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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Frespa%C3%B1ol" title="Special:EditPage/Frespañol">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Frespa%C3%B1ol%22">"Frespañol"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Frespa%C3%B1ol%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Frespa%C3%B1ol%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Frespa%C3%B1ol%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Frespa%C3%B1ol%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Frespa%C3%B1ol%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frespañol</b> or <b>frespagnol</b> (also known as <i>frañol</i> or <i>fragnol</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the words <i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fran%C3%A7ais#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:français">français</a></i> (or <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/franc%C3%A9s#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:francés">francés</a></i> in Spanish) and <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/espa%C3%B1ol#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:español">español</a></i>, which mean <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed together</a>, usually in informal settings. This example of code-switching is a mixture between French and Spanish, almost always in speech, but may be used in writing occasionally.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish and French are <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> and share similarities in morphology and syntax. </p><p>Such <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> may be used or has been used in places where both languages meet, for example <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Equatorial Guinea">in Equatorial Guinea</a>, among <a href="/wiki/Haitians" title="Haitians">Haitians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Haitians in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitians_in_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haitians in Costa Rica (page does not exist)">Costa Rica</a>, by first-generation <a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_France" title="Spanish immigration to France">Spaniards in France</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American Canadian">Latin American community</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada. This code-switching has historical and current presence in North, Central and South America. </p><p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleños in Louisiana">Isleños in Louisiana</a> were also exposed to and accustomed to living with both languages, as were numerous <a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">French emigrant communities</a> across Latin America (e.g. <a href="/wiki/French_Argentines" title="French Argentines">French Argentines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Costa_Rican_people_of_French_descent" title="Category:Costa Rican people of French descent">French Costa Ricans</a>), whose descendants have overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">adopted Spanish</a>. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> many <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">immigrant</a> communities flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, maintaining frañol a historically and currently observable example of code-switching in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, Spanish, and French-speaking countries<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_and_calques">Uses and calques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frespa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses and calques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frespañol forms part of a structure of sociolinguistics, it is a social and cultural code born from the contact of French and Spanish speakers. In its early days, the Frespañol was used in individual form meaning there was no set form to follow, everyone used their own variant of it. Now, it is more commonly used amongst the first generation of immigrants who use it more so when speaking Spanish. Calques are introduced by bilinguals, switching from one language to another, words are borrowed. For example, in this phrase in French "Je m'assome à la fenêtre” we see the Spanish word "asomarse" adapting to the sentence. These code changes are adapted to the context of the speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ways that the two languages are implemented together is sometimes minute. Looking through the chart, The word for cake in <i>Fragnol</i>, gató, is predominately French based such as other words listed. But, the thing that makes it more in tune with Spanish is the uses of the accents and the stress when pronouncing the word. Some other words, such as <i>dèpanor</i>, are also more alike to the French word for store, but the ending or pronunciation of the words can go through a morphological change and have more Spanish tones and pronunciations, or vice versa. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Frespañol calques<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">English word </th> <th scope="col">French word </th> <th scope="col">Spanish word </th> <th scope="col"><i>Fragnol</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Insurance </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Assurance</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Seguro</i></span> </td> <th scope="row"><span title="Romance languages collective text"><i lang="roa">Asségourance</i></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Unemployment </td> <td>Chômage </td> <td>Paro </td> <th scope="row"><i>Tchomás</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Slippers </td> <td>Pantoufle </td> <td>Pantuflas </td> <th scope="row"><i>Pantúnflas</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mrs. </td> <td>Madame </td> <td>Señora </td> <th scope="row"><i>Madán</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Peas </td> <td>Petits pois </td> <td>Guisantes </td> <th scope="row"><i>Petipuás</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Backpack </td> <td>Sac-à-dos </td> <td>Mochila </td> <th scope="row"><i>Sacodó</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cake </td> <td>Gâteau </td> <td>Pastel </td> <th scope="row"><i>Gató</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Galician Pie </td> <td>Tarte galicienne </td> <td>Empanada </td> <th scope="row"><i>Èmpanade</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>To speak </td> <td>Parler </td> <td>Hablar </td> <th scope="row"><i>Habler</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>School </td> <td>École </td> <td>Escuela </td> <th scope="row"><i>Escuele</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Store </td> <td>Dépanneur </td> <td>Tienda </td> <th scope="row"><i>Dèpanor</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Convenient store </td> <td>Épicerie </td> <td>Mercado </td> <th scope="row"><i>Epicería</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Apple </td> <td>Pomme </td> <td>Manzana </td> <th scope="row"><i>Pomma</i> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity">Identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frespa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of Frespañol is often reflective of a minority group with two cultural identities regarding language. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a>, the hybrid language of Frespañol incorporates French and Spanish as a subset of both languages, which then has created a separate individuality and selfhood of heritages and cultural backgrounds. This often helps individuals of Frespa<i>ñ</i>ol with their identification of either group, or both at the same time while creating a separate identify of their own. As with Spanglish, this association allows for speakers to code-switch and also implement heritage, with the ability to shift when it is needed most and depending on environment. Apart from code-switching and creating a subset of the languages used, it allows for a separate identify in both heritage and cultural. This dual identity is reflected in social media and other platforms. </p><p>As the hybrid language of Frespañol grows and gains a prominent recognition, access to it has been made available in audio and online formats.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This identification and association to Frespanol (Fragnol) allows for identification of mistakes from non Frespanol speakers and visibility to inclusion or exclusion to be able to identify as a Fragnol speaker. Common example mistakes include taking the wrong word due to its similarity in one language and the assumption it translates the same with the other. For example: <i>Me exprimire</i> to mean, "I express myself", as the French translation is <i>m'exprimer</i>. However, in standard Spanish, <i>exprimire</i> is translated to: squeezing. It is understood that Frespanol speakers would not make this mistake and be aware of the appropriate phrase to use.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frespa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frespañol/Frespagnol is an portmanteau of French (francés/français) and Spanish (español/espagnol). Frañol/Fragnol is similarly derived from the two. This dialect is the effect of a blend of two cultures. It began during the 20th century hundreds of thousands of Spaniards migrated to France in search of better living conditions. It first began with men migrating to France and then later on they would migrate their families into the country. The people from Spain that migrated to France did not all pick up the French language. Post-World War I France needed to be rebuilt, which opened the door to job opportunities for the Spanish in France. The Spanish had their own communities in cities such as Paris, Toulouse, Bordeaux and Lyon, where they spoke their mother tongue. The rise and development of Frespañol was in 1960s–1970s. The Spanish workers knew very little French and the French employers knew very little Spanish, regardless they had to communicate with each other, that's when Frespañol surged naturally and it was commonly found used with people working everyday jobs such as maids, construction workers and in the automotive sector. The people that spoke it were typically from lower class communities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundaries_and_cultural_impacts">Boundaries and cultural impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frespa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Boundaries and cultural impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main geographic boundary where Frespañol first presented itself was along the border of Spain and France. As mentioned previously in the page, the initial flow of Spanish immigrants to France from the beginning of the 20th century up until the 1960s–1970s occurred for economic reasons and was the origin for this hybrid language. These migrations were the primary source for Frespañol, originating with the Spanish incorporating their language of origin with that of their new home country. The migrations caused an incline in the merge between the languages, resulting in the creation of this new culture for people who lived through and could share their similar language experiences. As the Spanish working class migrated deeper into France, Frespañol begun to appear in more populated cities, like Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frespa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Globish (disambiguation)">Globish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaronic">Macaronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frespa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meta.spanish.stackexchange.com/questions/58/questions-about-portu%C3%B1ol-or-frespa%C3%B1ol">"Questions about Portuñol or Frespañol"</a>. <i>Spanish Language Meta Stack Exchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spanish+Language+Meta+Stack+Exchange&rft.atitle=Questions+about+Portu%C3%B1ol+or+Frespa%C3%B1ol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.spanish.stackexchange.com%2Fquestions%2F58%2Fquestions-about-portu%25C3%25B1ol-or-frespa%25C3%25B1ol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrespa%C3%B1ol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArregi2010" class="citation book cs1">Arregi, Karlos (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGh5C6DwZowC&q=french+and+spanish+loanwords&pg=PT47"><i>Romance Linguistics 2008: Interactions in Romance : Selected Papers from the 38th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), Urbana-Champaign, April 2008</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4831-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4831-2"><bdi>978-90-272-4831-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romance+Linguistics+2008%3A+Interactions+in+Romance+%3A+Selected+Papers+from+the+38th+Linguistic+Symposium+on+Romance+Languages+%28LSRL%29%2C+Urbana-Champaign%2C+April+2008&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4831-2&rft.aulast=Arregi&rft.aufirst=Karlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGh5C6DwZowC%26q%3Dfrench%2Band%2Bspanish%2Bloanwords%26pg%3DPT47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrespa%C3%B1ol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichlerHagerMüller2012" class="citation journal cs1">Eichler, Nadine; Hager, Malin; Müller, Natascha (2012). "Code-Switching within Determiner Phrases in Bilingual Children: French, Italian, Spanish and German". <i>Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur</i>. <b>122</b> (3): 227–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25162%2Fzfsl-2012-0007">10.25162/zfsl-2012-0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-2747">0044-2747</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24548797">24548797</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164235171">164235171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+franz%C3%B6sische+Sprache+und+Literatur&rft.atitle=Code-Switching+within+Determiner+Phrases+in+Bilingual+Children%3A+French%2C+Italian%2C+Spanish+and+German&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=227-258&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0044-2747&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164235171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24548797%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25162%2Fzfsl-2012-0007&rft.aulast=Eichler&rft.aufirst=Nadine&rft.au=Hager%2C+Malin&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Natascha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrespa%C3%B1ol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Co82qQWlgI">"Fragnol Audio Clip"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Fragnol+Audio+Clip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0Co82qQWlgI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrespa%C3%B1ol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEymar2017" class="citation web cs1">Eymar, Marcos (30 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ar.cienradios.com/el-diccionario-breve-de-franol-de-marcos-eymar/">"Diccionario Breve de Franol"</a>.</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emigraci%C3%B3n+y+exilio+de+los+espa%C3%B1oles+en+Francia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuvadoc.uva.es%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10324%2F18489%2FTFG_F_2016_150.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrespa%C3%B1ol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uvadoc.uva.es/bitstream/handle/10324/18489/TFG_F_2016_150.pdf?sequence=1">"CAPÍTULO I.ORÍGENES DEL FRAÑOL"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Interlanguages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Interlanguage_varieties" title="Template:Interlanguage varieties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Interlanguage_varieties" title="Template talk:Interlanguage varieties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Interlanguage_varieties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Interlanguage varieties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Interlanguages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Interlanguage" title="Interlanguage">Interlanguages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple <br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cameroon Pidgin+French+English <a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a></li> <li>Bengali+Persian+Arabic <a href="/wiki/Dobhashi" title="Dobhashi">Dobhashi</a></li> <li>Italian+Spanish+French+Arab <a href="/wiki/Sabir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabir language">Sabir</a> †</li> <li>English+Chinese+Malay+Tamil <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li>Hebrew+Aramaic+German+Slavic <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li>Chinese+Mongolian+Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun language</a></li> <li>Chinese+Tagalog+English <a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a></li> <li>Malay+Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arabic <a href="/wiki/Arablish" title="Arablish">Arablish</a></li> <li>Bengali <a href="/wiki/Banglish" title="Banglish">Banglish</a></li> <li>Czech <a href="/wiki/Czenglish" title="Czenglish">Czenglish</a></li> <li>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chinglish" title="Chinglish">Chinglish</a></li> <li>Chinese+Tagalog <a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a></li> <li>Danish <a href="/wiki/Danglish" title="Danglish">Danglish</a></li> <li>Dutch <a href="/wiki/Dunglish" title="Dunglish">Dunglish</a></li> <li>Finnish <a href="/wiki/Finglish" title="Finglish">Finglish</a></li> <li>French <a href="/wiki/Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a></li> <li>German <a href="/wiki/Denglisch" title="Denglisch">Denglisch</a></li> <li>Greek <a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li>Hindi <a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-switching_in_Hong_Kong" title="Code-switching in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li>Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Hunglish" title="Hunglish">Hunglish</a></li> <li>Irish <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arlachas" class="mw-redirect" title="Béarlachas">Béarlachas</a></li> <li>Italian <a href="/wiki/Itanglese" title="Itanglese">Itanglese</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">Wasei-eigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a></li> <li>Kannada <a href="/wiki/Kanglish" title="Kanglish">Kanglish</a></li> <li>Korean <a href="/wiki/Konglish" title="Konglish">Konglish</a></li> <li>Maltese <a href="/wiki/Maltenglish" title="Maltenglish">Maltenglish</a></li> <li>Malayalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manglish_(Malayalam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manglish (Malayalam) (page does not exist)">Manglish (Malayalam)</a></li> <li>Malaysian <a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li>Namibia <a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namlish</a></li> <li>Polish <a href="/wiki/Poglish" title="Poglish">Poglish</a></li> <li>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Porglish" title="Porglish">Porglish</a>/Portuglish</li> <li>Russian <a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></li> <li>Sicilian <a href="/wiki/Siculish" title="Siculish">Siculish</a></li> <li>Singaporean <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a></li> <li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li> <li>Swedish <a href="/wiki/Swenglish" title="Swenglish">Swenglish</a></li> <li>Tagalog <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a>/Englog</li> <li>Tamil <a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li> <li>Telugu <a href="/wiki/Tenglish" title="Tenglish">Tenglish</a></li> <li>Thai <a href="/wiki/Tinglish" title="Tinglish">Tinglish</a></li> <li>Turkish <a href="/wiki/Turklish" title="Turklish">Turklish</a></li> <li>Urdu <a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li>Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Vinish" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinish">Vinish</a></li> <li>Visayan <a href="/wiki/Bislish" title="Bislish">Bislish</a></li> <li>Yiddish <a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li>See also: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishization" class="mw-redirect" title="Englishization">Englishization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Arablish" title="Arablish">Arablish</a></li> <li>South Sudan local languages <a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba Arabic</a></li> <li>Greek <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot Arabic</a></li> <li>Jordanian+Bengali <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Chinglish" title="Chinglish">Chinglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Pidgin_English" title="Chinese Pidgin English">Chinese Pidgin English</a></li> <li>English+Malay+Tamil <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li>English+Tagalog <a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a></li> <li>Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(China)" title="Dao language (China)">Daohua</a></li> <li>Mongolian+Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun language</a></li> <li>Uyghur <a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou language</a></li> <li>Russian <a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kyowa-go" title="Kyowa-go">Kyowa-go</a></li> <li>Inter-topolects <a href="/wiki/Lingling_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingling dialect">Linghua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li>Tai <a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E language</a></li> <li>Hmongic <a href="/wiki/Maojia_dialect" title="Maojia dialect">Maojia dialect</a></li> <li>Santa <a href="/wiki/Tangwang_language" title="Tangwang language">Tangwang language</a></li> <li>Malay+Javanese <a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Baba_Malay" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Baba Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Dunglish" title="Dunglish">Dunglish</a></li> <li>Malay <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petjo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Petjo language">Petjo</a></li> <li>Javanese <a href="/wiki/Javindo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Javindo language">Javindo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Spanish <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frespañol/Fragnol</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Franponais" class="mw-redirect" title="Franponais">Franponais</a></li> <li>Occitan <a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional French</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a></li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Zarphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarphatic">Zarphatic</a></li> <li>Gallo-Italic <a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French Sign<br /> Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>American Sign Language <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Sign Language">Bolivian Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Sign Language">Philippine Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russian <a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Deutschrussisch</a></li> <li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Belgranodeutsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgranodeutsch">Belgranodeutsch</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Denglisch" title="Denglisch">Denglisch</a></li> <li>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Riograndenser_Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German">Hunsrik</a> (when Portuguese-influenced)</li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li>Yiddish <a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Greek">Judeo-Greek</a></li> <li>Turkish <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hebrew</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arabic languages <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic languages</a></li> <li>Aramaic languages <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic languages</a></li> <li>Iranian languages <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian languages</a></li> <li>Romance languages <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Romance_languages" title="Judaeo-Romance languages">Judaeo-Romance languages</a> <ul><li>German <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li></ul></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li>Georgian <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li>Malayalam <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li>Tatar <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li>Slavic <a href="/wiki/Knaanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Knaanic">Knaanic</a></li> <li>Greek <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Greek">Yevanic</a></li> <li>Indic <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Itanglese" title="Itanglese">Itanglese</a></li> <li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche">Cocoliche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a></li> <li>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Macarr%C3%B4nico" class="mw-redirect" title="Macarrônico">Macaronic Portuguese</a></li> <li>Croatian <a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman dialect</a></li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japanese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">Wasei-eigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a></li> <li>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Dekasegi#Language" title="Dekasegi">Dekasegi Portuguese</a></li> <li>French <a href="/wiki/Franponais" class="mw-redirect" title="Franponais">Franponais</a></li> <li>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Kyowa-go" title="Kyowa-go">Kyowa-go</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malay</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a></li> <li>English+Chinese+Tamil <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Baba_Malay" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Baba Malay</a></li> <li>Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li> <li>Sinhalese+Tamil <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Malay language">Sri Lankan Malay</a></li> <li>Ternate <a href="/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay" title="North Moluccan Malay">North Moluccan Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese Malay</a></li> <li>Dutch <a href="/wiki/Petjo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Petjo language">Petjo</a></li> <li>Makassarese <a href="/wiki/Makassar_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassar Malay">Makassar Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portuguese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Portu%C3%B1ol" title="Portuñol">Portuñol/Portunhol</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Porglish" title="Porglish">Porglish/Portuglish</a></li> <li>Italian languages <a href="/wiki/Macarr%C3%B4nico" class="mw-redirect" title="Macarrônico">Macaronic Portuguese</a></li> <li>Bengali <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Portuguese_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Portuguese creole">Bengali Portuguese</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Dekasegi#Language" title="Dekasegi">Dekasegi Portuguese</a></li> <li>Gallo-Italic languages <a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a> (when Portuguese-influenced)</li> <li>Hunsrückisch German <a href="/wiki/Riograndenser_Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German">Hunsrik</a> (when Portuguese-influenced)</li> <li>Bantu languages <a href="/wiki/Cafund%C3%B3_language" title="Cafundó language">Cafundó dialect</a> (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">cupópia</i></span>), <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gira_da_Tabatinga" class="extiw" title="pt:Gira da Tabatinga">Gira da Tabatinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalunga">Kalunga</a></li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li>Southeast Asian languages <a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese Patois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>German <a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Deutschrussisch</a></li> <li>Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li>Belarusian <a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li> <li>Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></li> <li>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scandinavian<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Danish+English <a href="/wiki/Danglish" title="Danglish">Danglish</a></li> <li>Norwegian+Russian <a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li> <li>Norwegian+Spanish <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norspa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norspañol (page does not exist)">Norspañol</a></li> <li>Norwegian+Swedish <a href="/wiki/Svorsk" title="Svorsk">Svorsk</a></li> <li>Swedish+English <a href="/wiki/Swenglish" title="Swenglish">Swenglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spanish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Portu%C3%B1ol" title="Portuñol">Portuñol/Portunhol</a></li> <li>German <a href="/wiki/Belgranodeutsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgranodeutsch">Belgranodeutsch</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li> <li>Italian languages <a href="/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche">Cocoliche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a></li> <li>Gallo-Italic languages <a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li>Galician <a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li>French <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frespañol/Fragnol</a></li> <li>Guarani <a href="/wiki/Jopar%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Jopará">Jopará</a></li> <li>Norwegian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norspa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norspañol (page does not exist)">Norspañol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tahitian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Te_Parau_Tinito" title="Te Parau Tinito">Te Parau Tinito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tagalog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chinese+English <a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a>/Englog</li> <li>Visayan <a href="/wiki/Bisalog" title="Bisalog">Bisalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belarusian <a href="/wiki/West_Polesian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="West Polesian dialect">West Polesian</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></li> <li>Polish <a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%82ak_jargon" title="Bałak jargon">Balak</a></li> <li>Russian <a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li></ul> 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