Six Transformations to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals

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Yet stakeholders lack a shared understanding of how the 17 SDGs can be operationalized. Drawing on earlier work by The World in 2050 initiative, we introduce six SDG Transformations as modular building-blocks of SDG achievement: (1) education, gender and inequality; (2) health, well-being and demography; (3) energy decarbonization and sustainable industry; (4) sustainable food, land, water and oceans; (5) sustainable cities and communities; and (6) digital revolution for sustainable development. Each Transformation identifies priority investments and regulatory challenges, calling for actions by well-defined parts of government working with business and civil society. Transformations may therefore be operationalized within the structures of government while respecting the strong interdependencies across the 17 SDGs. We also outline an action agenda for science to provide the knowledge required for designing, implementing and monitoring the SDG Transformations. The Sustainable Development Goals require profound national and societal changes. 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c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jeffrey_D_-Sachs-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Jeffrey_D_-Sachs-Aff1" data-author-search="Sachs, Jeffrey D.">Jeffrey D. Sachs</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Guido-Schmidt_Traub-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Guido-Schmidt_Traub-Aff2" data-author-search="Schmidt-Traub, Guido" data-corresp-id="c1">Guido Schmidt-Traub<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-5230"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-5230</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Mariana-Mazzucato-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Mariana-Mazzucato-Aff3" data-author-search="Mazzucato, Mariana">Mariana Mazzucato</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Dirk-Messner-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Dirk-Messner-Aff4" data-author-search="Messner, Dirk">Dirk Messner</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Nebojsa-Nakicenovic-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-Nebojsa-Nakicenovic-Aff5" data-author-search="Nakicenovic, Nebojsa">Nebojsa Nakicenovic</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup> & </li><li 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data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Sustainability</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 2</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>805–814 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2019</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">49k <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">486 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p 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js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change call for deep transformations in every country that will require complementary actions by governments, civil society, science and business. Yet stakeholders lack a shared understanding of how the 17 SDGs can be operationalized. Drawing on earlier work by The World in 2050 initiative, we introduce six SDG Transformations as modular building-blocks of SDG achievement: (1) education, gender and inequality; (2) health, well-being and demography; (3) energy decarbonization and sustainable industry; (4) sustainable food, land, water and oceans; (5) sustainable cities and communities; and (6) digital revolution for sustainable development. Each Transformation identifies priority investments and regulatory challenges, calling for actions by well-defined parts of government working with business and civil society. Transformations may therefore be operationalized within the structures of government while respecting the strong interdependencies across the 17 SDGs. 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Riahi, S. van der Leeuw, D. van Vuuren and C. Zimm, who are co-authors of the TWI2050 Synthesis. D. Strüber provided research assistance.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jeffrey D. Sachs</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Sustainable Development Solutions Network, Paris, France</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Guido Schmidt-Traub</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">University College London, London, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Mariana Mazzucato</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">United Nations University, Bonn, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Dirk Messner</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Nebojsa Nakicenovic</p></li><li id="Aff6"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Johan Rockström</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Jeffrey_D_-Sachs-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Jeffrey D. 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G.S.-T. coordinated the writing and prepared the Supplementary Information. All authors contributed to every phase of the study.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:guido.schmidt-traub@unsdsn.org">Guido Schmidt-Traub</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><p><b>Publisher’s note:</b> Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec22-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec22">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec22-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary information" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41893-019-0352-9/MediaObjects/41893_2019_352_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Information</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Supplementary Notes, Supplementary Figure 1, Supplementary Table 1, Supplementary References 1–171</p></div></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Six%20Transformations%20to%20achieve%20the%20Sustainable%20Development%20Goals&author=Jeffrey%20D.%20Sachs%20et%20al&contentID=10.1038%2Fs41893-019-0352-9&copyright=Springer%20Nature%20Limited&publication=2398-9629&publicationDate=2019-08-26&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1038/s41893-019-0352-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1038/s41893-019-0352-9" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Sachs, J.D., Schmidt-Traub, G., Mazzucato, M. <i>et al.</i> Six Transformations to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. <i>Nat Sustain</i> <b>2</b>, 805–814 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0352-9</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41893-019-0352-9?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li 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