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id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Holy Sepulchre" redirects here. For an overview of sites believed to be Jesus's burial place, see <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb of Jesus</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Holy Sepulchre (disambiguation)">Holy Sepulchre (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Church of the Holy Sepulchre,<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> also known as the Church of the Resurrection,<a href="#cite_note-3">[c]</a> is a fourth-century church in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Quarter" title="Christian Quarter">Christian Quarter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. The church is also the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[1]</a> Some consider it the holiest site in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and it has been an important pilgrimage site for Christians since the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">fourth century</a>. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="color:black; background-color:#CCCC99">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3107" data-file-height="2024"></a><div class="infobox-caption">The church in 2010, from left to right: the <a href="#Bell_tower">bell tower</a> (12th century), <a href="#Rotunda">rotunda</a> (big dome), <a href="#Catholicon">catholicon</a> (smaller dome), and <a href="#Ambulatory">ambulatory</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays='["_fb11e7ecd2fd3db3a11ffa3e4693ce4a53fdaa08"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&revid=1258955947&groups=_fb11e7ecd2fd3db3a11ffa3e4693ce4a53fdaa08" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&revid=1258955947&groups=_fb11e7ecd2fd3db3a11ffa3e4693ce4a53fdaa08 2x" alt="Map"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&params=31_46_42_N_35_13_47_E_region:PS_type:landmark">31°46′42″N 35°13′47″E / 31.77833°N 35.22972°E / 31.77833; 35.22972</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Quarter" title="Christian Quarter">Christian Quarter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denomination</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Apostolic">Armenian Apostolic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.custodia.org/en/sanctuaries/basilica-of-the-holy-sepulchre/">Roman Catholic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.jerusalem-patriarchate.info/the-holy-sepulcher-and-the-all-holy-church-of-the-resurrection">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#CCCC99">History</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">Consecrated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13 September 335 (1689 years ago)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#CCCC99">Architecture</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nikolaos Ch. Komnenos (1810 restoration)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred architecture">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Paleochristian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleochristian architecture">Paleochristian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Groundbreaking" title="Groundbreaking">Groundbreaking</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 326</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 335 (demolished in 1009, rebuilt in 1048)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#CCCC99">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capacity</th><td class="infobox-data">8,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Materials</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Stone</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> According to traditions dating to the fourth century, the church contains both the site where <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucified</a><a href="#cite_note-mcmahon-5">[2]</a> at <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a>, or Golgotha, and the location of Jesus's empty <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">tomb</a>, where he was <a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">buried</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrected</a>. Both locations are considered immensely holy sites by Christians.<a href="#cite_note-sacred-6">[3]</a> In earlier times, the site was used as a Jewish burial ground, upon which a pagan temple was built. The church and rotunda was built under <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> in the 4th century and destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim</a> in 1009. Al-Hakim's son allowed Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a> to reconstruct the church, which was completed in 1048. After it was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a> in 1099, it continued to undergo modifications, resulting in a significant departure from the original structure.<a href="#cite_note-:02-7">[4]</a> Several renovations and restorations were made under the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy56-8">[5]</a> The tomb itself is enclosed by a 19th-century shrine called the <a href="#Aedicule">Aedicule</a>. Within the church proper are the last four <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">stations of the Cross</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a>, representing the final episodes of the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a>. The church has been a major <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Christian pilgrimage</a> destination since its creation in the fourth century, as the traditional site of the resurrection of Christ, thus its original Greek name, Church of the Anastasis ('Resurrection'). The <a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status Quo</a>, an understanding between religious communities dating to 1757, applies to the site.<a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a> Control of the church itself is shared among several <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> and secular entities in complicated arrangements essentially unchanged for over 160 years, and some for much longer. The main denominations sharing property over parts of the church are the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Apostolic">Armenian Apostolic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox</a> churches. Directly adjacent to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Redeemer,_Jerusalem" title="Church of the Redeemer, Jerusalem">Church of the Redeemer</a>, marking a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> presence at the site.<a href="#cite_note-Kroll2024-11">[8]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Background_(1st%E2%80%934th_centuries)">2.1 Background (1st–4th centuries)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Constantine_and_Macarius:_context_for_the_first_sanctuary">2.2 Constantine and Macarius: context for the first sanctuary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#First_sanctuary_(4th_century)">2.3 First sanctuary (4th century)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Damage_and_destruction_(614%E2%80%931009)">2.4 Damage and destruction (614–1009)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Reconstruction_(11th_century)">2.5 Reconstruction (11th century)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Crusader_period_(1099%E2%80%931244)">2.6 Crusader period (1099–1244)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Background">2.6.1 Background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Crusaders:_reconstruction_(12th_century)_and_ownership">2.6.2 Crusaders: reconstruction (12th century) and ownership</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Ottoman_period">2.7 Ottoman period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#British_Mandate_period">2.8 British Mandate period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Jordanian_and_Israeli_periods">2.9 Jordanian and Israeli periods</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Chapel_of_St._Vartan">2.9.1 Chapel of St. Vartan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Aedicule_restoration">2.9.2 Aedicule restoration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#2020_pandemic">2.9.3 2020 pandemic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Crusader_altar_slab_discovered_(2022)">2.9.4 Crusader altar slab discovered (2022)</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Description">3 Description</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Parvis_(courtyard)">3.1 Parvis (courtyard)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Bell_tower">3.2 Bell tower</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Fa%C3%A7ade_and_entrance">3.3 Façade and entrance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Calvary_(Golgotha)">3.4 Calvary (Golgotha)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Stone_of_Anointing">3.5 Stone of Anointing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Rotunda_and_Aedicule">3.6 Rotunda and Aedicule</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Catholicon">3.7 Catholicon</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Armenian_monastery_south_of_the_Aedicule">3.8 Armenian monastery south of the Aedicule</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Syriac_Chapel_with_Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea">3.9 Syriac Chapel with Tomb of Joseph of Arimathea</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#First-century_tomb">3.9.1 First-century tomb</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Franciscan_area_north_of_the_Aedicule">3.10 Franciscan area north of the Aedicule</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Arches_of_the_Virgin">3.11 Arches of the Virgin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Prison_of_Christ">3.12 Prison of Christ</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Ambulatory">3.13 Ambulatory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Chapel_of_Saint_Helena">3.14 Chapel of Saint Helena</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Chapel_of_Saint_Vartan">3.15 Chapel of Saint Vartan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Chapel_of_the_Invention_of_the_Holy_Cross">3.16 Chapel of the Invention of the Holy Cross</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Status_Quo">4 Status Quo</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Ottoman_decrees">4.1 Ottoman decrees</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Interdenominational_issues">4.2 Interdenominational issues</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Issues_with_Israeli_authorities">5 Issues with Israeli authorities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Tax_and_land_disputes">5.1 Tax and land disputes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Land_sale_to_Israeli_settlers">5.2 Land sale to Israeli settlers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Connection_to_Roman_temple">6 Connection to Roman temple</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Location">7 Location</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Influence">8 Influence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#References">11 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Citations">11.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Sources">11.2 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The church was named either for the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a>, or for his tomb, which is at its focal point. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is also known as the Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> and the Holy Sepulchre. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christians</a> also call it the Church of the Resurrection and the Church of the Anastasis, Anastasis being Greek for Resurrection. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Connection_to_Roman_temple">§ Connection to Roman temple</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_(1st–4th_centuries)">Background (1st–4th centuries)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background (1st–4th centuries)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">siege of Jerusalem</a> in AD 70 during the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>, Jerusalem had been reduced to ruins. In AD 130, the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> began the building of a Roman colony, the new city of <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>, on the site. About AD 135, he ordered that a cave containing a <a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tombs_in_ancient_Israel" title="Rock-cut tombs in ancient Israel">rock-cut tomb</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[d]</a> be filled in to make a flat foundation for a temple dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sacred-6">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-paul-18">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_(Aelia_Capitolina)" title="Temple of Venus (Aelia Capitolina)">The temple</a> remained until the early fourth century.<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corbo-20">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constantine_and_Macarius:_context_for_the_first_sanctuary">Constantine and Macarius: context for the first sanctuary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Constantine and Macarius: context for the first sanctuary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After seeing a vision of a cross in the sky in 312,<a href="#cite_note-bible-21">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> began to favour <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a> and signed the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> legalizing the religion. The Bishop of Jerusalem <a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Jerusalem" title="Macarius of Jerusalem"> Macarius</a> asked Constantine for permission to dig for the tomb. With the help of <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (a Bishop of Caesarea) and Macarius, three crosses were found near a tomb; one, which was said to have <a href="/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I#True_Cross" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">cured people of death</a>, was presumed to be the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>, on which Jesus was <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucified</a>, leading the Romans to believe that they had found <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bible-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> About 326, Constantine ordered that the temple to Jupiter or Venus be replaced by a church.<a href="#cite_note-sacred-6">[3]</a> After the temple was torn down and its ruins removed, the soil was removed from the cave, revealing a rock-cut tomb that Macarius identified as the burial site of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-mcmahon-5">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-constantine-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-socrates-25">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_sanctuary_(4th_century)">First sanctuary (4th century)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First sanctuary (4th century)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:428px;max-width:428px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotunda,_Adomanan_de_locis_santis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rotunda%2C_Adomanan_de_locis_santis.jpg/220px-Rotunda%2C_Adomanan_de_locis_santis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="491"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rotunda%2C_Adomanan_de_locis_santis.jpg/220px-Rotunda%2C_Adomanan_de_locis_santis.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rotunda%2C_Adomanan_de_locis_santis.jpg/330px-Rotunda%2C_Adomanan_de_locis_santis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rotunda%2C_Adomanan_de_locis_santis.jpg/440px-Rotunda%2C_Adomanan_de_locis_santis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_(plan_d%27Arculfe).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_%28plan_d%27Arculfe%29.jpg/200px-Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_%28plan_d%27Arculfe%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_%28plan_d%27Arculfe%29.jpg/200px-Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_%28plan_d%27Arculfe%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_%28plan_d%27Arculfe%29.jpg/300px-Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_%28plan_d%27Arculfe%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_%28plan_d%27Arculfe%29.jpg/400px-Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_%28plan_d%27Arculfe%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two manuscript versions of the oldest known floor plans of the church, from <a href="/wiki/De_Locis_Sanctis" class="mw-redirect" title="De Locis Sanctis">De Locis Sanctis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 680)<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a></div></div></div></div> A shrine was built on the site of the tomb Macarius had identified as that of Jesus, enclosing the rock tomb walls within its own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201699-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-secret-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[e]</a> The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, planned by the architect Zenobius,<a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> was built as separate constructs over two holy sites: <ol><li>a <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)" title="Rotunda (architecture)">rotunda</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Anastasis</a> ('Resurrection'), where Macarius believed Jesus to have been buried,<a href="#cite_note-mcmahon-5">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] and;</li> <li>the great <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> (also known as Martyrium),<a href="#cite_note-basilica-31">[26]</a> across a courtyard to the east (an enclosed <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnaded</a> <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a>, known as the Triportico) with the traditional site of Calvary in one corner.<a href="#cite_note-paul-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a></li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_-_Kenneth_John_Conant.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_-_Kenneth_John_Conant.png/170px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_-_Kenneth_John_Conant.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="279"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_-_Kenneth_John_Conant.png/170px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_-_Kenneth_John_Conant.png" data-width="170" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_-_Kenneth_John_Conant.png/255px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_-_Kenneth_John_Conant.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_-_Kenneth_John_Conant.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Diagram of a possible church layout (facing west) published in 1956 by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_John_Conant" title="Kenneth John Conant">Kenneth John Conant</a></figcaption></figure> The Church of the Holy Sepulchre site has been recognized since early in the fourth century as the place where Jesus was crucified, buried, and rose from the dead.<a href="#cite_note-commemoration-33">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[f]</a> The church was consecrated on 13 September 335.<a href="#cite_note-commemoration-33">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[g]</a> In 327, Constantine and Helena separately commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> to commemorate the birth of Jesus. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damage_and_destruction_(614–1009)">Damage and destruction (614–1009)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Damage and destruction (614–1009)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_capture_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian capture of Jerusalem">Sasanian capture of Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></div> The Constantinian sanctuary in Jerusalem was destroyed by a fire <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_capture_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian capture of Jerusalem">in May of 614</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau II">Khosrau II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bible-21">[17]</a> invaded Jerusalem and captured the True Cross. In 630, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> rebuilt the church after recapturing the city.<a href="#cite_note-Kroesen-37">[30]</a> After <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages">Jerusalem came under Islamic rule</a>, it remained a Christian church, with the early Muslim rulers protecting the city's Christian sites, prohibiting their destruction or use as living quarters. A story reports that the caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar ibn al-Khattab</a> visited the church and stopped to pray on the balcony, but at the time of prayer, turned away from the church and prayed outside. He feared that future generations would misinterpret this gesture, taking it as a pretext to turn the church into a mosque. <a href="/wiki/Eutychius_of_Alexandria" title="Eutychius of Alexandria">Eutychius of Alexandria</a> adds that Umar wrote <a href="/wiki/Umar%27s_Assurance" title="Umar's Assurance">a decree</a> saying that Muslims would not inhabit this location. The building suffered severe damage from an earthquake in 746.<a href="#cite_note-Kroesen-37">[30]</a> Early in the ninth century, another earthquake damaged the dome of the Anastasis. The damage was repaired in 810 by <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Thomas I of Jerusalem">Thomas I</a>. In 841, the church suffered a fire. In 935, the Christians prevented the construction of a Muslim mosque adjacent to the Church. In 938, a new fire damaged the inside of the basilica and came close to the rotunda. In 966, due to a defeat of Muslim armies in the region of Syria, a riot broke out, which was followed by reprisals. The basilica was burned again. The doors and roof were burnt, and Patriarch <a href="/wiki/John_VII_of_Jerusalem" title="John VII of Jerusalem">John VII</a> was murdered.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 18 October 1009, <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre">complete destruction of the church</a> as part of a more general campaign against Christian places of worship in Palestine and Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-38">[h]</a> The damage was extensive, with few parts of the early church remaining, and the roof of the rock-cut tomb damaged; the original shrine was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201699-27">[23]</a> Some partial repairs followed.<a href="#cite_note-Morris_2005-39">[31]</a> Christian Europe reacted with shock: it was a spur to <a href="/wiki/Expulsions_of_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsions of Jews">expulsions of Jews</a> and, later on, the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[33]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Both refs don't seem useful. Bokenkotter p. 155 mentions neither Hakim & 1009, nor the expulsion of Jews; MacCulloch p. 1339 is hard to find (e-book), if added to URL it leads to much earlier events, plus: crt URL leads to table of content page referring to smth else, search for Hakim or 1009 lead nowhere, access date is missing... Not trustworthy! (December 2023)">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre#Dubious" title="Talk:Church of the Holy Sepulchre">discuss</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction_(11th_century)">Reconstruction (11th century)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reconstruction (11th century)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In wide-ranging negotiations between the Fatimids and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in 1027–1028, an agreement was reached whereby the new Caliph <a href="/wiki/Ali_az-Zahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali az-Zahir">Ali az-Zahir</a> (al-Hakim's son) agreed to allow the rebuilding and redecoration of the church.<a href="#cite_note-Lev_1991-42">[34]</a> The rebuilding was finally completed during the tenures of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Nicephorus I of Jerusalem">Patriarch Nicephorus of Jerusalem</a> in 1048.<a href="#cite_note-Foakes-Jackson-43">[35]</a> As a concession, the mosque in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> was reopened and the <a href="/wiki/Khutba" class="mw-redirect" title="Khutba">khutba</a> sermons were to be pronounced in az-Zahir's name.<a href="#cite_note-Lev_1991-42">[34]</a> Muslim sources say a by-product of the agreement was the renunciation of Islam by many Christians who had been forced to convert under al-Hakim's persecutions. In addition, the Byzantines, while releasing 5,000 Muslim prisoners, made demands for the restoration of other churches destroyed by al-Hakim and the reestablishment of a <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a> in Jerusalem. Contemporary sources credit the emperor with spending vast sums in an effort to restore the Church of the Holy Sepulchre after this agreement was made.<a href="#cite_note-Lev_1991-42">[34]</a> Still, "a total replacement was far beyond available resources. The new construction was concentrated on the rotunda and its surrounding buildings: the great basilica remained in ruins."<a href="#cite_note-Morris_2005-39">[31]</a> The rebuilt church site consisted of "a court open to the sky, with five small chapels attached to it."<a href="#cite_note-Fergusson-44">[36]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The chapels were east of the court of resurrection (when reconstructed, the location of the tomb was under open sky), where the western wall of the great basilica had been. They commemorated scenes from the passion, such as the location of the prison of Christ and his flagellation, and presumably were so placed because of the difficulties of free movement among shrines in the city streets. The dedication of these chapels indicates the importance of the pilgrims' devotion to the suffering of Christ. They have been described as "a sort of <a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a> in miniature" since little or no rebuilding took place on the site of the great basilica. Western pilgrims to Jerusalem during the 11th century found much of the sacred site in ruins.<a href="#cite_note-Morris_2005-39">[31]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Control of Jerusalem, and thereby the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, continued to change hands several times between the Fatimids and the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuk Turks</a> (loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid caliph</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>) until the Crusaders' arrival in 1099.<a href="#cite_note-45">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusader_period_(1099–1244)">Crusader period (1099–1244)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Crusader period (1099–1244)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Art of the Crusades</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background">Background</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many historians maintain that the main concern of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a>, when calling for the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, was the threat to Constantinople from the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> invasion of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> in response to the appeal of Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a>. Historians agree that the fate of Jerusalem and thereby the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was also of concern, if not the immediate goal of papal policy in 1095. The idea of taking Jerusalem gained more focus as the Crusade was underway. The rebuilt church site was taken from the Fatimids (who had recently taken it from the Abbasids) by the knights of the First Crusade on 15 July 1099.<a href="#cite_note-Morris_2005-39">[31]</a> The First Crusade was envisioned as an armed <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>, and no crusader could consider his journey complete unless he had prayed as a pilgrim at the Holy Sepulchre. The classical theory is that Crusader leader <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a>, who became the first <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Latin ruler of Jerusalem</a>, decided not to use the title "king" during his lifetime, and declared himself <a href="/wiki/The_Title_of_Godfrey_of_Bouillon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Title of Godfrey of Bouillon">Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri</a> ('Protector [or Defender] of the Holy Sepulchre'). According to the German priest and pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Ludolf_von_Sudheim" title="Ludolf von Sudheim">Ludolf von Sudheim</a>, the keys of the Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre were in hands of the "ancient <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>", and the food, alms, candles and oil for lamps were given to them by the pilgrims at the south door of the church.<a href="#cite_note-46">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crusaders:_reconstruction_(12th_century)_and_ownership">Crusaders: reconstruction (12th century) and ownership</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Crusaders: reconstruction (12th century) and ownership" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By the Crusader period, a <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cistern</a> under the former basilica was rumoured to have been where Helena had found the True Cross, and began to be venerated as such; the cistern later became the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Grotto of the Holy Cross">Chapel of the Invention of the Cross</a>, but there is no evidence of the site's identification before the 11th century, and modern archaeological investigation has now dated the cistern to 11th-century repairs by Monomachos.<a href="#cite_note-Corbo-20">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a>, chronicler of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, reports on the rebuilding of the church in the mid-12th century. The Crusaders investigated the eastern ruins on the site, occasionally excavating through the rubble, and while attempting to reach the cistern, they discovered part of the original ground level of Hadrian's temple enclosure; they transformed this space into a <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Helena,_Jerusalem" title="Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem">chapel dedicated to Helena</a>, widening their original excavation tunnel into a proper staircase.<a href="#cite_note-Savage37-47">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crusader_Graffiti_in_the_Church_of_the_holy_supulchure_Jerusalem_Victor_2011_-1-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Crusader_Graffiti_in_the_Church_of_the_holy_supulchure_Jerusalem_Victor_2011_-1-21.jpg/220px-Crusader_Graffiti_in_the_Church_of_the_holy_supulchure_Jerusalem_Victor_2011_-1-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Crusader_Graffiti_in_the_Church_of_the_holy_supulchure_Jerusalem_Victor_2011_-1-21.jpg/220px-Crusader_Graffiti_in_the_Church_of_the_holy_supulchure_Jerusalem_Victor_2011_-1-21.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Crusader_Graffiti_in_the_Church_of_the_holy_supulchure_Jerusalem_Victor_2011_-1-21.jpg/330px-Crusader_Graffiti_in_the_Church_of_the_holy_supulchure_Jerusalem_Victor_2011_-1-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Crusader_Graffiti_in_the_Church_of_the_holy_supulchure_Jerusalem_Victor_2011_-1-21.jpg/440px-Crusader_Graffiti_in_the_Church_of_the_holy_supulchure_Jerusalem_Victor_2011_-1-21.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Crusader <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> in the church: crosses engraved in the staircase leading down to the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Helena,_Jerusalem" title="Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem">Chapel of Saint Helena</a><a href="#cite_note-madainhelenachapel-48">[40]</a></figcaption></figure> The Crusaders began to refurnish the church in <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> style and added a <a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">bell tower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Savage37-47">[39]</a> These renovations unified the small chapels on the site[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and were completed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Melisende" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Melisende">Queen Melisende</a> in 1149, placing all the holy places under one roof for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Savage37-47">[39]</a> The church became the seat of the first <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem">Latin patriarchs</a> and the site of the kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptorium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Savage37-47">[39]</a> Eight 11th- and 12th-century Crusader leaders (<a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">Baldwin I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin II of Jerusalem">Baldwin II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulk,_King_of_Jerusalem" title="Fulk, King of Jerusalem">Fulk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin III of Jerusalem">Baldwin III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amalric_of_Jerusalem" title="Amalric of Jerusalem">Amalric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IV_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin IV of Jerusalem">Baldwin IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_V_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin V of Jerusalem">Baldwin V</a> – the first eight <a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem">rulers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>) were buried in the south transept and inside the <a href="#Chapel_of_Adam">Chapel of Adam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pringle65-51">[43]</a> The royal tombs were looted during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1244)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1244)">Khwarizmian sack of Jerusalem</a> in 1244 but probably remained mostly intact until 1808 when a fire damaged the church. The tombs may have been destroyed by the fire, or during renovations by the Greek Orthodox custodians of the church in 1809–1810. The remains of the kings may still be in unmarked pits under the church's pavement.<a href="#cite_note-reem-52">[44]</a> The church was lost to <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Savage37-47">[39]</a> along with the rest of the city, in 1187, although the treaty established after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> allowed Christian pilgrims to visit the site. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Frederick_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Frederick II">Emperor Frederick II</a> (r. 1220–50) regained the city and the church by treaty in the 13th century while under a ban of excommunication, with the consequence that the holiest church in Christianity was laid under <a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">interdict</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The church seems to have been largely in the hands of Greek Orthodox patriarch <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Athanasius II of Jerusalem">Athanasius II of Jerusalem</a> (c. 1231–47) during the last period of Latin control over Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-53">[45]</a> Both city and church were captured by the <a href="/wiki/Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm">Khwarezmians</a> in 1244.<a href="#cite_note-Savage37-47">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ottoman period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There was certainly a recognisable <a href="/wiki/Nestorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian">Nestorian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>) presence at the Holy Sepulchre from the years 1348 through 1575, as contemporary <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> accounts indicate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuke192446%E2%80%9356-54">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> friars renovated the church in 1555, as it had been neglected despite increased numbers of pilgrims. The Franciscans rebuilt the <a href="#Aedicule">Aedicule</a>, extending the structure to create an antechamber.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy56-8">[5]</a> A marble shrine commissioned by Friar <a href="/wiki/Boniface_of_Ragusa" title="Boniface of Ragusa">Boniface of Ragusa</a> was placed to envelop the remains of Christ's tomb,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201699-27">[23]</a> probably to prevent pilgrims from touching the original rock or taking small pieces as souvenirs.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28">[24]</a> A marble slab was placed over the limestone burial bed where Jesus's body is believed to have lain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201699-27">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_of_Renovation_of_the_Church_of_the_Resurrection_in_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Icon_of_Renovation_of_the_Church_of_the_Resurrection_in_Jerusalem.jpg/170px-Icon_of_Renovation_of_the_Church_of_the_Resurrection_in_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="1191"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 285px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Icon_of_Renovation_of_the_Church_of_the_Resurrection_in_Jerusalem.jpg/170px-Icon_of_Renovation_of_the_Church_of_the_Resurrection_in_Jerusalem.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="285" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Icon_of_Renovation_of_the_Church_of_the_Resurrection_in_Jerusalem.jpg/255px-Icon_of_Renovation_of_the_Church_of_the_Resurrection_in_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Icon_of_Renovation_of_the_Church_of_the_Resurrection_in_Jerusalem.jpg/340px-Icon_of_Renovation_of_the_Church_of_the_Resurrection_in_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> icon (c. 1600) commemorating a church renovation</figcaption></figure> After the renovation of 1555, control of the church oscillated between the Franciscans and the Orthodox, depending on which community could obtain a favourable <a href="/wiki/Firman_(decree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman (decree)">firman</a> from the "<a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>" at a particular time, often through outright bribery. Violent clashes were not uncommon. There was no agreement about this question, although it was discussed at the negotiations to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Treaty of Karlowitz</a> in 1699.<a href="#cite_note-Mail%C3%A1th-55">[47]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> of 1757, Orthodox Christians reportedly took over some of the Franciscan-controlled church. This may have been the cause of the sultan's <a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">firman</a> (decree) later developed into the <a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status Quo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-ladder-57">[i]</a> A fire severely damaged <a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_and_adjacent_structures_in_Jerusalem_-_Chrysanthus_of_Bursa_-_1807.jpg" title="File:Plan of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and adjacent structures in Jerusalem - Chrysanthus of Bursa - 1807.jpg">the structure</a> again in 1808,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201699-27">[23]</a> causing the dome of the rotunda to collapse and smashing the Aedicule's exterior decoration. The rotunda and the Aedicule's exterior were rebuilt in 1809–10 by architect Nikolaos Ch. Komnenos of <a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a> in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture#Baroque_period" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman Baroque</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-58">[49]</a> The interior of the antechamber, now known as the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_the_Angel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of the Angel">Chapel of the Angel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[j]</a> was partly rebuilt to a square ground plan in place of the previously semicircular western end. Another decree in 1853 from the sultan solidified the existing territorial division among the communities and solidified the Status Quo for arrangements to "remain in their present state", requiring consensus to make even minor changes.<a href="#cite_note-cohen-60">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-ladder-57">[i]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grabeskirche_Plan_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grabeskirche_Plan_1863.jpg/170px-Grabeskirche_Plan_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4420" data-file-height="5640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grabeskirche_Plan_1863.jpg/170px-Grabeskirche_Plan_1863.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grabeskirche_Plan_1863.jpg/255px-Grabeskirche_Plan_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grabeskirche_Plan_1863.jpg/340px-Grabeskirche_Plan_1863.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Floorplan, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Schick" title="Conrad Schick">Conrad Schick</a> (1863)</figcaption></figure> The dome was restored by Catholics, Greeks, and Turks in 1868, being made of iron ever since.<a href="#cite_note-cruise-62">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Mandate_period">British Mandate period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: British Mandate period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By the time of the British <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate for Palestine</a> following the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cladding_(construction)" title="Cladding (construction)">cladding</a> of red limestone applied to the <a href="#Aedicule">Aedicule</a> by Komnenos had deteriorated badly and was detaching from the underlying structure; from 1947 until restoration work in 2016–17, it was held in place with an exterior scaffolding of iron girders installed by the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British authorities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NG16-63">[53]</a> After the care of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> had an important role in the appropriation of the Holy Sepulcher, such as funds for the maintenance of external infrastructures, and the abolition of territorial claims near the Temple of the Holy Sepulcher, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Church allowed to carry out the elimination of taxes from the Holy Sepulcher, currently the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Jerusalem" title="Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem">Anglican</a> and Lutheran dioceses of Jerusalem are allowed to attend Armenian cults. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordanian_and_Israeli_periods">Jordanian and Israeli periods</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jordanian and Israeli periods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golgotha_cross-section.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Golgotha_cross-section.svg/220px-Golgotha_cross-section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="419"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Golgotha_cross-section.svg/220px-Golgotha_cross-section.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Golgotha_cross-section.svg/330px-Golgotha_cross-section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Golgotha_cross-section.svg/440px-Golgotha_cross-section.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Diagram of the modern church showing the traditional site of <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb of Jesus</a></figcaption></figure> In 1948, Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan and where the church was located, in the Old City, were made part of Jordan. In 1967, Israeli forces captured East Jerusalem in the <a href="/wiki/Six_Day_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Day War">Six Day War</a>, and that area has remained under Israeli control ever since. Under Israeli rule, legal arrangements relating to the churches of East Jerusalem were maintained in coordination with the Jordanian government. The dome at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was restored again in 1994–97 as part of extensive modern renovations that have been ongoing since 1959. During the 1970–78 restoration works and excavations inside the building, and under the nearby <a href="/wiki/Muristan" title="Muristan">Muristan</a> bazaar, it was found that the area was originally a quarry, from which white <a href="/wiki/Meleke" title="Meleke">meleke</a> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> was struck.<a href="#cite_note-Hesemann170-64">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapel_of_St._Vartan">Chapel of St. Vartan</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chapel of St. Vartan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> East of the Chapel of Saint Helena, the excavators discovered a void containing a second-century[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre#Dubious" title="Talk:Church of the Holy Sepulchre">discuss</a>] drawing of a Roman pilgrim ship,<a href="#cite_note-madainvartan-65">[55]</a> two low walls supporting the platform of Hadrian's second-century temple, and a higher fourth-century wall built to support Constantine's basilica.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy56-8">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-lancaster-66">[56]</a> After the excavations of the early 1970s, the Armenian authorities converted this archaeological space into the Chapel of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vartan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vartan">Saint Vartan</a>, and created an artificial walkway over the quarry on the north of the chapel, so that the new chapel could be accessed (by permission) from the Chapel of Saint Helena.<a href="#cite_note-lancaster-66">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aedicule_restoration">Aedicule restoration</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aedicule restoration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After seven decades of being held together by steel girders, the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> (IAA) declared the visibly deteriorating <a href="#Aedicule">Aedicule</a> structure unsafe. A restoration of the Aedicule was agreed upon and executed from May 2016 to March 2017. Much of the $4 million project was funded by the <a href="/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund" title="World Monuments Fund">World Monuments Fund</a>, as well as $1.3 million from Mica Ertegün and a significant sum from <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NG16-63">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-2017restoration-67">[57]</a> The existence of the original limestone cave walls within the Aedicule was confirmed, and a window was created to view this from the inside.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28">[24]</a> The presence of moisture led to the discovery of an underground shaft resembling an <a href="/wiki/Escape_tunnel" title="Escape tunnel">escape tunnel</a> carved into the bedrock, seeming to lead from the tomb.<a href="#cite_note-secret-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[k]</a> For the first time since at least 1555, on 26 October 2016, marble cladding that protects the supposed burial bed of Jesus was removed.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-ls-69">[58]</a> Members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Technical_University_of_Athens" title="National Technical University of Athens">National Technical University of Athens</a> were present. Initially, only a layer of debris was visible. This was cleared in the next day, and a partially broken marble slab with a Crusader-style cross carved was revealed.<a href="#cite_note-secret-16">[13]</a> By the night of 28 October, the original limestone burial bed was shown to be intact. The tomb was resealed shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28">[24]</a> Mortar from just above the burial bed was later dated to the mid-fourth century.<a href="#cite_note-70">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020_pandemic">2020 pandemic</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2020 pandemic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On 25 March 2020, Israeli health officials ordered the site closed to the public due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Israel" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Israel">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. According to the keeper of the keys, it was the first such closure since 1349, during the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[60]</a> Clerics continued regular prayers inside the building, and it reopened to visitors two months later, on 24 May.<a href="#cite_note-72">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crusader_altar_slab_discovered_(2022)">Crusader altar slab discovered (2022)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Crusader altar slab discovered (2022)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During church renovations in 2022, a stone slab covered in modern graffiti was moved from a wall, revealing <a href="/wiki/Cosmatesque" title="Cosmatesque">Cosmatesque</a>-style decoration on one face. According to an <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">IAA</a> archaeologist, the decoration was once inlaid with pieces of glass and fine marble; it indicates that the relic was the front of the church's high altar from the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader era</a> (c. 1149), which was later used by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> until being damaged in the 1808 fire.<a href="#cite_note-73">[62]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parvis_(courtyard)">Parvis (courtyard)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Parvis (courtyard)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Special:EditPage/Church of the Holy Sepulchre">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%22">"Church of the Holy Sepulchre"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (November 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils.jpg/170px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="458"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 195px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils.jpg/170px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils.jpg/255px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils.jpg/340px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tourists, pilgrims and locals at one of two access gates to the courtyard; photo by <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix Bonfils">Félix Bonfils</a>, 1870s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG/220px-The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG/220px-The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG/330px-The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG/440px-The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The northeast of the courtyard (<a href="/wiki/Parvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvis">parvis</a>), with the <a href="/wiki/Immovable_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Immovable ladder">immovable ladder</a> under a window, and the <a href="#Chapel_of_the_Franks">Chapel of the Franks</a> (right).</figcaption></figure> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Holy_Sepulchre_parvis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Holy Sepulchre parvis">The courtyard</a> facing the entrance to the church is known as the <a href="/wiki/Parvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvis">parvis</a>. Two streets open into the parvis: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saint_Helena_Road" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saint Helena Road">St Helena Road</a> (west) and <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Suq_ed-Dabbagha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Suq ed-Dabbagha">Suq ed-Dabbagha</a> (east). Around the parvis are a few smaller structures. South of the parvis, opposite the church: <ul><li>Broken columns—once forming part of an <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcade</a>—stand opposite the church, at the top of a short descending staircase stretching over the entire breadth of the parvis. In the 13th century, the tops of the columns were removed and sent to Mecca by the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarezmids</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Metochion_of_Gethsemane" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Metochion of Gethsemane">Gethsemane Metochion</a>, a small Greek Orthodox monastery (<a href="/wiki/Metochion" title="Metochion">metochion</a>).</li></ul> On the eastern side of the parvis, south to north: <ul><li>The <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_Saint_Michael_(Holy_Sepulchre,_Jerusalem)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of Saint Michael (Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem)">Monastery of St Abraham</a> (Greek Orthodox), next to the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Suq_ed-Dabbagha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Suq ed-Dabbagha">Suq ed-Dabbagha</a> entrance to the parvis.</li> <li>The <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_Saint_John,_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of Saint John, Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Chapel of St John the Evangelist</a> (Armenian Orthodox)<a href="#cite_note-74">[63]</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_Saint_Michael_(Holy_Sepulchre,_Jerusalem)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of Saint Michael (Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem)">Chapel of St Michael</a> and the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_the_Four_Living_Creatures_(Jerusalem)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of the Four Living Creatures (Jerusalem)">Chapel of the Four Living Creatures</a> (both are disputed between the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Copts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopians</a>),<a href="#cite_note-75">[64]</a> giving access to <a href="/wiki/Deir_es-Sultan" title="Deir es-Sultan">Deir es-Sultan</a> (also disputed), a rooftop monastery surrounding the dome of the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Helena,_Jerusalem" title="Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem">Chapel of St Helena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201697-76">[65]</a></li></ul> North of the parvis, in front of the church <a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a> or against it: <ul><li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_the_Franks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of the Franks">Chapel of the Franks</a> (Chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows): a blue-domed <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Crusader chapel dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a>, which once provided exclusive access to <a href="#Calvary">Calvary</a>. The chapel marks the 10th Station of the Cross (the stripping of Jesus's garments).<a href="#cite_note-77">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oratory_of_St._Mary_of_Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Oratory of St. Mary of Egypt">Oratory of St. Mary of Egypt</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Oratory_(worship)" title="Oratory (worship)">oratory</a> and chapel, directly beneath the <a href="#Chapel_of_the_Franks">Chapel of the Franks</a>, dedicated to St. <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt" title="Mary of Egypt">Mary of Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[67]</a></li> <li>The tomb (including a <a href="/wiki/Ledgerstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ledgerstone">ledgerstone</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ledgerstone_of_Philip_d%27Aubigny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ledgerstone of Philip d'Aubigny (page does not exist)">of Philip d'Aubigny</a> aka <a href="/wiki/Philip_Daubeney" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Daubeney">Philip Daubeney</a> (died 1236), a knight, tutor, and royal councillor to <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a> and signer of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>—is placed in front of, and between, the church's two original entrance doors, of which the eastern one is walled up. It is one of the few tombs of crusaders and other Europeans not removed from the Church after the Khwarizmian capture of Jerusalem in 1244. In the 1900s, during a fight between the Greeks and Latins, some monks damaged the tomb by throwing stones from the roof.<a href="#cite_note-79">[68]</a> A stone marker[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] was placed on his tomb in 1925, sheltered by a wooden trapdoor that hides it from view.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> A <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_chapels_on_Holy_Sepulchre_parvis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Greek chapels on Holy Sepulchre parvis">group of three chapels</a> borders the parvis on its west side. They originally formed the <a href="/wiki/Baptistery" title="Baptistery">baptistery</a> complex of the Constantinian church. The southernmost chapel was the vestibule, the middle chapel the baptistery, and the north chapel the chamber in which the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">chrismated</a> the newly baptized before leading them into the rotunda north of this complex. Now they are dedicated as (from south to north) <ul><li>The Chapel of <a href="/wiki/St._James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James the Just">St. James the Just</a> (Greek Orthodox),</li> <li>The Chapel of <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John the Baptist">St. John the Baptist</a> (Greek Orthodox),</li> <li>The Chapel of the <a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_Sebaste" title="Forty Martyrs of Sebaste">Forty Martyrs of Sebaste</a> (Greek Orthodox; at the base of the bell tower).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bell_tower">Bell tower</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bell tower" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados,_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro,_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg/170px-Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg/170px-Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg/255px-Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg/340px-Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bell tower left of the entrance</figcaption></figure> The 12th-century Crusader <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Holy_Sepulchre_bell_tower" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Holy Sepulchre bell tower">bell tower</a> is just south of the Rotunda, to the left of the entrance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201694%E2%80%9397-80">[69]</a> Its upper level was lost in a 1545 collapse.<a href="#cite_note-custodia-81">[70]</a> In 1719, another two storeys were lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201697-76">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Façade_and_entrance">Façade and entrance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Façade and entrance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Jerusalem_Batch_1_(893).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/East_Jerusalem_Batch_1_%28893%29.jpg/170px-East_Jerusalem_Batch_1_%28893%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/East_Jerusalem_Batch_1_%28893%29.jpg/170px-East_Jerusalem_Batch_1_%28893%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/East_Jerusalem_Batch_1_%28893%29.jpg/255px-East_Jerusalem_Batch_1_%28893%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/East_Jerusalem_Batch_1_%28893%29.jpg/340px-East_Jerusalem_Batch_1_%28893%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Entrance door</figcaption></figure> The wooden doors that compose the main entrance are the original, highly carved arched doors.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-82">[71]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Today, only the left-hand entrance is currently accessible, as the right doorway has long since been bricked up. The entrance to the church leads to the south <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a>, through the crusader <a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Parvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvis">parvis</a> of a larger courtyard.<a href="#cite_note-83">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[73]</a> This is found past a group of streets winding through the outer <a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a> by way of a <a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">souq</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Muristan" title="Muristan">Muristan</a>. This narrow way of access to such a large structure has proven to be hazardous at times. For example, when a fire broke out in 1840, dozens of pilgrims were trampled to death.<a href="#cite_note-sun-85">[74]</a> According to their own family lore, the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Nusaybah_family" title="Nusaybah family">Nuseibeh family</a> has been responsible for opening the door as an impartial party to the church's denominations already since the seventh century.<a href="#cite_note-Nus-86">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[76]</a> However, they themselves admit that the documents held by various Christian denominations only mention their role since the 12th century, in the time of Saladin, which is the date more generally accepted.<a href="#cite_note-Nus-86">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harash-88">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sherwood-89">[78]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">retaking Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187</a>, Saladin entrusted the Joudeh family with the key to the church, which is made of iron and 30 centimetres (12 in) long; the Nuseibehs either became or remained its doorkeepers.<a href="#cite_note-Nus-86">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harash-88">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sherwood-89">[78]</a> The '<a href="/wiki/Immovable_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Immovable ladder">immovable ladder</a>' stands beneath a window on the façade. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calvary_(Golgotha)">Calvary (Golgotha)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Calvary (Golgotha)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golgota,_chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu,_Jeruzal%C3%A9m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Golgota%2C_chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu%2C_Jeruzal%C3%A9m.jpg/220px-Golgota%2C_chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu%2C_Jeruzal%C3%A9m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1693"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Golgota%2C_chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu%2C_Jeruzal%C3%A9m.jpg/220px-Golgota%2C_chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu%2C_Jeruzal%C3%A9m.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Golgota%2C_chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu%2C_Jeruzal%C3%A9m.jpg/330px-Golgota%2C_chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu%2C_Jeruzal%C3%A9m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Golgota%2C_chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu%2C_Jeruzal%C3%A9m.jpg/440px-Golgota%2C_chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu%2C_Jeruzal%C3%A9m.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Altar of the Crucifixion, where The Rock of Calvary (bottom) is encased in glass</figcaption></figure> Just inside the church entrance is a stairway leading up to Calvary (Golgotha), traditionally regarded as the site of Jesus's crucifixion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201698-90">[79]</a> and the most lavishly decorated part of the church. The exit is via another stairway opposite the first, leading down to the <a href="#Ambulatory">ambulatory</a>. Golgotha and its chapels are just south of the main altar of the <a href="#Catholicon">catholicon</a>. Calvary is split into two chapels: one Greek Orthodox and one Catholic, each with its own altar. On the left (north) side, the Greek Orthodox chapel's altar is placed over the supposed rock of Calvary (the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Twelfth_Station" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Twelfth Station">12th Station</a> of the Cross), which can be touched through a hole in the floor beneath the altar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201698-90">[79]</a> The rock can be seen under protective glass on both sides of the altar. The softer surrounding stone was removed when the church was built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201698-90">[79]</a> The Roman Catholic (Franciscan) Chapel of the Nailing of the Cross (the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eleventh_Station" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Eleventh Station">11th Station</a> of the Cross) stretches to the south. Between the Catholic Altar of the Nailing to the Cross and the Orthodox altar is the Catholic Altar of the <a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater" title="Stabat Mater">Stabat Mater</a>,<a href="#cite_note-91">[80]</a> which has a statue of Mary with an 18th-century bust; this middle altar marks the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thirteenth_Station" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thirteenth Station">13th Station</a> of the Cross.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201698-90">[79]</a> On the ground floor, just underneath the Golgotha chapel, is the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adam%27s_Chapel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Adam's Chapel">Chapel of Adam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201698-90">[79]</a> According to tradition, Jesus was crucified over the place where Adam's skull was buried.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201698-90">[79]</a> According to some, the blood of Christ ran down the cross and through the rocks to fill Adam's skull.<a href="#cite_note-92">[81]</a> Through a window at the back of the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a>, the rock of Calvary can be seen with a crack traditionally held to be caused by the earthquake that followed Jesus's death;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201698-90">[79]</a> some scholars claim it is the result of quarrying against a natural flaw in the rock.<a href="#cite_note-Patriarchate-93">[82]</a> Behind the Chapel of Adam is the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_Treasury_(Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Greek Treasury (Church of the Holy Sepulchre)">Greek Treasury</a> (Treasury of the Greek Patriarch). Some of its relics, such as a 12th-century crystal <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitre</a>, were transferred to the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate Museum (the Patriarchal Museum) on <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_Street" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate Street">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK2016104-96">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone_of_Anointing">Stone of Anointing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Stone of Anointing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_the_Unction_(2666976195).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mosaic_of_the_Unction_%282666976195%29.jpg/220px-Mosaic_of_the_Unction_%282666976195%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mosaic_of_the_Unction_%282666976195%29.jpg/220px-Mosaic_of_the_Unction_%282666976195%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mosaic_of_the_Unction_%282666976195%29.jpg/330px-Mosaic_of_the_Unction_%282666976195%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mosaic_of_the_Unction_%282666976195%29.jpg/440px-Mosaic_of_the_Unction_%282666976195%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mosaic depiction of Christ's body being prepared after his death, opposite the Stone of Anointing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_12.JPG/170px-Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="3491"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_12.JPG/170px-Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_12.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_12.JPG/255px-Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_12.JPG/340px-Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_12.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Stone of Anointing, where Jesus's body is said to have been anointed before burial</figcaption></figure> Just inside the entrance to the church is the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stone_of_Anointing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stone of Anointing">Stone of Anointing</a> (also Stone of the Anointing or Stone of Unction), which tradition holds to be where Jesus's body was prepared for burial by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a>, though this tradition is only attested since the crusader era (notably by the Italian <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Riccoldo_da_Monte_di_Croce" title="Riccoldo da Monte di Croce">Riccoldo da Monte di Croce</a> in 1288), and the present stone was only added in the 1810 reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy56-8">[5]</a> The wall behind the stone is defined by its striking blue balconies and <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Taphos_symbol" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Taphos symbol">taphos symbol</a>-bearing red banners (depicting the insignia of the <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre">Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre</a>), and is decorated with lamps. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mosaic_at_the_Stone_of_Anointing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mosaic at the Stone of Anointing">The modern mosaic</a> along the wall depicts the anointing of Jesus's body, preceded on the right by the <a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Descent from the Cross</a>, and succeeded on the left by the <a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial of Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-97">[86]</a> The wall was a temporary addition to support the arch above it, which had been weakened after the damage in the 1808 fire; it blocks the view of the rotunda, separates the entrance from the <a href="#Catholicon">catholicon</a>, sits on top of four of the now empty and desecrated <a href="#Royal_tombs">Crusader graves</a><a href="#cite_note-Pringle39-98">[87]</a> and is no longer structurally necessary. Opinions differ as to whether it is to be seen as <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">the 13th Station of the Cross</a>, which others identify as the <a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">lowering of Jesus from the cross</a> and located between the 11th and 12th stations on <a href="#Calvary">Calvary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-97">[86]</a> The lamps that hang over the Stone of Unction, adorned with cross-bearing chain links, are contributed by Armenians, <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a>, Greeks and <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Latins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-97">[86]</a> Immediately inside and to the left of the entrance is <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Divan_(Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Divan (Church of the Holy Sepulchre)">a bench</a> (formerly a <a href="/wiki/Divan_(furniture)" title="Divan (furniture)">divan</a>)<a href="#cite_note-99">[88]</a> that has traditionally been used by the church's Muslim doorkeepers, along with some Christian clergy, as well as electrical wiring. To the right of the entrance is a wall along the <a href="#Ambulatory">ambulatory</a> containing the staircase leading to <a href="#Golgotha">Golgotha</a>. Further along the same wall is the entrance to the <a href="#Chapel_of_Adam">Chapel of Adam</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotunda_and_Aedicule">Rotunda and Aedicule</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rotunda and Aedicule" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer,_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_64.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rotunda interior painted by Luigi Mayer, before 1804"><noscript><img alt="Rotunda interior painted by Luigi Mayer, before 1804" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_64.jpg/180px-Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_64.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1790"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_64.jpg/180px-Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_64.jpg" data-alt="Rotunda interior painted by Luigi Mayer, before 1804" data-width="180" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_64.jpg/270px-Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_64.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_64.jpg/360px-Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_64.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rotunda interior painted by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Mayer" title="Luigi Mayer">Luigi Mayer</a>, before 1804</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_April_10th_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1842 lithograph of the Aedicule built after the 1808 fire, after David Roberts"><noscript><img alt="1842 lithograph of the Aedicule built after the 1808 fire, after David Roberts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Shrine_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_April_10th_1839.jpg/118px-Shrine_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_April_10th_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="1278"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 118px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Shrine_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_April_10th_1839.jpg/118px-Shrine_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_April_10th_1839.jpg" data-alt="1842 lithograph of the Aedicule built after the 1808 fire, after David Roberts" data-width="118" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Shrine_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_April_10th_1839.jpg/177px-Shrine_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_April_10th_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Shrine_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_April_10th_1839.jpg/236px-Shrine_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_April_10th_1839.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1842 lithograph of the Aedicule built after the 1808 fire, after <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Jesus3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Aedicule containing the traditional burial of Jesus"><noscript><img alt="The Aedicule containing the traditional burial of Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tomb_of_Jesus3.jpg/180px-Tomb_of_Jesus3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tomb_of_Jesus3.jpg/180px-Tomb_of_Jesus3.jpg" data-alt="The Aedicule containing the traditional burial of Jesus" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tomb_of_Jesus3.jpg/270px-Tomb_of_Jesus3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tomb_of_Jesus3.jpg/360px-Tomb_of_Jesus3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Aedicule containing the traditional burial of Jesus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aedicule_which_supposedly_encloses_the_tomb_of_Jesus-LR1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Aedicule with the Coptic chapel to the left with golden roof; main entrance to the right"><noscript><img alt="The Aedicule with the Coptic chapel to the left with golden roof; main entrance to the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Aedicule_which_supposedly_encloses_the_tomb_of_Jesus-LR1.jpg/180px-Aedicule_which_supposedly_encloses_the_tomb_of_Jesus-LR1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Aedicule_which_supposedly_encloses_the_tomb_of_Jesus-LR1.jpg/180px-Aedicule_which_supposedly_encloses_the_tomb_of_Jesus-LR1.jpg" data-alt="The Aedicule with the Coptic chapel to the left with golden roof; main entrance to the right" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Aedicule_which_supposedly_encloses_the_tomb_of_Jesus-LR1.jpg/270px-Aedicule_which_supposedly_encloses_the_tomb_of_Jesus-LR1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Aedicule_which_supposedly_encloses_the_tomb_of_Jesus-LR1.jpg/360px-Aedicule_which_supposedly_encloses_the_tomb_of_Jesus-LR1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Aedicule with the Coptic chapel to the left with golden roof; main entrance to the right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Land_2016_P0943_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Aedicule.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Facade of the Aedicule with pilgrims"><noscript><img alt="Facade of the Aedicule with pilgrims" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Holy_Land_2016_P0943_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Aedicule.jpg/120px-Holy_Land_2016_P0943_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Aedicule.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Holy_Land_2016_P0943_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Aedicule.jpg/120px-Holy_Land_2016_P0943_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Aedicule.jpg" data-alt="Facade of the Aedicule with pilgrims" data-width="120" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Holy_Land_2016_P0943_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Aedicule.jpg/180px-Holy_Land_2016_P0943_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Aedicule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Holy_Land_2016_P0943_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Aedicule.jpg/240px-Holy_Land_2016_P0943_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Aedicule.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Facade of the Aedicule with pilgrims</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Christusgrab,_Grabeskirche_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of Aedicule with temporary supports, prior to the 2016 restoration"><noscript><img alt="Detail of Aedicule with temporary supports, prior to the 2016 restoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Christusgrab%2C_Grabeskirche_Jerusalem.jpg/180px-Christusgrab%2C_Grabeskirche_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Christusgrab%2C_Grabeskirche_Jerusalem.jpg/180px-Christusgrab%2C_Grabeskirche_Jerusalem.jpg" data-alt="Detail of Aedicule with temporary supports, prior to the 2016 restoration" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Christusgrab%2C_Grabeskirche_Jerusalem.jpg/270px-Christusgrab%2C_Grabeskirche_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Christusgrab%2C_Grabeskirche_Jerusalem.jpg/360px-Christusgrab%2C_Grabeskirche_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of Aedicule with temporary supports, prior to the 2016 restoration</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oculus_light_in_dome.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dome of the Anastasis above the aedicule"><noscript><img alt="The Dome of the Anastasis above the aedicule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oculus_light_in_dome.JPG/180px-Oculus_light_in_dome.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oculus_light_in_dome.JPG/180px-Oculus_light_in_dome.JPG" data-alt="The Dome of the Anastasis above the aedicule" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oculus_light_in_dome.JPG/270px-Oculus_light_in_dome.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oculus_light_in_dome.JPG/360px-Oculus_light_in_dome.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Dome of the Anastasis above the aedicule</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:5249-20080122-jerusalem-angel-stone-holy-sepulchre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Angel's Stone in the first chamber inside the aedicula"><noscript><img alt="Angel's Stone in the first chamber inside the aedicula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/5249-20080122-jerusalem-angel-stone-holy-sepulchre.jpg/180px-5249-20080122-jerusalem-angel-stone-holy-sepulchre.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="1166"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/5249-20080122-jerusalem-angel-stone-holy-sepulchre.jpg/180px-5249-20080122-jerusalem-angel-stone-holy-sepulchre.jpg" data-alt="Angel's Stone in the first chamber inside the aedicula" data-width="180" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/5249-20080122-jerusalem-angel-stone-holy-sepulchre.jpg/270px-5249-20080122-jerusalem-angel-stone-holy-sepulchre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/5249-20080122-jerusalem-angel-stone-holy-sepulchre.jpg/360px-5249-20080122-jerusalem-angel-stone-holy-sepulchre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Angel's Stone in the first chamber inside the aedicula</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:5267-20080122-jerusalem-tomb-of-jesus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tomb of Jesus (raised platform to the right, interior the second chamber inside the aedicula)"><noscript><img alt="The Tomb of Jesus (raised platform to the right, interior the second chamber inside the aedicula)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/5267-20080122-jerusalem-tomb-of-jesus.jpg/135px-5267-20080122-jerusalem-tomb-of-jesus.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1555"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/5267-20080122-jerusalem-tomb-of-jesus.jpg/135px-5267-20080122-jerusalem-tomb-of-jesus.jpg" data-alt="The Tomb of Jesus (raised platform to the right, interior the second chamber inside the aedicula)" data-width="135" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/5267-20080122-jerusalem-tomb-of-jesus.jpg/202px-5267-20080122-jerusalem-tomb-of-jesus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/5267-20080122-jerusalem-tomb-of-jesus.jpg/270px-5267-20080122-jerusalem-tomb-of-jesus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Tomb of Jesus (raised platform to the right, interior the second chamber inside the aedicula)</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> The <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rotunda_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_(Jerusalem)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rotunda of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)">rotunda</a> is the building of the larger dome located on the far west side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201694%E2%80%9397-80">[69]</a> In the centre of the rotunda is a small chapel called the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aedicule_(Holy_Sepulchre)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aedicule (Holy Sepulchre)">Aedicule</a> in English, from the Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aedicula#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:aedicula">aedicula</a>, in reference to a small shrine.<a href="#cite_note-100">[l]</a> The Aedicule has two rooms: the first holds a relic called the Angel's Stone, which is believed to be a fragment of the large stone that sealed the tomb; the second, smaller room contains the tomb of Jesus. Possibly to prevent pilgrims from removing bits of the original rock as souvenirs, by 1555, a surface of marble cladding was placed on the tomb to prevent further damage to the tomb.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28">[24]</a> In October 2016, the top slab was pulled back to reveal an older, partially broken marble slab with a Crusader-style cross carved in it. Beneath it, the limestone burial bed was revealed to be intact.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28">[24]</a> Under the <a href="#Status_Quo">Status Quo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Apostolic">Armenian Apostolic</a> Churches all have rights to the interior of the tomb, and all three communities celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Holy Mass</a> there daily. It is also used for other ceremonies on special occasions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a> ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Fire" title="Holy Fire">Holy Fire</a> led by the Greek Orthodox patriarch (with the participation of the Coptic and Armenian patriarchs).<a href="#cite_note-holyfire-101">[89]</a> To its rear, in the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coptic_Chapel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coptic Chapel">Coptic Chapel</a>, constructed of iron <a href="/wiki/Latticework" title="Latticework">latticework</a>, lies the altar used by the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[90]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Orthodox">Georgians</a> also retained the key to the Aedicule.<a href="#cite_note-Janin-103">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Desandoli-104">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[93]</a> To the right of the sepulchre on the northwestern edge of the rotunda is the <a href="#Franciscan_area_north_of_the_Aedicule">Chapel of the Apparition</a>, which is reserved for Roman Catholic use.<a href="#cite_note-106">[94]</a> Though not within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre compound, directly adjacent to it is the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Redeemer,_Jerusalem" title="Church of the Redeemer, Jerusalem">Church of the Redeemer</a>, marking a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> presence at the site.<a href="#cite_note-Kroll2024-11">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicon">Catholicon</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Catholicon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Orthodox_Catholicon_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre,_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Orthodox_Catholicon_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/170px-Greek_Orthodox_Catholicon_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre%2C_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Orthodox_Catholicon_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/170px-Greek_Orthodox_Catholicon_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre%2C_Jerusalem.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Orthodox_Catholicon_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/255px-Greek_Orthodox_Catholicon_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Orthodox_Catholicon_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/340px-Greek_Orthodox_Catholicon_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>East end of the Greek Orthodox <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:catholicon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:catholicon">catholicon</a>, with <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:iconostasis_of_the_catholicon_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:iconostasis of the catholicon of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre">its iconostasis</a></figcaption></figure> In the central <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> of the Crusader-era church, just east of the larger rotunda,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201694%E2%80%9397-80">[69]</a> is the Crusader structure housing the main altar of the Church, today the Greek Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Katholikon" title="Katholikon">catholicon</a>. Its dome is 19.8 metres (65 ft) in diameter,<a href="#cite_note-cruise-62">[52]</a> and is set directly over the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Crossing_(architecture)" title="Crossing (architecture)">transept crossing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a> where the compas is situated, an <a href="/wiki/Omphalos" title="Omphalos">omphalos</a> ("navel") stone once thought to be the center of the world and still venerated as such by Orthodox Christians (associated with the site of the Crucifixion and the Resurrection). Since 1996 this dome is topped by the monumental Golgotha Crucifix, which the Greek Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Diodoros_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Diodoros I">Diodoros I</a> of Jerusalem consecrated. It was at the initiative of Israeli professor Gustav Kühnel to erect a new crucifix at the church that would not only be worthy of the singularity of the site, but that would also become a symbol of the efforts of unity in the community of Christian faith.<a href="#cite_note-hammers-107">[95]</a> The catholicon's <a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">iconostasis</a> demarcates the Orthodox sanctuary behind it, to its east.<a href="#cite_note-108">[96]</a> The iconostasis is flanked to the front by two episcopal thrones: the southern seat (<a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a>) is the patriarchal throne of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox patriarch of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox patriarch of Jerusalem</a>, and the northern seat is for an archbishop or bishop.<a href="#cite_note-Dowling-109">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wright-110">[98]</a> (There is also a popular claim that both are patriarchal thrones, with the northern one being for the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">patriarch of Antioch</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[99]</a> – which has been described as a misstatement, however.)<a href="#cite_note-Dowling-109">[97]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_15.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Christ Pantocrator mosaic inside the catholicon dome"><noscript><img alt="The Christ Pantocrator mosaic inside the catholicon dome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_15.JPG/180px-Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_15.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2591" data-file-height="2590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_15.JPG/180px-Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_15.JPG" data-alt="The Christ Pantocrator mosaic inside the catholicon dome" data-width="180" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_15.JPG/270px-Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_15.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_15.JPG/360px-Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_15.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a> mosaic inside the catholicon dome</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Golgotha_Crucifix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross over the catholicon"><noscript><img alt="Cross over the catholicon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Golgotha_Crucifix.jpg/180px-Golgotha_Crucifix.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1111"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Golgotha_Crucifix.jpg/180px-Golgotha_Crucifix.jpg" data-alt="Cross over the catholicon" data-width="180" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Golgotha_Crucifix.jpg/270px-Golgotha_Crucifix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Golgotha_Crucifix.jpg/360px-Golgotha_Crucifix.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross over the catholicon</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_monastery_south_of_the_Aedicule">Armenian monastery south of the Aedicule</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Armenian monastery south of the Aedicule" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> South of the <a href="#Aedicule">Aedicule</a> is the "Place of the Three Marys",<a href="#cite_note-madainthreemary-112">[100]</a> marked by a stone canopy (the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Station_of_the_Holy_Women" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Station of the Holy Women">Station of the Holy Women</a>) and a large modern <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mosaic_at_the_Station_of_the_Holy_Women" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mosaic at the Station of the Holy Women">wall mosaic</a>. From here one can enter the Armenian monastery, which stretches over the ground and first upper floor of the church's southeastern part. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syriac_Chapel_with_Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea">Syriac Chapel with Tomb of Joseph of Arimathea</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Syriac Chapel with Tomb of Joseph of Arimathea" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea.jpg/170px-Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1061"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea.jpg/170px-Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea.jpg/255px-Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea.jpg/340px-Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Altar in the Syriac chapel</figcaption></figure> West of the Aedicule, to the rear of the Rotunda, is the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_the_Syrians_(Holy_Sepulchre,_Jerusalem)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of the Syrians (Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem)">Syriac Chapel</a> with the Tomb of Joseph of Arimathea, located in a Constantinian apse and containing an opening to an ancient Jewish rock-cut tomb. This chapel is where the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a> celebrate their Liturgy on Sundays. The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a> Chapel of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_of_Arimathea" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph of Arimathea">Saint Joseph of Arimathea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicodemus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Nicodemus">Saint Nicodemus</a>. On Sundays and feast days it is furnished for the celebration of Mass. It is accessed from the Rotunda, by a door west of the Aedicule. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First-century_tomb">First-century tomb</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: First-century tomb" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On the far side of the chapel is the low entrance to an almost complete first-century Jewish tomb, initially holding six <a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tomb#Kokh" title="Rock-cut tomb">kokh</a>-type funeral shafts radiating from a central chamber, two of which are still exposed. Although this space was discovered relatively recently and contains no identifying marks, some believe that Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus were buried here.<a href="#cite_note-113">[101]</a> Since Jews always buried their dead outside the city, the presence of this tomb seems to prove that the Holy Sepulchre site was outside the city walls at the time of the crucifixion.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franciscan_area_north_of_the_Aedicule">Franciscan area north of the Aedicule</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Franciscan area north of the Aedicule" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Altar_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Altar_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/220px-Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Altar_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Altar_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/220px-Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Altar_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Altar_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/330px-Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Altar_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Altar_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/440px-Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Altar_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chapel of Saint Mary Magdalene</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapel_of_the_Apparition_of_Jesus_to_his_Mother,_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chapel_of_the_Apparition_of_Jesus_to_his_Mother%2C_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg/170px-Chapel_of_the_Apparition_of_Jesus_to_his_Mother%2C_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chapel_of_the_Apparition_of_Jesus_to_his_Mother%2C_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg/170px-Chapel_of_the_Apparition_of_Jesus_to_his_Mother%2C_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chapel_of_the_Apparition_of_Jesus_to_his_Mother%2C_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg/255px-Chapel_of_the_Apparition_of_Jesus_to_his_Mother%2C_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chapel_of_the_Apparition_of_Jesus_to_his_Mother%2C_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg/340px-Chapel_of_the_Apparition_of_Jesus_to_his_Mother%2C_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chapel of the Apparition</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The Franciscan <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_Mary_Magdalene_(Holy_Sepulchre,_Jerusalem)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of Mary Magdalene (Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem)">Chapel of St. Mary Magdalene</a> – The chapel, an open area, indicates the place where <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a> met Jesus after his resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-fran-115">[103]</a></li> <li>The Franciscan <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Franciscan_Chapel_of_the_Apparition_(Holy_Sepulchre,_Jerusalem)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Franciscan Chapel of the Apparition (Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem)">Chapel of the Apparition</a> (Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament), directly north of the above – in memory of Jesus's meeting with his mother after the Resurrection, a non-scriptural tradition.<a href="#cite_note-fran-115">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-See-116">[104]</a> Here stands a piece of an ancient column, allegedly part of the one Jesus was tied to during his <a href="/wiki/Flagellation_of_Christ" title="Flagellation of Christ">scourging</a>.<a href="#cite_note-See-116">[104]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arches_of_the_Virgin">Arches of the Virgin</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Arches of the Virgin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arches_of_the_Virgin,_2019_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arches_of_the_Virgin%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Arches_of_the_Virgin%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arches_of_the_Virgin%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Arches_of_the_Virgin%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arches_of_the_Virgin%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Arches_of_the_Virgin%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arches_of_the_Virgin%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/440px-Arches_of_the_Virgin%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Arches of the Virgin</figcaption></figure> The <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arches_of_the_Virgin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arches of the Virgin">Arches of the Virgin</a> are seven arches (an <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcade</a>) at the northern end of the north transept, which is to the <a href="#Catholicon">catholicon</a>'s north.<a href="#cite_note-117">[105]</a> Disputed by the Orthodox and the Latin, the area is used to store ladders.<a href="#cite_note-118">[106]</a> Over the years the Greek-Orthodox patriarchate placed several icons along the arcade. Dating mostly to the 19th century and designed in Orthodox Post-Byzantine style, they were restored in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-119">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prison_of_Christ">Prison of Christ</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Prison of Christ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_-_The_Old_City_-_155_(4260945657).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jerusalem_-_The_Old_City_-_155_%284260945657%29.jpg/170px-Jerusalem_-_The_Old_City_-_155_%284260945657%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2605" data-file-height="3908"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jerusalem_-_The_Old_City_-_155_%284260945657%29.jpg/170px-Jerusalem_-_The_Old_City_-_155_%284260945657%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jerusalem_-_The_Old_City_-_155_%284260945657%29.jpg/255px-Jerusalem_-_The_Old_City_-_155_%284260945657%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jerusalem_-_The_Old_City_-_155_%284260945657%29.jpg/340px-Jerusalem_-_The_Old_City_-_155_%284260945657%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Prison of Christ before renovation</figcaption></figure> In the northeast side of the complex, there is the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Prison_of_Christ_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Prison of Christ in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Prison of Christ</a>, alleged to be where Jesus was held.<a href="#cite_note-120">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> are showing pilgrims yet another place where Jesus was allegedly held, the similarly named Prison of Christ in their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_the_Praetorium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monastery of the Praetorium (page does not exist)">Monastery of the Praetorium</a> [<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monastery_of_the_Praetorium" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Monastery of the Praetorium">C</a>], located near the <a href="/wiki/Convent_of_the_Sisters_of_Zion" title="Convent of the Sisters of Zion">Church of Ecce Homo</a>, between the Second and Third Stations of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a>. The Armenians regard a recess in the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Flagellation" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of the Flagellation">Monastery of the Flagellation</a> at the Second Station of the Via Dolorosa as the Prison of Christ. A cistern among the ruins beneath the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Peter_in_Gallicantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Peter in Gallicantu">Church of St. Peter in Gallicantu</a> on Mount Zion is also alleged to have been the Prison of Christ. To reconcile the traditions, some allege that Jesus was held in the Mount Zion cell in connection with his trial by the Jewish <a href="/wiki/High_priest" title="High priest">high priest</a>, at the Praetorium in connection with his trial by the Roman governor Pilate, and near the Golgotha before crucifixion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambulatory">Ambulatory</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ambulatory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC08567_The_Chapel_of_the_Parting_of_the_Raiment,_in_the_Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/DSC08567_The_Chapel_of_the_Parting_of_the_Raiment%2C_in_the_Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg/170px-DSC08567_The_Chapel_of_the_Parting_of_the_Raiment%2C_in_the_Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/DSC08567_The_Chapel_of_the_Parting_of_the_Raiment%2C_in_the_Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg/170px-DSC08567_The_Chapel_of_the_Parting_of_the_Raiment%2C_in_the_Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/DSC08567_The_Chapel_of_the_Parting_of_the_Raiment%2C_in_the_Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg/255px-DSC08567_The_Chapel_of_the_Parting_of_the_Raiment%2C_in_the_Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/DSC08567_The_Chapel_of_the_Parting_of_the_Raiment%2C_in_the_Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg/340px-DSC08567_The_Chapel_of_the_Parting_of_the_Raiment%2C_in_the_Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Chapel of the Parting of the Raiment, in the Church of Holy Sepulchre</figcaption></figure> The chapels in the <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">ambulatory</a> are, from north to south: the Greek <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_St._Longinus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of St. Longinus">Chapel of Saint Longinus</a> (named after <a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a>), the Armenian <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_the_Division_of_the_Raiment" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of the Division of the Raiment">Chapel of the Division of Robes</a>, the entrance to the Chapel of Saint Helena, and the Greek <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_the_Derision" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of the Derision">Chapel of the Derision</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapel_of_Saint_Helena">Chapel of Saint Helena</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Chapel of Saint Helena" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Helena,_Jerusalem" title="Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem">Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher-The_Chapel_of_St._Helen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jerusalem-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher-The_Chapel_of_St._Helen.jpg/220px-Jerusalem-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher-The_Chapel_of_St._Helen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jerusalem-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher-The_Chapel_of_St._Helen.jpg/220px-Jerusalem-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher-The_Chapel_of_St._Helen.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jerusalem-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher-The_Chapel_of_St._Helen.jpg/330px-Jerusalem-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher-The_Chapel_of_St._Helen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jerusalem-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher-The_Chapel_of_St._Helen.jpg/440px-Jerusalem-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher-The_Chapel_of_St._Helen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Helena,_Jerusalem" title="Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem">Chapel of Saint Helena</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Chapel of Saint Helena – between the Chapel of the Division of Robes and the Greek Chapel of the Derision are stairs descending to the Chapel of Saint Helena.<a href="#cite_note-121">[109]</a> The Armenians, who own it, call it the Chapel of St. Gregory the Illuminator,<a href="#cite_note-122">[110]</a> after <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">the saint who brought Christianity to the Armenians</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapel_of_Saint_Vartan">Chapel of Saint Vartan</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Chapel of Saint Vartan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vardan_Mamikonian" title="Vardan Mamikonian">Vardan Mamikonian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_St._Vartan_Chapel_closed_door.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_St._Vartan_Chapel_closed_door.jpg/170px-Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_St._Vartan_Chapel_closed_door.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_St._Vartan_Chapel_closed_door.jpg/170px-Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_St._Vartan_Chapel_closed_door.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_St._Vartan_Chapel_closed_door.jpg/255px-Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_St._Vartan_Chapel_closed_door.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_St._Vartan_Chapel_closed_door.jpg/340px-Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_St._Vartan_Chapel_closed_door.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>St. Vartan Chapel</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:St._Vartan_Chapel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:St. Vartan Chapel">Chapel of St Vartan</a> (or Vardan) Mamikonian – on the north side of the Chapel of Saint Helena is an ornate <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> door, beyond which a raised artificial platform affords views of the <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarry</a>, and which leads to the Chapel of <a href="/wiki/St._Vartan" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Vartan">Saint Vartan</a>. The latter chapel contains archaeological remains from Hadrian's temple and Constantine's basilica. These areas are open only on request.<a href="#cite_note-123">[111]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapel_of_the_Invention_of_the_Holy_Cross">Chapel of the Invention of the Holy Cross</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Chapel of the Invention of the Holy Cross" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross,_2019_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/170px-Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="6016"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/170px-Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/255px-Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/340px-Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Grotto of the Holy Cross</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Grotto of the Holy Cross">Chapel of the Invention of the Cross</a> (named for the <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_Holy_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Invention of the Holy Cross">Invention (Finding) of the Holy Cross</a>) – another set of 22 stairs from the Chapel of Saint Helena leads down to the Roman Catholic Chapel of the Invention of the Holy Cross, believed to be the place where the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a> was found.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Status_Quo">Status Quo</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Status Quo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_decrees">Ottoman decrees</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Ottoman decrees" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Echelle_inamovible.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Echelle_inamovible.jpg/220px-Echelle_inamovible.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3612" data-file-height="2418"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Echelle_inamovible.jpg/220px-Echelle_inamovible.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Echelle_inamovible.jpg/330px-Echelle_inamovible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Echelle_inamovible.jpg/440px-Echelle_inamovible.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status Quo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immovable_Ladder" title="Immovable Ladder">Immovable Ladder</a> placed before 1757 remains in place to this day.<a href="#cite_note-frozen-61">[51]</a></figcaption></figure> An Ottoman decree of 1757 helped establish a <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> upholding the state of affairs for various Holy Land sites. The status quo was upheld in Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a>'s firman (decree) of 1852/3, which pinned down the now-permanent statutes of property and the regulations concerning the roles of the different denominations and other custodians.<a href="#cite_note-124">[112]</a> The primary custodians are the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic</a> churches. The Greek Orthodox act through the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate</a> as well as through the <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre">Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre</a>. Roman Catholics act through the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Custody_of_the_Holy_Land" title="Custody of the Holy Land">Custody of the Holy Land</a>. In the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a> also acquired lesser responsibilities, which include shrines and other structures in and around the building. None of these controls the main entrance. In 1192, <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> assigned door-keeping responsibilities to the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Nusaybah_family" title="Nusaybah family">Nusaybah family</a>. The wooden doors that compose the main entrance are the original, highly carved doors.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-82">[71]</a> The Joudeh al-Goudia (al-Ghodayya) family were entrusted as custodian to the keys of the Holy Sepulchre by Saladin in 1187.<a href="#cite_note-Sherwood-89">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[113]</a> Despite occasional disagreements, religious services take place in the Church with regularity and coexistence is generally peaceful. An example of concord between the Church custodians is the full restoration of the Aedicule from 2016 to 2017. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interdenominational_issues">Interdenominational issues</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Interdenominational issues" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The establishment of the modern Status Quo in 1853 did not halt controversy and occasional violence. In 1902, 18 friars were hospitalized and some monks were jailed after the Franciscans and Greeks disagreed over who could clean the lowest step of the <a href="#Chapel_of_the_Franks">Chapel of the Franks</a>. In the aftermath, the Greek patriarch, Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Custody_of_the_Holy_Land" title="Custody of the Holy Land">custos</a>, Ottoman governor and French <a href="/wiki/Consul_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Consul general">consul general</a> signed a convention that both denominations could sweep it.<a href="#cite_note-126">[114]</a> On a hot summer day in 2002, a <a href="/wiki/Coptic_monasticism" title="Coptic monasticism">Coptic monk</a> moved his chair from its agreed spot into the shade. This was interpreted as a hostile move by the Ethiopians and eleven were hospitalized after the resulting fight.<a href="#cite_note-127">[115]</a> In another incident in 2004, during Orthodox celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Holy Cross</a>, a door to the Franciscan chapel was left open. This was taken as a sign of disrespect by the Orthodox and a fistfight broke out. Some people were arrested, but no one was seriously injured.<a href="#cite_note-128">[116]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>, in April 2008, a brawl broke out when a Greek monk was ejected from the building by a rival faction. Police were called to the scene but were also attacked by the enraged brawlers.<a href="#cite_note-129">[117]</a> On Sunday, 9 November 2008, a clash erupted between Armenian and Greek monks during celebrations for the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Feast of the Cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[119]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Issues_with_Israeli_authorities">Issues with Israeli authorities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Issues with Israeli authorities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax_and_land_disputes">Tax and land disputes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Tax and land disputes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In February 2018, the church was closed following a tax dispute over 152 million euros of uncollected taxes on church properties. The city hall stressed that the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and all other churches are exempt from the taxes, with the changes only affecting establishments like "hotels, halls and businesses" owned by the churches.<a href="#cite_note-i24-132">[120]</a> There was a lock-in protest against an Israeli legislative proposal which would expropriate church lands that had been sold to private companies since 2010, a measure which church leaders assert constitutes a serious violation of their property rights and the Status Quo. In a joint official statement the church authorities protested what they considered to be the peak of a systematic campaign in: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">a discriminatory and racist bill that targets solely the properties of the Christian community in the Holy Land ... This reminds us all of laws of a similar nature which were enacted against the Jews during dark periods in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-133">[121]</a></blockquote> The 2018 taxation affair does not cover any church buildings or religious related facilities (because they are exempt by law),<a href="#cite_note-Notredame-134">[122]</a> but commercial facilities such as the Notre Dame Hotel which was not paying the <a href="/wiki/Rates_(tax)#Israel" title="Rates (tax)">municipal property tax</a>, and any land which is owned and used as a commercial land.<a href="#cite_note-Notredame-134">[122]</a> The church holds the rights to land where private homes have been constructed, and some of the disagreement had been raised after the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> had proposed a bill that will make it harder for a private company not to extend a lease for land used by homeowners.<a href="#cite_note-jpost2-135">[123]</a> The church leaders have said that such a bill will make it harder for them to sell church-owned lands. According to <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The stated aim of the bill is to protect homeowners against the possibility that private companies will not extend their leases of land on which their houses or apartments stand.<a href="#cite_note-jpost2-135">[123]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_sale_to_Israeli_settlers">Land sale to Israeli settlers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Land sale to Israeli settlers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> had reported that the Greek Orthodox Church owns many properties across Jerusalem, Israel and the West Bank. It owns some 30% of the land in the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City</a>. But, due to property sales, these properties are diminishing every year. The decision to sell is made by Greek leaders, even though most local followers of the church are Arab Palestinians. The Palestinian Christians have raised concerns about selling these properties to Israeli settler-affiliated organizations.<a href="#cite_note-136">[124]</a> In June 2019, a number of Christian denominations in Jerusalem raised their voice against the Supreme Court's decision to uphold the sale of three properties by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ateret_Cohanim" title="Ateret Cohanim">Ateret Cohanim</a> – an organization that seeks to increase the number of Jews living in the Old City and East Jerusalem. The church leaders warned that if the organization gets to control the sites, Christians could lose access to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.<a href="#cite_note-137">[125]</a> In June 2022, the Supreme Court upheld the sale and ended the legal battle.<a href="#cite_note-138">[126]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Connection_to_Roman_temple">Connection to Roman temple</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Connection to Roman temple" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Jerusalem.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Roman_Jerusalem.PNG/170px-Roman_Jerusalem.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="353"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 195px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Roman_Jerusalem.PNG/170px-Roman_Jerusalem.PNG" data-width="170" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Roman_Jerusalem.PNG/255px-Roman_Jerusalem.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Roman_Jerusalem.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Jerusalem after being rebuilt by Hadrian. Two main <a href="/wiki/Decumanus_(Roman_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decumanus (Roman city)">east–west roads</a> were built rather than the typical one, due to the awkward location of the Temple Mount, blocking the central east–west route.</figcaption></figure> The site of the church had been a temple to Jupiter or Venus built by Hadrian before Constantine's edifice was built. Hadrian's temple had been located there because it was the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Cardo" title="Cardo">main north–south road</a> with one of the two <a href="/wiki/Decumanus_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Decumanus Maximus">main east–west roads</a> and directly adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a> (now the location of the <a href="/wiki/Muristan" title="Muristan">Muristan</a>, which is smaller than the former forum). The forum itself had been placed, as is traditional in Roman towns, at the junction of the main north–south road with the other main east–west road (which is now El-Bazar/David Street). The temple and forum together took up the entire space between the two main east–west roads (a few above-ground remains of the east end of the temple precinct still survive in the Alexander Nevsky Church complex of the Russian Mission in Exile).<a href="#cite_note-139">[127]</a> From the archaeological excavations in the 1970s, it is clear that construction took over most of the site of the earlier temple enclosure and that the Triportico and Rotunda roughly overlapped with the temple building itself; the excavations indicate that the temple extended at least as far back as the Aedicule, and the temple enclosure would have reached back slightly further. <a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Canio_Corbo" title="Virgilio Canio Corbo">Virgilio Canio Corbo</a>, a Franciscan priest and archaeologist, who was present at the excavations, estimated from the archaeological evidence that the western retaining wall of the temple itself would have passed extremely close to the east side of the supposed tomb; if the wall had been any further west any tomb would have been crushed under the weight of the wall (which would be immediately above it) if it had not already been destroyed when foundations for the wall were made.<a href="#cite_note-Corbo-20">[16]</a> Other archaeologists have criticized Corbo's reconstructions. <a href="/wiki/Dan_Bahat" title="Dan Bahat">Dan Bahat</a>, the former city archaeologist of Jerusalem, regards them as unsatisfactory, as there is no known temple of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> (Venus) matching Corbo's design, and no archaeological evidence for Corbo's suggestion that the temple building was on a platform raised high enough to avoid including anything sited where the Aedicule is now; indeed Bahat notes that many temples to Aphrodite have a rotunda-like design, and argues that there is no archaeological reason to assume that the present rotunda was not based on a rotunda in the temple previously on the site.<a href="#cite_note-BahatBAR-140">[128]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Location" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Louis_Haghe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Louis_Haghe.jpg/220px-The_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Louis_Haghe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Louis_Haghe.jpg/220px-The_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Louis_Haghe.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Louis_Haghe.jpg/330px-The_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Louis_Haghe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Louis_Haghe.jpg/440px-The_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Louis_Haghe.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1842 lithograph after <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts</a>, in <a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Land,_Syria,_Idumea,_Arabia,_Egypt,_and_Nubia" title="The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia">The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia</a></figcaption></figure> The New Testament describes Jesus's tomb as being outside the city wall,<a href="#cite_note-141">[m]</a> as was normal for burials across the ancient world, which were regarded as unclean.<a href="#cite_note-142">[129]</a> Today, the site of the Church is within the current walls of the old city of Jerusalem. It has been well documented by archaeologists that in the time of Jesus, the walled city was smaller and the wall then was to the east of the current site of the Church.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In other words, the city had been much narrower in Jesus's time, with the site then having been outside the walls; since <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa</a> (41–44) is recorded by history as extending the city to the north (beyond the present northern walls), the required repositioning of the western wall is traditionally attributed to him as well.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The area immediately to the south and east of the sepulchre was a quarry and outside the city during the early first century as excavations under the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer across the street demonstrated.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The church is a part of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City of Jerusalem</a>. The Christian Quarter and the (also Christian) <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Quarter" title="Armenian Quarter">Armenian Quarter</a> of the Old City of Jerusalem are both located in the northwestern and western part of the Old City, due to the fact that the Holy Sepulchre is located close to the northwestern corner of the walled city. The adjacent neighbourhood within the Christian Quarter is called the <a href="/wiki/Muristan" title="Muristan">Muristan</a>, a term derived from the Persian word for hospital – Christian pilgrim hospices have been maintained in this area near the Holy Sepulchre since at least the time of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Influence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> From the ninth century onward, the construction of churches inspired by the Anastasis was extended across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-SantoStefano-143">[130]</a> One example is <a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_(Bologna)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Stefano (Bologna)">Santo Stefano</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, Italy, an agglomeration of seven churches recreating shrines of Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-144">[131]</a> Several churches and monasteries in Europe, for instance, in Germany and Russia, and at least one church in the United States have been wholly or partially modelled on the Church of the Resurrection, some even reproducing other <a href="/wiki/Holy_places" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy places">holy places</a> for the benefit of pilgrims who could not travel to the Holy Land. They include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heiliges_Grab_(G%C3%B6rlitz)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heiliges Grab (Görlitz) (page does not exist)">Heiliges Grab</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiliges_Grab_(G%C3%B6rlitz)" class="extiw" title="de:Heiliges Grab (Görlitz)">de</a>] ("Holy Tomb") of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a>, constructed between 1481 and 1504, the <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Monastery" title="New Jerusalem Monastery">New Jerusalem Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>, constructed by <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Nikon">Patriarch Nikon</a> between 1656 and 1666, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Sepulchre_Franciscan_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount St. Sepulchre Franciscan Monastery">Mount St. Sepulchre Franciscan Monastery</a> built by the Franciscans in Washington, DC in 1898.<a href="#cite_note-145">[132]</a> Author Andrew Holt writes that the church is the most important in all <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[133]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="31" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial_places_of_founders_of_world_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial places of founders of world religions">Burial places of founders of world religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre">Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Co%C3%BCasnon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Coüasnon (page does not exist)">Charles Coüasnon</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Co%C3%BCasnon" class="extiw" title="pl:Charles Coüasnon">pl</a>], head of the 1961–1977 excavations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Fathers of the Holy Sepulchre">Fathers of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_Tomb" title="The Garden Tomb">The Garden Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashemite_custodianship_of_Jerusalem_holy_sites" title="Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites">Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">History of Roman and Byzantine domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_church_buildings" title="List of oldest church buildings">List of oldest church buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monza_ampullae" title="Monza ampullae">Monza ampullae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Omar_(Jerusalem)" title="Mosque of Omar (Jerusalem)">Mosque of Omar (Jerusalem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Palestinian Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tombs_in_ancient_Israel" title="Rock-cut tombs in ancient Israel">Rock-cut tombs in ancient Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talpiot_Tomb" title="Talpiot Tomb">Talpiot Tomb</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ναός του Παναγίου Τάφου, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: Naós tou Panagíou Táfou; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Ecclesia Sancti Sepulchri; <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: Սուրբ Հարության տաճար, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: Surb Harutʿyan tačar; <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: የቅዱስ መቃብር ቤተክርስቲያን, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Amharic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Amharic">romanized</a>: Yäḳdus Mäḳabr betä-krəstiyan; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: כנסיית הקבר, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: K'nesiyát ha-Kéver </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> see <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-re,_-er" title="American and British English spelling differences">spelling differences</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ναὸς τῆς Ἀναστάσεως, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: Naos tes Anastaseos; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: كَنِيسَةُ ٱلْقِيَامَة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Kanīsatu al-Qiyāmah; <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: Սուրբ Յարութեան տաճար, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: Surb Harut'yan tač̣ar. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Some Christian scholars have argued that this may have already been a site of veneration for the tomb of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_E._Taylor" title="Joan E. Taylor">Joan E. Taylor</a> posits that the tomb's location could have been preserved by the local <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">collective memory</a> of Jesus's followers.<a href="#cite_note-secret-16">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> This shrine would have to be replaced over the subsequent centuries, most recently in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201699-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-secret-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is known among the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> believers as the Church of the Resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Every year, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> celebrates the anniversary of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dedication_of_the_Temple_of_the_Resurrection_of_Christ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dedication of the Temple of the Resurrection of Christ (page does not exist)">Dedication of the Temple of the Resurrection of Christ</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Обновление храма Воскресения Христова в Иерусалиме">ru</a>].<a href="#cite_note-commemoration-33">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9mar_de_Chabannes" title="Adémar de Chabannes">Adémar de Chabannes</a> recorded that the church of Saint George at <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lydda</a> "with many other churches of the saints" had been attacked, and the "basilica of the Lord's Sepulchre destroyed down to the ground". The Christian writer <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Sa%27id" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahya ibn Sa'id">Yahya ibn Sa'id</a> reported that everything was razed "except those parts which were impossible to destroy or would have been too difficult to carry away". <a href="#CITEREFMorris2005">Morris 2005</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ladder-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ladder_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ladder_57-1">b</a> The need for total agreement for even minor changes is exemplified in the '<a href="/wiki/Immovable_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Immovable ladder">immovable ladder</a>' under one of the church's windows; it has remained in the same position since at least 1757, aside from two occasions of temporary removal.<a href="#cite_note-frozen-61">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> One of the two chapels within the shrine, a pilaster incorporates a piece of the stone said to have been rolled away from the tomb; it functions as a Greek Orthodox altar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201699-27">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> According to archaeologist Fredrik Hiebert, this does not resemble an archaeological excavation, but "a well-built tunnel".<a href="#cite_note-secret-16">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> The word is Kouvouklion in Greek (Kουβούκλιον, modern Greek for "small compartment". </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> For example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%2013:12&version=nrsv">Hebrews 13:12</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madainproject.com/church_of_the_holy_sepulchre">"Complete compendium of Church of the Holy Sepulchre"</a>. Madain Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429010349/https://madainproject.com/church_of_the_holy_sepulchre">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madain+Project&rft.atitle=Complete+compendium+of+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fchurch_of_the_holy_sepulchre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcmahon-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcmahon_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcmahon_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcmahon_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McMahon, Arthur L. 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"The Argument for the Holy Sepulchre". <a href="/wiki/Revue_Biblique" title="Revue Biblique">Revue Biblique</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Biblique&rft.atitle=The+Argument+for+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Murphy-O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_E._Taylor" title="Joan E. Taylor">Taylor, Joan E.</a> (1998). 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The Resurrection of Jesus. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Resurrection+of+Jesus&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-secret-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-secret_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_16-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrange2017" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Strange, Bob (2017). The Secret of Christ's Tomb (television production). <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Secret+of+Christ%27s+Tomb&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Strange&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-paul-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paul_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paul_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2010" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Paul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RTsjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT206">Constantine: Roman Emperor, Christian Victor</a>. The Overlook Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-46830-300-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-46830-300-1"><bdi>978-1-46830-300-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801145932/https://books.google.com/books?id=RTsjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT206">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine%3A+Roman+Emperor%2C+Christian+Victor&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-46830-300-1&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRTsjCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudd" class="citation web cs1">Rudd, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-jerusalem-temple-mount-threshing-floor.htm">"The Temple in Jerusalem over the threshing floor which is presently under the Al Kas fountain"</a>. Bible.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520042859/https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-jerusalem-temple-mount-threshing-floor.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible.ca&rft.atitle=The+Temple+in+Jerusalem+over+the+threshing+floor+which+is+presently+under+the+Al+Kas+fountain&rft.aulast=Rudd&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible.ca%2Farcheology%2Fbible-archeology-jerusalem-temple-mount-threshing-floor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corbo-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corbo_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corbo_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corbo_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbo1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Corbo, Virgilio (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wYFtAAAAMAAJ">Il Santo Sepolcro di Gerusalemme</a> [The Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem] (in Italian). Franciscan Press. pp. 34–36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112145/https://books.google.com/books?id=wYFtAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Santo+Sepolcro+di+Gerusalemme&rft.pages=34-36&rft.pub=Franciscan+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Corbo&rft.aufirst=Virgilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwYFtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bible-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bible_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bible_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bible_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen1983" class="citation book cs1">Owen, G. Frederick, ed. (1983) [1964]. <a href="/wiki/Thompson_Chain-Reference_Bible" title="Thompson Chain-Reference Bible">The Thompson Chain-Reference Bible</a> (4th improved (updated) ed.). Indianapolis: B.B. Kirkbride Bible Co. p. 323 (appendix).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thompson+Chain-Reference+Bible&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=323+%28appendix%29&rft.edition=4th+improved+%28updated%29&rft.pub=B.B.+Kirkbride+Bible+Co.&rft.date=1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04517a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Archæology of the Cross and Crucifix</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926175751/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04517a.htm">Archived</a> 26 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "Following an inspiration from on high, Macarius caused the three crosses to be carried, one after the other, to the bedside of a worthy woman who was at the point of death. The touch of the other two was of no avail; but on touching that upon which Christ had died the woman got suddenly well again. From a letter of St. Paulinus to Severus inserted in the Breviary of Paris it would appear that St. Helena herself had sought by means of a miracle to discover which was the True Cross and that she caused a man already dead and buried to be carried to the spot, whereupon, by contact with the third cross, he came to life. From yet another tradition, related by <a href="/wiki/St._Ambrose" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Ambrose">St. Ambrose</a> following Rufinus, it would seem that the <a href="/wiki/Titulus_Crucis" title="Titulus Crucis">titulus</a>, or inscription, had remained fastened to the Cross." </li> <li id="cite_note-constantine-23"><a href="#cite_ref-constantine_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.iii.xxviii.html">NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine</a>. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602095050/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.iii.xxviii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2014. <q>Then indeed did this most holy cave present a faithful similitude of his return to life, in that, after lying buried in darkness, it again emerged to light, and afforded to all who came to witness the sight, a clear and visible proof of the wonders of which that spot had once been the scene, a testimony to the resurrection of the Saviour clearer than any voice could give.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NPNF2-01.+Eusebius+Pamphilius%3A+Church+History%2C+Life+of+Constantine%2C+Oration+in+Praise+of+Constantine&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf201.iv.vi.iii.xxviii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenner1996" class="citation journal cs1">Renner, Gerald (14 December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1996-12-14-9612140058-story.html">"Is it the Tomb of Christ? A Search for Evidence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Courant" title="Hartford Courant">Hartford Courant</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181129143607/https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1996-12-14-9612140058-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hartford+Courant&rft.atitle=Is+it+the+Tomb+of+Christ%3F+A+Search+for+Evidence&rft.date=1996-12-14&rft.aulast=Renner&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courant.com%2Fnews%2Fconnecticut%2Fhc-xpm-1996-12-14-9612140058-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-socrates-25"><a href="#cite_ref-socrates_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSocratesc._439" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates</a> (c. 439). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.toc.html">Historia Ecclesiastica</a>. Revised and notes by A.C. Zenos, DD. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. pp. 21–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225122102/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.toc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Ecclesiastica&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.au=Socrates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf202.toc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Stolzenburg, Xenia (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8099462/The_holy_place_as_formula._Floor_plans_in_Adomnans_De_locis_sanctis_to_specify_the_description_of_pilgrimage_sites_in_the_Holy_Land">The holy place as formula. Floor plans in Adomnan's De locis sanctis to specify the description of pilgrimage sites in the Holy Land</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110174458/https://www.academia.edu/8099462/The_holy_place_as_formula._Floor_plans_in_Adomnans_De_locis_sanctis_to_specify_the_description_of_pilgrimage_sites_in_the_Holy_Land">Archived</a> 10 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in: Wolfram R. Keller & Dagmar Schlueter (Ed.) 'A fantastic and abstruse Latinity'? Hiberno-Continental Cultural and Literary Interactions in the Middle Ages, Studien und Texte zur Keltologie (Münster: Nodus Publikationen), p. 66. "...there is not a single publication on the Holy Sepulchre or on holy burial sites that fails to include the floor plan by Adomnan, which consequently has become the topos of early depictions of Holy Sepulchre." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201699-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFDK2016">DK 2016</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomey2016" class="citation journal cs1">Romey, Kristin (31 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427064813/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/jesus-christ-tomb-burial-church-holy-sepulchre">"Unsealing of Christ's Reputed Tomb Turns Up New Revelations"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/jesus-christ-tomb-burial-church-holy-sepulchre">the original</a> on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Unsealing+of+Christ%27s+Reputed+Tomb+Turns+Up+New+Revelations&rft.date=2016-10-31&rft.aulast=Romey&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2Fjesus-christ-tomb-burial-church-holy-sepulchre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._MacDonald" title="William L. MacDonald">MacDonald, William L.</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlychristianby00macd/page/20/mode/2up">Early Christian & Byzantine Architecture</a>. New York: G. Braziller. p. 20 – via the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+%26+Byzantine+Architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=G.+Braziller&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlychristianby00macd%2Fpage%2F20%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-basilica-31"><a href="#cite_ref-basilica_31-0">^</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_of_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim of Bordeaux">Pilgrim of Bordeaux</a>" reports in 333: "There, at present, by the command of the Emperor Constantine, has been built a basilica, that is to say, a church of wondrous beauty". <a href="/wiki/Itinerarium_Burdigalense" title="Itinerarium Burdigalense">Itinerarium Burdigalense</a>, p. 594 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWharton1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annabel_J._Wharton" title="Annabel J. Wharton">Wharton, Annabel Jane</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291664">"The Baptistery of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem and the Politics of Sacred Landscape"</a>. Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 46: 313–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291664">10.2307/1291664</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0070-7546">0070-7546</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291664">1291664</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011100109/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291664">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Baptistery+of+the+Holy+Sepulcher+in+Jerusalem+and+the+Politics+of+Sacred+Landscape&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=313-325&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0070-7546&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291664%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291664&rft.aulast=Wharton&rft.aufirst=Annabel+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-commemoration-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-commemoration_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-commemoration_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-commemoration_33-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102593">"Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130125020817/http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102593">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemoration+of+the+Founding+of+the+Church+of+the+Resurrection+%28Holy+Sepulchre%29+at+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Orthodox+Church+in+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focafs.oca.org%2FFeastSaintsViewer.asp%3FSID%3D4%26ID%3D1%26FSID%3D102593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2019" class="citation book cs1">Kelley, Justin L. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/DMS/936FF8A3FFFF4B6EBEF78FE852E68C42/9781789690569-sample.pdf">The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Text and Archaeology</a> (PDF). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Archaeopress" title="Archaeopress">Archaeopress</a>. p. 4 (note 3). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-056-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-056-9"><bdi>978-1-78969-056-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218104219/https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/DMS/936FF8A3FFFF4B6EBEF78FE852E68C42/9781789690569-sample.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <q>The church was called 'the Resurrection' by many Byzantine writers, and it is this title that was adopted by Christian and Muslim Arab historians from the 10th century onward... Robinson and Smith (1856: 377, n. 1) noted that local Jerusalemites of the 19th century still called the church by its Arabic title Kanisah al-Qiyamah, 'Church of the Resurrection'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+in+Text+and+Archaeology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=4+%28note+3%29&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78969-056-9&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Justin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeopress.com%2FArchaeopress%2FDMS%2F936FF8A3FFFF4B6EBEF78FE852E68C42%2F9781789690569-sample.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kroesen-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kroesen_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroesen_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroesen2000" class="citation book cs1">Kroesen, Justin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5O9PqvBjn0C&q=earthquake">The Sepulchrum Domini Through the Ages: Its Form and Function</a>. Leuven. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042909526" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042909526"><bdi>978-9042909526</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112249/https://books.google.com/books?id=w5O9PqvBjn0C&q=earthquake#v=snippet&q=earthquake&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sepulchrum+Domini+Through+the+Ages%3A+Its+Form+and+Function&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Leuven&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9042909526&rft.aulast=Kroesen&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5O9PqvBjn0C%26q%3Dearthquake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris_2005-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2005_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2005_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2005_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2005_39-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2005">Morris 2005</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokenkotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DISK1e7JXA8C&pg=PA155">A Concise History of the Catholic Church</a>. Doubleday. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50584-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50584-1"><bdi>0-385-50584-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231212210224/https://books.google.com/books?id=DISK1e7JXA8C&pg=PA155">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-385-50584-1&rft.aulast=Bokenkotter&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDISK1e7JXA8C%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2009" class="citation book cs1">MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7x4m20TRYzQC&q=sepulchre">A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years</a>. Penguin Books Ltd. p. 1339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141957951" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141957951"><bdi>978-0141957951</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112308/https://books.google.com/books?id=7x4m20TRYzQC&q=sepulchre#v=snippet&q=sepulchre&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity%3A+The+First+Three+Thousand+Years&rft.pages=1339&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0141957951&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7x4m20TRYzQC%26q%3Dsepulchre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lev_1991-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lev_1991_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lev_1991_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lev_1991_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLev1991" class="citation book cs1">Lev, Yaacov (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2LwgIL_bpEC&pg=PA211">State and Society in Fatimid Egypt</a>. Leiden; New York: E.J. Brill. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09344-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09344-7"><bdi>978-90-04-09344-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112207/https://books.google.com/books?id=I2LwgIL_bpEC&pg=PA211#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Society+in+Fatimid+Egypt&rft.place=Leiden%3B+New+York&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09344-7&rft.aulast=Lev&rft.aufirst=Yaacov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2LwgIL_bpEC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Foakes-Jackson-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Foakes-Jackson_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoakes-Jackson1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Foakes-Jackson" title="F. J. Foakes-Jackson">Foakes-Jackson, Frederick John</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00foak/page/148/">An Introduction to the History of Christianity, A.D. 590–1314</a>. London: Macmillan. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Christianity%2C+A.D.+590%E2%80%931314&rft.place=London&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Foakes-Jackson&rft.aufirst=Frederick+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi00foak%2Fpage%2F148%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fergusson-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Fergusson_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusson1865" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Fergusson_(architect)" title="James Fergusson (architect)">Fergusson, James</a> (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryarchite02ferggoog">A History of Architecture in All Countries</a>. London: J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Architecture+in+All+Countries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryarchite02ferggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dore_Gold" title="Dore Gold">Gold, Dore</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fightforjerusale00gold">The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the West, and the Future of the Holy City</a>. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-029-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-029-7"><bdi>978-1-59698-029-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fight+for+Jerusalem%3A+Radical+Islam%2C+the+West%2C+and+the+Future+of+the+Holy+City&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59698-029-7&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Dore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffightforjerusale00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Venetian Adventurer: The Life and Times of Marco Polo, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-Savage37-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Savage37_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Savage37_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Savage37_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Savage37_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Savage37_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Savage37_47-5">f</a> Pilgrimages and Pilgrim shrines in Palestine and Syria after 1095, Henry L. Savage, A History of the Crusades: The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States, Vol. IV, ed. Kenneth M. Setton and Harry W. Hazard, (University of Wisconsin Press, 1977), 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-madainhelenachapel-48"><a href="#cite_ref-madainhelenachapel_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516181420/https://madainproject.com/chapel_of_helena">"Chapel of Saint Helena"</a>. Madain Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/chapel_of_helena">the original</a> on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madain+Project&rft.atitle=Chapel+of+Saint+Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fchapel_of_helena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery1919" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery, George (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924015406063/page/n143/mode/1up?view=theater">A Brief Description of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem and Other Christian Churches in the Holy City</a>. CUP. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Description+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+Jerusalem+and+Other+Christian+Churches+in+the+Holy+City&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924015406063%2Fpage%2Fn143%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConder1909" class="citation book cs1">Conder, Claude Reignier (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rLk2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA294">The City of Jerusalem</a>. J. Murray. p. 294. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060210/https://books.google.com/books?id=rLk2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA294#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+of+Jerusalem&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Conder&rft.aufirst=Claude+Reignier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrLk2AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> [All kings named] </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringle65-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Pringle65_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1993" class="citation book cs1">Pringle, Denys (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC&pg=PA65">The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39038-5"><bdi>978-0-521-39038-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060209/https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2022. <q>destroyed in 1809–10</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39038-5&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Denys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX0jH6VPi4-gC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reem-52"><a href="#cite_ref-reem_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRe’em2022" class="citation book cs1">Re’em, Amit; et al. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03822984">Surviving Three Cycles of Destruction: The Graves of the Crusader Kings in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>. Vol. 15. pp. 71–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9654067676" title="Special:BookSources/978-9654067676"><bdi>978-9654067676</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117100512/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03822984">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022 – via HAL-SHS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surviving+Three+Cycles+of+Destruction%3A+The+Graves+of+the+Crusader+Kings+in+the+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.pages=71-103&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-9654067676&rft.aulast=Re%E2%80%99em&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-03822984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Pringle" title="Denys Pringle">Pringle, D.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC&pg=PA31">The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: Volume 3, The City of Jerusalem: A Corpus</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39038-5"><bdi>978-0-521-39038-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060217/https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem%3A+Volume+3%2C+The+City+of+Jerusalem%3A+A+Corpus&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39038-5&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX0jH6VPi4-gC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuke192446–56-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuke192446%E2%80%9356_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuke1924">Luke 1924</a>, p. 46–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mailáth-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Mail%C3%A1th_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMailáth1848" class="citation book cs1">Mailáth, János Nepomuk Jozsef (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_0MJAAAAQAAJ">Geschichte der europäischen Staaten, Geschichte des östreichischen Kaiserstaates</a> [History of the European states, history of Austrian Imperial State]. Vol. 4. Hamburg: F. Perthes. p. 262. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060211/https://books.google.com/books?id=_0MJAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+europ%C3%A4ischen+Staaten%2C+Geschichte+des+%C3%B6streichischen+Kaiserstaates&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=F.+Perthes&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Mail%C3%A1th&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos+Nepomuk+Jozsef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_0MJAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://preparadoresjc.com/joincultura/relacion/">Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, 1757</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306142745/https://preparadoresjc.com/joincultura/relacion/">Archived</a> 6 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Spanish). </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Raymond (2008). "The Earthquake". Saving the Holy Sepulchre: How Rival Christians Came Together to Rescue Their Holiest Shrine. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195189667.003.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189667.003.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518966-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518966-7"><bdi>978-0-19-518966-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Earthquake&rft.btitle=Saving+the+Holy+Sepulchre%3A+How+Rival+Christians+Came+Together+to+Rescue+Their+Holiest+Shrine&rft.pages=1-12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195189667.003.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518966-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen-60"><a href="#cite_ref-cohen_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Raymond (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428164642/http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/sepulchre.shtml">"The Church of the Holy Sepulchre: A Work in Progress"</a>. 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coastdaylight.com/ladder.html">"The Church and the Ladder: Frozen in Time"</a>. CoastDaylight.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813193143/http://coastdaylight.com/ladder.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CoastDaylight.com&rft.atitle=The+Church+and+the+Ladder%3A+Frozen+in+Time&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Lancaster&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoastdaylight.com%2Fladder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cruise-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cruise_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cruise_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrenHartshornMcCrillis1905" class="citation book cs1">Warren, E.K.; Hartshorn, W.N.; McCrillis, A.B. (1905). Glimpses of Bible Lands: The Cruise of the Eight Hundred to Jerusalem. Boston, MA: The Central Committee. p. 174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Bible+Lands%3A+The+Cruise+of+the+Eight+Hundred+to+Jerusalem&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=The+Central+Committee&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=E.K.&rft.au=Hartshorn%2C+W.N.&rft.au=McCrillis%2C+A.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG16-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NG16_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NG16_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomey2016" class="citation journal cs1">Romey, Kristin (26 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030001608/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/jesus-tomb-opened-church-holy-sepulchre/">"Exclusive: Christ's Burial Place Exposed for First Time in Centuries"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/jesus-tomb-opened-church-holy-sepulchre/">the original</a> on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Christ%27s+Burial+Place+Exposed+for+First+Time+in+Centuries&rft.date=2016-10-26&rft.aulast=Romey&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F10%2Fjesus-tomb-opened-church-holy-sepulchre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hesemann170-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Hesemann170_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesemann1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hesemann, Michael (1999). Die Jesus-Tafel (in German). Freiburg. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-451-27092-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-451-27092-7"><bdi>3-451-27092-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Jesus-Tafel&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Freiburg&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=3-451-27092-7&rft.aulast=Hesemann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-madainvartan-65"><a href="#cite_ref-madainvartan_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028000956/https://madainproject.com/chapel_of_saint_vartan">"Saint Vartan's Chapel"</a>. Madain Project. 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Retrieved 2 March 2012. <q>the height difference can be easily seen; the yellowish wall on the left is the 4th-century wall and the pinkish one on the right is the 2nd-century wall.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jim+Lancaster%27s+Web+Space&rft.atitle=Finding+the+Keys+to+the+Chapel+of+St.+Vartan&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Lancaster&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoastdaylight.com%2Fstvartan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2017restoration-67"><a href="#cite_ref-2017restoration_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2017" class="citation news cs1">Goldman, Russell (22 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/22/world/middleeast/tomb-of-jesus-reopens-jerusalem.html">"Tomb of Jesus Reopens to Public After $3 Million Restoration"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+forces+Jerusalem%27s+Holy+Sepulchre+to+close+its+doors+for+first+time+since+1349%3A+%27Very+sad%27&rft.date=2020-03-30&rft.aulast=Parke&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fcoronavirus-israel-jerusalem-holy-sites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/jerusalems-holy-sepulcher-reopens-after-coronavirus-closure/">"Jerusalem's Holy Sepulchre reopens after coronavirus closure"</a>. The Times of Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804045547/https://www.timesofisrael.com/jerusalems-holy-sepulcher-reopens-after-coronavirus-closure/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Jerusalem%27s+Holy+Sepulchre+reopens+after+coronavirus+closure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fjerusalems-holy-sepulcher-reopens-after-coronavirus-closure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarash2022" class="citation news cs1">Harash, Rinat (13 April 2022). Heller, Jeffrey; MacSwan, Angus (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/church-holy-sepulchres-ancient-altar-rediscovered-researchers-say-2022-04-13/">"Church of the Holy Sepulchre's ancient altar rediscovered, researchers say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409213715/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/church-holy-sepulchres-ancient-altar-rediscovered-researchers-say-2022-04-13/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%27s+ancient+altar+rediscovered%2C+researchers+say&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft.aulast=Harash&rft.aufirst=Rinat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fchurch-holy-sepulchres-ancient-altar-rediscovered-researchers-say-2022-04-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarutyunyan2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harutyunyan, Khachik (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43569545">"Armenian Inscriptions of the Church of Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Part 1. The Chapel of John the Evangelist and Its Inscriptions"</a>. VEM (in Armenian). 12 (2): 159–177. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031355/https://www.academia.edu/43569545">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VEM&rft.atitle=Armenian+Inscriptions+of+the+Church+of+Holy+Sepulchre+in+Jerusalem.+Part+1.+The+Chapel+of+John+the+Evangelist+and+Its+Inscriptions&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-177&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Harutyunyan&rft.aufirst=Khachik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43569545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220904060506/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/06/egypts-coptic-church-exercises-soft-power-jerusalem">"Egypt's Coptic Church exercises soft power in Jerusalem"</a>. Al-Monitor. 7 June 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/06/egypts-coptic-church-exercises-soft-power-jerusalem">the original</a> on 4 September 2022. <q>The state-owned <a href="/wiki/Akhbar_el-Yom" title="Akhbar el-Yom">Akhbar al-Youm</a> newspaper [wrote that the] Egyptian Orthodox Church owns […] Deir al-Sultan and […] the Church of the Angel [Michael] and the Chapel of the Four Living Creatures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Coptic+Church+exercises+soft+power+in+Jerusalem&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2021%2F06%2Fegypts-coptic-church-exercises-soft-power-jerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201697-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201697_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201697_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDK2016">DK 2016</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudolph_of_Saxony2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludolph_of_Saxony" title="Ludolph of Saxony">Ludolph of Saxony</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUpSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA240">The Life of Jesus Christ</a>. Translated by Walsh, Milton T. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879072841" title="Special:BookSources/9780879072841"><bdi>9780879072841</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060211/https://books.google.com/books?id=wUpSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA240#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2022. <q>[footnote:] a small room […] at the top of a flight of steps […] is called the Chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows, but is popularly referred to as the Chapel of the Franks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780879072841&rft.au=Ludolph+of+Saxony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUpSEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1995" class="citation book cs1">Wright, John Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7VVAAAAYAAJ">The Holy Sepulchre: The Church of the Resurrection an Ecumenical Guide</a>. Ecumenical Theological Research Fraternity in Israel. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-7024-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-7024-00-3"><bdi>978-965-7024-00-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060210/https://books.google.com/books?id=M7VVAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2022. <q>Underneath Our Lady of Sorrows is the Greek Oratory of St. Mary of Egypt, in memory of her conversion that is said to have occurred in the atrium of the Holy Sepulchre before an icon of Mary the Mother of God that was kept there</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Sepulchre%3A+The+Church+of+the+Resurrection+an+Ecumenical+Guide&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Ecumenical+Theological+Research+Fraternity+in+Israel&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-965-7024-00-3&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=John+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM7VVAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LcxSQfrOwJIC&pg=PA297">Quarterly Statement</a>. Palestine Exploration Fund. 1903. p. 297. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164808/https://books.google.com/books?id=LcxSQfrOwJIC&pg=PA297">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quarterly+Statement&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLcxSQfrOwJIC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201694–97-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201694%E2%80%9397_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201694%E2%80%9397_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201694%E2%80%9397_80-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDK2016">DK 2016</a>, pp. 94–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-custodia-81"><a href="#cite_ref-custodia_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120701173025/http://www.sepulchre.custodia.org/default.asp?id=4100">"Parvis and Entry"</a>. Gerusalemme San Salvatore Convento Francescano St. Saviour's Monastery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sepulchre.custodia.org/default.asp?id=4100">the original</a> on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parvis+and+Entry&rft.pub=Gerusalemme+San+Salvatore+Convento+Francescano+St.+Saviour%27s+Monastery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sepulchre.custodia.org%2Fdefault.asp%3Fid%3D4100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_82-1">b</a> William R. Cook of University of New York, lecture series </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://churchoftheholysepulchre.net/history-of-the-church-of-the-holy-sepulchre/">"History of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre – Church of the Holy Sepulchre"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527143500/https://churchoftheholysepulchre.net/history-of-the-church-of-the-holy-sepulchre/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+%E2%80%93+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchurchoftheholysepulchre.net%2Fhistory-of-the-church-of-the-holy-sepulchre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/church_of_the_holy_sepulchre#southern-entrance">"Church of the Holy Sepulchre – Madain Project (en)"</a>. madainproject.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220102161103/https://madainproject.com/church_of_the_holy_sepulchre#southern-entrance">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=madainproject.com&rft.atitle=Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+%E2%80%93+Madain+Project+%28en%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fchurch_of_the_holy_sepulchre%23southern-entrance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sun-85"><a href="#cite_ref-sun_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoLordo1999" class="citation news cs1">LoLordo, Ann (28 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/06/28/trouble-in-a-holy-place-jerusalem-the-lone-doorway-to-the-church-of-the-holy-sepulcher-poses-a-hazard-but-officials-are-quarreling-over-an-appropriate-solution/">"Trouble in a holy place"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021721/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-06-28/news/9906280038_1_holy-sepulcher-control-the-church-church-representatives">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Trouble+in+a+holy+place&rft.date=1999-06-28&rft.aulast=LoLordo&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2F1999%2F06%2F28%2Ftrouble-in-a-holy-place-jerusalem-the-lone-doorway-to-the-church-of-the-holy-sepulcher-poses-a-hazard-but-officials-are-quarreling-over-an-appropriate-solution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nus-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nus_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nus_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nus_86-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuseibeh.org/history.htm">"The family's relationship with the Church of the Holy Sepulchre"</a>. The Official website of the Nuseibeh Family. 9 August 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722083855/http://www.nuseibeh.org/history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2022. <q>To protect the Christian places of worship, the <a href="/wiki/Caliph_Omar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph Omar">Caliph Omar</a> entrusted the custody of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre....to '<a href="/wiki/Ubadah_ibn_al-Samit" title="Ubadah ibn al-Samit">Ubadah ibn al-Samit</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Prophet">companion of the Prophet</a> and the first ruler of Palestine and a forefather of the Nuseibeh family. .... Records and manuscripts kept by the various Christian denominations....all record the Nuseibeh family's and Bani Ghanem's relationship with the Holy Sepulchre, at least since the time of Sultan Saladin. In 1192, Sultan Saladin....re-entrusted the custody of the doors of the Holy Sepulchre to the Nuseibeh's [sic]....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Official+website+of+the+Nuseibeh+Family&rft.atitle=The+family%27s+relationship+with+the+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.date=2004-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuseibeh.org%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudilovsky2018" class="citation web cs1">Sudilovsky, Judith (27 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511095402/https://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2018/muslims-literally-hold-key-to-jerusalems-church-of-the-holy-sepulcher.cfm">"Muslims (literally) hold key to Jerusalem's Church of the Holy Sepulcher"</a>. catholicnews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2018/muslims-literally-hold-key-to-jerusalems-church-of-the-holy-sepulcher.cfm">the original</a> on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholicnews.com&rft.atitle=Muslims+%28literally%29+hold+key+to+Jerusalem%27s+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulcher&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft.aulast=Sudilovsky&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fservices%2Fenglishnews%2F2018%2Fmuslims-literally-hold-key-to-jerusalems-church-of-the-holy-sepulcher.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harash-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harash_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harash_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarash2017" class="citation web cs1">Harash, Rinat (30 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-religion-jerusalem-church/muslim-holds-ancient-key-to-jesus-tomb-site-in-jerusalem-idUSKBN1DU17Q">"Muslim holds ancient key to Jesus tomb site in Jerusalem"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511095402/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-religion-jerusalem-church/muslim-holds-ancient-key-to-jesus-tomb-site-in-jerusalem-idUSKBN1DU17Q">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Muslim+holds+ancient+key+to+Jesus+tomb+site+in+Jerusalem&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft.aulast=Harash&rft.aufirst=Rinat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-religion-jerusalem-church%2Fmuslim-holds-ancient-key-to-jesus-tomb-site-in-jerusalem-idUSKBN1DU17Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherwood-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherwood_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherwood_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherwood_89-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood2017" class="citation web cs1">Sherwood, Harriet (21 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/21/jesus-tomb-to-be-unveiled-to-public-after-4m-restoration">"Jesus's tomb unveiled after $4m restoration"</a>. The Guardian. Manchester. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703051120/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/21/jesus-tomb-to-be-unveiled-to-public-after-4m-restoration">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jesus%27s+tomb+unveiled+after+%244m+restoration&rft.date=2017-03-21&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fmar%2F21%2Fjesus-tomb-to-be-unveiled-to-public-after-4m-restoration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201698-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFDK2016">DK 2016</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Raymond (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T7KmnQ65XooC&pg=PA7">Saving the Holy Sepulchre</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971990-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971990-7"><bdi>978-0-19-971990-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060211/https://books.google.com/books?id=T7KmnQ65XooC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2022. <q>The Latins were left with the two southern altars on Calvary, namely, the Stabat Mater (Our Lady of Sorrows) and the Nailing to the Cross.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971990-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT7KmnQ65XooC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> William R. Cook of State University of New York, lecture series </li> <li id="cite_note-Patriarchate-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Patriarchate_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524035048/http://monastery.org/sephist.html">"The Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulcher"</a>. Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monastery.org/sephist.html">the original</a> on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brotherhood+of+the+Holy+Sepulcher&rft.pub=Greek+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Jerusalem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonastery.org%2Fsephist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1931" class="citation book cs1">King, Edwin James (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_IsaAAAAYAAJ">The Knights Hospitallers in the Holy Land</a>. Methuen. p. 236. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060217/https://books.google.com/books?id=_IsaAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2022. <q>This reliquary, now in the Treasury of the Greek Patriarch in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, was discovered in 1893 ... the Church of Mar Hanna, formerly the Conventual Church of the Hospitallers ... The reliquary is of crystal in the shape of mitre set in a framework of gilded bronze, decorated with gems</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+Hospitallers+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Edwin+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_IsaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoas2001" class="citation book cs1">Boas, Adrian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TuCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121">Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades</a>. Routledge. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58272-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58272-3"><bdi>978-1-134-58272-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112250/https://books.google.com/books?id=0TuCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2022. <q>A remarkable gold and crystal mitre-shaped reliquary of the Crusader period was kept in the church and is now on display in the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+in+the+Time+of+the+Crusades&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-134-58272-3&rft.aulast=Boas&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TuCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK2016104-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK2016104_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDK2016">DK 2016</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/stone_of_anointing">"Stone of Anointing – Madain Project (en)"</a>. madainproject.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308204340/https://madainproject.com/stone_of_anointing">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=madainproject.com&rft.atitle=Stone+of+Anointing+%E2%80%93+Madain+Project+%28en%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fstone_of_anointing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringle39-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Pringle39_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1993" class="citation book cs1">Pringle, Denys (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC&pg=PA65">The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39038-5"><bdi>978-0-521-39038-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060209/https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39038-5&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Denys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX0jH6VPi4-gC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> [On the map: from west: h, g, f, e: graves of Baldwin V, Baldwin IV, Amuary I, and Baldwin III] </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaedia1852" class="citation book cs1">Encyclopaedia (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-f0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA307">Encyclopædia Metropolitana</a>. p. 307. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112252/https://books.google.com/books?id=-f0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA307#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Metropolitana&rft.pages=307&rft.date=1852&rft.au=Encyclopaedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-f0IAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-holyfire-101"><a href="#cite_ref-holyfire_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holyfire.org/eng/index.htm">"Miracle of Holy Fire which happens every year"</a>. Holyfire.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801223439/http://www.holyfire.org/eng/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holyfire.org&rft.atitle=Miracle+of+Holy+Fire+which+happens+every+year&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holyfire.org%2Feng%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225223553/https://www.churchoftheholysepulchre.com/single-post/2017/01/31/Coptic-Chapel">"Coptic Chapel"</a>. Church of the Holy Sepulchre. 15 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchoftheholysepulchre.com/single-post/2017/01/31/Coptic-Chapel">the original</a> on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.atitle=Coptic+Chapel&rft.date=2016-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchoftheholysepulchre.com%2Fsingle-post%2F2017%2F01%2F31%2FCoptic-Chapel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janin-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Janin_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanin1913" class="citation book cs1">Janin, Raymond (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu4MAAAAIAAJ&q=35">Échos d'Orient</a> [Echos of the Orient]. Vol. 16. Institut français d'études byzantines. p. 35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112239/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu4MAAAAIAAJ&q=35">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89chos+d%27Orient&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27%C3%A9tudes+byzantines&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Janin&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMu4MAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desandoli-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Desandoli_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeSandoli1986" class="citation book cs1">DeSandoli, Sabino (1986). The Church of Holy Sepulchre: Keys, Doors, Doorkeepers. Franciscian Press. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+Holy+Sepulchre%3A+Keys%2C+Doors%2C+Doorkeepers&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Franciscian+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=DeSandoli&rft.aufirst=Sabino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery1919" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery, George (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/description-Sepulchre-Jerusalem-Christian-mediaeval-ebook/dp/B00KVNHI6A">A Brief Description of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem and Other Christian Churches in the Holy City: With Some Account of the Medieval Copies of the Holy Sepulchre Surviving in Europe</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227114740/http://www.amazon.com/description-Sepulchre-Jerusalem-Christian-mediaeval-ebook/dp/B00KVNHI6A">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Description+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+Jerusalem+and+Other+Christian+Churches+in+the+Holy+City%3A+With+Some+Account+of+the+Medieval+Copies+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+Surviving+in+Europe&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdescription-Sepulchre-Jerusalem-Christian-mediaeval-ebook%2Fdp%2FB00KVNHI6A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seetheholyland.net/tag/chapel-of-the-apparition/">"Catholic Chapel of the Apparition"</a>. See The Holy Land.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419120454/http://www.seetheholyland.net/tag/chapel-of-the-apparition/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Chapel+of+the+Apparition&rft.pub=See+The+Holy+Land.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seetheholyland.net%2Ftag%2Fchapel-of-the-apparition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hammers-107"><a href="#cite_ref-hammers_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelhammers.com/en/projects/golgotha-cross-holy-sepulcher-jerusalem">"The Cross of Golgotha"</a>. Michael Hammers. 24 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222147/http://www.michaelhammers.com/en/projects/golgotha-cross-holy-sepulcher-jerusalem">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cross+of+Golgotha&rft.pub=Michael+Hammers&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michaelhammers.com%2Fen%2Fprojects%2Fgolgotha-cross-holy-sepulcher-jerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierotti1864" class="citation book cs1">Pierotti, Ermete (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=66JOAQAAMAAJ">Jerusalem Explored</a>. Bell and Daldy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060804/https://books.google.com/books?id=66JOAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2022. <q>On the east is the Iconostasis, dividing the 'Holy of Holies' from the rest of the church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+Explored&rft.pub=Bell+and+Daldy&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Pierotti&rft.aufirst=Ermete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D66JOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowling-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dowling_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowling_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling1913" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Theodore Edward (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=as1UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62">The Orthodox Greek Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a>. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060804/https://books.google.com/books?id=as1UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2022. <q>The Patriarch's Seat is on the south-east end, and the corresponding one, immediately opposite, is occupied by one of the Archbishops of this Patriarchate, when required. This north-east Seat is popularly understood to be the throne of the Patriarch of Antioch. Even Dr. C. Schick […] and Baedeker […] make this misstatement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Greek+Patriarchate+of+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Das1UAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Wright_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1995" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, J. Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42611737">"An Historical and Ecumenical Survey of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, with Notes on Its Significance for Anglicans"</a>. Anglican and Episcopal History. 64 (4): 482–504. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0896-8039">0896-8039</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42611737">42611737</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921162552/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42611737">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022. <q>It contains two episcopal thrones: the one on the right (south), which is the official "cathedra" of the Patriarch of Jerusalem, and the one on the left (north), where any other Orthodox bishop whom he designates may sit and preside if he is absent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglican+and+Episcopal+History&rft.atitle=An+Historical+and+Ecumenical+Survey+of+the+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+in+Jerusalem%2C+with+Notes+on+Its+Significance+for+Anglicans&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=482-504&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42611737%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0896-8039&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=J.+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42611737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrainor2012" class="citation book cs1">Trainor, Terry (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-e3AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32">Bedlam. St. Mary of Bethlehem</a>. Lulu.com. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781471714283" title="Special:BookSources/9781471714283"><bdi>9781471714283</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061304/https://books.google.com/books?id=-e3AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bedlam.+St.+Mary+of+Bethlehem&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781471714283&rft.aulast=Trainor&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-e3AAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-madainthreemary-112"><a href="#cite_ref-madainthreemary_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028001827/https://madainproject.com/armenian_chapel_%28holy_sepulchre%29">"Armenian Station of the Holy Women"</a>. Madain Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/armenian_chapel_%28holy_sepulchre%29">the original</a> on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madain+Project&rft.atitle=Armenian+Station+of+the+Holy+Women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Farmenian_chapel_%2528holy_sepulchre%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsepulchre2016" class="citation web cs1">sepulchre, church of the holy (15 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820070048/https://www.churchofholysepulchre.com/post/2017/01/31/chapel-of-joseph-of-arimateaitled">"Chapel of Joseph of Arimateaitled"</a>. Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofholysepulchre.com/post/2017/01/31/chapel-of-joseph-of-arimateaitled">the original</a> on 20 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.atitle=Chapel+of+Joseph+of+Arimateaitled&rft.date=2016-12-15&rft.aulast=sepulchre&rft.aufirst=church+of+the+holy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofholysepulchre.com%2Fpost%2F2017%2F01%2F31%2Fchapel-of-joseph-of-arimateaitled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeatherman1881" class="citation book cs1">Featherman, Americus (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4erc4KqiBtUC&dq=Syriac%20Chapel%20with%20Tomb%20of%20Joseph%20of%20Arimathea&pg=PA464">Social History of the Races of Mankind ...</a> Trübner & Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421064232/https://books.google.com/books?id=4erc4KqiBtUC&dq=Syriac%20Chapel%20with%20Tomb%20of%20Joseph%20of%20Arimathea&pg=PA464">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+History+of+the+Races+of+Mankind+...&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Company&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Featherman&rft.aufirst=Americus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4erc4KqiBtUC%26dq%3DSyriac%2520Chapel%2520with%2520Tomb%2520of%2520Joseph%2520of%2520Arimathea%26pg%3DPA464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fran-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fran_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303061849/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/jhs/TSspfran.html">"The Franciscans at the Holy Sepulchre"</a>. The Franciscans of the Holy Land. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/jhs/TSspfran.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Franciscans+at+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.pub=The+Franciscans+of+the+Holy+Land&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christusrex.org%2Fwww1%2Fjhs%2FTSspfran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-See-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-See_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-See_116-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seetheholyland.net/tag/chapel-of-the-apparition/">Church of the Holy Sepulchre chapels: Catholic Chapel of the Apparition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200415073637/https://www.seetheholyland.net/tag/chapel-of-the-apparition/">Archived</a> 15 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, See the Holy Land, accessed May 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongfellow1895" class="citation book cs1">Longfellow, W.P.P. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YdEDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA179">A Cyclopaedia of Works of Architecture: In Italy, Greece, and the Levant</a>. Scribner. p. 179. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061306/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdEDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA179#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cyclopaedia+of+Works+of+Architecture%3A+In+Italy%2C+Greece%2C+and+the+Levant&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Longfellow&rft.aufirst=W.P.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdEDAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCust2020" class="citation book cs1">Cust, L.G.A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFsOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT40">The Status Quo in the Holy Places</a>. Good Press. p. 26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061307/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFsOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT40#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Status+Quo+in+the+Holy+Places&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Good+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Cust&rft.aufirst=L.G.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPFsOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dannythedigger.com/holy-sepluchre-greek-icons/">https://dannythedigger.com/holy-sepluchre-greek-icons/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315032324/http://www.jesusholyland.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56:chapel-of-saint-helena&catid=17:churches-of-jerusalem">"Chapel of Saint Helena"</a>. Holyland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jesusholyland.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56:chapel-of-saint-helena&catid=17:churches-of-jerusalem">the original</a> on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holyland&rft.atitle=Chapel+of+Saint+Helena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jesusholyland.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D56%3Achapel-of-saint-helena%26catid%3D17%3Achurches-of-jerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldhill2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Goldhill" title="Simon Goldhill">Goldhill, Simon</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoLEULaZHzAC&pg=PA35">Jerusalem, City of Longing</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674034686" title="Special:BookSources/9780674034686"><bdi>9780674034686</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061307/https://books.google.com/books?id=PoLEULaZHzAC&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%2C+City+of+Longing&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674034686&rft.aulast=Goldhill&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoLEULaZHzAC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1980-1980,_Mertens,_Who_Whas_a_Christians_in_The_Holy_Land,_EN.pdf">List of Christians in the Holy Land</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418073802/https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1980-1980,_Mertens,_Who_Whas_a_Christians_in_The_Holy_Land,_EN.pdf">Archived</a> 18 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Documenta Catholica Omnia, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holysepulchre.custodia.org/default.asp?id=4119">"Chapel of St. Helena"</a>. holysepulchre.custodia.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150628033519/http://www.holysepulchre.custodia.org/default.asp?id=4119">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=holysepulchre.custodia.org&rft.atitle=Chapel+of+St.+Helena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holysepulchre.custodia.org%2Fdefault.asp%3Fid%3D4119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelStanley2007" class="citation book cs1">Michael, Dumper; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citiesofmiddleea0000unse">Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576079195" title="Special:BookSources/9781576079195"><bdi>9781576079195</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/80014324">80014324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F80014324&rft.isbn=9781576079195&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Dumper&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Bruce+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitiesofmiddleea0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoudeh_al-Husseini" class="citation news cs1">Joudeh al-Husseini, Adeeb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173613/https://www.thearabweekly.com/proud-hold-keys-muslim-christian-coexistence">"Proud to hold keys of Muslim-Christian coexistence"</a>. Arabic Weekly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearabweekly.com/proud-hold-keys-muslim-christian-coexistence">the original</a> on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022. <q>the Hashemite noble family Joudeh al-Husseini al-Ghodayya</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabic+Weekly&rft.atitle=Proud+to+hold+keys+of+Muslim-Christian+coexistence&rft.aulast=Joudeh+al-Husseini&rft.aufirst=Adeeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearabweekly.com%2Fproud-hold-keys-muslim-christian-coexistence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucci2019" class="citation book cs1">Tucci, Grazia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_sfADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117">Jerusalem. The Holy Sepulchre: Research and investigations (2007–2011)</a>. Altralinea Edizioni. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-94869-78-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-94869-78-1"><bdi>978-88-94869-78-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061308/https://books.google.com/books?id=_sfADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem.+The+Holy+Sepulchre%3A+Research+and+investigations+%282007%E2%80%932011%29&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Altralinea+Edizioni&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-88-94869-78-1&rft.aulast=Tucci&rft.aufirst=Grazia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_sfADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2002" class="citation news cs1">Armstrong, Chris (1 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2002/julyweb-only/7-29-52.0.html">"Christian History Corner: Divvying up the Most Sacred Place"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230082345/http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2002/julyweb-only/7-29-52.0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Christian+History+Corner%3A+Divvying+up+the+Most+Sacred+Place&rft.date=2002-07-01&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2002%2Fjulyweb-only%2F7-29-52.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher-Ilan2004" class="citation news cs1">Fisher-Ilan, Allyn (28 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/religion/Story/0,2763,1314466,00.html">"Punch-up at tomb of Jesus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407060823/https://www.theguardian.com/religion/Story/0,2763,1314466,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Punch-up+at+tomb+of+Jesus&rft.date=2004-09-28&rft.aulast=Fisher-Ilan&rft.aufirst=Allyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Freligion%2FStory%2F0%2C2763%2C1314466%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Deeb2008" class="citation news cs1">El Deeb, Sarah (21 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Christians-brawl-at-Jesus-tomb-3218579.php">"Christians brawl at Jesus' tomb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222032221/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Christians-brawl-at-Jesus-tomb-3218579.php">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Christians+brawl+at+Jesus%27+tomb&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft.aulast=El+Deeb&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FChristians-brawl-at-Jesus-tomb-3218579.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/faith/article2099808.ece">"Riot police called as monks clash in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. London. 10 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222035143/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/faith/article2099808.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Riot+police+called+as+monks+clash+in+the+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.date=2008-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Ffaith%2Farticle2099808.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Laughlin2008" class="citation news cs1">O'Laughlin, Toni (10 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/11/middleeast">"The monks who keep coming to blows in Jerusalem"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222060652/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/11/middleeast">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+monks+who+keep+coming+to+blows+in+Jerusalem&rft.date=2008-11-10&rft.aulast=O%27Laughlin&rft.aufirst=Toni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fnov%2F11%2Fmiddleeast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-i24-132"><a href="#cite_ref-i24_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/168589-180226-church-at-jesus-s-burial-site-closed-for-second-day-after-tax-dispute">"Church at Jesus's burial site closed for second day after tax dispute"</a>. i24NEWS. 26 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703075324/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/168589-180226-church-at-jesus-s-burial-site-closed-for-second-day-after-tax-dispute">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=i24NEWS&rft.atitle=Church+at+Jesus%27s+burial+site+closed+for+second+day+after+tax+dispute&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.i24news.tv%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fisrael%2F168589-180226-church-at-jesus-s-burial-site-closed-for-second-day-after-tax-dispute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Jonathan Lis and Nir Hasson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/jerusalem-s-church-of-holy-sepulchre-closed-indefinitely-in-protest-of-israeli-bill-city-tax-policy-1.5847184">Jerusalem churches warn of Israel's 'systematic' erosion of Christian presence in Holy Land</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225133105/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/jerusalem-s-church-of-holy-sepulchre-closed-indefinitely-in-protest-of-israeli-bill-city-tax-policy-1.5847184">Archived</a> 25 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>, 25 February 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-Notredame-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Notredame_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Notredame_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToken2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Token, Benny (27 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/367223"><bdi lang="he">בעיריית ירושלים לא מתרגשים מהכנסייה</bdi></a> [The Jerusalem Municipality is not moved by the church]. Arutz Sheva (in Hebrew). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050828/https://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/367223">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arutz+Sheva&rft.atitle=%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%90+%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft.aulast=Token&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inn.co.il%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F367223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpost2-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpost2_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpost2_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Pilgrims-upset-after-not-being-able-to-enter-Church-of-the-Holy-Sepulchre-543659">"WATCH: Pilgrims Face Closed Doors at Church of the Holy Sepulchre"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. Reuters. 26 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420212359/http://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Pilgrims-upset-after-not-being-able-to-enter-Church-of-the-Holy-Sepulchre-543659">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=WATCH%3A+Pilgrims+Face+Closed+Doors+at+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FChristian-News%2FPilgrims-upset-after-not-being-able-to-enter-Church-of-the-Holy-Sepulchre-543659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstrin2017" class="citation news cs1">Estrin, Daniel (2 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/12/02/565464499/greek-orthodox-church-sells-land-in-israel-worrying-both-israelis-and-palestinia">"Greek Orthodox Church Sells Land in Israel, Worrying Both Israelis And Palestinians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Weekend_Edition" title="Weekend Edition">Weekend Edition</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227213755/https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/12/02/565464499/greek-orthodox-church-sells-land-in-israel-worrying-both-israelis-and-palestinia">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2018. 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Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190613190149/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-christian-leaders-blast-decision-to-sell-jerusalem-properties-to-settler-group-1.7366340">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Jerusalem%27s+Christian+Leaders+Blast+Decision+to+Sell+Old+City+Properties+to+Settler+Group&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft.aulast=Hasson&rft.aufirst=Nir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium-christian-leaders-blast-decision-to-sell-jerusalem-properties-to-settler-group-1.7366340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurkes2022" class="citation news cs1">Surkes, Sue (9 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/supreme-court-upholds-greek-church-sales-to-far-right-group-ending-legal-battle">"Supreme Court upholds Greek church sales to far-right group, ending legal battle"</a>. Times of Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227142956/https://www.timesofisrael.com/supreme-court-upholds-greek-church-sales-to-far-right-group-ending-legal-battle">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+upholds+Greek+church+sales+to+far-right+group%2C+ending+legal+battle&rft.date=2022-06-09&rft.aulast=Surkes&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fsupreme-court-upholds-greek-church-sales-to-far-right-group-ending-legal-battle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generationword.com/jerusalem101/52-holy-sepulcher.html">"Church of the Holy Sepulcher"</a>. Jerusalem 101. Generation Word. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317064641/http://www.generationword.com/jerusalem101/52-holy-sepulcher.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+101&rft.atitle=Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulcher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.generationword.com%2Fjerusalem101%2F52-holy-sepulcher.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BahatBAR-140"><a href="#cite_ref-BahatBAR_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahat1986" class="citation journal cs1">Bahat, Dan (May–June 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=12&Issue=3&ArticleID=1">"Does the Holy Sepulchre Church Mark the Burial of Jesus?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110408/http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=12&Issue=3&ArticleID=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=Does+the+Holy+Sepulchre+Church+Mark+the+Burial+of+Jesus%3F&rft.date=1986-05%2F1986-06&rft.aulast=Bahat&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.bib-arch.org%2Fpublication.asp%3FPubID%3DBSBA%26Volume%3D12%26Issue%3D3%26ArticleID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Toynbee, Jocelyn M. C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rHd1MDlV-eUC&dq=Funerary+art&pg=PA14">Death and Burial in the Roman World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407060832/https://books.google.com/books?id=rHd1MDlV-eUC&dq=Funerary+art&pg=PA14">Archived</a> 7 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 48–49, JHU Press. 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5507-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5507-1">0-8018-5507-1</a>. An exception in the Classical World were the <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. There are also the Egyptian mortuary-temples, where the object of worship was the deified royal person entombed, but Egyptian temples to the major gods contained no burials. </li> <li id="cite_note-SantoStefano-143"><a href="#cite_ref-SantoStefano_143-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abbaziasantostefano.it/storia.htm">Monastero di Santo Stefano: Basilica Santuario Santo Stefano: Storia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010134946/http://www.abbaziasantostefano.it/storia.htm">Archived</a> 10 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Bologna. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOusterhout1981" class="citation journal cs1">Ousterhout, Robert G. (1 January 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/766940">"The Church of Santo Stefano: A 'Jerusalem' in Bologna"</a>. Gesta. 20 (2): 311–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F766940">10.2307/766940</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-920X">0016-920X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/766940">766940</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191752841">191752841</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418200518/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/766940">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gesta&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+Santo+Stefano%3A+A+%27Jerusalem%27+in+Bologna&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=311-321&rft.date=1981-01-01&rft.issn=0016-920X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191752841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F766940%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F766940&rft.aulast=Ousterhout&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F766940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecommondenominator.com/020899_news7.html">"February 8, 1999 – News – Bringing a part of the Holy Land to America"</a>. www.thecommondenominator.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123172311/http://thecommondenominator.com/020899_news7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecommondenominator.com&rft.atitle=February+8%2C+1999+%E2%80%93+News+%E2%80%93+Bringing+a+part+of+the+Holy+Land+to+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecommondenominator.com%2F020899_news7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2019" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Andrew (2019). The World of the Crusades: A Daily Life Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440854620" title="Special:BookSources/9781440854620"><bdi>9781440854620</bdi></a>. <q>was housed in the most important church in Christendom, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Crusades%3A+A+Daily+Life+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781440854620&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDK2016" class="citation book cs1">Jerusalem, Israel, Petra & Sinai. <a href="/wiki/DK_(publisher)" title="DK (publisher)">DK</a>. 2016 [2000]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-4131-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-4131-7"><bdi>978-1-4654-4131-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%2C+Israel%2C+Petra+%26+Sinai&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4654-4131-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2005" class="citation cs2">Morris, Colin (2005), The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West: From the Beginning to 1600, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198269281" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198269281"><bdi>978-0198269281</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sepulchre+of+Christ+and+the+Medieval+West%3A+From+the+Beginning+to+1600&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0198269281&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddle1999" class="citation book cs1">Biddle, Martin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Od1OAAAAMAAJ">The Tomb of Christ</a>. Scarborough: Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-1926-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-1926-4"><bdi>0-7509-1926-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061309/https://books.google.com/books?id=Od1OAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tomb+of+Christ&rft.place=Scarborough&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7509-1926-4&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOd1OAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddleSeligmanTamarAvni2000" class="citation book cs1">Biddle, Martin; Seligman, Jon; Tamar, Winter & Avni, Gideon (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5vpAAAAMAAJ">The Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>. New York: Rizzoli in cooperation with Israel Antiquities Authority, distributed by St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8478-2282-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8478-2282-6"><bdi>0-8478-2282-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rizzoli+in+cooperation+with+Israel+Antiquities+Authority%2C+distributed+by+St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8478-2282-6&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Seligman%2C+Jon&rft.au=Tamar%2C+Winter&rft.au=Avni%2C+Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5vpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoüasnon1974" class="citation book cs1">Coüasnon, Charles (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zSCAAAAIAAJ">The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem</a>. London: Oxford University Press for the British Academy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-725938-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-725938-3"><bdi>0-19-725938-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061311/https://books.google.com/books?id=6zSCAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+in+Jerusalem&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+for+the+British+Academy&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-19-725938-3&rft.aulast=Co%C3%BCasnon&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6zSCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonTaylor1994" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Shimon; Taylor, Joan E. (1994). Beneath the Church of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem: The archaeology and early history of traditional Golgotha. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903526-53-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903526-53-0"><bdi>0-903526-53-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beneath+the+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+Jerusalem%3A+The+archaeology+and+early+history+of+traditional+Golgotha&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-903526-53-0&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Shimon&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Joan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Raymond (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Saving-Holy-Sepulchre-Christians-Together/dp/B004JZX3QK/ref=pd_sim_b_4?ie=UTF8&refRID=08DSS1138EPZ2MM3VGNY#reader_B004JZX3QK">Saving the Holy Sepulchre: How Rival Christians Came Together to Rescue Their Holiest Shrine</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518966-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518966-7"><bdi>978-0-19-518966-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321000317/https://www.amazon.com/Saving-Holy-Sepulchre-Christians-Together/dp/B004JZX3QK/ref=pd_sim_b_4?ie=UTF8&refRID=08DSS1138EPZ2MM3VGNY#reader_B004JZX3QK">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+the+Holy+Sepulchre%3A+How+Rival+Christians+Came+Together+to+Rescue+Their+Holiest+Shrine&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518966-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FSaving-Holy-Sepulchre-Christians-Together%2Fdp%2FB004JZX3QK%2Fref%3Dpd_sim_b_4%3Fie%3DUTF8%26refRID%3D08DSS1138EPZ2MM3VGNY%23reader_B004JZX3QK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bowman, Glenn (16 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/28173">"'In Dubious Battle on the Plains of Heav'n': The Politics of Possession in Jerusalem's Holy Sepulchre"</a>. History and Anthropology. XXII (3). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a>: 371–399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02757206.2011.595008">10.1080/02757206.2011.595008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144211027">144211027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=%27In+Dubious+Battle+on+the+Plains+of+Heav%27n%27%3A+The+Politics+of+Possession+in+Jerusalem%27s+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.volume=XXII&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=371-399&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02757206.2011.595008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144211027%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkar.kent.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F28173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStasolla2022" class="citation journal cs1">Stasolla, Francesca Romana (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484/J.LA.5.134546">"Archaeological excavations in Jerusalem, Holy Sepulchre: a preliminary report"</a>. Liber Annuus. 72: 449–486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.LA.5.134546">10.1484/J.LA.5.134546</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0081-8933">0081-8933</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258666985">258666985</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061318/https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/10.1484/J.LA.5.134546">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liber+Annuus&rft.atitle=Archaeological+excavations+in+Jerusalem%2C+Holy+Sepulchre%3A+a+preliminary+report&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=449-486&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258666985%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0081-8933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.LA.5.134546&rft.aulast=Stasolla&rft.aufirst=Francesca+Romana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1484%2FJ.LA.5.134546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore_Watson" title="Charles Moore Watson">Watson, Charles Moore</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sepulchre,_The_Holy">"Sepulchre, The Holy" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 656–658.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sepulchre%2C+The+Holy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=656-658&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Moore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"> This also contains a detailed summary of the then-current theories as to the location of the tomb, with an extensive bibliography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitzmann1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weitzmann" title="Kurt Weitzmann">Weitzmann, Kurt</a>, ed. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533">Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870991790" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870991790"><bdi>978-0870991790</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426182735/http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+spirituality%3A+late+antique+and+early+Christian+art%2C+third+to+seventh+century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0870991790&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F156533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuke1924" class="citation book cs1">Luke, Harry Charles (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/jerusalem192019200ashbuoft/jerusalem192019200ashbuoft.pdf">"The Christian Communities in the Holy Sepulchre"</a> (PDF). In Ashbee, Charles Robert (ed.). Jerusalem 1920–1922: Being the Records of the Pro-Jerusalem Council during the First Two Years of the Civil Administratio. London: John Murray. pp. 46–56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905192119/https://archive.org/download/jerusalem192019200ashbuoft/jerusalem192019200ashbuoft.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Communities+in+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+1920%E2%80%931922%3A+Being+the+Records+of+the+Pro-Jerusalem+Council+during+the+First+Two+Years+of+the+Civil+Administratio&rft.place=London&rft.pages=46-56&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Luke&rft.aufirst=Harry+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fjerusalem192019200ashbuoft%2Fjerusalem192019200ashbuoft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Holy Sepulchre">Holy Sepulchre</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thechurchoftheholysepulchre.com">The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem</a>, dedicated church website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616221512/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000326_holy-sepulchre_en.html">Homily of John Paul II in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/jerusalem-church-of-holy-sepulchre.htm">Sacred Destinations</a> (article, interactive plan, photo gallery)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primo.nli.org.il/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=NLI&docId=NNL_MAPS_JER002368059">Map of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 1715, by Nicolas de Fer.</a> Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bankfoto.info/fotografie/obiekty/bazylika-grobu-swietego-w-jerozolimie-2/">Photos of the church</a>, legends in Polish with some English</li></ul> Custodians <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.jerusalem-patriarchate.info/">The Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre</a> (Greek Orthodox custodians)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.custodia.org/en/sanctuaries/holy-sepulchre">Franciscan Custody in the Holy Land</a> (Roman Catholic custodians)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thejoudehfamily.simdif.com/">The Joudeh family</a> (Muslim custodian of the keys of the Holy Sepulchre)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuseibeh.org/history.htm">Nuseibeh family</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722083855/http://www.nuseibeh.org/history.htm">Archived</a> 22 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Muslim Holy Sepulchre door keepers)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenian-patriarchate.com/">St. James Brotherhood</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621235437/http://armenian-patriarchate.com/">Archived</a> 21 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Armenian custodians)</li></ul> Virtual tours <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.360tr.com/church-of-the-holy-sepulchre-atrium-virtual-tour_9cc4a66367_en.html">Church of the Holy Sepulchre Virtual Tour</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.360tr.net/jerusalem/holy-sepulchre/">The Holy Sepulchre Virtual Tour</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 November 2024, at 15:32 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabeskirche" title="Grabeskirche – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Grabeskirche" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="كنيسة القيامة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كنيسة القيامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%95%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܥܕܬܐ ܕܩܝܡܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܕܬܐ ܕܩܝܡܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s_m%C9%99qb%C9%99r%C9%99_kils%C9%99si" title="Müqəddəs məqbərə kilsəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəs məqbərə kilsəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Храм Гроба Гасподняга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Храм Гроба Гасподняга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B9" title="Храм Труны Гасподняй – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Храм Труны Гасподняй" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahan_nin_Banal_na_Sepulkro" title="Simbahan nin Banal na Sepulkro – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Simbahan nin Banal na Sepulkro" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC)" title="Възкресение Христово (Йерусалим) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Възкресение Христово (Йерусалим)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bez_Santel" title="Bez Santel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bez Santel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica_del_Sant_Sepulcre" title="Basílica del Sant Sepulcre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Basílica del Sant Sepulcre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahang_Banal_sa_Sepulkro" title="Simbahang Banal sa Sepulkro – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Simbahang Banal sa Sepulkro" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu" title="Chrám Božího hrobu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chrám Božího hrobu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglwys_y_Beddrod_Sanctaidd" title="Eglwys y Beddrod Sanctaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eglwys y Beddrod Sanctaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravkirken" title="Gravkirken – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gravkirken" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabeskirche" title="Grabeskirche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grabeskirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCha_Haua_kirik" title="Püha Haua kirik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Püha Haua kirik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82" title="Ναός της Αναστάσεως – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναός της Αναστάσεως" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Sepulcro" title="Santo Sepulcro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Santo Sepulcro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baziliko_de_la_Sankta_Tombo" title="Baziliko de la Sankta Tombo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baziliko de la Sankta Tombo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilobi_Santuaren_eliza" title="Hilobi Santuaren eliza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hilobi Santuaren eliza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="کلیسای مقبره مقدس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای مقبره مقدس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_du_Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_(J%C3%A9rusalem)" title="Église du Saint-Sépulcre (Jérusalem) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église du Saint-Sépulcre (Jérusalem)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillich_Gr%C3%AAftsjerke" title="Hillich Grêftsjerke – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hillich Grêftsjerke" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teampall_an_Tuama_Naofa" title="Teampall an Tuama Naofa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teampall an Tuama Naofa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Sepulcro" title="Santo Sepulcro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Santo Sepulcro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%98%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="성묘교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성묘교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Սուրբ Հարության տաճար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրբ Հարության տաճար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A" title="पवित्र कब्र वाला चर्च – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पवित्र कब्र वाला चर्च" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika_Svetoga_groba" title="Bazilika Svetoga groba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bazilika Svetoga groba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Makam_Kudus" title="Gereja Makam Kudus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Makam Kudus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_del_Santo_Sepolcro" title="Basilica del Santo Sepolcro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Basilica del Santo Sepolcro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8" title="כנסיית הקבר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כנסיית הקבר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ქრისტეს საფლავის ტაძარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქრისტეს საფლავის ტაძარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanisa_la_Kaburi_na_Ufufuo_wa_Yesu" title="Kanisa la Kaburi na Ufufuo wa Yesu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanisa la Kaburi na Ufufuo wa Yesu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Sancti_Sepulcri" title="Ecclesia Sancti Sepulcri – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia Sancti Sepulcri" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%93t%C4%81_kapa_bazn%C4%ABca" title="Svētā kapa baznīca – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svētā kapa baznīca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristaus_Kapo_bazilika" title="Kristaus Kapo bazilika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kristaus Kapo bazilika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szent_S%C3%ADr-templom" title="Szent Sír-templom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szent Sír-templom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Базилика на Светиот гроб – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Базилика на Светиот гроб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiangonan%27_ny_Fasana_Masina" title="Fiangonan' ny Fasana Masina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiangonan' ny Fasana Masina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="كنيسة القيامه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كنيسة القيامه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Makam_Suci" title="Gereja Makam Suci – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gereja Makam Suci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilig_Grafkerk" title="Heilig Grafkerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heilig Grafkerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%A2%B3%E5%A2%93%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="聖墳墓教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖墳墓教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Делан Къуббанан килс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Делан Къуббанан килс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_hellige_gravs_kirke" title="Den hellige gravs kirke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den hellige gravs kirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravkyrkja" title="Gravkyrkja – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gravkyrkja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="پاک قبر والا گرجا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاک قبر والا گرجا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazylika_Grobu_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego" title="Bazylika Grobu Świętego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bazylika Grobu Świętego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Sepulcro" title="Santo Sepulcro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Santo Sepulcro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_Sf%C3%A2ntului_Morm%C3%A2nt" title="Biserica Sfântului Mormânt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biserica Sfântului Mormânt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Храм Гроба Господня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Храм Гроба Господня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisha_e_Varrit_t%C3%AB_Shenjt%C3%AB" title="Kisha e Varrit të Shenjtë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kisha e Varrit të Shenjtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%96_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ශුද්ධවූ සොහොන් ගැබෙහි දේවස්ථානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශුද්ධවූ සොහොන් ගැබෙහි දේවස්ථානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika_Sv%C3%A4t%C3%A9ho_hrobu" title="Bazilika Svätého hrobu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bazilika Svätého hrobu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika_Bo%C5%BEjega_groba,_Jeruzalem" title="Bazilika Božjega groba, Jeruzalem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bazilika Božjega groba, Jeruzalem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Храм Васкрсења Христовог – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Храм Васкрсења Христовог" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika_Svetoga_groba" title="Bazilika Svetoga groba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bazilika Svetoga groba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4n_haudan_kirkko" title="Pyhän haudan kirkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyhän haudan kirkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliga_gravens_kyrka" title="Heliga gravens kyrka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Heliga gravens kyrka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahan_ng_Banal_na_Sepulkro" title="Simbahan ng Banal na Sepulkro – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Simbahan ng Banal na Sepulkro" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திருக்கல்லறைத் தேவாலயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருக்கல்லறைத் தேவாலயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="โบสถ์พระคูหาศักดิ์สิทธิ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โบสถ์พระคูหาศักดิ์สิทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsal_Kabir_Kilisesi" title="Kutsal Kabir Kilisesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kutsal Kabir Kilisesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Храм Гробу Господнього – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Храм Гробу Господнього" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="کلیسائے مقبرہ مقدس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلیسائے مقبرہ مقدس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_th%E1%BB%9D_M%E1%BB%99_Th%C3%A1nh" title="Nhà thờ Mộ Thánh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà thờ Mộ Thánh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singbahan_han_Baraan_nga_Sepulkro" title="Singbahan han Baraan nga Sepulkro – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Singbahan han Baraan nga Sepulkro" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A2%93%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="圣墓教堂 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣墓教堂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8-%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9A" title="קבר-קירך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קבר-קירך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%A2%93%E5%A4%A7%E6%AE%BF" title="聖墓大殿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖墓大殿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A2%93%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="圣墓教堂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圣墓教堂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-b2n64","wgBackendResponseTime":3673,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_fb11e7ecd2fd3db3a11ffa3e4693ce4a53fdaa08":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q187702","properties":{"title":"Church of the Holy Sepulchre","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#606060"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q187702","properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Church of the Holy Sepulchre"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[35.22972222222222,31.778333333333332],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Church of the Holy 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