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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kanguka" title="Kanguka">Kanguka</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Magazine in Rwanda that served to stoke ethnic hatred in the run-up to the Rwandan Genocide</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><i>Kangura</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kangura_12-1993_cover.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Kangura_12-1993_cover.gif/300px-Kangura_12-1993_cover.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/53/Kangura_12-1993_cover.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="322" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The cover of the November 1991 issue of <i>Kangura</i>. The title states, "<a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a>: Race of God", while the text to the right of the machete states, "Which weapons are we going to use to beat the cockroaches for good?". The man pictured is the second president of the First Republic, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_Kayibanda" title="Grégoire Kayibanda">Grégoire Kayibanda</a>, who made Hutu the governing ethnicity after the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">1959 massacres</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Editor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ngeze" title="Hassan Ngeze">Hassan Ngeze</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Categories</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">Political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Bimonthly<sup id="cite_ref-ICTR_01_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICTR_01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First issue</th><td class="infobox-data">1990</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Final issue</th><td class="infobox-data">6 April 1994</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gisenyi" title="Gisenyi">Gisenyi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Kangura</b></i> was a <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>-language magazine in <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> that served to stoke ethnic hatred in the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>. The magazine was established in May 1990, a few months prior to <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">the invasion</a> of the rebel <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a> (RPF), and continued publishing up to the genocide. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ngeze" title="Hassan Ngeze">Hassan Ngeze</a>, the magazine was a response to the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">RPF</a>-sponsored <i><a href="/wiki/Kanguka" title="Kanguka">Kanguka</a></i>, adopting a similar informal style. "Kangura" was a Rwandan word meaning "wake others up", as opposed to "Kanguka", which meant "wake up".<sup id="cite_ref-Melvern49_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melvern49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journal was based in <a href="/wiki/Gisenyi" title="Gisenyi">Gisenyi</a>. </p><p>The magazine was the print equivalent to the later-established <a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a> (RTLM), publishing articles harshly critical of the RPF and of <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsis</a> generally. Its sensationalist news was passed by word-of-mouth through the largely illiterate population. Copies of <i>Kangura</i> were read in public meetings and, as the genocide approached, during <a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a> militia rallies.<sup id="cite_ref-Melvern49_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melvern49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_and_connections">Support and connections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangura&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Support and connections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/250px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/330px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/500px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-top-caption">Human skulls at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Nyamata_Genocide_Memorial_Centre" title="Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre">Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Rwandan_genocide" title="Category:Rwandan genocide">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">History of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Kingdom of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_and_Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira">Assassination of<br />Habyarimana and Ntaryamira</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initial_events_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Initial events of the Rwandan genocide">Initial events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Timeline of the Rwandan genocide">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gikondo_massacre" title="Gikondo massacre">Gikondo massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Church_massacre" title="Musha Church massacre">Musha Church massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyarubuye_massacre" title="Nyarubuye massacre">Nyarubuye massacre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Parties responsible</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_indicted_in_the_International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="List of people indicted in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">People indicted</a> by the<br /><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocidaires">Genocidaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akazu" title="Akazu">Akazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impuzamugambi" title="Impuzamugambi">Impuzamugambi militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe militia</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kangura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">RTLM radio</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Response</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_international_community_in_the_Rwandan_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the international community in the Rwandan genocide">International community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda">United Nations Mission</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_935" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 935">UN Security Council<br />Resolution 935</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Turquoise" title="Opération Turquoise">Opération "Turquoise"</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Aftermath</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">Great Lakes refugee crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacaca_court" title="Gacaca court">Gacaca court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Massacres of Hutus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Resources</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Bibliography of the Rwandan genocide">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_Rwandan_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films about the Rwandan Genocide">Filmography</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rwandan_genocide_sidebar" title="Template:Rwandan genocide sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rwandan_genocide_sidebar" title="Template talk:Rwandan genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rwandan_genocide_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rwandan genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The journal was financed by military officers, <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement_for_Democracy_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development">MRND</a> members and an intelligence agency of the government. Supporters included Lt.-Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatole_Nsengiyumva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatole Nsengiyumva (page does not exist)">Anatole Nsengiyumva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protais_Zigiranyirazo" title="Protais Zigiranyirazo">Protais Zigiranyirazo</a>, both later charged by the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a>. Two language editions were published twice a month in batches of 1,500 to 3,000 copies. Some of the early editions were published on government printing presses. Due to the magazine's close ties with the government, it came to be viewed as a vehicle for the government of President <a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Juvénal Habyarimana</a> to test ideas, though <i>Kangura</i> did not hesitate to criticize the president over perceived concessions made during the <a href="/wiki/Arusha_Accords_(Rwanda)" title="Arusha Accords (Rwanda)">negotiations in Arusha</a> with the rebel <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a> (RPF).<sup id="cite_ref-Melvern49_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melvern49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kangura</i> criticised democracy as sowing discord between Hutu and called for rallying around the MRND.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kangura</i> was key in fomenting extremism and, in turn, became the mouthpiece of the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_pour_la_D%C3%A9fense_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition pour la Défense de la République">CDR</a> upon its founding in February 1992. The CDR was an extremist offshoot of the MRND that campaigned for a "pure Hutu" nation and prohibited Rwandans with Tutsi grandparents from joining. While initially formed to give the MRND and Habyarimana deniability for the positions espoused, the CDR soon developed a life of its own. <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_Dallaire" title="Roméo Dallaire">Roméo Dallaire</a>, the Force Commander of <a href="/wiki/UNAMIR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAMIR">UNAMIR</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> peacekeeping force, would later refer to <i>Kangura</i> as "their <i>[the CDR's]</i> propaganda rag" and a "scurrilous extremist newspaper".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extensive connections of <i>Kangura</i> to the ruling elite appeared to give the magazine inside knowledge. "People who might otherwise have ignored [the magazine] paid attention, because <i>Kangura</i> seemed to know what was going to happen before it did," stated Kenyan journalist Mary Kimani.<sup id="cite_ref-Raston_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raston-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangura&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An article in the sixth issue, published December 1990, was the first publication of the "<a href="/wiki/Hutu_Ten_Commandments" title="Hutu Ten Commandments">Hutu Ten Commandments</a>", which decreed that Hutus who interacted with Tutsis were traitors.<sup id="cite_ref-Melvern49_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melvern49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The propaganda of <i>Kangura</i> targeted women in particular, accusing Tutsi women of seducing Hutu in order to spy on them and mollify them, but only bearing the children of other Tutsi.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another article of December 1990 claimed that the Tutsi were prepared for a war. The back of issue six was a picture of French president <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> with the caption, "It is during hard times that one comes to know one's true friends."<sup id="cite_ref-Melvern50_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melvern50-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An editorial in the 9 February 1991 issue stated: "Let us learn about the inkotanyi <i>[RPF supporters]</i> and let us exterminate every last one of them". In a November 1991 edition, Ngeze asked "What tools will we use to defeat the Inyenzi once and for all?" alongside an image of a <a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">machete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_01_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson_01-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The March 1993 issue advised, "A <a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">cockroach</a> gives birth to a <a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">cockroach</a>... the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">history of Rwanda</a> shows us clearly that a Tutsi always stays exactly the same, that he has never changed." <i>Kangura</i> further asserted that some who said they were Hutus were in fact Tutsis and that these individuals could be recognized because they "lacked commitment to the Hutu cause" and that the RPF had launched its 1990 invasion in order to reestablish the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan monarchy">Tutsi monarchy</a> and enslave the Hutus.<sup id="cite_ref-Melvern50_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melvern50-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The writings of founder Ngeze in the journal regularly hinted at exterminations. In issue 54, of March 1994, Ngeze stated that the RPF had a list of 1600 people who they would kill if they ever took power and warned "the accomplices of the enemy are well known. Therefore the <a href="/wiki/Inyenzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Inyenzi">Inyenzi</a> should have the courage to understand that they are making a slight error, they shall be exterminated."<sup id="cite_ref-Melvern51_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melvern51-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kangura</i> also implied threats against <a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Juvénal Habyarimana</a>, especially after its funders moved from the MRND to the CDR. The December 1993 issue stated that a Hutu soldier enraged by the <a href="/wiki/Arusha_Accords_(Rwanda)" title="Arusha Accords (Rwanda)">Arusha Accords</a> would soon assassinate the president. The January 1994 issue predicted that <a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Habyarimana</a> would be killed in March.<sup id="cite_ref-Melvern124_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melvern124-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangura&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kangura</i> had stopped publishing by 6 April 1994, when the plane carrying Presidents <a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Habyarimana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Cyprien Ntaryamira">Cyprien Ntaryamira</a> of <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Habyarimana_and_Ntaryamira" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Habyarimana and Ntaryamira">shot down</a> over <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raston_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raston-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sparked <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">the genocide</a>. Over 800,000 people were killed, mostly Tutsis but including Hutu moderates who refused to take part in the massacres or attempted to protect Tutsi from the militias. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ngeze" title="Hassan Ngeze">Hassan Ngeze</a>, the founder, editor and accountant for <i>Kangura</i> fled the country as the RPF took control. He was arrested in 1997 and charged by the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> for his involvement with <i>Kangura</i>, as well as for his supervision of massacres in his home province of <a href="/wiki/Gisenyi_Province" title="Gisenyi Province">Gisenyi</a>. His trial, grouped with that of <a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">RTLM</a> co-founders <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Nahimana" title="Ferdinand Nahimana">Ferdinand Nahimana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bosco_Barayagwiza" title="Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza">Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza</a>, was the first to establish that media organizations could be held responsible for <a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">inciting genocide</a> since the 1946 conviction of <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> publisher <a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a>. In 2003, Ngeze was sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a>; Nahimana and Barayagwiza were also convicted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangura&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/28px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/42px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/56px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a> (RTLM)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanguka" title="Kanguka">Kanguka</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangura&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICTR_01-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICTR_01_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Prosecutor v. Ferdinand Nahimana, Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, Hassan Ngeze (Judgement and Sentence), ICTR-99-52-T, pg. 7, Nr. 2.7, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 3 December 2003, available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/404468bc2.html">http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/404468bc2.html</a> [Retrieved 19 March 2013]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melvern49-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melvern49_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melvern49_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melvern49_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melvern49_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Linda Melvern, <i>Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide</i>, Verso, 2004, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-588-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-588-6">1-85984-588-6</a>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChrétienKabanda2013" class="citation book cs1">Chrétien, Jean-Pierre; Kabanda, Marcel (2013). <i>Rwanda, Racisme et Génocide : l'idéologie hamitique</i>. Belin. p. 182-183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7011-4860-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7011-4860-1"><bdi>978-2-7011-4860-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rwanda%2C+Racisme+et+G%C3%A9nocide+%3A+l%27id%C3%A9ologie+hamitique&rft.pages=182-183&rft.pub=Belin&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-7011-4860-1&rft.aulast=Chr%C3%A9tien&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Kabanda%2C+Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKangura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_Dallaire" title="Roméo Dallaire">Roméo Dallaire</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shake_Hands_with_the_Devil_(book)" title="Shake Hands with the Devil (book)">Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda</a></i>, Carroll & Graf, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-1510-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-1510-3">0-7867-1510-3</a>, pp. 133-183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raston-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raston_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raston_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/September-October-2002/feature_raston_sepoct2002.msp">"Radio Hate"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802040920/http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/September-October-2002/feature_raston_sepoct2002.msp">Archived</a> 2018-08-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Dina Temple-Raston, <i>Legal Affairs</i>, September–October 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanwebdesign.com/~catalina/commandments.htm">"Hutu Ten Commandments"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060512004333/http://www.trumanwebdesign.com/~catalina/commandments.htm">Archived</a> 2006-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, hosted by trumanwebdesign.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChrétienKabanda2013" class="citation book cs1">Chrétien, Jean-Pierre; Kabanda, Marcel (2013). <i>Rwanda, Racisme et Génocide : l'idéologie hamitique</i>. Belin. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7011-4860-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7011-4860-1"><bdi>978-2-7011-4860-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rwanda%2C+Racisme+et+G%C3%A9nocide+%3A+l%27id%C3%A9ologie+hamitique&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Belin&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-7011-4860-1&rft.aulast=Chr%C3%A9tien&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Kabanda%2C+Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKangura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melvern50-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melvern50_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melvern50_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Melvern, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson_01-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_01_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Thompson2007" class="citation book cs1">Alan Thompson, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130916062855/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131"><i>The Media and the Rwanda Genocide</i></a>. Pluto Press, Fountain Publishers, IDRC. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74532-625-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74532-625-2"><bdi>978-0-74532-625-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131">the original</a> on 16 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Media+and+the+Rwanda+Genocide&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Pluto+Press%2C+Fountain+Publishers%2C+IDRC&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-74532-625-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idrc.ca%2FEN%2FResources%2FPublications%2FPages%2FIDRCBookDetails.aspx%3FPublicationID%3D131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKangura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melvern51-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melvern51_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melvern, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melvern124-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melvern124_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melvern, p. 124</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangura&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130103180249/http://www.trumanwebdesign.com/~catalina/kangura.htm">Complete collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130103180249/http://www.trumanwebdesign.com/~catalina/kangura.htm"><i>Kanguka</i> and <i>Kangura</i> magazines</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived January 3, 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.idrc.ca/en/book/media-and-rwanda-genocide">https://www.idrc.ca/en/book/media-and-rwanda-genocide</a> "<i>Kangura</i>: the triumph of propaganda refined"] by Marcel Kabanda, in Allan Thompson, ed., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idrc.ca/en/book/media-and-rwanda-genocide"><i>The Media and the Rwanda Genocide</i></a>, Pluto Press: London, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55250-338-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55250-338-0">1-55250-338-0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rwandafile.com/Kangura/index.html">RwandaFile</a>: Articles from <i>Kangura</i>, in English, French and Kinyarwanda</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangura&oldid=1281490921">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangura&oldid=1281490921</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990_establishments_in_Rwanda" title="Category:1990 establishments in Rwanda">1990 establishments in Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1994_disestablishments_in_Rwanda" title="Category:1994 disestablishments in Rwanda">1994 disestablishments in Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_magazines_published_in_Rwanda" title="Category:Defunct magazines published in Rwanda">Defunct magazines published in Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_political_magazines" title="Category:Defunct political magazines">Defunct political magazines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Far-right_politics_in_Rwanda" title="Category:Far-right politics in Rwanda">Far-right politics in Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French-language_magazines" title="Category:French-language magazines">French-language magazines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magazines_established_in_1990" title="Category:Magazines established in 1990">Magazines established in 1990</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magazines_disestablished_in_1994" title="Category:Magazines disestablished in 1994">Magazines disestablished in 1994</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incitement_to_genocide_in_Rwanda" title="Category:Incitement to genocide in Rwanda">Incitement to genocide in Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magazines_published_in_Rwanda" title="Category:Magazines published in Rwanda">Magazines published in Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hutu" title="Category:Hutu">Hutu</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 March 2025, at 18:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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