.jpg/95px-Series-E5-U15_Yamabiko-50.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Series-E5-U15_Yamabiko-50.jpg/143px-Series-E5-U15_Yamabiko-50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Series-E5-U15_Yamabiko-50.jpg/190px-Series-E5-U15_Yamabiko-50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4634" data-file-height="3089" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JRW-Series-W7_W3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JRW-Series-W7_W3.jpg/95px-JRW-Series-W7_W3.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JRW-Series-W7_W3.jpg/143px-JRW-Series-W7_W3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JRW-Series-W7_W3.jpg/190px-JRW-Series-W7_W3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5202" data-file-height="3468" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Series_L0.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Series_L0.JPG/95px-Series_L0.JPG" decoding="async" width="95" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Series_L0.JPG/143px-Series_L0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Series_L0.JPG/190px-Series_L0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="1875" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Service names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(train)" title="Nozomi (train)">Nozomi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_(train)" title="Hayabusa (train)">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mizuho_(train)" title="Mizuho (train)">Mizuho</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kagayaki" title="Kagayaki">Kagayaki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Limited-stop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hikari_(train)" title="Hikari (train)">Hikari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hikari_(train)#Hikari_Rail_Star" title="Hikari (train)">Hikari Rail Star</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakura_(train_service)" title="Sakura (train service)">Sakura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hakutaka" title="Hakutaka">Hakutaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toki_(train)" title="Toki (train)">Toki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamabiko" title="Yamabiko">Yamabiko</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stopping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kodama_(train)" title="Kodama (train)">Kodama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayate_(train)" title="Hayate (train)">Hayate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasuno" title="Nasuno">Nasuno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsubame_(train)" title="Tsubame (train)">Tsubame</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanigawa_(train)" title="Tanigawa (train)">Tanigawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asama_(train)" title="Asama (train)">Asama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsurugi_(train_service)" title="Tsurugi (train service)">Tsurugi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamome_(train)" title="Kamome (train)">Kamome</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mini-shinkansen" title="Mini-shinkansen">Mini-shinkansen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsubasa_(train)" title="Tsubasa (train)">Tsubasa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komachi_(train)" title="Komachi (train)">Komachi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aoba_(train)" title="Aoba (train)">Aoba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asahi_(train)" title="Asahi (train)">Asahi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/E3_Series_Shinkansen#E3-700_series_Genbi_Shinkansen_excursion_set" title="E3 Series Shinkansen">Genbi Shinkansen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/E3_Series_Shinkansen#E3-700_series_Toreiyu_excursion_set" title="E3 Series Shinkansen">Toreiyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Train types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/500_Series_Shinkansen" title="500 Series Shinkansen">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/700_Series_Shinkansen" title="700 Series Shinkansen">700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N700_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700 Series Shinkansen">N700/ N700A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N700S_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700S Series Shinkansen">N700S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/800_Series_Shinkansen" title="800 Series Shinkansen">800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2_Series_Shinkansen" title="E2 Series Shinkansen">E2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E3_Series_Shinkansen" title="E3 Series Shinkansen">E3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E5_and_H5_Series_Shinkansen" title="E5 and H5 Series Shinkansen">E5/H5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E6_Series_Shinkansen" title="E6 Series Shinkansen">E6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E7_and_W7_Series_Shinkansen" title="E7 and W7 Series Shinkansen">E7/W7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E8_Series_Shinkansen" title="E8 Series Shinkansen">E8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On order</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L0_Series" title="L0 Series">L0</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_Series_Shinkansen" title="100 Series Shinkansen">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_Series_Shinkansen" title="200 Series Shinkansen">200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/300_Series_Shinkansen" title="300 Series Shinkansen">300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/400_Series_Shinkansen" title="400 Series Shinkansen">400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E1_Series_Shinkansen" title="E1 Series Shinkansen">E1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E4_Series_Shinkansen" title="E4 Series Shinkansen">E4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Export</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail" title="Taiwan High Speed Rail">THSR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THSR_700T" title="THSR 700T">700T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N700S_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700S Series Shinkansen">N700S</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed" title="China Railway High-speed">CRH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH2" title="China Railway CRH2">CRH2A</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Texas_Central_Railway" title="Texas Central Railway">Texas Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N700S_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700S Series Shinkansen">N700S</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/National_High_Speed_Rail_Corporation_Limited" title="National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited">NHSRCL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E5_and_H5_Series_Shinkansen" title="E5 and H5 Series Shinkansen">E5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-revenue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_1000_Shinkansen" title="Class 1000 Shinkansen">Class 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_951_Shinkansen" title="Class 951 Shinkansen">Class 951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_961_Shinkansen" title="Class 961 Shinkansen">Class 961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_962_Shinkansen" title="Class 962 Shinkansen">Class 962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Yellow" title="Doctor Yellow">Doctor Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_E926_Shinkansen" title="Class E926 Shinkansen">Class E926 "East i"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN350" title="WIN350">WIN350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR21" title="STAR21">STAR21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/300X" title="300X">300X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastech_360" title="Fastech 360">Fastech 360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_Change_Train" title="Gauge Change Train">Gauge Change Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCMaglev" title="SCMaglev">MLX-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALFA-X" title="ALFA-X">ALFA-X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_logo_(hokkaido).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/JR_logo_%28hokkaido%29.svg/22px-JR_logo_%28hokkaido%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/JR_logo_%28hokkaido%29.svg/33px-JR_logo_%28hokkaido%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/JR_logo_%28hokkaido%29.svg/44px-JR_logo_%28hokkaido%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_Railway_Company" title="Hokkaido Railway Company">JR Hokkaido</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_logo_(east).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/JR_logo_%28east%29.svg/22px-JR_logo_%28east%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/JR_logo_%28east%29.svg/33px-JR_logo_%28east%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/JR_logo_%28east%29.svg/44px-JR_logo_%28east%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">JR East</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_logo_(central).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JR_logo_%28central%29.svg/22px-JR_logo_%28central%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JR_logo_%28central%29.svg/33px-JR_logo_%28central%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JR_logo_%28central%29.svg/44px-JR_logo_%28central%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company" title="Central Japan Railway Company">JR Central</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_logo_(west).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JR_logo_%28west%29.svg/22px-JR_logo_%28west%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JR_logo_%28west%29.svg/33px-JR_logo_%28west%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JR_logo_%28west%29.svg/44px-JR_logo_%28west%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company" title="West Japan Railway Company">JR West</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_logo_(kyushu).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JR_logo_%28kyushu%29.svg/22px-JR_logo_%28kyushu%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JR_logo_%28kyushu%29.svg/33px-JR_logo_%28kyushu%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JR_logo_%28kyushu%29.svg/44px-JR_logo_%28kyushu%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Railway_Company" title="Kyushu Railway Company">JR Kyushu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_National_Railway_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Japanese_National_Railway_logo.svg/40px-Japanese_National_Railway_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Japanese_National_Railway_logo.svg/60px-Japanese_National_Railway_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Japanese_National_Railway_logo.svg/80px-Japanese_National_Railway_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="119" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways" title="Japanese National Railways">Japanese National Railways</a> (1964–87)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Builders and owners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JRTT_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/JRTT_logo.png/20px-JRTT_logo.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/JRTT_logo.png/30px-JRTT_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/JRTT_logo.png/40px-JRTT_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="285" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Railway_Construction,_Transport_and_Technology_Agency" title="Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency">Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency</a> (JRTT)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_logo_(east).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/JR_logo_%28east%29.svg/22px-JR_logo_%28east%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/JR_logo_%28east%29.svg/33px-JR_logo_%28east%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/JR_logo_%28east%29.svg/44px-JR_logo_%28east%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">JR East</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_logo_(central).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JR_logo_%28central%29.svg/22px-JR_logo_%28central%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JR_logo_%28central%29.svg/33px-JR_logo_%28central%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JR_logo_%28central%29.svg/44px-JR_logo_%28central%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company" title="Central Japan Railway Company">JR Central</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_logo_(west).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JR_logo_%28west%29.svg/22px-JR_logo_%28west%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JR_logo_%28west%29.svg/33px-JR_logo_%28west%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JR_logo_%28west%29.svg/44px-JR_logo_%28west%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company" title="West Japan Railway Company">JR West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_National_Railway_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Japanese_National_Railway_logo.svg/40px-Japanese_National_Railway_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Japanese_National_Railway_logo.svg/60px-Japanese_National_Railway_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Japanese_National_Railway_logo.svg/80px-Japanese_National_Railway_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="119" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways" title="Japanese National Railways">Japanese National Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Railway_Construction_Public_Corporation" title="Japan Railway Construction Public Corporation">Japan Railway Construction Public Corporation</a> (JRCC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Shima" title="Hideo Shima">Hideo Shima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinji_Sog%C5%8D" title="Shinji Sogō">Shinji Sogō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div><div class="hlist" style="font-size:88%;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> transit</b>: <a href="/wiki/Template:Tokyo_transit" title="Template:Tokyo transit">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Osaka_transit" title="Template:Osaka transit">Keihanshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nagoya_transit" title="Template:Nagoya transit">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fukuoka_transit" title="Template:Fukuoka transit">Fukuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:HakoneFujiIzuTransit" title="Template:HakoneFujiIzuTransit">Hakone Fuji Izu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hokkaid%C5%8D_transit" title="Template:Hokkaidō transit">Hokkaido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aomori_transit" title="Template:Aomori transit">Aomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sendai_transit" title="Template:Sendai transit">Sendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Akita_transit" title="Template:Akita transit">Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Niigata_transit" title="Template:Niigata transit">Niigata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Toyama_transit" title="Template:Toyama transit">Toyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nagano_transit" title="Template:Nagano transit">Nagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Okayama_transit" title="Template:Okayama transit">Okayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hiroshima_transit" title="Template:Hiroshima transit">Hiroshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shikoku_transit" title="Template:Shikoku transit">Shikoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Metro_systems_in_Japan" title="Template:Metro systems in Japan">Metro systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shinkansen" title="Template:Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_town_tramway_systems_in_Japan" title="List of town tramway systems in Japan">trams (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aerial_lifts_in_Japan" title="List of aerial lifts in Japan">aerial lifts (list)</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-speed_rail" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High-speed_rail" title="Template:High-speed rail"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High-speed_rail" title="Template talk:High-speed rail"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High-speed_rail" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High-speed rail"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High-speed_rail" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail#Technologies" title="High-speed rail">Technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovertrain" title="Hovertrain">Hovertrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">High-speed trains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">350 km/h<br />(217 mph)<br />or more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR400AF" title="China Railway CR400AF">China Railway CR400AF</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR400BF" title="China Railway CR400BF">CR400BF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L0_Series" title="L0 Series">Shinkansen Series L0</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">300–349 km/h<br />(186–217 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_100" title="Renfe Class 100">Renfe Class 100, 101</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_102" title="Renfe Class 102">102</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_103" title="Renfe Class 103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGV_(train)" title="AGV (train)">Alstom AGV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway <i>Hexie</i></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH2" title="China Railway CRH2">CRH2C</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">3C</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH380A" title="China Railway CRH380A">380A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vibrant_Express" title="Vibrant Express">MTR CRH380A</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">380B</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">380C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Zefiro#Zefiro_380" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Zefiro">380D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FS_Class_ETR_500" title="FS Class ETR 500">ETR 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frecciarossa_1000" title="Frecciarossa 1000">ETR 400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_373" title="British Rail Class 373">Eurostar e300</a>; <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_374" title="British Rail Class 374">e320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICE_3" title="ICE 3">ICE 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-I" title="KTX-I">KTX-I</a>, <a href="/wiki/KTX-Sancheon" title="KTX-Sancheon">II (Sancheon)</a>, <a href="/wiki/KTX-Cheongryong" title="KTX-Cheongryong">KTX-Cheongryong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAF_Oaris" title="CAF Oaris">Oaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBKA" title="PBKA">PBKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Series_Shinkansen" title="500 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen Series 500</a>, <a href="/wiki/N700_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700 Series Shinkansen">N700</a>, <a href="/wiki/N700S_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700S Series Shinkansen">N700S</a>, <a href="/wiki/E5_and_H5_Series_Shinkansen" title="E5 and H5 Series Shinkansen">E5/H5</a>, <a href="/wiki/E6_Series_Shinkansen" title="E6 Series Shinkansen">E6</a>, <a href="/wiki/E8_Series_Shinkansen" title="E8 Series Shinkansen">E8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talgo_AVRIL" title="Talgo AVRIL">AVRIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est (refurbished)</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Atlantique" title="SNCF TGV Atlantique">Atlantique</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_R%C3%A9seau" title="SNCF TGV Réseau">Réseau</a> (PBA), <a href="/wiki/TGV_Duplex" title="TGV Duplex">Duplex</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_POS" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCF TGV POS">POS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euroduplex" title="Euroduplex">2N2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avelia_Horizon" title="Avelia Horizon">M (Avelia Horizon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCDD_HT80000" title="TCDD HT80000">TCDD HT80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THSR_700T" title="THSR 700T">THSR 700T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Velaro" title="Siemens Velaro">Siemens Velaro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">250–299 km/h<br />(155–186 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avelia_Liberty" title="Avelia Liberty">Avelia Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="China Star">China Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJF2" class="mw-redirect" title="DJF2">DJF2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway <i>Hexie</i></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH1" title="China Railway CRH1">CRH1A, 1B, 1E</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH2" title="China Railway CRH2">2A, 2B, 2E, 2G</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">3A</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH5" title="China Railway CRH5">5A, 5E, 5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuxing_(train)" title="Fuxing (train)">China Railway <i>Fuxing</i> CR300AF, CR300BF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">ICE</a> <a href="/wiki/ICE_1" title="ICE 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_2" title="ICE 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_4_(Deutsche_Bahn)" class="mw-redirect" title="ICE 4 (Deutsche Bahn)">4</a> (ICx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-Eum" title="KTX-Eum">KTX-Eum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Pendolino" title="New Pendolino">New Pendolino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_120_/_121" title="Renfe Class 120 / 121">Renfe Class 120, 121</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_130" title="Renfe Class 130">130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapsan" title="Sapsan">Sapsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RABe_501" class="mw-redirect" title="SBB-CFF-FFS RABe 501">SBB RABe 501</a>, <a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RABe_503" class="mw-redirect" title="SBB-CFF-FFS RABe 503">RABe 503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_Series_Shinkansen" title="200 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen Series 200</a>, <a href="/wiki/300_Series_Shinkansen" title="300 Series Shinkansen">300</a>, <a href="/wiki/700_Series_Shinkansen" title="700 Series Shinkansen">700</a>, <a href="/wiki/800_Series_Shinkansen" title="800 Series Shinkansen">800</a>, <a href="/wiki/E2_Series_Shinkansen" title="E2 Series Shinkansen">E2</a>, <a href="/wiki/E3_Series_Shinkansen" title="E3 Series Shinkansen">E3</a>, <a href="/wiki/E7_and_W7_Series_Shinkansen" title="E7 and W7 Series Shinkansen">E7/W7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCDD_HT65000" title="TCDD HT65000">TCDD HT65000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est (original)</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_La_Poste" title="SNCF TGV La Poste">La Poste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnsaldoBreda_V250" title="AnsaldoBreda V250">V250</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">200–249 km/h<br />(124–155 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acela_Express_(trainset)" title="Acela Express (trainset)">Acela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_ACS-64" title="Siemens ACS-64">ACS-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_180" title="British Rail Class 180">Adelante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Passenger_Train" title="Advanced Passenger Train">APT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_DJJ1" title="China Railway DJJ1">China Railway DJJ1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway <i>Hexie</i></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH6" title="China Railway CRH6">CRH6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuxing_(train)" title="Fuxing (train)">China Railway <i>Fuxing</i></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR200J" title="China Railway CR200J">CR200J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ER200" title="ER200">ER200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier-Alstom_HHP-8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier-Alstom HHP-8">HHP-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IC4" title="IC4">IC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS_Intercity_Nieuwe_Generatie" title="NS Intercity Nieuwe Generatie">ICNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterCity_125" title="InterCity 125">InterCity 125</a>, <a href="/wiki/InterCity_225" title="InterCity 225">225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICE_T" title="ICE T">ICE T</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_TD" title="ICE TD">TD</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_L" title="ICE L">ICE L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_395" title="British Rail Class 395">Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSB_Class_71" title="NSB Class 71">NSB Class 71 (Flytoget)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSB_Class_73" title="NSB Class 73">NSB Class 73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadler_Flirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadler Flirt">NSB Class 74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendolino" title="Pendolino">Pendolino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railjet" title="Railjet">Railjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Regina" title="Bombardier Regina">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen series 0</a>, <a href="/wiki/100_Series_Shinkansen" title="100 Series Shinkansen">100</a>, <a href="/wiki/400_Series_Shinkansen" title="400 Series Shinkansen">400</a>, <a href="/wiki/E1_Series_Shinkansen" title="E1 Series Shinkansen">E1</a>, <a href="/wiki/E4_Series_Shinkansen" title="E4 Series Shinkansen">E4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB_RABDe_500" title="SBB RABDe 500">SBB RABDe 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_Re_460" title="SBB-CFF-FFS Re 460">Re 460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Charger" title="Siemens Charger">SC-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Charger" title="Siemens Charger">SCB-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_2000" title="X 2000">X 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/SJ_X40" title="SJ X40">SJ X40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-TER_(Z_21500)" title="Z-TER (Z 21500)">Z-TER (Z 21500)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_(train)" title="Sokol (train)">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_800" title="British Rail Class 800">British Rail Classes 800</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_801" title="British Rail Class 801">801</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_802" title="British Rail Class 802">802</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_803" title="British Rail Class 803">803</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_805" title="British Rail Class 805">805</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_807" title="British Rail Class 807">807</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_810" title="British Rail Class 810">810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talgo_XXI" class="mw-redirect" title="Talgo XXI">Talgo XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Voyager" title="Bombardier Voyager">Voyager/Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3_(train)" title="X3 (train)">X3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Experimental_and_prototype_high-speed_trains" title="Category:Experimental and prototype high-speed trains">Experimental and prototype high-speed trains (category)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed railway line">High-speed railway line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines" title="List of high-speed railway lines">List of high-speed railway lines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By countries and territories<br /><br /><small><i>planned networks in italics</i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Boraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Boraq">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Egypt" title="High-speed rail in Egypt">Egypt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires%E2%80%93Rosario%E2%80%93C%C3%B3rdoba_high-speed_railway" title="Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway">Argentina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Brazil" title="High-speed rail in Brazil">Brazil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Canada" title="High-speed rail in Canada">Canada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Mexico" title="High-speed rail in Mexico">Mexico</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_States" title="High-speed rail in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link" title="Hong Kong Express Rail Link">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_India" title="High-speed rail in India">India</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tehran%E2%80%93Qom%E2%80%93Isfahan_High_Speed_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran–Qom–Isfahan High Speed Rail">Iran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baghdad%E2%80%93Basra_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad–Basra high-speed rail line">Iraq</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Kazakhstan" title="High-speed rail in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_South_Korea" title="High-speed rail in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haramain_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain high-speed railway">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail" title="Taiwan High Speed Rail">Taiwan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Thailand" title="High-speed rail in Thailand">Thailand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Turkey" title="High-speed rail in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Uzbekistan" title="High-speed rail in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_express_railway_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South express railway (Vietnam)">Vietnam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Europe" title="High-speed rail in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Austria" title="High-speed rail in Austria">Austria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Belgium" title="High-speed rail in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Croatia" title="High-speed rail in Croatia">Croatia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="High-speed rail in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Denmark" title="High-speed rail in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Finland" title="High-speed rail in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_France" title="High-speed rail in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Germany" title="High-speed rail in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Italy" title="High-speed rail in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Latvia" title="High-speed rail in Latvia">Latvia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_Netherlands" title="High-speed rail in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Norway" title="High-speed rail in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Poland" title="High-speed rail in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Portugal" title="High-speed rail in Portugal">Portugal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Russia" title="High-speed rail in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Sweden" title="High-speed rail in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Switzerland" title="High-speed rail in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara%E2%80%93Istanbul_high-speed_railway" title="Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Australia" title="High-speed rail in Australia">Australia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_high-speed_rail_by_country" title="Proposed high-speed rail by country">Proposed high-speed rail by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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