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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relativistic_quantum_field_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Relativistic quantum field theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relativistic_quantum_field_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curved_spacetime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curved_spacetime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Curved spacetime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curved_spacetime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmological_constant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmological_constant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Cosmological constant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmological_constant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravitational_waves_and_gravitons" 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<span>Logarithmic BEC vacuum theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logarithmic_BEC_vacuum_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg/440px-CMS_Higgs-event.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1018" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Simulated <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> <a href="/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid" title="Compact Muon Solenoid">CMS</a> particle detector data depicting a <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a> produced by colliding protons decaying into hadron jets and electrons</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Evidence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_problem" title="Hierarchy problem">Hierarchy problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintessence_(physics)" title="Quintessence (physics)">Quintessence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_energy" title="Phantom energy">Phantom energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_radiation" title="Dark radiation">Dark radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_photon" title="Dark photon">Dark photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant_problem" title="Cosmological constant problem">Cosmological constant problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">Strong CP problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation" title="Neutrino oscillation">Neutrino oscillation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brans%E2%80%93Dicke_theory" title="Brans–Dicke theory">Brans–Dicke theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis" title="Cosmic censorship hypothesis">Cosmic censorship hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_force" title="Fifth force">Fifth force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-theory" title="F-theory">F-theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_field_theory" title="Unified field theory">Unified field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory" title="Grand Unified Theory">Grand Unified Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technicolor_(physics)" title="Technicolor (physics)">Technicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6D_(2,0)_superconformal_field_theory" title="6D (2,0) superconformal field theory">6D (2,0) superconformal field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noncommutative_quantum_field_theory" title="Noncommutative quantum field theory">Noncommutative quantum field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">Quantum cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brane_cosmology" title="Brane cosmology">Brane cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstring_theory" title="Superstring theory">Superstring theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-theory" title="M-theory">M-theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_universe_hypothesis" title="Mathematical universe hypothesis">Mathematical universe hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_matter" title="Mirror matter">Mirror matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall%E2%80%93Sundrum_model" title="Randall–Sundrum model">Randall–Sundrum model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N_%3D_4_supersymmetric_Yang%E2%80%93Mills_theory" title="N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory">N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twistor_string_theory" title="Twistor string theory">Twistor string theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fluid" title="Dark fluid">Dark fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_special_relativity" title="Doubly special relativity">Doubly special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Sitter_invariant_special_relativity" title="De Sitter invariant special relativity">de Sitter invariant special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_fermion_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal fermion system">Causal fermion systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics" title="Black hole thermodynamics">Black hole thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unparticle_physics" title="Unparticle physics">Unparticle physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviphoton" title="Graviphoton">Graviphoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviscalar" title="Graviscalar">Graviscalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitino" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_gravity" title="Massive gravity">Massive gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_gravitation_theory" title="Gauge gravitation theory">Gauge gravitation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_theory_gravity" title="Gauge theory gravity">Gauge theory gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPT_symmetry" title="CPT symmetry">CPT symmetry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry" title="Supersymmetry">Supersymmetry</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Model" title="Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model">MSSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-to-Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Model" title="Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model">NMSSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstring_theory" title="Superstring theory">Superstring theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-theory" title="M-theory">M-theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergravity" title="Supergravity">Supergravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry_breaking" title="Supersymmetry breaking">Supersymmetry breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_dimensions" title="Extra dimensions">Extra dimensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_extra_dimensions" title="Large extra dimensions">Large extra dimensions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum" title="False vacuum">False vacuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_foam" title="Spin foam">Spin foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_foam" title="Quantum foam">Quantum foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_geometry" title="Quantum geometry">Quantum geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity" title="Loop quantum gravity">Loop quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">Quantum cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_quantum_cosmology" title="Loop quantum cosmology">Loop quantum cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_dynamical_triangulation" title="Causal dynamical triangulation">Causal dynamical triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_fermion_systems" title="Causal fermion systems">Causal fermion systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_sets" title="Causal sets">Causal sets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_quantum_gravity" title="Canonical quantum gravity">Canonical quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiclassical_gravity" title="Semiclassical gravity">Semiclassical gravity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Superfluid vacuum theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Experiments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerator_Neutrino_Neutron_Interaction_Experiment" title="Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment">ANNIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratori_Nazionali_del_Gran_Sasso" title="Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso">Gran Sasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-based_Neutrino_Observatory" title="India-based Neutrino Observatory">INO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">LHC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Neutrino_Observatory" title="Sudbury Neutrino Observatory">SNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Kamiokande" title="Super-Kamiokande">Super-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tevatron" title="Tevatron">Tevatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOvA" title="NOvA">NOvA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beyond_the_Standard_Model" title="Template:Beyond the Standard Model"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beyond_the_Standard_Model" title="Template talk:Beyond the Standard Model"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beyond_the_Standard_Model" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beyond the Standard Model"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Superfluid vacuum theory</b> (<b>SVT</b>), sometimes known as the <b>BEC vacuum theory</b>, is an approach in <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> where the fundamental physical <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> (non-removable background) is considered as a <a href="/wiki/Superfluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfluid">superfluid</a> or as a <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a> (BEC). </p><p>The microscopic structure of this physical vacuum is currently unknown and is a subject of intensive studies in SVT. An ultimate goal of this research is to develop <a href="/wiki/Scientific_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific model">scientific models</a> that unify quantum mechanics (which describes three of the four known <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">fundamental interactions</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>, making SVT a derivative of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">quantum gravity</a> and describes all known interactions in the Universe, at both microscopic and astronomic scales, as different manifestations of the same entity, superfluid vacuum. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid_vacuum_theory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of a <a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_aether" title="Luminiferous aether">luminiferous aether</a> as a medium sustaining <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic waves">electromagnetic waves</a> was discarded after the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special theory of relativity</a>, as the presence of the concept alongside special relativity results in several contradictions; in particular, aether having a definite velocity at each spacetime point will exhibit a preferred direction. This conflicts with the relativistic requirement that all directions within a light cone are equivalent. However, as early as in 1951 <a href="/wiki/P.A.M._Dirac" class="mw-redirect" title="P.A.M. Dirac">P.A.M. Dirac</a> published two papers where he pointed out that we should take into account quantum fluctuations in the flow of the aether.<sup id="cite_ref-dir51_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dir51-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dir52_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dir52-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His arguments involve the application of the <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">uncertainty principle</a> to the velocity of aether at any spacetime point, implying that the velocity will not be a well-defined quantity. In fact, it will be distributed over various possible values. At best, one could represent the aether by a wave function representing the perfect <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum state">vacuum state</a> for which all aether velocities are equally probable. </p><p>Inspired by Dirac's ideas, K. P. Sinha, C. Sivaram and <a href="/wiki/E._C._G._Sudarshan" class="mw-redirect" title="E. C. G. Sudarshan">E. C. G. Sudarshan</a> published in 1975 a series of papers that suggested a new model for the aether according to which it is a superfluid state of fermion and anti-fermion pairs, describable by a macroscopic <a href="/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">wave function</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They noted that particle-like small fluctuations of superfluid background obey the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentz symmetry">Lorentz symmetry</a>, even if the superfluid itself is non-relativistic. Nevertheless, they decided to treat the superfluid as the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">relativistic</a> matter – by putting it into the stress–energy tensor of the <a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a>. This did not allow them to describe the <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">relativistic gravity</a> as a small fluctuation of the superfluid vacuum, as subsequent authors have noted <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Since then, several theories have been proposed within the SVT framework. They differ in how the structure and properties of the background <a href="/wiki/Superfluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfluid">superfluid</a> must look. In absence of observational data which would rule out some of them, these theories are being pursued independently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_other_concepts_and_theories">Relation to other concepts and theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid_vacuum_theory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relation to other concepts and theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lorentz_and_Galilean_symmetries">Lorentz and Galilean symmetries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid_vacuum_theory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lorentz and Galilean symmetries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the approach, the background superfluid is assumed to be essentially non-relativistic whereas the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentz symmetry">Lorentz symmetry</a> is not an exact symmetry of Nature but rather the approximate description valid only for small fluctuations. An observer who resides inside such vacuum and is capable of creating or measuring the small fluctuations would observe them as <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">relativistic</a> objects – unless their <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a> are sufficiently high to make the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentz violation">Lorentz-breaking</a> corrections detectable.<sup id="cite_ref-volovik03_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volovik03-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the energies and momenta are below the excitation threshold then the <a href="/wiki/Superfluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfluid">superfluid</a> background behaves like the <a href="/wiki/Ideal_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideal fluid">ideal fluid</a>, therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelson–Morley">Michelson–Morley</a>-type experiments would observe no <a href="/wiki/Drag_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag force">drag force</a> from such aether.<sup id="cite_ref-dir51_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dir51-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dir52_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dir52-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further, in the theory of relativity the <a href="/wiki/Galilean_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean symmetry">Galilean symmetry</a> (pertinent to our <a href="/wiki/Macroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroscopic">macroscopic</a> non-relativistic world) arises as the approximate one – when particles' velocities are small compared to <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> in vacuum. In SVT one does not need to go through Lorentz symmetry to obtain the Galilean one – the dispersion relations of most non-relativistic superfluids are known to obey the non-relativistic behavior at large momenta.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To summarize, the fluctuations of vacuum superfluid behave like relativistic objects at "small"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> momenta (a.k.a. the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phononic_limit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phononic limit (page does not exist)">phononic limit</a>") </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E^{2}\propto |{\vec {p}}|^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>∝</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E^{2}\propto |{\vec {p}}|^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aac4c5d234b48ec5dc02b57783ce4d0ce990934b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.62ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E^{2}\propto |{\vec {p}}|^{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>and like non-relativistic ones </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E\propto |{\vec {p}}|^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>∝</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E\propto |{\vec {p}}|^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0de04a3db3053facf25909e42830fa788b03d465" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.547ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E\propto |{\vec {p}}|^{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>at large momenta. The yet unknown nontrivial physics is believed to be located somewhere between these two regimes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relativistic_quantum_field_theory">Relativistic quantum field theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid_vacuum_theory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relativistic quantum field theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the relativistic <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">quantum field theory</a> the physical vacuum is also assumed to be some sort of non-trivial medium to which one can associate <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_energy" title="Vacuum energy">certain energy</a>. This is because the concept of absolutely empty space (or "mathematical vacuum") contradicts the postulates of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>. According to QFT, even in absence of real particles the background is always filled by pairs of creating and annihilating <a href="/wiki/Virtual_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual particles">virtual particles</a>. However, a direct attempt to describe such medium leads to the so-called <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_divergences" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet divergences">ultraviolet divergences</a>. In some QFT models, such as quantum electrodynamics, these problems can be "solved" using the <a href="/wiki/Renormalization" title="Renormalization">renormalization</a> technique, namely, replacing the diverging physical values by their experimentally measured values. In other theories, such as the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_quantum_gravity" title="Canonical quantum gravity">quantum general relativity</a>, this trick <a href="/wiki/Nonrenormalizable" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonrenormalizable">does not work</a>, and reliable perturbation theory cannot be constructed. </p><p>According to SVT, this is because in the high-energy ("ultraviolet") regime the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentz symmetry">Lorentz symmetry</a> starts failing so dependent theories cannot be regarded valid for all scales of energies and momenta. Correspondingly, while the Lorentz-symmetric quantum field models are obviously a good approximation below the vacuum-energy threshold, in its close vicinity the relativistic description becomes more and more "effective" and less and less natural since one will need to adjust the expressions for the <a href="/wiki/Covariance" title="Covariance">covariant</a> field-theoretical actions by hand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curved_spacetime">Curved spacetime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid_vacuum_theory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Curved spacetime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, gravitational interaction is described in terms of <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> <a href="/wiki/Curvature" title="Curvature">curvature</a> using the mathematical formalism of <a href="/wiki/Differential_geometry" title="Differential geometry">differential geometry</a>. This was supported by numerous experiments and observations in the regime of low energies. However, the attempts to quantize general relativity led to various <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity#Nonrenormalizability_of_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">severe problems</a>, therefore, the microscopic structure of gravity is still ill-defined. There may be a fundamental reason for this—the <a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(physics_and_chemistry)" title="Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)">degrees of freedom</a> of general relativity are based on what may be only approximate and <a href="/wiki/Effective_field_theory" title="Effective field theory">effective</a>. The question of whether general relativity is an effective theory has been raised for a long time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to SVT, the curved spacetime arises as the small-amplitude <a href="/wiki/Collective_excitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective excitation">collective excitation</a> mode of the non-relativistic background condensate.<sup id="cite_ref-volovik03_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volovik03-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zlo0912_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zlo0912-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mathematical description of this is similar to <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_metric" title="Acoustic metric">fluid-gravity analogy</a> which is being used also in the <a href="/wiki/Analog_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog gravity">analog gravity</a> models.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">relativistic gravity</a> is essentially a long-wavelength theory of the collective modes whose amplitude is small compared to the background one. Outside this requirement the curved-space description of gravity in terms of the Riemannian geometry becomes incomplete or ill-defined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmological_constant">Cosmological constant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid_vacuum_theory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cosmological constant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The notion of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant" title="Cosmological constant">cosmological constant</a> makes sense in a relativistic theory only, therefore, within the SVT framework this constant can refer at most to the energy of small fluctuations of the vacuum above a background value, but not to the energy of the vacuum itself.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in SVT this constant does not have any fundamental physical meaning, and related problems such as the <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_catastrophe" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum catastrophe">vacuum catastrophe</a>, simply do not occur in the first place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravitational_waves_and_gravitons">Gravitational waves and gravitons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid_vacuum_theory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gravitational waves and gravitons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information</b>. The reason given is: Gravitational waves were observed by LIGO in 2016. Additionally, the claims made here about GR are questionable.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Superfluid_vacuum_theory#Gravitational_wave_section_needs_to_be_fixed_and_updated" title="Talk:Superfluid vacuum theory">talk page</a>. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, the conventional <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational wave</a> is: </p> <ol><li>the small fluctuation of curved spacetime which</li> <li>has been separated from its source and propagates independently.</li></ol> <p>Superfluid vacuum theory brings into question the possibility that a relativistic object possessing both of these properties exists in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-zlo0912_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zlo0912-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, according to the approach, the curved spacetime itself is the small <a href="/wiki/Collective_excitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective excitation">collective excitation</a> of the superfluid background, therefore, the property (1) means that the <a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">graviton</a> would be in fact the "small fluctuation of the small fluctuation", which does not look like a physically robust concept (as if somebody tried to introduce small fluctuations inside a <a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">phonon</a>, for instance). As a result, it may be not just a coincidence that in general relativity the gravitational field alone has no well-defined <a href="/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor" title="Stress–energy tensor">stress–energy tensor</a>, only the <a href="/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93energy%E2%80%93momentum_pseudotensor" title="Stress–energy–momentum pseudotensor">pseudotensor</a> one.<sup id="cite_ref-LL_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LL-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the property (2) cannot be completely justified in a theory with exact <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentz symmetry">Lorentz symmetry</a> which the general relativity is. Though, SVT does not <i>a priori</i> forbid an existence of the non-localized <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">wave</a>-like excitations of the superfluid background which might be responsible for the astrophysical phenomena which are currently being <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave#Astrophysics_and_gravitational_waves" title="Gravitational wave">attributed</a> to gravitational waves, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hulse%E2%80%93Taylor_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulse–Taylor binary">Hulse–Taylor binary</a>. However, such excitations cannot be correctly described within the framework of a fully <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">relativistic</a> theory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_generation_and_Higgs_boson">Mass generation and Higgs boson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid_vacuum_theory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mass generation and Higgs boson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Parts of this article (those related to this section) need to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: the Higgs boson was discovered in 2012.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a> is the spin-0 particle that has been introduced in <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">electroweak theory</a> to give mass to the <a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">weak bosons</a>. The origin of mass of the Higgs boson itself is not explained by electroweak theory. Instead, this mass is introduced as a free parameter by means of the <a href="/wiki/Quartic_interaction" title="Quartic interaction">Higgs potential</a>, which thus makes it yet another free parameter of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the framework of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> (or its extensions) the theoretical estimates of this parameter's value are possible only indirectly and results differ from each other significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the usage of the Higgs boson (or any other elementary particle with predefined mass) alone is not the most fundamental solution of the <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> generation problem but only its reformulation <i>ad infinitum</i>. Another known issue of the <a href="/wiki/Glashow%E2%80%93Weinberg%E2%80%93Salam_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model">Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model</a> is the wrong sign of mass term in the (unbroken) Higgs sector for energies above the <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_scale" title="Electroweak scale">symmetry-breaking scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-higgs_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higgs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While SVT does not explicitly forbid the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_symmetry_breaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak symmetry breaking">electroweak Higgs particle</a>, it has its own idea of the fundamental mass generation mechanism – elementary particles acquire mass due to the interaction with the vacuum condensate, similarly to the gap generation mechanism in <a href="/wiki/Superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">superconductors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Superfluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfluid">superfluids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zlo0912_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zlo0912-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-az2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-az2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this idea is not entirely new, one could recall the relativistic <a href="/wiki/Coleman%E2%80%93Weinberg_potential" title="Coleman–Weinberg potential">Coleman-Weinberg approach</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SVT gives the meaning to the symmetry-breaking relativistic <a href="/wiki/Scalar_field" title="Scalar field">scalar field</a> as describing small fluctuations of background superfluid which can be interpreted as an elementary particle only under certain conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-dz01_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dz01-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, one allows two scenarios to happen: </p> <ul><li>Higgs boson exists: in this case SVT provides the mass generation mechanism which underlies the electroweak one and explains the origin of mass of the Higgs boson itself;</li> <li>Higgs boson does not exist: then the weak bosons acquire mass by directly interacting with the vacuum condensate.</li></ul> <p>Thus, the Higgs boson, even if it exists, would be a by-product of the fundamental mass generation phenomenon rather than its cause.<sup id="cite_ref-dz01_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dz01-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, some versions of SVT favor a <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Logarithmic Schrödinger equation">wave equation based on the logarithmic potential</a> rather than on the <a href="/wiki/Quartic_interaction" title="Quartic interaction">quartic</a> one. The former potential has not only the Mexican-hat shape, necessary for the <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking" title="Spontaneous symmetry breaking">spontaneous symmetry breaking</a>, but also some <a href="/wiki/Superfluid_vacuum#Logarithmic_BEC_vacuum_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfluid vacuum">other features</a> which make it more suitable for the vacuum's description. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logarithmic_BEC_vacuum_theory">Logarithmic BEC vacuum theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid_vacuum_theory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Logarithmic BEC vacuum theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this model the physical vacuum is conjectured to be strongly-correlated <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">quantum Bose liquid</a> whose ground-state <a href="/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">wavefunction</a> is described by the <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Logarithmic Schrödinger equation">logarithmic Schrödinger equation</a>. It was shown that the <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">relativistic gravitational interaction</a> arises as the small-amplitude <a href="/wiki/Collective_excitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective excitation">collective excitation</a> mode whereas relativistic <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary particles">elementary particles</a> can be described by the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-particle">particle-like modes</a> in the limit of low energies and momenta.<sup id="cite_ref-az2011_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-az2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essential difference of this theory from others is that in the logarithmic superfluid the maximal velocity of fluctuations is constant in the leading (classical) order. This allows to fully recover the relativity postulates in the "phononic" (linearized) limit.<sup id="cite_ref-zlo0912_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zlo0912-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proposed theory has many observational consequences. They are based on the fact that at high energies and momenta the behavior of the particle-like modes eventually becomes distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">relativistic</a> one – they can reach the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light#Upper_limit_on_speeds" title="Speed of light">speed of light limit</a> at finite energy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other predicted effects is the <a href="/wiki/Superluminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Superluminal">superluminal</a> propagation and vacuum <a href="/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation" title="Cherenkov radiation">Cherenkov radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theory advocates the mass generation mechanism which is supposed to replace or alter the <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_symmetry_breaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak symmetry breaking">electroweak Higgs</a> one. It was shown that masses of elementary particles can arise as a result of interaction with the superfluid vacuum, similarly to the gap generation mechanism in <a href="/wiki/Superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">superconductors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zlo0912_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zlo0912-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-az2011_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-az2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> propagating in the average <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar space">interstellar</a> vacuum acquires a tiny mass which is estimated to be about 10<sup>−35</sup> <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolt</a>. One can also derive an effective potential for the Higgs sector which is different from the one used in the <a href="/wiki/Glashow%E2%80%93Weinberg%E2%80%93Salam_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model">Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model</a>, yet it yields the mass generation and it is free of the imaginary-mass problem<sup id="cite_ref-higgs_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higgs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Quartic_interaction" title="Quartic interaction">conventional Higgs potential</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dz01_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dz01-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid_vacuum_theory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog gravity">Analog gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_metric" title="Acoustic metric">Acoustic metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_vacuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir vacuum">Casimir vacuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilaton#The_dilaton_in_quantum_gravity" title="Dilaton">Dilatonic quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation" title="Hawking radiation">Hawking radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induced_gravity" title="Induced gravity">Induced gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Logarithmic Schrödinger equation">Logarithmic Schrödinger equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C5%99ava%E2%80%93Lifshitz_gravity" title="Hořava–Lifshitz gravity">Hořava–Lifshitz gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_black_hole" title="Sonic black hole">Sonic black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_energy" title="Vacuum energy">Vacuum energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_quantum_analogs" title="Hydrodynamic quantum analogs">Hydrodynamic quantum analogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_solution" title="Fluid solution">Fluid solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_solution_(general_relativity)" title="Vacuum solution (general relativity)">Vacuum solution (general relativity)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid_vacuum_theory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "small" refers here to the linearized limit, in practice the values of these momenta may not be small at all.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-higgs-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-higgs_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-higgs_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">If one expands the <a href="/wiki/Scalar_field_theory#.CF.864_theory" title="Scalar field theory">Higgs potential</a> then the coefficient at the quadratic term appears to be <a href="/wiki/Negative_number" title="Negative number">negative</a>. This coefficient has a physical meaning of <a href="/wiki/Quartic_interaction" title="Quartic interaction">squared mass</a> of a scalar particle.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid_vacuum_theory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dir51-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dir51_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dir51_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDirac1951" class="citation journal cs1">Dirac, P. 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Phys</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 325–335. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1204.6380">1204.6380</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013CEJPh..11..325D">2013CEJPh..11..325D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fs11534-012-0159-z">10.2478/s11534-012-0159-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91178852">91178852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cent.+Eur.+J.+Phys.&rft.atitle=Singularity-free+model+of+electric+charge+in+physical+vacuum%3A+Non-zero+spatial+extent+and+mass+generation&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-335&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1204.6380&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91178852%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fs11534-012-0159-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013CEJPh..11..325D&rft.au=V.+Dzhunushaliev+and+K.G.+Zloshchastiev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfluid+vacuum+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZloshchastiev2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zloshchastiev, K. G. (2010). "Logarithmic nonlinearity in theories of quantum gravity: Origin of time and observational consequences". <i>Gravitation and Cosmology</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 288–297. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0906.4282">0906.4282</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010GrCo...16..288Z">2010GrCo...16..288Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2Fs0202289310040067">10.1134/s0202289310040067</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0202-2893">0202-2893</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119187916">119187916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gravitation+and+Cosmology&rft.atitle=Logarithmic+nonlinearity+in+theories+of+quantum+gravity%3A+Origin+of+time+and+observational+consequences&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=288-297&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119187916%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010GrCo...16..288Z&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0906.4282&rft.issn=0202-2893&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2Fs0202289310040067&rft.aulast=Zloshchastiev&rft.aufirst=K.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfluid+vacuum+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZloshchastiev2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zloshchastiev, Konstantin G. (2011). "Vacuum Cherenkov effect in logarithmic nonlinear quantum theory". <i>Physics Letters A</i>. <b>375</b> (24): 2305–2308. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1003.0657">1003.0657</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhLA..375.2305Z">2011PhLA..375.2305Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physleta.2011.05.012">10.1016/j.physleta.2011.05.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0375-9601">0375-9601</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118152360">118152360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+A&rft.atitle=Vacuum+Cherenkov+effect+in+logarithmic+nonlinear+quantum+theory&rft.volume=375&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=2305-2308&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118152360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PhLA..375.2305Z&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1003.0657&rft.issn=0375-9601&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physleta.2011.05.012&rft.aulast=Zloshchastiev&rft.aufirst=Konstantin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfluid+vacuum+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of universal gravitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_law_for_gravity" title="Gauss's law for gravity">Gauss's law for gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_equation#Newtonian_gravity" title="Poisson's equation">Poisson's equation for gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gravitational_theory" title="History of gravitational theory">History of gravitational theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity (GR)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general_relativity" title="History of general relativity">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_general_relativity" title="Mathematics of general relativity">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exact_solutions_in_general_relativity" title="Exact solutions in general relativity">Exact solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity#Further_reading" title="General relativity">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">Tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" title="Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">Post-Newtonian formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linearized_gravity" title="Linearized gravity">Linearized gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM_formalism" title="ADM formalism">ADM formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbons%E2%80%93Hawking%E2%80%93York_boundary_term" title="Gibbons–Hawking–York boundary term">Gibbons–Hawking–York boundary term</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_general_relativity" title="Alternatives to general relativity">Alternatives to<br />general relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Paradigms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_general_relativity" title="Alternatives to general relativity">Classical theories of gravitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poincar%C3%A9_gauge_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poincaré gauge theory (page does not exist)">Poincaré gauge theory</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Cartan_theory" title="Einstein–Cartan theory">Einstein–Cartan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Teleparallelism" title="Teleparallelism">Teleparallelism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimetric_gravity" title="Bimetric gravity">Bimetric theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_theory_gravity" title="Gauge theory gravity">Gauge theory gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_gravity" title="Composite gravity">Composite gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F(R)_gravity" title="F(R) gravity"><i>f</i>(<i>R</i>) gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinite_derivative_gravity" title="Infinite derivative gravity">Infinite derivative gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_gravity" title="Massive gravity">Massive gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Newtonian_dynamics" title="Modified Newtonian dynamics">Modified Newtonian dynamics, MOND</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/AQUAL" title="AQUAL">AQUAL</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tensor%E2%80%93vector%E2%80%93scalar_gravity" title="Tensor–vector–scalar gravity">Tensor–vector–scalar</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsymmetric_gravitational_theory" title="Nonsymmetric gravitational theory">Nonsymmetric gravitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalar%E2%80%93tensor_theory" title="Scalar–tensor theory">Scalar–tensor theories</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Brans%E2%80%93Dicke_theory" title="Brans–Dicke theory">Brans–Dicke</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalar%E2%80%93tensor%E2%80%93vector_gravity" title="Scalar–tensor–vector gravity">Scalar–tensor–vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformal_gravity" title="Conformal gravity">Conformal gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_theories_of_gravitation" title="Scalar theories of gravitation">Scalar theories</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nordstr%C3%B6m%27s_theory_of_gravitation" title="Nordström's theory of gravitation">Nordström</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehead%27s_theory_of_gravitation" title="Whitehead's theory of gravitation">Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometrodynamics" title="Geometrodynamics">Geometrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induced_gravity" title="Induced gravity">Induced gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_Higher-Order_Scalar-Tensor_theories" title="Degenerate Higher-Order Scalar-Tensor theories">Degenerate Higher-Order Scalar-Tensor theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Quantum-mechanical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_quantum_gravity" title="Euclidean quantum gravity">Euclidean quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_quantum_gravity" title="Canonical quantum gravity">Canonical quantum gravity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93DeWitt_equation" title="Wheeler–DeWitt equation">Wheeler–DeWitt equation</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity" title="Loop quantum gravity">Loop quantum gravity</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spin_foam" title="Spin foam">Spin foam</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_dynamical_triangulation" title="Causal dynamical triangulation">Causal dynamical triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_safety_in_quantum_gravity" title="Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity">Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_sets" title="Causal sets">Causal sets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DGP_model" title="DGP model">DGP model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_gravity_theory" title="Rainbow gravity theory">Rainbow gravity theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Unified-field-theoric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergravity" title="Supergravity">Supergravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Unified-field-theoric and <br /> quantum-mechanical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noncommutative_quantum_field_theory" title="Noncommutative quantum field theory">Noncommutative geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiclassical_gravity" title="Semiclassical gravity">Semiclassical gravity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Superfluid vacuum theory</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Logarithmic_BEC_vacuum_theory">Logarithmic BEC vacuum</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/M-theory" title="M-theory">M-theory</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/F-theory" title="F-theory">F-theory</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Heterotic_string_theory" title="Heterotic string theory">Heterotic string theory</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Type_I_string_theory" title="Type I string theory">Type I string theory</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Type_0_string_theory" title="Type 0 string theory">Type 0 string theory</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bosonic_string_theory" title="Bosonic string theory">Bosonic string theory</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Type_II_string_theory" title="Type II string theory">Type II string theory</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Little_string_theory" title="Little string theory">Little string theory</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twistor_theory" title="Twistor theory">Twistor theory</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Twistor_string_theory" title="Twistor string theory">Twistor string theory</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Generalisations / <br /> extensions of GR</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liouville_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Liouville gravity">Liouville gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovelock_theory_of_gravity" title="Lovelock theory of gravity">Lovelock theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(2%2B1)-dimensional_topological_gravity" title="(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity">(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Bonnet_gravity" title="Gauss–Bonnet gravity">Gauss–Bonnet gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackiw%E2%80%93Teitelboim_gravity" title="Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity">Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Newtonian<br />theories and<br /><a href="/wiki/Toy_model" title="Toy model">toy models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Aristotelian physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGHS_model" title="CGHS model">CGHS model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RST_model" title="RST model">RST model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_explanations_of_gravitation" title="Mechanical explanations of gravitation">Mechanical explanations</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Le_Sage%27s_theory_of_gravitation" title="Le Sage's theory of gravitation">Fatio–Le Sage</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Entropic_gravity" title="Entropic gravity">Entropic gravity</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_interaction_of_antimatter" title="Gravitational interaction of antimatter">Gravitational interaction of antimatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics in the medieval Islamic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_impetus" title="Theory of impetus">Theory of impetus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Quantum_gravity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quantum_gravity" title="Template:Quantum gravity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quantum_gravity" title="Template talk:Quantum gravity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum_gravity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum gravity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Quantum_gravity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AdS/CFT_correspondence" title="AdS/CFT correspondence">AdS/CFT correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batalin%E2%80%93Vilkovisky_formalism" title="Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism">Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CA-duality" title="CA-duality">CA-duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_patch" title="Causal patch">Causal patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov_ghost" title="Faddeev–Popov ghost">Faddeev–Popov ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_anomaly" title="Gravitational anomaly">Gravitational anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_principle" title="Holographic principle">Holographic principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IR/UV_mixing" title="IR/UV mixing">IR/UV mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_units" title="Planck units">Planck units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_foam" title="Quantum foam">Quantum foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryu%E2%80%93Takayanagi_conjecture" title="Ryu–Takayanagi conjecture">Ryu–Takayanagi conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Planckian_problem" title="Trans-Planckian problem">Trans-Planckian problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinberg%E2%80%93Witten_theorem" title="Weinberg–Witten theorem">Weinberg–Witten theorem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toy_model" title="Toy model">Toy models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(2%2B1)-dimensional_topological_gravity" title="(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity">2+1D topological gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGHS_model" title="CGHS model">CGHS model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackiw%E2%80%93Teitelboim_gravity" title="Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity">Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liouville_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Liouville gravity">Liouville gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RST_model" title="RST model">RST model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topological_quantum_field_theory" title="Topological quantum field theory">Topological quantum field theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory_in_curved_spacetime" title="Quantum field theory in curved spacetime">Quantum field theory<br />in curved spacetime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunch%E2%80%93Davies_vacuum" title="Bunch–Davies vacuum">Bunch–Davies vacuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation" title="Hawking radiation">Hawking radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiclassical_gravity" title="Semiclassical gravity">Semiclassical gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unruh_effect" title="Unruh effect">Unruh effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">Black holes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_complementarity" title="Black hole complementarity">Black hole complementarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox" title="Black hole information paradox">Black hole information paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics" title="Black hole thermodynamics">Black-hole thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekenstein_bound" title="Bekenstein bound">Bekenstein bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bousso%27s_holographic_bound" title="Bousso's holographic bound">Bousso's holographic bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis" title="Cosmic censorship hypothesis">Cosmic censorship hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ER_%3D_EPR" title="ER = EPR">ER = EPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(physics)" title="Firewall (physics)">Firewall (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">Gravitational singularity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosonic_string_theory" title="Bosonic string theory">Bosonic string theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-theory" title="M-theory">M-theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergravity" title="Supergravity">Supergravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstring_theory" title="Superstring theory">Superstring theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canonical_quantum_gravity" title="Canonical quantum gravity">Canonical quantum gravity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity" title="Loop quantum gravity">Loop quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93DeWitt_equation" title="Wheeler–DeWitt equation">Wheeler–DeWitt equation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_quantum_gravity" title="Euclidean quantum gravity">Euclidean quantum gravity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartle%E2%80%93Hawking_state" title="Hartle–Hawking state">Hartle–Hawking state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causal_dynamical_triangulation" title="Causal dynamical triangulation">Causal dynamical triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_sets" title="Causal sets">Causal sets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_graviton" title="Dual graviton">Dual graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_field_theory" title="Group field theory">Group field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noncommutative_geometry" title="Noncommutative geometry">Noncommutative geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_foam" title="Spin foam">Spin foam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Superfluid vacuum theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twistor_theory" title="Twistor theory">Twistor theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">Quantum cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_inflation" title="Eternal inflation">Eternal inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FRW/CFT_duality" title="FRW/CFT duality">FRW/CFT duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also:</i> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Quantum_mechanics_topics" title="Template:Quantum mechanics topics">Template:Quantum mechanics topics</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Standard_Model" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Standard_model_of_physics" title="Template:Standard model of physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Standard_model_of_physics" title="Template talk:Standard model of physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Standard_model_of_physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Standard model of physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Standard_Model" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">Gauge boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_theory" title="Gauge theory">Gauge theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">Strong interaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_charge" title="Color charge">Color charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">Quantum chromodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_model" title="Quark model">Quark model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">Electroweak interaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">Weak interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">Quantum electrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi%27s_interaction" title="Fermi's interaction">Fermi's interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_hypercharge" title="Weak hypercharge">Weak hypercharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_isospin" title="Weak isospin">Weak isospin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/150px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/225px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/300px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabibbo%E2%80%93Kobayashi%E2%80%93Maskawa_matrix" title="Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix">CKM matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking" title="Spontaneous symmetry breaking">Spontaneous symmetry breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higgs_mechanism" title="Higgs mechanism">Higgs mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model" title="Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model">Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model" title="Physics beyond the Standard Model">Beyond the<br />Standard Model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evidence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_problem" title="Hierarchy problem">Hierarchy problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant" title="Cosmological constant">Cosmological constant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant_problem" title="Cosmological constant problem">problem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">Strong CP problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation" title="Neutrino oscillation">Neutrino oscillation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technicolor_(physics)" title="Technicolor (physics)">Technicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory" title="Grand Unified Theory">Grand Unified Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry" title="Supersymmetry">Supersymmetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Model" title="Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model">MSSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-to-Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Model" title="Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model">NMSSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_supersymmetry" title="Split supersymmetry">Split supersymmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergravity" title="Supergravity">Supergravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstring_theory" title="Superstring theory">Superstring theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity" title="Loop quantum gravity">Loop quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_dynamical_triangulation" title="Causal dynamical triangulation">Causal dynamical triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_quantum_gravity" title="Canonical quantum gravity">Canonical quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Superfluid vacuum theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twistor_theory" title="Twistor theory">Twistor theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laboratori_Nazionali_del_Gran_Sasso" title="Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso">Gran Sasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-based_Neutrino_Observatory" title="India-based Neutrino Observatory">INO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">LHC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Neutrino_Observatory" title="Sudbury Neutrino Observatory">SNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Kamiokande" title="Super-Kamiokande">Super-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tevatron" title="Tevatron">Tevatron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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