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class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-教育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>教育</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-教育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-榮譽與獎項" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#榮譽與獎項"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>榮譽與獎項</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-榮譽與獎項-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-職業" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#職業"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>職業</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-職業-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-專業認證" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#專業認證"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>專業認證</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-專業認證-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关專業認證子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-專業認證-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-英國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>英國</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參看" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參看"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參看</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參看-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註腳" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註腳"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>註腳</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註腳-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">物理学家</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。81种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiker" title="Physiker – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Physiker" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="فيزيائي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيزيائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%89" title="فيزيائى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيزيائى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Фізік – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фізік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Фізык – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фізык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Физик – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Физик" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dar" title="Fizičar – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fizičar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsic" title="Físic – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Físic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%ACk-l%C4%AB-h%C5%8Fk-g%C4%83" title="Ŭk-lī-hŏk-gă – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭk-lī-hŏk-gă" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فیزیکزان – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیزیکزان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzik" title="Fyzik – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fyzik" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysiker" title="Fysiker – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fysiker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiker" title="Physiker – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Physiker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Φυσικός – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυσικός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Physicist" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikisto" title="Fizikisto – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fizikisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsico" title="Físico – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Físico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCsik" title="Füüsik – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Füüsik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فیزیک‌دان – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیزیک‌دان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyysikko" title="Fyysikko – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fyysikko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicien" title="Physicien – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Physicien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiceoir" title="Fisiceoir – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fisiceoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiosaigiche" title="Fiosaigiche – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fiosaigiche" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsico,_f%C3%ADsica" title="Físico, física – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Físico, física" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99" title="פיזיקאי – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיזיקאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="भौतिक विज्ञानी – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भौतिक विज्ञानी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dar" title="Fizičar – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fizičar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikus" title="Fizikus – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fizikus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Ֆիզիկոս – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիզիկոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physico" title="Physico – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Physico" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisikawan" title="Fisikawan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fisikawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisico" title="Fisico – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fisico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85" title="物理学者 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="物理学者" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisikawan" title="Fisikawan – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fisikawan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Физик – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Физик" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BC" title="រូបវិទូ – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រូបវិទូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90" title="물리학자 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물리학자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiz%C3%AEknas" title="Fizîknas – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fizîknas" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicus" title="Physicus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Physicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiker" title="Physiker – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Physiker" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurkundige" title="Natuurkundige – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Natuurkundige" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizi%C4%B7is" title="Fiziķis – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fiziķis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisikawan" title="Fisikawan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Fisikawan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpahay_fizika" title="Mpahay fizika – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mpahay fizika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Физичар – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Физичар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E" title="भौतिकशास्त्रज्ञ – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भौतिकशास्त्रज्ञ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahli_fizik" title="Ahli fizik – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ahli fizik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="भौतिकशास्त्री – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भौतिकशास्त्री" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurkundige" title="Natuurkundige – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natuurkundige" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysikar" title="Fysikar – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fysikar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysiker" title="Fysiker – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fysiker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisician" title="Fisician – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fisician" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizyk" title="Fizyk – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fizyk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طبیعیات دان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="طبیعیات دان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87" title="فزيک پوه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فزيک پوه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsico" title="Físico – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Físico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizician" title="Fizician – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fizician" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Физик – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Физик" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Physicist" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dar" title="Fizičar – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fizičar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Physicist" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzik" title="Fyzik – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fyzik" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikanti" title="Fizikanti – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fizikanti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Физичар – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Физичар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysiker" title="Fysiker – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fysiker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இயற்பியலறிஞர் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயற்பியலறிஞர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Физикдон – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Физикдон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="นักฟิสิกส์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักฟิสิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik%C3%A7i" title="Fizikçi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fizikçi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Фізик – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фізик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طبیعیات دان – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طبیعیات دان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD" title="Nhà vật lý – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà vật lý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="物理学家 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="物理学家" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="פיזיקער – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פיזיקער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="物理學家 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="物理學家" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a 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width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/300px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/400px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2171" /></a><figcaption>於1927年召開的第五次<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="索尔维会议">索爾維會議</a>，全世界當時最卓越的物理學者召開會議，商討量子理論。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/200px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/300px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/400px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="艾薩克·牛頓">牛頓</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Albert_Einstein_1947.jpg/200px-Albert_Einstein_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Albert_Einstein_1947.jpg/300px-Albert_Einstein_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Albert_Einstein_1947.jpg/400px-Albert_Einstein_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4517" data-file-height="5522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="爱因斯坦">爱因斯坦</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>物理學家</b>是指受物理學訓練、並以探索<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="物質">物質</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="世界">世界</a>的組成和運行<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="規律">規律</a>（即<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="物理學">物理學</a>）為目的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="科學家">科學家</a>。研究範疇可細至構成一般物質的微細<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="粒子">粒子</a>，大至<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>的整體，不同的範圍都會有相對的專家。對應於物理學分為<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="理論物理學">理論物理學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗物理學">實驗物理學</a>，物理学家也可以分為理論物理學家和實驗物理學家。物理學中理論和實驗都是不可缺的组成部分，所以有时候這樣的分類很難界定，只不過在一個物理學家更偏重理論的情况下，被稱為理論物理學家的例子包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="爱因斯坦">爱因斯坦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="史蒂芬·威廉·霍金">史蒂芬·威廉·霍金</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="海森堡">海森堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="狄拉克">狄拉克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%E6%BA%AB%C2%B7%E8%96%9B%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="埃爾溫·薛丁格">埃爾溫·薛丁格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E8%80%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="尼爾斯·波耳">尼爾斯·波耳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E6%8C%AF%E5%AF%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="楊振寧">楊振寧</a>等；而若偏重實驗，則稱為實驗物理學家，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="艾薩克·牛頓">艾薩克·牛頓</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="法拉第">法拉第</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92" title="亨利·貝克勒">亨利·貝克勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89" title="尼古拉·特斯拉">尼古拉·特斯拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E%E5%8E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克斯·馮·勞厄">馬克斯·馮·勞厄</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="約瑟夫·湯姆森">約瑟夫·湯姆森</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF" title="欧内斯特·劳伦斯">歐內斯特·勞倫斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E5%81%A5%E9%9B%84" class="mw-redirect" title="吳健雄">吳健雄</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%82%96%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9" title="威廉·肖克利">威廉·肖克利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%A3%A3%E6%96%87" title="朱棣文">朱棣文</a> 等。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="物理学史">物理学史</a></div> <p>物理學是從古至今基於一連串的發現與對大自然的理解建立而成。現今所使用的數學與物理想法最早的表述有很多可追溯至古希臘文化，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%87%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97" title="欧几里得">欧几里得</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="泰勒斯">泰勒斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="阿基米德">阿基米德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="阿里斯塔克斯">阿里斯塔克斯</a>的著作。根號的使用也出現在古亞洲文化以及中世紀的伊斯蘭中，例如11世紀<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BB%80%E6%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="海什木">海什木</a>的著作。現代科學的世界觀及大部分的物理教育可以說是源自歐洲的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="科学革命">科学革命</a>，始於西元1600年早期<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E8%8E%B1" title="伽利略·伽利莱">伽利略·伽利莱</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%80%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92" title="约翰内斯·开普勒">约翰内斯·开普勒</a>著作。17世紀，<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">艾萨克·牛顿</a>發現了<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="牛顿运动定律">牛顿运动定律</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF%E4%B8%87%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="牛顿万有引力定律">萬有引力定律</a>。法拉第的實驗發現和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%B5%84" title="馬克士威方程組">馬克士威方程組</a>的理論是19世紀的發展高峰。20世紀初期到中期，大量的物理學家對於<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学">量子力学</a>做出了貢獻。21世紀早期的新知識中也包含了對<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="物理宇宙学">物理宇宙学</a>逐漸增加的理解。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="自然哲學">自然哲學</a>——對大自然廣泛的研究——在19世紀被劃分為數個領域，對於「科學」的現代概念也是成形於該時期。特定的類別也在此時從其他技術領域與名稱中出現，如「生物學」與「生物學家」、「物理學」與「物理學家」、「化學」與「化學家」。<sup id="cite_ref-Cahan_Natural_Philosophy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cahan_Natural_Philosophy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>其中「物理學家」（<span lang="en">physicist</span>）這個詞是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE" title="威廉·惠威爾">威廉·惠威爾</a>在其西元1840年著作《歸納科學的哲學》（<i><span lang="en">The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences</span></i>）創造的。他同時也是「科學家」（<span lang="en">scientist</span>）詞彙的創造者。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="教育"><span id=".E6.95.99.E8.82.B2"></span>教育</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：教育"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一個標準大學部物理系的課程包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="古典力學">古典力學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="电磁学">电磁学</a>、非相對論性量子力學、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学">光学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%AD%A6" title="热学">熱力學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="统计力学">统计力学</a>及實驗。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>物理系的學生也需要數學（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86%E5%AD%A6" title="微积分学">微积分学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="微分方程">微分方程</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="线性代数">线性代数</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="複分析">複變函數</a>等）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">電腦科學</a>方面的訓練。 </p><p>所有物理導向的職業都至少需要物理或應用物理的大學學位。而若要從事研究導向的職業，則需專攻特定領域以取得博士學位，如：實驗或理論<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学">天体物理学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子物理学">原子物理学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="化学物理学">化学物理学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="凝聚态物理学">凝聚态物理学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="宇宙学">宇宙学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地球物理学">地球物理学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">重力理論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="材料科学">材料科学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="醫學物理">醫學物理</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="微电子学">微电子学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="分子物理学">分子物理学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子核物理学">原子核物理学</a>、光學、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" title="辐射">辐射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%9C%BA" title="电磁场">电磁场</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2" title="微波">微波</a>物理、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93" title="等离子体">電漿</a>物理學。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="榮譽與獎項"><span id=".E6.A6.AE.E8.AD.BD.E8.88.87.E7.8D.8E.E9.A0.85"></span>榮譽與獎項</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：榮譽與獎項"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔物理学奖">诺贝尔物理学奖</a>從西元1901年開始由<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="瑞典皇家科学院">瑞典皇家科学院</a>頒發，是授與物理學家最高的榮譽。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>國際物理專業的社群也有不少給予專業認證的獎金或獎項。以<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="美國物理學會">美國物理學會</a>而言，截至西元2017年，他們在這個領域共頒發了33份獎金及38個獎項。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="職業"><span id=".E8.81.B7.E6.A5.AD"></span>職業</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：職業"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>職業物理學家的雇主主要有三種，分別是學術機構、實驗室、私人企業，其中私人企業占最大部分。學術機構或是政府實驗室的物理學家大多有著頭銜或是稱號，如：博士後研究員、助教、教授等。根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A" title="美国物理联合会">美国物理联合会</a>的數據，約有20%新的物理博士在工程發展項目工作，14%則轉向電腦軟體領域，約11%從事商業或教育。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>有部分的物理學家將物理學的技巧應用在跨領域（如<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D" title="金融">金融</a>）。大學學位的物理學家也能從事如下工作：農業科學家、飛航管制員、生物物理學家、電腦工程師、電機工程師、環境分析學家、地球物理學家、生醫物理學家、氣象學家、海洋物理學家、物理教師、教授、研究員、科學研究員、反應器物理學家、工程物理學家、微星任務分析師、科普作家、地層學家、軟體工程師、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="系統工程">系統工程師</a>、微電子工程師、雷達發展工程師、專業顧問等等。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>大部分取得物理學士學位的人都在私營部門工作，其餘領域則包括學術界、政府及軍隊、非營利組織、實驗室及教學。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>大多數取得碩士或博士學位的物理學家的工作則包含研究、觀察與分析、數據收集、儀器使用、設計並發展工業或醫療設備、計算及軟體的發展等。<sup id="cite_ref-NOC2111_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOC2111-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="專業認證"><span id=".E5.B0.88.E6.A5.AD.E8.AA.8D.E8.AD.89"></span>專業認證</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：專業認證"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="英國"><span id=".E8.8B.B1.E5.9C.8B"></span>英國</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：英國"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="特許物理學者" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chartered Physicist"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E8%A8%B1%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特許物理學者（页面不存在）">特許物理學者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Physicist" class="extiw" title="en:Chartered Physicist"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chartered Physicist</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（CPhys）是由<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="英国物理学会">英国物理学会</a>所頒發的專業認證。獲頒者會得到「CPhys」的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%B3%E9%8A%9C" title="勳銜">勳銜</a>。 </p><p>在任何職業中獲得此專業認證都代表獲頒者具有高水平的專業學科知識與專業能力。根據英國物理學會，擁有CPhys的物理學家展示了「專業的最高標準，最新的專業知識與能力」，並且擁有「獨立實踐並發揮領導作用的能力」，也「承諾追求不斷進展的知識，並承擔對所有專業都逐漸增加的期望和要求」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參看"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E7.9C.8B"></span>參看</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：參看"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="物理学家列表">物理学家列表</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註腳"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E8.85.B3"></span>註腳</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：註腳"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cahan_Natural_Philosophy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cahan_Natural_Philosophy_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cahan, David (编). 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Nobelprize.org. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716113205/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/">存档</a>于2017-07-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">AIP Statistical Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap11.pdf">Industrially Employed Physicists: Primarily in Non-STEM Fields</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2006]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307202603/https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap11.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-03-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&rft.au=AIP+Statistical+Research+Center&rft.btitle=Industrially+Employed+Physicists%3A+Primarily+in+Non-STEM+Fields&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fphd-plus-10%2Fphysprivsect-chap11.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161102165226/http://www.augusta.edu/scimath/chemistryandphysics/documents/physicshandout.pdf">What can I do with a degree in Physics?</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Augusta University. 2016 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2016]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augusta.edu/scimath/chemistryandphysics/documents/physicshandout.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2016-11-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&rft.btitle=What+can+I+do+with+a+degree+in+Physics%3F&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Augusta+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.augusta.edu%2Fscimath%2Fchemistryandphysics%2Fdocuments%2Fphysicshandout.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.iit.edu/physics/research-technical">Physicist Career Opportunities</a>. Illinois Institute of Technology. 2016 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2016]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507180032/https://science.iit.edu/physics/research-technical">存档</a>于2019-05-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&rft.btitle=Physicist+Career+Opportunities&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Illinois+Institute+of+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.iit.edu%2Fphysics%2Fresearch-technical&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineergirl.org/cms/6071.aspx">Physics Education, Applied to Engineering</a>. National Academy of Engineering (NAE). 2016 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2016]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225175812/https://www.engineergirl.org/cms/6071.aspx">存档</a>于2021-02-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&rft.btitle=Physics+Education%2C+Applied+to+Engineering&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Engineering+%28NAE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineergirl.org%2Fcms%2F6071.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/engineering/current-students/undergraduate-students/programs-and-requirements/engineering-physics.html">Engineering Physicist careers</a>. Simon Fraser University, Canada. 2016 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2017]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220114750/https://www.sfu.ca/engineering/current-students/undergraduate-students/programs-and-requirements/engineering-physics.html">存档</a>于2021-02-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&rft.btitle=Engineering+Physicist+careers&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Simon+Fraser+University%2C+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfu.ca%2Fengineering%2Fcurrent-students%2Fundergraduate-students%2Fprograms-and-requirements%2Fengineering-physics.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/statistics/pie">Initial Employment Sectors of Physics Bachelor's, Classes of 2011 & 2012 Combined</a>. American Institute of Physics. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2016]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414182624/https://www.aip.org/statistics/pie">存档</a>于2021-04-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&rft.btitle=Initial+Employment+Sectors+of+Physics+Bachelor%27s%2C+Classes+of+2011+%26+2012+Combined&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fstatistics%2Fpie&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOC2111-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOC2111_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111125832/http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/NOC/English/NOC/2011/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2111">2111 Physicists and astronomers</a>. National Occupational Classification - Canada. 2016 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2016]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/NOC/English/NOC/2011/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2111">原始内容</a>存档于2016-11-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&rft.btitle=2111+Physicists+and+astronomers&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Occupational+Classification+-+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww5.hrsdc.gc.ca%2FNOC%2FEnglish%2FNOC%2F2011%2FProfileQuickSearch.aspx%3Fval%3D2%26val1%3D2111&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Whitten, Barbara L.; Foster, Suzanne R.; Duncombe, Margaret L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130223223138/http://ptonline.aip.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_56/iss_9/46_1.shtml">What works for women in physics?</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Physics_Today&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physics Today（页面不存在）">Physics Today</a>. 2003, <b>56</b> (9): 46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhT....56i..46W"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2003PhT....56i..46W</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1620834"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1063/1.1620834</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ptonline.aip.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_56/iss_9/46_1.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2013-02-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&rft.atitle=What+works+for+women+in+physics%3F&rft.au=Duncombe%2C+Margaret+L.&rft.au=Foster%2C+Suzanne+R.&rft.au=Whitten%2C+Barbara+L.&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.pages=46&rft.volume=56&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fptonline.aip.org%2Fjournals%2Fdoc%2FPHTOAD-ft%2Fvol_56%2Fiss_9%2F46_1.shtml&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PhT....56i..46W&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1620834&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Kirby, Kate; Czujko, Roman; Mulvey, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716114825/http://ptonline.aip.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_54/iss_4/36_1.shtml">The Physics Job Market: From Bear to Bull in a Decade</a>. Physics Today. 2001, <b>54</b> (4): 36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhT....54d..36K"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2001PhT....54d..36K</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1372112"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1063/1.1372112</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ptonline.aip.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_54/iss_4/36_1.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2012-07-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&rft.atitle=The+Physics+Job+Market%3A+From+Bear+to+Bull+in+a+Decade&rft.au=Czujko%2C+Roman&rft.au=Kirby%2C+Kate&rft.au=Mulvey%2C+Patrick&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.pages=36&rft.volume=54&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fptonline.aip.org%2Fjournals%2Fdoc%2FPHTOAD-ft%2Fvol_54%2Fiss_4%2F36_1.shtml&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PhT....54d..36K&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1372112&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hermanowicz, Joseph C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/starsarenotenoug1998herm">The Stars Are Not Enough: Scientists--Their Passions and Professions</a>. University of Chicago Press. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-226-32767-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-226-32767-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-226-32767-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&rft.au=Hermanowicz%2C+Joseph+C.&rft.btitle=The+Stars+Are+Not+Enough%3A+Scientists--Their+Passions+and+Professions&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32767-9&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstarsarenotenoug1998herm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hermanowicz, Joseph C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesinscienceho0000herm">Lives in Science: How Institutions Affect Academic Careers</a>. University of Chicago Press. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-226-32761-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-226-32761-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-226-32761-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&rft.au=Hermanowicz%2C+Joseph+C.&rft.btitle=Lives+in+Science%3A+How+Institutions+Affect+Academic+Careers&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32761-7&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesinscienceho0000herm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style 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