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id="toc-Life_and_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burbank_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burbank_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Burbank cultivars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burbank_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Methodology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intraspecific_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intraspecific_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Intraspecific breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intraspecific_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eugenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eugenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Eugenics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eugenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_plant_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_plant_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classical plant breeding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classical_plant_breeding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classical plant breeding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classical_plant_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mass_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mass selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Luther Burbank</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83" title="لوثر بيربانك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوثر بيربانك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="لوتر بوربانک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لوتر بوربانک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="লুথার বারব্যাঙ্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুথার বারব্যাঙ্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Лутър Бърбанк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лутър Бърбанк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Luther Burbank" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Luther Burbank" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luther Burbank" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luther Burbank" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="لوتر بوربانک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوتر بوربانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Luther Burbank" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Luther Burbank" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%84%EB%B1%85%ED%81%AC" title="루서 버뱅크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루서 버뱅크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B2%D5%A8%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Լյութեր Բըրբանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լյութեր Բըրբանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="लूथर बरबैंक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लूथर बरबैंक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Luther Burbank" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Luther Burbank" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="לותר ברבנק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לותר ברבנק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲೂಥರ್ ಬರ್ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೂಥರ್ ಬರ್ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бербанк Лютер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бербанк Лютер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Luther Burbank" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ലൂഥർ ബർബാങ്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൂഥർ ബർബാങ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83" title="لوثر بيربانك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لوثر بيربانك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA" title="လူသာ ဗားဗင့် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူသာ ဗားဗင့်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF" title="ルーサー・バーバンク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーサー・バーバンク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Luther Burbank" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luther Burbank" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Luther Burbank" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA,_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бёрбанк, Лютер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бёрбанк, Лютер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D" title="लूथर् बर्ब्याङ्क् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लूथर् बर्ब्याङ्क्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Luther Burbank" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Luther Burbank" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luther Burbank" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Luther Burbank" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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(1849–1926)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Luther Burbank</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Luther_Burbank_cph.3a00184.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Luther_Burbank_cph.3a00184.jpg/220px-Luther_Burbank_cph.3a00184.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Luther_Burbank_cph.3a00184.jpg/330px-Luther_Burbank_cph.3a00184.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Luther_Burbank_cph.3a00184.jpg/440px-Luther_Burbank_cph.3a00184.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="1170" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1849-03-07</span>)</span>March 7, 1849<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Lancaster, Massachusetts, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 11, 1926<span style="display:none">(1926-04-11)</span> (aged 77)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Santa Rosa, California, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data">Helen Coleman, Elizabeth Waters</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Botany</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patrons</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author abbrev. (botany)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Burbank</b></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Luther_Burbank.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Signature_of_Luther_Burbank.png/150px-Signature_of_Luther_Burbank.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Signature_of_Luther_Burbank.png/225px-Signature_of_Luther_Burbank.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Signature_of_Luther_Burbank.png 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="107" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burbank_birthplace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Burbank_birthplace.jpg/220px-Burbank_birthplace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Burbank_birthplace.jpg/330px-Burbank_birthplace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Burbank_birthplace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Burbank birthplace in Lancaster, Massachusetts</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Luther Burbank</b> (March 7, 1849 – April 11, 1926),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an American <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botanist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horticulturist" class="mw-redirect" title="Horticulturist">horticulturist</a>, and pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">agricultural science</a>, developed more than 800 <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Variety_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variety (biology)">varieties</a> of plants over his 55-year career. Burbank worked with (for example) fruits, flowers, grains, grasses, and vegetables. He developed (but did not create) a spineless cactus (useful for cattle-feed) and the <a href="/wiki/Plumcot" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumcot">plumcot</a>. </p><p>Burbank's most successful strains and varieties included the <a href="/wiki/Leucanthemum_%C3%97_superbum" title="Leucanthemum × superbum">Shasta daisy</a>, the fire poppy (note possible confusion with the California wildflower, <i><a href="/wiki/Papaver_californicum" title="Papaver californicum">Papaver californicum</a></i>, which is also called a "fire poppy"), the "July Elberta" <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peach</a>, the "Santa Rosa" plum, the "Flaming Gold" <a href="/wiki/Nectarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectarine">nectarine</a>, the "Wickson" plum (named after the agronomist <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Wickson" title="Edward J. Wickson">Edward J. Wickson</a>), the freestone peach, and the <a href="/wiki/White_blackberry" title="White blackberry">white blackberry</a>. </p><p>A natural <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">genetic variant</a> of the Burbank potato with russet-colored skin later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Russet_Burbank_potato" class="mw-redirect" title="Russet Burbank potato">russet Burbank potato</a>. This large, brown-skinned, white-fleshed potato has become the world's predominant potato in <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>. The Russet Burbank potato originated to help with the devastating situation in Ireland following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> of 1845-1852. This particular potato variety was developed by Burbank and exported to Ireland to "revive that country's leading crop"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it is slightly late-blight-resistant. (<a href="/wiki/Late_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Late blight">Late blight</a> is a disease that spread and destroyed potatoes all across Europe, but caused extreme chaos in Ireland due to the Irish population's high dependency on potatoes as a crop.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>) </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_work">Life and work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Burbank&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Massachusetts" title="Lancaster, Massachusetts">Lancaster, Massachusetts</a>, Burbank grew up on a farm and received only a high school education in Lancaster County Academy. The thirteenth of fifteen children,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he enjoyed the plants in his mother's large garden. His father died when he was 18 years old,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Burbank used his inheritance to buy a 17-acre (69,000 m<sup>2</sup>) plot of land near <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Massachusetts" title="Lunenburg, Massachusetts">Lunenburg</a> center. There, he developed the Burbank potato. Burbank sold the rights to the Burbank potato for <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>150 ($4,162 in 2023 dollars<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and used the money to travel to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa, California</a>, in 1875. Later, a natural vegetative <a href="/wiki/Sport_(botany)" title="Sport (botany)">sport</a> (that is, an aberrant growth that can be reproduced reliably in cultivation) of Burbank potato with russetted skin was selected and named <a href="/wiki/Russet_Burbank_potato" class="mw-redirect" title="Russet Burbank potato">Russet Burbank potato</a>. Today, the Russet Burbank potato is the most widely cultivated potato in the United States. The potato is popular because it doesn't expire as easily as other types of potatoes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large percentage of <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">french fries</a> are made from this <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picture_of_Luther_Burbank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Picture_of_Luther_Burbank.jpg/220px-Picture_of_Luther_Burbank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Picture_of_Luther_Burbank.jpg/330px-Picture_of_Luther_Burbank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Picture_of_Luther_Burbank.jpg/440px-Picture_of_Luther_Burbank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1745" data-file-height="2733" /></a><figcaption>Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Moulin" title="Gabriel Moulin">Gabriel Moulin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Santa Rosa, Burbank purchased a 4-acre (1.6 ha) plot of land, and established a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursery_(horticulture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursery (horticulture)">nursery</a>, and experimental fields that he used to conduct <a href="/wiki/Crossbreeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossbreeding">crossbreeding</a> experiments on plants, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Variation_of_Animals_and_Plants_Under_Domestication" title="The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication">The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication</a></i>. (This site is now open to the public as a city park, <a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Home_and_Gardens" title="Luther Burbank Home and Gardens">Luther Burbank Home and Gardens</a>.) Later he purchased an 18-acre (7.3 ha) plot of land in the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Sebastopol,_California" title="Sebastopol, California">Sebastopol</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Gold_Ridge_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Ridge Farm">Gold Ridge Farm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burbank became known through his plant catalogs, the most famous being 1893's "New Creations in Fruits and Flowers," and through the word of mouth of satisfied customers, as well as press reports that kept him in the news throughout the first decade of the century. </p><p>In that same year, <a href="/wiki/Stark_Brothers_Nurseries_and_Orchards" title="Stark Brothers Nurseries and Orchards">Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Co.</a> discovered the 'Delicious' apple,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an elongated fruit with five bumps on the calyx end. The oddly-shaped apple attracted the attention of Burbank, a famed grafter and budder of trees, plants and flowers. He called the new 'Delicious' variety "the finest-flavored apple in all the world."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also in 1893 that the Starks began their storied cooperation with Luther Burbank and his fantastic new varieties of fruits. </p><p>Among those with the foresight to recognize the possibilities of Burbank's work was Clarence McDowell Stark, who went to California and sought Burbank out. After talking to him in Santa Rosa and seeing the results of his experiments, Clarence was convinced that Burbank was right, and his professorial critics were wrong. To Clarence's great dismay, he saw that Luther Burbank was operating a small seed and nursery business in an attempt to finance his experiments and provide himself a living. It was clear that he would never be able to realize his potential under these meager circumstances. </p><p>Clarence said to Burbank: "I don't think you will ever make a real success in the nursery business because your heart is not in it. But if you will carry forward the type of hybridizing you are doing, I think you will go very far in your chosen field. To demonstrate our sincere belief in your work, our company will give you $9,000 if you will let me pick three of these new fruits you have shown me."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burbank often credited the Stark family with making his work profitable. In return, he later joined with Thomas Edison to support Paul Stark Sr. in his fight to get patent legislation passed for plant breeders.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with Clarence's $9,000 worth of help, Luther also had something of a fan club – The Luther Burbank Society.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group took it upon themselves to publish his discoveries and manage his business affairs, affording him some additional means by which to live. </p><p>From 1904 through 1909, Burbank received several grants from the Carnegie Institution to support his ongoing research on hybridization. He was supported by the practical-minded Andrew Carnegie himself, over those of his advisers who objected that Burbank was not "scientific" in his methods.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Stark_Sr._pays_his_respects_at_Luther_Burbank%27s_gravesite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Luther Burbank gravesite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Paul_Stark_Sr._pays_his_respects_at_Luther_Burbank%27s_gravesite.jpg/220px-Paul_Stark_Sr._pays_his_respects_at_Luther_Burbank%27s_gravesite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Paul_Stark_Sr._pays_his_respects_at_Luther_Burbank%27s_gravesite.jpg/330px-Paul_Stark_Sr._pays_his_respects_at_Luther_Burbank%27s_gravesite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Paul_Stark_Sr._pays_his_respects_at_Luther_Burbank%27s_gravesite.jpg/440px-Paul_Stark_Sr._pays_his_respects_at_Luther_Burbank%27s_gravesite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>Paul Stark Sr. pays his respects at Luther Burbank's gravesite</figcaption></figure> <p>Gastrointestinal complications and violent hiccups weakened Luther in the last two weeks before his death, which was ultimately caused by heart failure. At his bedside were Elizabeth (his wife) and his sister when he died on April 11, 1926. The famous botanist was buried in an unmarked grave, under a giant Cedar of Lebanon at the Luther Burbank Home and Gardens in Santa Rosa, California. The tree in the photo no longer stands. </p><p>As Burbank's life drew to a close, the question arose as to who would carry on his work, and naturally there were many interested in doing so. Before his death in April 1926, Luther Burbank spoke quietly to his wife, and said: </p><p>"If anything happens to me, you will have to dispose of the business and the work, because you can't go on with it. There aren't a dozen organizations in the world that are equipped to go forward with it; of them all, there is really only one I think of that could make the most of it." </p><p>He named Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Co. to carry on the work. Considerable argument has been spent upon whether the plants were technically willed to Stark Bro's; they were not. He left everything to Elizabeth: money, personal property, real estate, dozens of municipal utility bonds — and the plants and precious seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth had first approached both Stanford and Berkeley to have either or both universities take over the experimental farm, but sold to Stark when those proffers didn't materialize. Mrs. Burbank entered into an agreement with Stark Bro's on August 23, 1927, to take the material they wanted from Burbank's properties. The contract included ownership of the business name and all of the customer information. A September 6, 1927, contract provided exclusive rights to sell uncompleted experiments with fruits at Sebastopol (except the Royal and Paradox) for 10 years. Stark Bro's had right of renewal. Tax receipts indicate payments of $27,000 to Mrs. Burbank.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exciting new kinds of fruits and flowers Burbank had developed (but never marketed) included 120 types of plums, 18 peaches, 28 apples, 500 hybrid roses, 30 cherries, 34 pears, 52 gladioli and many more. Stark Bro's subsequently introduced many of these varieties of their catalog.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1986-Clay-accepting-NIHF-award.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1986-Clay-accepting-NIHF-award.jpg/220px-1986-Clay-accepting-NIHF-award.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1986-Clay-accepting-NIHF-award.jpg/330px-1986-Clay-accepting-NIHF-award.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1986-Clay-accepting-NIHF-award.jpg/440px-1986-Clay-accepting-NIHF-award.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Clay Stark Logan (l) accepting induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame on behalf of Luther Burbank (1986).</figcaption></figure> <p>Until 1931, the Experiment Farm fell into some disrepair, so Stark Bro's sent emissaries to retrieve the most promising fruit, nut and ornamental shrubs, and in 1931 sold the flowers, vegetables and seeds to Burpee Seed Co. J. B. Keil came from Stark Bro's to coordinate the efforts and worked there from 1931 to 1934. Over the following years, Elizabeth worked with the Stark brothers to patent 16 Burbank fruits and flowers. The patents name Luther Burbank, deceased, as "inventor" by Elizabeth Waters Burbank, executrix of his estate. In 1935, Stark ended the agreement with Mrs. Burbank (or vice versa). </p><p>Mrs. Burbank then dispersed the majority of the gardens for subdivision. She sold the remaining property (excluding the house and greenhouse) to the Santa Rosa Junior College for use as a training ground. This lasted until 1954 (J. B. Keil stayed on as the caretaker). Twenty years later, the City took over ownership of the property (which it retains today as a free public showplace). The gardens include a thornless rose, spineless cactus, rainbow corn, a hybrid mulberry tree (which Luther hoped would spark an American silk industry) and his red combustion plant (<i><a href="/wiki/Euonymus_alatus" title="Euonymus alatus">Euonymus alatus</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burbank_cultivars">Burbank cultivars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Burbank&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Burbank cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burbank_Cactus.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Burbank_Cactus.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="121" /></a><figcaption>Burbank tending young spineless cactus plants c 1890</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShastaDaisies7-14-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ShastaDaisies7-14-05.jpg/220px-ShastaDaisies7-14-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ShastaDaisies7-14-05.jpg/330px-ShastaDaisies7-14-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ShastaDaisies7-14-05.jpg/440px-ShastaDaisies7-14-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Shasta daisy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potatoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Potatoes.jpg/220px-Potatoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Potatoes.jpg/330px-Potatoes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Potatoes.jpg/440px-Potatoes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Russet Burbank potatoes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burbank_FruitFlower_c1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Burbank_FruitFlower_c1893.jpg/220px-Burbank_FruitFlower_c1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Burbank_FruitFlower_c1893.jpg/330px-Burbank_FruitFlower_c1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Burbank_FruitFlower_c1893.jpg/440px-Burbank_FruitFlower_c1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>New Creations in Fruits and Flowers cover</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burbank_satsuma_plum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Burbank_satsuma_plum.jpg/220px-Burbank_satsuma_plum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Burbank_satsuma_plum.jpg/330px-Burbank_satsuma_plum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Burbank_satsuma_plum.jpg/440px-Burbank_satsuma_plum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Burbank plums</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burbank_leaf_fruit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Burbank_leaf_fruit.jpg/220px-Burbank_leaf_fruit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Burbank_leaf_fruit.jpg/330px-Burbank_leaf_fruit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Burbank_leaf_fruit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Forms of leaves and fruits quality correlations. After issue 1914.</figcaption></figure> <p>Burbank created hundreds of new varieties of fruits (plum, pear, prune, peach, blackberry, raspberry); potato, tomato; ornamental flowers and other plants.<sup id="cite_ref-ABA_hon_mem_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABA_hon_mem-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He introduced over 800 new plants, including flowers, grains, grasses, vegetables, cacti, and fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Fruits</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li>113 <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prune_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prune (fruit)">prunes</a></li> <li>69 <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a></li> <li>35 fruiting <a href="/wiki/Cactus" title="Cactus">cactus</a></li> <li>16 <a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">blackberries</a></li> <li>13 <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberries</a></li> <li>11 <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quinces</a></li> <li>11 <a href="/wiki/Plumcot" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumcot">plumcots</a></li> <li>10 <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherries</a></li> <li>10 <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberries</a></li> <li>10 apples</li> <li>8 <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</a></li> <li>6 <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnuts</a></li> <li>5 <a href="/wiki/Nectarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectarine">nectarines</a></li> <li>4 grapes</li> <li>4 pears</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnuts</a></li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">figs</a></li> <li>1 <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almond</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Grains, grasses, forage</dt></dl> <ul><li>9 types</li></ul> <dl><dt>Vegetables</dt></dl> <ul><li>26 types<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ornamentals</dt></dl> <ul><li>91 types<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>On paper his method seems simple, but in practice it was extremely difficult. Most of the time, he would grow 10,000 or more plants of one variety, from which he selected as many as 50 seedlings or as few as one. From the selected plant or plants, he grew another 10,000 seedlings, continuing selective process until he produced the results he wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he started his work, chestnut trees took 25 years to bear fruit. From his efforts, chestnut trees<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced fruit after three years. A white blackberry so clear that one could see the seeds inside, a juicy and large plum which is still considered one of the finest in the world, a spineless cactus,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a calla lily with fragrant odor<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were among his many creations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Burbank&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burbank was criticized by scientists of his day because he did not keep the kind of careful records that are the norm in scientific research and because he was mainly interested in creating useful or targeted cultivars rather than in the <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic research</a> of understanding their biology or the mechanisms by which his artificial selection schemes achieved their results. <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> professor Jules Janick, writing in the 2004 <i><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopedia" title="World Book Encyclopedia">World Book Encyclopedia</a></i>, says: "Burbank cannot be considered a scientist in the academic sense." </p><p>Although Burbank may not have been a scientist by the standards of his peers, his lack of record keeping reflected the difficulties of developing and distributing cultivars in the era in which he lived. His innovations were revolutionary, and in a time when there was no way to legally protect one's inventions, Burbank may have been cautious with the successes he decided to document. Additionally, his records may not have been coherent (to the chagrin of modern scholars) because he felt his time was better valued in the garden, not writing each trial and error down in his record book.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893, Burbank published a descriptive catalog of some of his best varieties, entitled <i>New Creations in Fruits and Flowers</i>. </p><p> In 1907, Burbank published an "essay on childrearing", called <i>The Training of the Human Plant</i>. In it, he advocated improved treatment of children, cultural homogenization and replacement in education, and management of reproduction and development in both a <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">euthenic</a> manner, though he does not directly reference either. His support for eugenic methods is couched in his horticultural methodology and he makes direct analogies between the two, comparing the population of the United States to a massive outcrossing experiment: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We are more crossed than any other nation in the history of the world, and here we meet the same results that are always seen in a much-crossed race of plants: all the worst as well as all the best qualities of each are brought out in their fullest intensities. When all the necessary crossing has been done, then comes the elimination, the work of refining, until we shall get an ultimate product that should be the finest race ever.<sup id="cite_ref-train_hum_plant_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-train_hum_plant-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Luther Burbank, <i>The Training of the Human Plant</i>, 1907, page 11.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>During his career, Burbank wrote and co-wrote several books on his methods and results, including his eight-volume <i>How Plants Are Trained to Work for Man</i> (1921), <i>Harvest of the Years</i> (with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilbur_Hall_(botanist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilbur Hall (botanist) (page does not exist)">Wilbur Hall</a>, 1927), <i>Partner of Nature</i> (1939), and the 12-volume <a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank:_His_Methods_and_Discoveries,_Their_Practical_Application" title="Luther Burbank: His Methods and Discoveries, Their Practical Application"><i>Luther Burbank: His Methods and Discoveries and Their Practical Application</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodology">Methodology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Burbank&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Methodology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burbank experimented with a variety of techniques such as grafting, hybridization, and cross-breeding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intraspecific_breeding">Intraspecific breeding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Burbank&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intraspecific breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intraspecific <a href="/wiki/Interspecific_hybrids" class="mw-redirect" title="Interspecific hybrids">hybridization</a> within a plant species was demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> and was further developed by <a href="/wiki/Geneticist" title="Geneticist">geneticists</a> and plant breeders. </p><p>In 1908, <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison_Shull" title="George Harrison Shull">George Harrison Shull</a> described <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">heterosis</a>, also known as hybrid vigor. Heterosis describes the tendency of the progeny of a specific cross to outperform both parents. The detection of the usefulness of heterosis for plant breeding has led to the development of inbred lines that reveal a heterotic yield advantage when they are crossed. Maize was the first species where heterosis was widely used to produce hybrids. </p><p>By the 1920s, statistical methods were developed to analyze gene action and distinguish heritable variation from variation caused by environment. In 1933, another important breeding technique, <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasmic_male_sterility" title="Cytoplasmic male sterility">cytoplasmic male sterility</a> (CMS), developed in maize, was described by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton_Rhoades" title="Marcus Morton Rhoades">Marcus Morton Rhoades</a>. CMS is a maternally inherited trait that makes the plant produce sterile <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>. This enables the production of hybrids without the need for labor-intensive <a href="/wiki/Detasseling" title="Detasseling">detasseling</a>. </p><p>These early breeding techniques resulted in large yield increase in the United States in the early 20th century. Similar yield increases were not produced elsewhere until after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> increased crop production in the developing world in the 1960s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eugenics">Eugenics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Burbank&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eugenics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #006150; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eugenics" title="Category:Eugenics">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#006150; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF"><b>Eugenics Movement</b></span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical trajectory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_trium_liberorum#Eugenic_implications" title="Jus trium liberorum">Jus trium liberorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Papia_Poppaea" title="Lex Papia Poppaea">Lex Papia Poppaea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_incest" title="Jewish views on incest">Jewish views on incest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest in the Bible</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_League" title="Malthusian League">Malthusian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily<br />Diseased Offspring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Health_Court" title="Hereditary Health Court">Hereditary Health Courts</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">Racial hygiene</a>" <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">US eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">Slave breeding in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Survey_of_Vermont" title="Eugenics Survey of Vermont">Eugenics Survey of Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_stirpiculture" title="Oneida stirpiculture">Oneida stirpiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sterilization law in the United States">Sterilization law in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_ex._rel._Tarlow_v._District_of_Columbia" title="Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia">Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_v._Quilligan" title="Madrigal v. Quilligan">Madrigal v. Quilligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Lynchburg_Training_School_%26_Hospital" title="Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital">Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Oklahoma" title="Skinner v. Oklahoma">Skinner v. Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_v._Sparkman" title="Stump v. Sparkman">Stump v. Sparkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Sterilization_Act_of_1924" title="Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924">Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Canadian Eugenics</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(Canada)" title="The Famous Five (Canada)">The Famous Five</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Sterilization_Act" title="Sexual Sterilization Act">Sexual Sterilization Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Japanese eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_eugenics" title="Hispanic eugenics">Hispanic eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Mexico" title="Eugenics in Mexico">Mexican eugenics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_movement_in_the_United_States#Eugenics_and_race" title="Birth control movement in the United States">Birth control movement in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilisation_in_Sweden" title="Compulsory sterilisation in Sweden">Swedish sterilization program (1906–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization_in_Peru" title="Forced sterilization in Peru">Peruvian sterilization program (1990–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Population planning in Singapore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neo-eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-eugenics">Neo-eugenics</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/He_Jiankui_affair" title="He Jiankui affair">He Jiankui affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Human genetic enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_response_to_assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Religious response to assisted reproductive technology">Religious response to assisted<br />reproductive technology</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Pre-war academic proponents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Brigham" title="Carl Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Darwin (Leonhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_DeCourcy_Ward" title="Robert DeCourcy Ward">DeCourcy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_M._Elderton" title="Ethel M. Elderton">Elderton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Goldscheid" title="Rudolf Goldscheid">Goldscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Gruber" title="Max von Gruber">Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Guyer" title="Michael F. Guyer">Guyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackson_Holmes#Eugenics" title="Samuel Jackson Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_Hrdli%C4%8Dka#Controversy_and_criticism" title="Aleš Hrdlička">Hrdlička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Jennings" title="Herbert Spencer Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan#Eugenics" title="David Starr Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Key" title="Wilhelmine Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Kraepelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lenz" title="Fritz Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivey_Foreman_Lewis" title="Ivey Foreman Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London#Eugenics" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Magnussen" title="Karin Magnussen">Magnussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otfrid_Mittmann" title="Otfrid Mittmann">Mittmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliano_Moreira" title="Juliano Moreira">Moreira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Munro" title="William B. Munro">Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Osborn (Henry Fairfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Guangdan" title="Pan Guangdan">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson#Political_views_and_eugenics" title="Karl Pearson">Pearson (Karl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Farnham_Perkins" title="Henry Farnham Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Hern%C3%A1ndez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Eusebio Hernández Pérez">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisc_Rainer#Biological_anthropology" title="Francisc Rainer">Rainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Relgis#Eugenics" title="Eugen Relgis">Relgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schallmayer" title="Wilhelm Schallmayer">Schallmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Scharffenberg" title="Johan Scharffenberg">Scharffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sergeevich_Serebrovsky" title="Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky">Serebrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Sergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Slater" title="Eliot Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ernest_Southard" title="Elmer Ernest Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig#Beliefs" title="F. W. Taussig">Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman#Eugenics" title="Lewis Terman">Terman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla#On_society" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike#Eugenics" title="Edward Thorndike">Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Vacher de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yerkes#Intelligence_testing_and_eugenics" title="Robert Yerkes">Yerkes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Post-war academic remnants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Agar#Work_on_human_enhancement" title="Nicholas Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Bell" title="Julia Bell">Bell (Julia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Blacker" title="Carlos Blacker">Blacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Carl" title="Noah Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedric_Carter" title="Cedric Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Coleman_(demographer)#Career" title="David Coleman (demographer)">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Darlington#Sociobiology_and_the_Lysenko_Affair" title="C. D. Darlington">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" title="Henry Garrett (psychologist)">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glad" title="John Glad">Glad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanania" title="Richard Hanania">Hanania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Nash_Herndon" title="C. Nash Herndon">Herndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley#Eugenics_and_race" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Ingle" title="Dwight Ingle">Ingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Itzkoff" title="Seymour Itzkoff">Itzkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Kallmann" title="Franz Josef Kallmann">Kallmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Kirkconnell" title="Watson Kirkconnell">Kirkconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lene_Koch" title="Lene Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz#Nazism" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lundman" title="Bertil Lundman">Lundman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._MacEachran" title="John M. MacEachran">MacEachran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Magnussen" title="Karin Magnussen">Magnussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Miller (Geoffrey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Miller" title="Edward M. Miller">Miller (Edward M.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley#Racist_and_eugenicist_views" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_te_Nijenhuis" title="Jan te Nijenhuis">Nijenhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Nyborg" title="Helmuth Nyborg">Nyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Osborn (Frederick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson (Roger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Pendell" title="Elmer Pendell">Pendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Popenoe" title="Paul Popenoe">Popenoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rostand" title="Jean Rostand">Rostand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu#Procreative_beneficence" title="Julian Savulescu">Savulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Shapiro" title="Harry L. Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Vining_Jr." title="Daniel Vining Jr.">Vining Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkmar_Weiss" title="Volkmar Weiss">Weiss</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Pamphlets and manifestos</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Genius" title="Hereditary Genius">Hereditary Genius</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1869)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inquiries_into_Human_Faculty_and_Its_Development" title="Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development">Inquiries into Human Faculty and<br />Its Development</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1883)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892–1893)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallia_(novel)#Eugenicist_thought_in_Gallia" title="Gallia (novel)">Gallia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1895)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Blood_of_the_Nation:_A_Study_in_the_Decay_of_Races_by_the_Survival_of_the_Unfit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blood of the Nation: A Study in the Decay of Races by the Survival of the Unfit">The Blood of the Nation</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901/1910)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Training_of_the_Human_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Training of the Human Plant">The Training of the Human Plant</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Essays_in_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Essays in Eugenics">Essays in Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heredity_in_Relation_to_Eugenics" title="Heredity in Relation to Eugenics">Heredity in Relation to Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1911)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_at_the_Crossroads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankind at the Crossroads">Mankind at the Crossroads</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future" title="Daedalus; or, Science and the Future">Daedalus; or, Science and the Future</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_raza_c%C3%B3smica" title="La raza cósmica">La raza cósmica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_Morals" title="Marriage and Morals">Marriage and Morals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection#Eugenics" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural<br />Selection</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_Us,_or_the_World_as_it_Might_Be" title="After Us, or the World as it Might Be">After Us</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_manifesto" title="Eugenics manifesto">Eugenics manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Bottles_for_New_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bottles for New Wine">New Bottles for New Wine</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1950)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marching_Morons" title="The Marching Morons">The Marching Morons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dance_with_the_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dance with the Devil">The Dance with the Devil</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1958)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilized_Man%27s_Eight_Deadly_Sins" title="Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins">Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyondism" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyondism">Beyondism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve" title="The Bell Curve">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics:_Genetic_Deterioration_in_Modern_Populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations">Dysgenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_the_Human_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules for the Human Park">Rules for the Human Park</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenics:_A_Reassessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics: A Reassessment">Eugenics: A Reassessment</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Eugenics">Jewish Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Selective_Breeding_and_the_Birth_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective Breeding and the Birth of Philosophy">Selective Breeding and the Birth of<br />Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Without significant post-war activity</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Birth_Control_League#History" title="American Birth Control League">ABCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Eugenics_Board" title="Alberta Eugenics Board">Alberta Eugenics Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Study_and_Prevention_of_Infant_Mortality" title="American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality">AASPIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society" title="American Eugenics Society">AES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science#Departments_on_life_studies" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institution for Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory#History" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory">CSHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Women%27s_Guild" title="Co-operative Women's Guild">Co-operative Women's Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Board_of_North_Carolina" title="Eugenics Board of North Carolina">EBNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office" title="Eugenics Record Office">ERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Human_Problems" title="French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems">Carrel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton_Laboratory" title="Galton Laboratory">Galton Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Society_for_Racial_Hygiene" title="German Society for Racial Hygiene">German Society for Racial Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_Commission" title="Heredity Commission">Heredity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_Foundation" title="Human Betterment Foundation">HBF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_League" title="Human Betterment League">Human Betterment League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_d%C3%A9mographiques#history" title="Institut national d'études démographiques">INED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Ethnology_and_Eugenics" title="International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics">IAAEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Eugenics_Conference" title="International Eugenics Conference">International Eugenics Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Eugenics_Organizations" title="International Federation of Eugenics Organizations">IFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_of_Anthropology,_Human_Heredity,_and_Eugenics" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Psychiatry#History" title="Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry">Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Association_of_America" title="Population Association of America">PAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Betterment_Foundation" title="Race Betterment Foundation">Race Betterment Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Hygiene_Association_of_New_South_Wales" title="Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales">RHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Institute_for_Racial_Biology" title="State Institute for Racial Biology">State Institute for Racial Biology</a></li></ul> <p><b>With significant post-war activity</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Genetics#Annals_of_Eugenics" title="Annals of Human Genetics">Annals of Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Renamed "<i>Annals of Human Genetics</i>" 1954)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies#History_and_funding" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eugenics_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eugenics Review">The Eugenics Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Renamed "<i>Journal of Biosocial Science</i>" 1968)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_and_Education_on_Eugenics_and_Dysgenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Research and Education on Eugenics and Dysgenics">FREED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Diversity_Foundation" title="Human Diversity Foundation">HDF</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social,_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies">J. Soc. Political Econ. Stud.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_on_Intelligence" title="London Conference on Intelligence">LCI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_Quarterly" title="Mankind Quarterly">Mankind Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenPsych" title="OpenPsych">OpenPsych</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prevention" title="Project Prevention">Project Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repository_for_Germinal_Choice" title="Repository for Germinal Choice">Repository for Germinal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Institute for Social Research">Ulster Institute for Social Research</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_engineering" title="Demographic engineering">Demographic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of eugenics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idiocracy" title="Idiocracy">Idiocracy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell_bibliography" title="Raymond Cattell bibliography">Raymond Cattell bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher_bibliography" title="Ronald Fisher bibliography">Ronald Fisher bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/14px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/21px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/29px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1276" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:History of Science">History of Science portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Template:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> Along with breeding plants, Burbank believed human beings should be selectively bred, and he was active in the <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">American eugenics movement</a> and wrote in publications of the <a href="/wiki/American_Genetic_Association" title="American Genetic Association">American Breeders' Association</a> as an honorary member.<sup id="cite_ref-ABA_hon_mem_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABA_hon_mem-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also elected to the ABA's Committee on Eugenics in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-ABA_hon_mem_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABA_hon_mem-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenicist</a>, he promoted genetic discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABA_hon_mem_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABA_hon_mem-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Burbank's book, <i>The Training of the Human Plant</i> he wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have constantly been impressed with the similarity between the organization and development of plant and human life. … I have come to find in the crossing of species and in selection, wisely directed, a great and powerful instrument for the transformation of the vegetable kingdom along lines that lead constantly upward. The crossing of species is to me paramount. Upon it, wisely directed and accompanied by a rigid selection of the best and as rigid an exclusion of the poorest, rests the hope of all progress. The mere crossing of species, unaccompanied by selection, wise supervision, intelligent care, and the utmost patience, is not likely to result in marked good, and may result in vast harm.<sup id="cite_ref-train_hum_plant_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-train_hum_plant-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Luther Burbank, <i>The Training of the Human Plant</i>, 1907, page 3.</cite></div></blockquote><p> This belief in the benefit of crossing human "species" and his staunch support for <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckian inheritance</a><sup id="cite_ref-ABA_hon_mem_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABA_hon_mem-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> put him somewhat at odds with mainstream eugenic views of the time, which were in the majority strongly anti-miscegenation. His <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckian</a> belief in the inheritance of acquired characteristics informed his support for population improvement primarily by managing the environment of children over many generations, which aligned him also with the <a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">euthenics movement</a>. He believed that environment played a crucial role in the development of children: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Heredity is simply the sum of all the effects of all the environments of all past generations on the responsive, ever-moving life forces. There is no doubt that if a child with a vicious temper be placed in an environment of peace and quiet the temper will change. Put a boy born of gentle white parents among Indians and he will grow up like an Indian. Let the child born of criminal parents have a setting of morality, integrity, and love, and the chances are that he will not grow into a criminal, but into an upright man.<sup id="cite_ref-train_hum_plant_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-train_hum_plant-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Luther Burbank, <i>The Training of the Human Plant</i>, 1907, page 68.</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_plant_breeding">Classical plant breeding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Burbank&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classical plant breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classical plant breeding uses deliberate interbreeding (<i>crossing</i>) of closely or distantly related individuals to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable properties. Plants are crossbred to introduce <a href="/wiki/Trait_(biological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trait (biological)">traits</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> from one variety or line into a new genetic background. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Mildew" title="Mildew">mildew</a>-resistant <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">pea</a> may be crossed with a high-yielding but susceptible pea, the goal of the cross being to introduce mildew resistance without losing the high-yield characteristics. Progeny from the cross would then be crossed with the high-yielding parent to ensure that the progeny were most like the high-yielding parent, (<a href="/wiki/Backcrossing" title="Backcrossing">backcrossing</a>). The progeny from that cross would then be tested for yield and mildew resistance and high-yielding resistant plants would be further developed. Plants may also be crossed with themselves to produce <i>inbred</i> varieties for breeding. </p><p>Classical breeding relies largely on <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">homologous recombination</a> between chromosomes to generate <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>. The classical plant breeder may also make use of a number of <i>in vitro</i> techniques such as protoplast fusion, embryo rescue or mutagenesis (see below) to generate diversity and produce hybrid plants that would not exist in <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>. </p><p>Traits that breeders have tried to incorporate into crop plants in the last 100 years include: </p> <ol><li>Increased <a href="/wiki/Quality_(business)" title="Quality (business)">quality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">yield</a> of the crop</li> <li>Increased <a href="/wiki/Physiological_tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological tolerance">tolerance</a> of environmental pressures (<a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>, extreme temperature, drought)</li> <li>Resistance to viruses, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacteria</a></li> <li>Increased tolerance to insect pests</li> <li>Increased tolerance of <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_selection">Mass selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Burbank&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mass selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burbank <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">cross-pollinated</a> the flowers of plants by hand and planted all the resulting seeds. He then selected the most promising plants to cross with other ones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Burbank&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_Luther_Burbank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Photo_of_Luther_Burbank.jpg/220px-Photo_of_Luther_Burbank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Photo_of_Luther_Burbank.jpg/330px-Photo_of_Luther_Burbank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Photo_of_Luther_Burbank.jpg/440px-Photo_of_Luther_Burbank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="1641" /></a><figcaption>Luther Burbank – "The Wizard of Horticulture"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LutherBurbankSpinelessCactus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/LutherBurbankSpinelessCactus.JPG/220px-LutherBurbankSpinelessCactus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/LutherBurbankSpinelessCactus.JPG/330px-LutherBurbankSpinelessCactus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/LutherBurbankSpinelessCactus.JPG/440px-LutherBurbankSpinelessCactus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>Luther Burbank with spineless cactus circa 1908</figcaption></figure> <p>Burbank was praised and admired not only for his gardening skills but for his modesty, generosity and kind spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Jane_S_2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Jane_S_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was very interested in education and gave money to the local schools. </p><p>He married twice: to Helen Coleman in 1890, which ended in divorce in 1896; and to Elizabeth Waters in 1916. He had no children of his own but did adopt a daughter. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His heart was fathomlessly deep, long acquainted with humility, patience, sacrifice. His little home amid the roses was austerely simple; he knew the worthlessness of luxury, the joy of few possessions. The modesty with which he wore his scientific fame repeatedly reminded me of the trees that bend low with the burden of ripening fruits; it is the barren tree that lifts its head high in an empty boast.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In a speech given to the First <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational church</a> of San Francisco in 1926, Burbank said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I love humanity, which has been a constant delight to me during all my seventy-seven years of life; and I love flowers, trees, animals, and all the works of Nature as they pass before us in time and space. What a joy life is when you have made a close working partnership with Nature, helping her to produce for the benefit of mankind new forms, colors, and perfumes in flowers which were never known before; fruits in form, size, and flavor never before seen on this globe; and grains of enormously increased productiveness, whose fat kernels are filled with more and better nourishment, a veritable storehouse of perfect food—new food for all the world's untold millions for all time to come.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Luther Burbank was highly revered throughout the United States of America. In September 1905 a group of California's most influential businessmen, intellectuals, and politicians gathered at a banquet thrown in honor of Luther Burbank by the <a href="/wiki/California_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="California Chamber of Commerce">State Board of Trade</a>. Many people spoke about Burbank, such as Senator Perkins who stated that Burbank could teach the government valuable lessons, and that "he is doing more to instruct, interest, and make popular the work in the garden than any man of his generation."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Garden_of_Invention_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Garden_of_Invention-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same convention, Albert G. Burnett, a judge of the Superior Court for <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonoma County">Sonoma County</a> stated that Burbank had improved the community incredibly making it a place that people came "to sit at the feet of this great apostle and prophet of beauty and happiness ... and catch some measure of his matchless inspiration." He also stated that Burbank's deeds were always done to "bring more of the sunshine of comfort and happiness into the cottages of the poor as well as the palaces of the rich."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Garden_of_Invention_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Garden_of_Invention-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924 Burbank wrote a letter endorsing the "Yogoda" training system of <a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a> as a superior alternative to what he considered narrowly intellectual education offered by most schools.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He caused a great deal of public controversy<sup id="cite_ref-Freethought_Today_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethought_Today-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a few months before his death in 1926 when he answered questions about his deepest beliefs by a reporter from the <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Bulletin">San Francisco Bulletin</a></i> with the following statement: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am an infidel today. I do not believe what has been served to me to believe. I am a doubter, a questioner, a skeptic. When it can be proved to me that there is immortality, that there is resurrection beyond the gates of death, then will I believe. Until then, no.<sup id="cite_ref-Freethought_Today_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethought_Today-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Paramahansa Yogananda wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi" title="Autobiography of a Yogi">Autobiography of a Yogi</a></i> that "Intimate communion with Nature, who unlocked to him [Burbank] many of her jealously guarded secrets, had given Burbank a boundless spiritual reverence". Burbank had received Kriya Yoga initiation from Paramahansa Yogananda, and he is quoted as saying "I practice the technique devoutly, Swamiji...Sometimes I feel very close to the infinite power...then i have been able to heal sick persons around me, as well as many ailing plants". He is also recorded as saying the following in relation to his deceased mother "Many times since her death I have been blessed by her appearance in visions; she has spoken to me."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Burbank&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mid-March 1926, Burbank suffered a heart attack and became ill with <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal</a> complications. He died on April 11, 1926, aged 77, and is buried near the greenhouse at the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Home_and_Gardens" title="Luther Burbank Home and Gardens">Luther Burbank Home and Gardens</a>. An address at the Memorial Service was given by Judge <a href="/wiki/Ben_Lindsey_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Lindsey (jurist)">Ben Lindsey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Freethought_Today_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethought_Today-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Burbank&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>California's Arbor Day was made March 7, Luther Burbank's birthday, in honor of him. Burt, Olive W., Luther Burbank, Boy Wizard, Bobbs-Merril Company, Inc., 1948, 1962, p. 180. </p><p>Burbank's fame and admiration reflect the various ways people see humans' roles in nature, by representing both the importance of our connection to the natural world and the numerous possibilities created by plant manipulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Jane_S_2009_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Jane_S_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burbank's work spurred the passing of the 1930 <a href="/wiki/Plant_Patent_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Patent Act">Plant Patent Act</a> four years after his death. The legislation made it possible to patent new varieties of plants (excluding <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tuber</a>-propagated plants). <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> testified before <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">Congress</a> in support of the legislation and said that "This [bill] will, I feel sure, give us many Burbanks." The authorities issued Plant Patents No. 12, #13, No. 14, #15, No. 16, #18, No. 41, #65, No. 66, #235, No. 266, #267, No. 269, #290, No. 291, and #1041 to Burbank posthumously. </p><p>In 1931, while visiting San Francisco, <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a> painted a portrait of Burbank emerging as a tree from his interred corpse.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 3-cent stamp honoring Burbank.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, Burbank was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Home_and_Gardens" title="Luther Burbank Home and Gardens">Luther Burbank Home and Gardens</a>, in downtown Santa Rosa, are now designated as a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>. <a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank%27s_Gold_Ridge_Experiment_Farm" title="Luther Burbank's Gold Ridge Experiment Farm">Luther Burbank's Gold Ridge Experiment Farm</a> is listed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> a few miles west of Santa Rosa in the town of <a href="/wiki/Sebastopol,_California" title="Sebastopol, California">Sebastopol, California</a>. </p><p>The home that Luther Burbank was born in, as well as his California garden office, were moved by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan" title="Dearborn, Michigan">Dearborn, Michigan</a>, and are part of <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenfield Village">Greenfield Village</a>. </p><p>Several places and institutions are named for Luther Burbank. They include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Center_for_the_Arts" title="Luther Burbank Center for the Arts">Luther Burbank Center for the Arts</a>, a large facility in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank_High_School_(California)" title="Luther Burbank High School (California)">Luther Burbank High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank_High_School_(Texas)" title="Luther Burbank High School (Texas)">Luther Burbank High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, Texas</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank_School_District" title="Luther Burbank School District">Luther Burbank School District</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Middle_School_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luther Burbank Middle School (Massachusetts)">Luther Burbank Middle School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Massachusetts" title="Lancaster, Massachusetts">Lancaster, Massachusetts</a></li> <li>Luther Burbank Middle School in the Los Angeles neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Park, California">Highland Park, California</a></li> <li>Luther Burbank Middle School in <a href="/wiki/Burbank,_California" title="Burbank, California">Burbank, California</a></li> <li>Luther Burbank Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee, Wisconsin">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a></li> <li>Luther Burbank Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa, California</a></li> <li>Luther Burbank Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Burbank,_Illinois" title="Burbank, Illinois">Burbank, Illinois</a></li> <li>Luther Burbank Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a></li> <li>Luther Burbank Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Merced,_California" title="Merced, California">Merced, California</a></li> <li>Burbank Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto, California</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Burbank_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luther Burbank Park (page does not exist)">Luther Burbank Park</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Park" class="extiw" title="ceb:Luther Burbank Park">ceb</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Mercer_Island,_Washington" title="Mercer Island, Washington">Mercer Island, Washington</a></li> <li>Burbank Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Artesia,_California" title="Artesia, California">Artesia, California</a></li> <li>The census-designated place <a href="/wiki/Burbank,_Washington" title="Burbank, Washington">Burbank, Washington</a></li> <li>The census-designated place <a href="/wiki/Burbank,_Santa_Clara_County,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Burbank, Santa Clara County, CA">Burbank, Santa Clara County, CA</a></li> <li>The census-designated place <a href="/wiki/Burbank,_Illinois" title="Burbank, Illinois">Burbank, Illinois</a></li> <li>The census-designated place <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burbank,_Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burbank, Alabama (page does not exist)">Burbank, Alabama</a></li> <li>Luther Burbank Savings, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa</a>-based financial institution</li></ul> <dl><dt>Plant species named after Luther Burbank</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canna_(plant)" title="Canna (plant)">Canna</a></i> 'Burbank'</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysanthemum_burbankii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysanthemum burbankii (page does not exist)">Chrysanthemum burbankii</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Tomitaro_Makino" title="Tomitaro Makino">Makino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>)</li> <li><i>Myrica</i> × <i>burbankii</i> A.Chev. (<a href="/wiki/Myricaceae" title="Myricaceae">Myricaceae</a>)</li> <li><i>Solanum</i> × <i>burbankii</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_retroflexum" title="Solanum retroflexum">Solanum retroflexum</a></i>) (<a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1213917922">.mw-parser-output .botanist-bordered{border:0 solid #ddd;border-width:2px 0;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .botanist .nickname{font-weight:bold}</style><div class="metadata botanist-bordered"><span class="botanist">The standard <a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (A)">author abbreviation</a> <span class="vcard"><span class="fn n"><span class="nickname">Burbank</span></span></span> is used to indicate this person as the author when <a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">citing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Burbank&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank:_His_Methods_and_Discoveries,_Their_Practical_Application" title="Luther Burbank: His Methods and Discoveries, Their Practical Application">Luther Burbank: His Methods and Discoveries, Their Practical Application</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Rose_Parade_and_Festival" title="Luther Burbank Rose Parade and Festival">Luther Burbank Rose Parade and Festival</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Burbank&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invent.org/inductee-detail/?IID=21">Luther Burbank. Peach and Other Fruit. US Patent No. PP15. Inducted in 1986</a>, National Inventors Hall of Fame</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jane S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJUAnE7V2ewC"><i>The Garden of Invention : Luther Burbank and the business of breeding plants</i></a>. New York: Penguin Group. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143116899" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143116899"><bdi>978-0143116899</bdi></a>. <q>[Burbank] developed novelties like the white blackberry and staples like the blight-resistant potato that was exported to Ireland to revive that country's leading crop.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garden+of+Invention+%3A+Luther+Burbank+and+the+business+of+breeding+plants&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0143116899&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jane+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJUAnE7V2ewC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jane S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJUAnE7V2ewC"><i>The Garden of Invention : Luther Burbank and the business of breeding plants</i></a>. New York: Penguin Group. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143116899" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143116899"><bdi>978-0143116899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garden+of+Invention+%3A+Luther+Burbank+and+the+business+of+breeding+plants&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0143116899&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jane+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJUAnE7V2ewC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luther's father, Samuel Walton, had nine children with wife Hannah Ball, two children with wife Mary Ann Rugg and four children with wife Olive Ross. In addition the first birth with Olive did not survive a day, so is not counted among the fifteen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330172312/http://www.altiusdirectory.com/Society/luther-burbank.html">"Luther Burbank, Biography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altiusdirectory.com/Society/luther-burbank.html">the original</a> on March 30, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luther+Burbank%2C+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.altiusdirectory.com%2FSociety%2Fluther-burbank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.studiesweekly.com/online/publications/127820/units/128059/articles/154771">"Luther Burbank, California Studies Weekly"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.studiesweekly.com/online/publications">the original</a> on May 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luther+Burbank%2C+California+Studies+Weekly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapp.studiesweekly.com%2Fonline%2Fpublications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821034433/http://www.wschs-grf.pon.net/bef.htm">"Gold Ridge Luther Burbank's Experiment Farm"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wschs-grf.pon.net/bef.htm">the original</a> on August 21, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+Ridge+Luther+Burbank%27s+Experiment+Farm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wschs-grf.pon.net%2Fbef.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZotta2015" class="citation book cs1">Zotta, LeAnn (2015). <i>200 Years and Growing: The Story of Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Co</i>. IngramSpark.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=200+Years+and+Growing%3A+The+Story+of+Stark+Bro%27s+Nurseries+%26+Orchards+Co.&rft.pub=IngramSpark&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Zotta&rft.aufirst=LeAnn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark1913" class="citation journal cs1">Stark, Clarence (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/CAT31294322/CAT31294322_djvu.txt">"Stark Delicious: The World's Best Apple"</a>. <i>Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Catalog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stark+Bro%27s+Nurseries+%26+Orchards+Catalog&rft.atitle=Stark+Delicious%3A+The+World%27s+Best+Apple&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FCAT31294322%2FCAT31294322_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanick2015" class="citation journal cs1">Janick, Jules (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pdfs/burbank-ashs-2015.pdf">"Luther Burbank: Plant Breeding Artist, Horticulturist, and Legend"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>HortScience</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HortScience&rft.atitle=Luther+Burbank%3A+Plant+Breeding+Artist%2C+Horticulturist%2C+and+Legend&rft.date=2015-02&rft.aulast=Janick&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fpdfs%2Fburbank-ashs-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/broadsides_bdsca10056/">"Luther Burbank Society roster"</a>. <i>Duke University Libraries – Digital Collections</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duke+University+Libraries+%E2%80%93+Digital+Collections&rft.atitle=Luther+Burbank+Society+roster&rft.date=1912&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.duke.edu%2Fdigitalcollections%2Fbroadsides_bdsca10056%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3468300282.html">"Luther Burbank"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luther+Burbank&rft.btitle=encyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3468300282.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABA_hon_mem-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABA_hon_mem_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABA_hon_mem_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABA_hon_mem_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABA_hon_mem_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABA_hon_mem_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStansfield2006" class="citation journal cs1">Stansfield, William D. (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesj015">"Luther Burbank: Honorary Member of the American Breeders' Association"</a>. <i>Journal of Heredity</i>. <b>97</b> (2): 95–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesj015">10.1093/jhered/esj015</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16489147">16489147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Heredity&rft.atitle=Luther+Burbank%3A+Honorary+Member+of+the+American+Breeders%27+Association&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-99&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesj015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16489147&rft.aulast=Stansfield&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjhered%252Fesj015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehenryford.org/explore/stories-of-innovation/what-if/luther-burbank/">"What If a Potato Could Change Agriculture"</a>. <i>thehenryford.org</i>. The Henry Ford<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thehenryford.org&rft.atitle=What+If+a+Potato+Could+Change+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehenryford.org%2Fexplore%2Fstories-of-innovation%2Fwhat-if%2Fluther-burbank%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman1974" class="citation book cs1">Whitman, John (December 3, 1974). <i>The Psychic Power of Plants</i>. New American Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0451062531" title="Special:BookSources/0451062531"><bdi>0451062531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychic+Power+of+Plants&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1974-12-03&rft.isbn=0451062531&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calisphere.org/item/1c816752984d091cc0ba2704cfd2df14/">"Image: Chestnut tree"</a>. <i>calisphere.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calisphere.org&rft.atitle=Image%3A+Chestnut+tree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalisphere.org%2Fitem%2F1c816752984d091cc0ba2704cfd2df14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutherburbank.org/about-us/specialty-gardens/spineless-cactus">"Spineless Cactus"</a>. <i>lutherburbank.org</i>. Luther Burbank Home & Gardens<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lutherburbank.org&rft.atitle=Spineless+Cactus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutherburbank.org%2Fabout-us%2Fspecialty-gardens%2Fspineless-cactus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonOlsen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Neil O.; Olsen, Richard T. (February 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/50/2/article-p161.xml">"A Vast Array of Beauty: The Accomplishments of the Father of American Ornamental Breeding, Luther Burbank"</a>. <i>HortScience</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 161–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21273%2FHORTSCI.50.2.161">10.21273/HORTSCI.50.2.161</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-5345">0018-5345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HortScience&rft.atitle=A+Vast+Array+of+Beauty%3A+The+Accomplishments+of+the+Father+of+American+Ornamental+Breeding%2C+Luther+Burbank&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-188&rft.date=2015-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21273%2FHORTSCI.50.2.161&rft.issn=0018-5345&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Neil+O.&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Richard+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ashs.org%2Fhortsci%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fhortsci%2F50%2F2%2Farticle-p161.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Jane S. "Faster, Better, Sweeter." The Garden of Invention: Luther Burbank and the Business of Breeding Plants. New York: Penguin, 2009. N. pag. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-train_hum_plant-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-train_hum_plant_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-train_hum_plant_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-train_hum_plant_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurbank1907" class="citation book cs1">Burbank, Luther (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reader.library.cornell.edu/docviewer/digital?id=hearth4765397"><i>The Training of the Human Plant</i></a>. New York, N.Y.: The Century Company, The de Vinne Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1393659">1393659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Training+of+the+Human+Plant&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=The+Century+Company%2C+The+de+Vinne+Press&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1393659&rft.aulast=Burbank&rft.aufirst=Luther&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freader.library.cornell.edu%2Fdocviewer%2Fdigital%3Fid%3Dhearth4765397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson,_Elof_Axel.2001" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Elof Axel. (2001). <i>The unfit : a history of a bad idea</i>. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879696583" title="Special:BookSources/0879696583"><bdi>0879696583</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46959597">46959597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+unfit+%3A+a+history+of+a+bad+idea&rft.place=Cold+Spring+Harbor%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46959597&rft.isbn=0879696583&rft.au=Carlson%2C+Elof+Axel.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_Jane_S_2009-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Jane_S_2009_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Jane_S_2009_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Jane S. "Prologue." The Garden of Invention: Luther Burbank and the Business of Breeding Plants. New York: Penguin, 2009. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYogananda1997" class="citation book cs1">Yogananda, Paramahansa (1997). "Chapter 38: Luther Burbank – A Saint Amid the Roses". <i>Autobiography of a Yogi</i>. Self-Realization Fellowship. p. 408,411.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+38%3A+Luther+Burbank+%E2%80%93+A+Saint+Amid+the+Roses&rft.btitle=Autobiography+of+a+Yogi&rft.pages=408%2C411&rft.pub=Self-Realization+Fellowship&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Yogananda&rft.aufirst=Paramahansa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy2007-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murphy2007_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_Murphy2007" class="citation book cs1">Denis Murphy (August 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dCe6JNEplIwC&pg=PA38"><i>Plant Breeding and Biotechnology: Societal Context and the Future of Agriculture</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46557-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46557-1"><bdi>978-1-139-46557-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Breeding+and+Biotechnology%3A+Societal+Context+and+the+Future+of+Agriculture&rft.pages=38-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46557-1&rft.au=Denis+Murphy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdCe6JNEplIwC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Garden_of_Invention-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Garden_of_Invention_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Garden_of_Invention_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jane S. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gardenofinventio0000smit"><i>The Garden of Invention</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gardenofinventio0000smit/page/3">3</a>–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143116899" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143116899"><bdi>978-0143116899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garden+of+Invention&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-6&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0143116899&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jane+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgardenofinventio0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/7452/7452-h/7452-h.htm">Autobiography of a Yogi, Paramahansa Yogananda, Chapter 38</a> Note: navigation by chapter only, no pages #s</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freethought_Today-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freethought_Today_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freethought_Today_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freethought_Today_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1993" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Barker" title="Dan Barker">Barker, Dan</a> (August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ffrf.org/component/k2/item/18437-i-am-an-infidel">"I Am An Infidel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Freethought_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="Freethought Today">Freethought Today</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Freedom From Religion Foundation">Freedom From Religion Foundation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freethought+Today&rft.atitle=I+Am+An+Infidel&rft.date=1993-08&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fffrf.org%2Fcomponent%2Fk2%2Fitem%2F18437-i-am-an-infidel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paramahansa Yogananda, <i>Autobiography of a Yogi</i>, Chapter 38-page 398 (ebook edition 2019)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fridakahlo.org/portrait-of-luther-burbank.jsp">"Portrait of Luther Burbank, 1931 – by Frida Kahlo"</a>. <i>Henri Matisse</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Henri+Matisse&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+Luther+Burbank%2C+1931+%E2%80%93+by+Frida+Kahlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fridakahlo.org%2Fportrait-of-luther-burbank.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810160707/http://beyondtheperf.com/stamp-series">"Stamp Series"</a>. United States Postal Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beyondtheperf.com/stamp-series">the original</a> on August 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stamp+Series&rft.pub=United+States+Postal+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeyondtheperf.com%2Fstamp-series&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Plant_Names_Index" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Burbank"><i> Burbank</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=+Burbank&rft.au=International+Plant+Names+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fipni%2FadvAuthorSearch.do%3Ffind_abbreviation%3DBurbank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Burbank&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1901" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, Liberty H. (August 1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IF6tNZnhO7wC&pg=PA1209">"A Maker of New Fruits and Flowers: How Luther Burbank Breeds New Varieties of Plants on His California Farm"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a></i>. <b>II</b>: 1209–1214<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=A+Maker+of+New+Fruits+and+Flowers%3A+How+Luther+Burbank+Breeds+New+Varieties+of+Plants+on+His+California+Farm&rft.volume=II&rft.pages=1209-1214&rft.date=1901-08&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Liberty+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIF6tNZnhO7wC%26pg%3DPA1209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Burbank, Luther. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CYhHAAAAIAAJ&q=training+the+human+plant">The Training of the Human Plant</a>," Century Magazine, May 1907.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jane S. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gardenofinventio0000smit"><i>The Garden of Invention: Luther Burbank and the Business of Breeding Plants</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Group (USA)">Penguin Group (USA)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-209-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-209-4"><bdi>978-1-59420-209-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garden+of+Invention%3A+Luther+Burbank+and+the+Business+of+Breeding+Plants&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+%28USA%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-209-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jane+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgardenofinventio0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Burbank, Luther. <i>The Canna and the Calla: and some interesting work with striking results</i>. Paperback <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4147-0200-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4147-0200-1">978-1-4147-0200-1</a></li> <li>Burbank, Luther with Wilbur Hall, <i>Harvest of the Years</i>. This is Luther Burbank's autobiography published after his death in 1926.</li> <li>Burbank, Luther. 1939.<i>An Architect of Nature</i>. Same details as ref. above, publisher: Watts & Co. (London) 'The Thinker's Library, No.76'</li> <li>Burt, Olive W. <i>Luther Burbank, Boy Wizard</i>. Biography published by Bobbs-Merrill in 1948 aimed at intermediate level students.</li> <li>Anderson, N. O., & Olsen, R. T. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/84923121568"><i>A vast array of beauty: The accomplishments of the father of American ornamental plant breeding, Luther Burbank.</i></a> HortScience, 50(2), 161–188.</li> <li>Dreyer, Peter, <i>A Gardener Touched With Genius The Life of Luther Burbank</i>, # L. Burbank Home & Gardens; New & expanded edition (January 1993), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9637883-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9637883-0-2">0-9637883-0-2</a></li> <li>Kraft, K. <i>Luther Burbank, the Wizard and the Man</i>. New York : Meredith Press, 1967 ASIN: B0006BQE6C</li> <li>Pandora, Katherine. "Luther Burbank". American National Biography. Retrieved on 2006-11-16.</li> <li>Yogananda, Paramahansa. <i>Autobiography of a Yogi</i>. Los Angeles : Self-Realization Fellowship, 1946 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87612-083-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87612-083-4">0-87612-083-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarte,_Bret1903" class="citation journal cs1">Harte, Bret (September 1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WI4AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA6-PA226">"King of Horticulture"</a>. <i>Overland Monthly</i>. <b>XLII</b>: 226–233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Overland+Monthly&rft.atitle=King+of+Horticulture&rft.volume=XLII&rft.pages=226-233&rft.date=1903-09&rft.au=Harte%2C+Bret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8WI4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA6-PA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tuomey, Honoria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KG8LAQAAIAAJ&q=R.+P.+Tuomey%22%27%27Luther&pg=PA668"><i>Burbank, Scientist</i>."</a> Out West magazine, September 1905. pages 201–222. illustrated.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Burbank&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Luther_Burbank" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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text" href="http://www.lutherburbank.org">Luther Burbank Home and Gardens official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invent.org/inductee-detail/?IID=21">National Inventors Hall of Fame profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/PUBLICAT/Cactusnt/cactus3.htm">UN report on spineless cactus cultivation in Tunisia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043858/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/PUBLICAT/Cactusnt/cactus3.htm">Archived</a> September 24, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014015412/http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/activity/lbsite/lobby.html">Luther Burbank Virtual Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ananda.org/inspiration/books/ay/38.html">Autobiography of a Yogi, by Paramhansa Yogananda, Chapter 38: Luther Burbank – A Saint Amidst the Roses</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3109372"><i>A Rare Crossing: Frida Kahlo and Luther Burbank</i></a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/HistSciTech.LutherBurbank">Luther Burbank: His Methods and Discoveries and Their Practical Application</a></i>, 1914–1915, a 12-volume monographic series, is available online through the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_System" title="University of Wisconsin System">University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutherburbankonline.com/index.html">Luther Burbank Online</a>, 2013 – Selections from "Luther Burbank: His Methods and Discoveries and Their Practical Application," 1914–1915, by an amateur gardener, 2013.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wschsgrf.org">http://www.wschsgrf.org</a> Official website of the Western Sonoma County Historical Society and Luther Burbank's Gold Ridge Experiment Farm</li> <li><i>Burbank Steps Forward with a Super-Wheat</i>, <a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a> monthly, January 1919, page 22; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HykDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22">scanned by Google Books</a></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.91015">"Luther Burbank, ca. 1917"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.92287">"Visit for Luther Burbank, the Great American Naturalist (1917)"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Burbank, Luther"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Burbank,_Luther">"Burbank, Luther" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burbank%2C+Luther&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Burbank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/search/luther%20burbank">Luther Burbank materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/search?q=inauthor:%22Luther+Burbank%22&tbm=bks&source=lnt&tbs=bkv:r&sa=X&ei=54bnVISiL4v_yQSf2YDgBw&ved=0CA8QpwU">selected readings of Luther Burbank writings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/002755">Newspaper clippings about Luther Burbank</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li>Preece, John E. and Gale McGranahan."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.50.2.201">Luther Burbank’s Contributions to Walnuts</a>," <i>HortScience</i>, Vol. 50:2, Feb. 2015, pp. 201–204. — Video slide presentation narrated by John E. Preece: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cExql2vE53M">Luther Burbank's Contributions to Walnuts</a>," posted by cevizbiz cevizbiz, YouTube, November 14, 2015.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333419#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073023183">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1087134">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000183193&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810556014905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007275455305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14366436">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01929224?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Burbank">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/49919">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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