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Energía libre termodinámica - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Energía libre termodinámica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artículo en otro idioma. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerx%C3%ADa_llibre_termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Enerxía llibre termodinámica (asturiano)" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Enerxía llibre termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вольная энэргія (Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography))" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вольная энэргія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_lliure_termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Energia lliure termodinàmica (catalán)" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Energia lliure termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_free_energy" title="Thermodynamic free energy (inglés)" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thermodynamic free energy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libera_energio" title="Libera energio (esperanto)" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libera energio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="انرژی آزاد ترمودینامیکی (persa)" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انرژی آزاد ترمودینامیکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אנרגיה חופשית (hebreo)" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנרגיה חופשית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D5%A7%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ազատ էներգիա (armenio)" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազատ էներգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi_bebas_termodinamika" title="Energi bebas termodinamika (indonesio)" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Energi bebas termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_libera" title="Energia libera (italiano)" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Energia libera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC" title="自由エネルギー (japonés)" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自由エネルギー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="열역학적 자유 에너지 (coreano)" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열역학적 자유 에너지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%8A%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82" title="താപഗതിക സ്വതന്ത്ര ഊർജ്ജം (malayálam)" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താപഗതിക സ്വതന്ത്ര ഊർജ്ജം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayálam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenaga_bebas_termodinamik" title="Tenaga bebas termodinamik (malayo)" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tenaga bebas termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrije_energie" title="Vrije energie (neerlandés)" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrije energie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri_energi" title="Fri energi (noruego nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fri energi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruego nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri_energi" title="Fri energi (noruego bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fri energi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruego bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_swobodna" title="Energia swobodna (polaco)" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Energia swobodna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%DA%89%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%8A" title="آزاده ترموډینامیکي انرژي (pastún)" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آزاده ترموډینامیکي انرژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastún" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_livre_termodin%C3%A2mica" title="Energia livre termodinâmica (portugués)" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Energia livre termodinâmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_liber%C4%83" title="Energie liberă (rumano)" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Energie liberă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Свободная энергия (ruso)" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свободная энергия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosta_energija" title="Prosta energija (esloveno)" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prosta energija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri_energi" title="Fri energi (sueco)" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fri energi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="พลังงานอิสระทางอุณหพลศาสตร์ (tailandés)" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พลังงานอิสระทางอุณหพลศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik_serbest_enerji" title="Termodinamik serbest enerji (turco)" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Termodinamik serbest enerji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erkin_energiya" title="Erkin energiya (uzbeko)" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Erkin energiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%83%BD" title="热力学自由能 (chino)" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="热力学自由能" 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termodinámica»</a> &#8211; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;&amp;as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&amp;q=%22Energ%C3%ADa+libre+termodin%C3%A1mica%22">noticias</a>&#160;· <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?as_brr=0&amp;as_pub=-icon&amp;q=%22Energ%C3%ADa+libre+termodin%C3%A1mica%22">libros</a>&#160;· <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Energ%C3%ADa+libre+termodin%C3%A1mica%22">académico</a>&#160;· <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.google.com/images?safe=off&amp;as_rights=(cc_publicdomain%7ccc_attribute%7ccc_sharealike%7ccc_noncommercial%7ccc_nonderived)&amp;q=%22Energ%C3%ADa+libre+termodin%C3%A1mica%22">imágenes</a></span></span></span></div><div class="hide-when-compact"><small><div>Este aviso fue puesto el 15 de junio de 2022.</div></small></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>es la cantidad de <a href="/wiki/Trabajo_(f%C3%ADsica)" title="Trabajo (física)">trabajo</a> que un <a href="/wiki/Sistema_termodin%C3%A1mico" title="Sistema termodinámico">sistema termodinámico</a> puede realizar. El concepto es útil en la <a href="/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica">termodinámica</a> de procesos químicos o térmicos en la <a href="/wiki/Ingenier%C3%ADa" title="Ingeniería">ingeniería</a> y en la ciencia. La energía libre es la <a href="/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_interna" title="Energía interna">energía interna</a> de un sistema, menos la cantidad de energía que no puede ser utilizada para realizar trabajo. Esta energía no utilizable está dada por la <a href="/wiki/Entrop%C3%ADa" title="Entropía">entropía</a> de un sistema multiplicada por la <a href="/wiki/Temperatura_absoluta" title="Temperatura absoluta">temperatura absoluta</a> del sistema. </p><p>Al igual que la energía interna, la energía libre es una <a href="/wiki/Funci%C3%B3n_de_estado" title="Función de estado">función de estado</a> termodinámica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descripción_general"><span id="Descripci.C3.B3n_general"></span>Descripción general</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energ%C3%ADa_libre_termodin%C3%A1mica&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar sección: Descripción general"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Es posible formular varias funciones de energía libre a partir de criterios de sistemas. Las funciones de energía libre son <a href="/wiki/Transformada_de_Legendre" title="Transformada de Legendre">transformadas de Legendre</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_interna" title="Energía interna">energía interna</a>. Para <a href="/wiki/Proceso_termodin%C3%A1mico" title="Proceso termodinámico">procesos termodinámicos</a> que involucran un sistema que se encuentra a una <a href="/wiki/Presi%C3%B3n" title="Presión">presión</a> constante <i>p</i> y <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> <i>T</i>, la <a href="/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_libre_de_Gibbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Energía libre de Gibbs">energía libre de Gibbs</a> es la más útil ya que además de incluir todo cambio de entropía producto del <a href="/wiki/Calor" title="Calor">calor</a>, hace lo mismo para el trabajo <i>p</i>d<i>V</i> requerido para "dejar espacio para moléculas adicionales" producidas como consecuencia de diversos procesos. (De allí su utilidad para los químicos trabajando con <a href="/wiki/Disoluci%C3%B3n" title="Disolución">soluciones</a>-<a href="/wiki/Fase_(materia)" title="Fase (materia)">fases</a>, incluidos los bioquímicos.) La <a href="/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_libre_de_Helmholtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Energía libre de Helmholtz">energía libre de Helmholtz</a> posee una importancia teórica especial dado que es proporcional al <a href="/wiki/Logaritmo" title="Logaritmo">logaritmo</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Funci%C3%B3n_de_partici%C3%B3n_(mec%C3%A1nica_estad%C3%ADstica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Función de partición (mecánica estadística)">función de partición</a> para el <a href="/wiki/Colectividad_can%C3%B3nica" title="Colectividad canónica">conjunto canónico</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_estad%C3%ADstica" title="Mecánica estadística">mecánica estadística</a>. (De allí su utilidad para los físicos; y para los químicos e ingenieros trabajando con fase <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gaseosa</a>, que no desean ignorar el trabajo <i>p</i>d<i>V</i>.) </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_libre_de_Helmholtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Energía libre de Helmholtz">energía libre de Helmholtz</a> concepto históricamente desarrollado en primer lugar es definida como <i>F</i> = <i>U</i> - <i>TS</i>, donde <i>U</i> es la energía interna, <i>T</i> es la <a href="/wiki/Temperatura_termodin%C3%A1mica" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperatura termodinámica">temperatura absoluta</a>, y <i>S</i> es la <a href="/wiki/Entrop%C3%ADa" title="Entropía">entropía</a>. Su cambio es igual a la cantidad de trabajo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reversible_process_(thermodynamics)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reversible process (thermodynamics) (aún no redactado)">reversible</a> realizado sobre, u obtenible de, un sistema a <i>T</i> constante. De allí su denominación "contenido de trabajo". Dado que no hace referencia a ninguna cantidad involucrada en realizar trabajo (tales como <i>p</i> y <i>V</i>), la función de Helmholtz es completamente general: su disminución es la máxima cantidad de trabajo que puede ser realizado <i>por</i> un sistema, y puede aumentar a lo sumo por la cantidad de trabajo realizado <i>en</i> un sistema. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_libre_de_Gibbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Energía libre de Gibbs">energía libre de Gibbs</a> <i>G</i> = <i>H</i> - <i>TS</i>, donde <i>H</i> es la <a href="/wiki/Entalp%C3%ADa" title="Entalpía">entalpía</a>. (<i>H</i> = <i>U</i> + <i>pV</i>, donde <i>p</i> es la presión y <i>V</i> es el volumen.) </p><p>Históricamente, estos términos se han utilizado de manera inconsistente. En el ámbito de la <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física">física</a>, <i>energía libre</i> a menudo hace referencia a la <a href="/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_libre_de_Helmholtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Energía libre de Helmholtz">energía libre de Helmholtz</a>, indicada con la letra <i>A</i>, mientras que en la <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química">química</a>, <i>energía libre</i> se refiere a la <a href="/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_libre_de_Gibbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Energía libre de Gibbs">energía libre de Gibbs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Véase_también"><span id="V.C3.A9ase_tambi.C3.A9n"></span>Véase también</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energ%C3%ADa_libre_termodin%C3%A1mica&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar sección: Véase también"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exerg%C3%ADa" 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