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<li id="toc-Queen_Street_Mental_Health_Centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen_Street_Mental_Health_Centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Queen Street Mental Health Centre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queen_Street_Mental_Health_Centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clarke_Institute_of_Psychiatry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clarke_Institute_of_Psychiatry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Clarke Institute of Psychiatry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clarke_Institute_of_Psychiatry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rent_increase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rent_increase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Rent increase</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>CAMH Queen St. Site Redevelopment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CAMH_Queen_St._Site_Redevelopment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-David_Healy_Affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Healy_Affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>David Healy Affair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Healy_Affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_Gender_Identity_Clinic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_Gender_Identity_Clinic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Child Gender Identity Clinic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_Gender_Identity_Clinic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forensics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forensics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Forensics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forensics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-AWOL_patients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AWOL_patients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>AWOL patients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AWOL_patients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workplace_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workplace_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Workplace safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workplace_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reporting_failures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reporting_failures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Reporting failures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reporting_failures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_policy_statements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_policy_statements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Public policy statements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_policy_statements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Centre for Addiction and Mental Health</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_de_toxicomanie_et_de_sant%C3%A9_mentale" title="Centre de toxicomanie et de santé mentale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Centre de toxicomanie et de santé mentale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health" title="Centre for Addiction and Mental Health – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Centre for Addiction and Mental Health" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health" title="Centre for Addiction and Mental Health – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Centre for Addiction and Mental Health" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مركز الادمان والصحه النفسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مركز الادمان والصحه النفسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health" title="Centre for 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Mental_Health_Association" title="Canadian Mental Health Association">Canadian Mental Health Association</a> (CMHA).</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hospital in Ontario, Canada</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output 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vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org"><span class="nowrap">Centre for Addiction and Mental Health</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health.svg/200px-Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health.svg/300px-Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health.svg/400px-Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="107" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camh_queen_st.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Camh_queen_st.jpg/250px-Camh_queen_st.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Camh_queen_st.jpg/375px-Camh_queen_st.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Camh_queen_st.jpg/500px-Camh_queen_st.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1371" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">CAMH Queen Street Site.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_4999bce7668e54b0ff1f18d7eece363f663e0e90"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&groups=_4999bce7668e54b0ff1f18d7eece363f663e0e90" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&groups=_4999bce7668e54b0ff1f18d7eece363f663e0e90 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;color:inherit;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario, Canada</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;color:inherit;">Organization</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Care system</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Public <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Canada)" title="Medicare (Canada)">Medicare (Canada)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario_Health_Insurance_Plan" title="Ontario Health Insurance Plan">OHIP</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hospital#Funding" title="Hospital">Funding</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Government hospital">Government hospital</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hospital#Types" title="Hospital">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">Teaching</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">Affiliated university</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;color:inherit;">Services</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">Emergency department</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Beds</th><td class="infobox-data">493</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Speciality</th><td class="infobox-data">Psychiatric</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;color:inherit;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Former name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Queen Street Mental Health Centre<br />Clarke Institute of Psychiatry<br />Addiction Research Foundation<br />Donwood Institute</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opened</th><td class="infobox-data">1998</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;color:inherit;">Links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.camh.ca">www<wbr />.camh<wbr />.ca</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Canada" title="List of hospitals in Canada">Hospitals in Canada</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Centre for Addiction and Mental Health</b> (<b>CAMH</b>, pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KAM</span>-aytch</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr"><b>Centre de toxicomanie et de santé mentale</b></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric</a> <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">teaching hospital</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and ten community locations throughout the province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada. It reports being the largest research facility in Canada for mental health and addictions. The hospital was formed in 1998 from the amalgamation of four separate institutions – the Queen Street Mental Health Centre, the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, the Addiction Research Foundation, and the Donwood Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is Canada's largest mental health teaching hospital, and the only stand-alone psychiatric emergency department in Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CAMH has 90 distinct clinical services across inpatient, outpatient, day treatment, and partial hospitalization models. CAMH has been the site of major advancements in psychiatric research, including the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">Dopamine receptor D2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CAMH was formed from the 1998 merger of the Queen Street Mental Health Centre with the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Addiction Research Foundation, and Donwood Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-scrivener2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scrivener2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queen_Street_Mental_Health_Centre">Queen Street Mental Health Centre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Queen Street Mental Health Centre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TorontoAsylumQueenStOssington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/TorontoAsylumQueenStOssington.jpg/220px-TorontoAsylumQueenStOssington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/TorontoAsylumQueenStOssington.jpg/330px-TorontoAsylumQueenStOssington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/TorontoAsylumQueenStOssington.jpg/440px-TorontoAsylumQueenStOssington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>Queen Street Asylum for the Insane, 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>The Provincial Lunatic Asylum opened on 26 January 1850. It was subsequently renamed Asylum for the Insane, then Hospital for the Insane, then Ontario Hospital (1919), and then the Queen Street Mental Health Centre (1966). It had also been called the Toronto Lunatic Asylum and 999 Queen Street West.<sup id="cite_ref-everett2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-everett2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-torontoist_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torontoist-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original buildings were constructed in a series of rigid lines and sharp angles, consistent with the belief at the time that orderly physical structure would facilitate orderly mental states for the patients. High walls segregated the patients from the community, establishing a long-standing stigma about the facility.<sup id="cite_ref-torontoist_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torontoist-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Queen Street Site of CAMH contained the Samuel A. Malcolmson Lecture Theatre, named for the site's Chief Psychiatrist and Clinical Director of Forensics. In 2009, however, Malcolmson was subject to a disciplinary hearing of Ontario's College of Physicians and Surgeons, following that he sexually abused a patient and fathered a child with her. Malcomson pleaded "no contest" and resigned his license to practice. The lecture hall was renamed the Queen Street Auditorium.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reforms were made after a series of deaths at the Queen Street Mental Health Centre and newspaper accounts of involuntary drug treatment, electroshock therapy, and prison-like conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-goar2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goar2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-straightjacket_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-straightjacket-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clarke_Institute_of_Psychiatry">Clarke Institute of Psychiatry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Clarke Institute of Psychiatry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CAMH_Toronto6520.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/CAMH_Toronto6520.jpg/200px-CAMH_Toronto6520.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/CAMH_Toronto6520.jpg/300px-CAMH_Toronto6520.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/CAMH_Toronto6520.jpg/400px-CAMH_Toronto6520.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health_(College_Street_site)" title="Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (College Street site)">CAMH College Street site</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The institute was founded in 1966 and officially opened by Ontario Premier <a href="/wiki/John_P._Robarts" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Robarts">John P. Robarts</a>. It was named the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, after <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kirk_Clarke" title="Charles Kirk Clarke">Charles Kirk Clarke</a>, a pioneer in mental health in Canada. The institute took over the clinical, teaching, and research functions of the Toronto Psychiatric Hospital, located at 2 Surrey Place, which opened in 1925 under <a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Farrar" title="Clarence B. Farrar">Clarence B. Farrar</a>. The Institute served as the main psychiatry teaching hospital for the University of Toronto and was the headquarters for the Department of Psychiatry in the Faculty of Medicine. The first Medical and Executive Director of the Clarke was Charles Roberts, and the first Psychiatrist-in-Chief (and Professor and Head of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto) was Aldwyn B. Stokes. When Stokes retired in 1967, the administration was reorganized, and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hunter_(psychiatrist)" title="Robin Hunter (psychiatrist)">Robin Hunter</a> became Medical Director and Psychiatrist-in-Chief.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fredrick H. Lowy served as Psychiatrist-in-Chief of the Clarke from 1974 until 1980, followed by Vivian Rakoff from 1980 to 1990, and Paul E. Garfinkel from 1990 until the Clarke's 1998 merger into CAMH.<sup id="cite_ref-psychiatry_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psychiatry-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon its merger into CAMH in 1998, the Clarke building become known as the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health_(College_Street_site)" title="Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (College Street site)">CAMH College Street site</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Conrad Black</a> has been a generous supporter of the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rent_increase">Rent increase</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rent increase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, CAMH's facilities at the College St. site were put in jeopardy following notice of a rent increase from $1.2 million to $4 million per year, at the renewal of its 20-year lease.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CAMH valued its property at $25 million, whereas the hospital's landlord, <a href="/wiki/Brookfield_Asset_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookfield Asset Management">Brookfield Asset Management</a>, valued it at $100 million. Brookfield turned down CBC's interview requests. A government arbitrator was appointed who valued the property at $55 million, yielding a rent increase that CAMH was reportedly able to pay.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addiction_Research_Foundation">Addiction Research Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Addiction Research Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Addiction Research Foundation (ARF), then named the Alcoholism Research Foundation was founded in 1949, when H. David Archibald, who had studied at the School of Alcohol Studies at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, was hired by the <a href="/wiki/Liquor_Control_Board_of_Ontario" title="Liquor Control Board of Ontario">Liquor Control Board of Ontario</a>. His mandate was to determine the scope of alcoholism in Ontario. He was named executive director when ARF opened and remained in that post until 1976. Focusing initially on outpatient treatment, their first facility was <a href="/wiki/Brookside_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookside Hospital">Brookside Hospital</a> in 1951, expanding to branch offices and new locations in 1954, the same year they set up in-house research. In 1961, formally renamed the Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario, ARF expanded its mission to include drugs. In 1971, they expanded to a clinical teaching hospital called the Clinical Research and Treatment Institute. In 1978 ARF opened the School for Addiction Studies and expanded their international role in policy development and research. Following provincial hospital restructuring in the 1990s, ARF was folded in 1998 into CAMH.<sup id="cite_ref-blocker2003_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blocker2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Donwood_Institute">Donwood Institute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Donwood Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1946, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bell_(physician)" title="Gordon Bell (physician)">R. Gordon Bell</a> opened a clinic in his own home for people needing mental health services. There existed an Ontario statute allowing doctors to take up to four patients into their homes without a hospital license. To his surprise, his only patients all suffered from alcoholism. It soon became necessary to move to larger facilities. To expand capacity, Bell opened Shadow Brook, which operated from 1947 to 1954, and then the Bell Clinic, which operated from 1954 to 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Donwood Institute then opened in 1967,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 47 beds and a 4-month waiting list in the 1980s. Still focused on <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use</a>, it claimed a 65% recovery rate for general population and an 85% recovery rate among physicians with addictions.<sup id="cite_ref-shilliday1983_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shilliday1983-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CAMH_Queen_St._Site_Redevelopment">CAMH Queen St. Site Redevelopment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: CAMH Queen St. Site Redevelopment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bellgateway_camh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="CAMH Queen St. Site, Bell Gateway Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bellgateway_camh.jpg/220px-Bellgateway_camh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bellgateway_camh.jpg/330px-Bellgateway_camh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bellgateway_camh.jpg/440px-Bellgateway_camh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption>CAMH Queen St. Site, Bell Gateway Building</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CAMH_intergenerational_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="CAMH Queen St. Site, Intergenerational Wellness Centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/CAMH_intergenerational_building.jpg/220px-CAMH_intergenerational_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/CAMH_intergenerational_building.jpg/330px-CAMH_intergenerational_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/CAMH_intergenerational_building.jpg/440px-CAMH_intergenerational_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4258" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>CAMH Queen St. Site, Intergenerational Wellness Centre</figcaption></figure> <p>CAMH has been undergoing a three phase redevelopment centered at its Queen Street site, with four goals: 1) Deliver a new model of care and provide a healthy environment that promotes recovery; 2) Bring together the best research, clinical, education, health promotion, and policy experts in one place to change the future of mental health and addictions; 3) Revitalize the City of Toronto by opening up their site and by creating an inclusive new nine-block neighbourhood that benefits all and, 4) Change attitudes by breaking down barriers to eliminate the stigma of mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phase 1A was undertaken by Eastern Construction and completed in 2008<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Phase 1B was undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Carillion" title="Carillion">Carillion</a> and completed in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phase 1C is being undertaken by <a href="/wiki/PCL_Construction" title="PCL Construction">PCL Construction</a> and is expected to be complete in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, CAMH announced the completion of four new buildings (forming Phase 1A of the project) to accommodate CAMH's Addiction and Mood & Anxiety Programs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute was established with a $30 million donation in 2011 from Linda Campbell, Gaye Farncombe, and Susan Grange, each granddaughters of Canadian magnate <a href="/wiki/Roy_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Thomson_of_Fleet" title="Roy Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet">Roy Thomson</a> and nieces of <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Thomson,_2nd_Baron_Thomson_of_Fleet" title="Kenneth Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet">Ken Thomson</a>. CAMH CEO, Catherine Zahn, said research on the brain is the most promising pathway to progress in mental illness research.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell donated $10 million to CAMH in 2011, reportedly the largest corporate gift in Canada to mental illness.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, CAMH announced the completion of three new buildings (forming Phase 1B of the project): the Bell Gateway Building for the central administration, a utilities and parking building, and the Intergenerational Wellness Centre which includes 12 new beds for youth ages 14–18.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Margaret_McCain" title="Margaret McCain">Margaret McCain</a>, the former lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick and widow of <a href="/wiki/McCain_Foods" title="McCain Foods">McCain Foods</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Wallace_McCain" title="Wallace McCain">Wallace McCain</a>, donated $10 million to CAMH in 2012 to establish the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth and Family Mental Health.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the Slaight Family donated to $50 million to health care institutions, of which CAMH received $10 million. The donation permitted the opening of a centre dedicated to identifying and treating early signs of mental illness in youth.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, philanthropist and business executive Andrew Fass donated $1,000,000 to CAMH for the hospital to create a wellness program for its staff.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Fass withdrew his donation, saying that CAMH was unable to show how they were spending the money.<sup id="cite_ref-global-2016-09-29_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-2016-09-29-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grant was to be used for CAMH's "Well@Work" program, an initiative to provide Canadian workplaces with training to identify risks of mental illness and strategies to support employees in need.<sup id="cite_ref-star-2016-09-29_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-2016-09-29-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CAMH opened the Emergency Department in 2014, funded by a $2.5 million private donation and a $4.2 million grant from the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, CAMH constructed a sweat lodge for <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">Aboriginal</a> patients in order to promote spiritual, physical, and emotional healing.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc2016_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc2016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2016, CAMH opened walk-in clinics for youth.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the eight-storey, 110 patient bed McCain Complex Care & Recovery Building and five-storey 125 patient bed Crisis & Critical Care Building and 24-hour psychiatric emergency department were opened.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CAMH reports being the largest research facility in Canada for mental health and addictions, including over 100 scientists over 150 research trainees. In the 2014-2015 fiscal year, CAMH received $44,384,230 in research funding and published more than 500 research articles.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psychiatrist and Clarke Institute President Paul E. Garfinkel was appointed the first President and CEO of CAMH in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-psychiatry_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psychiatry-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was followed by neurologist Catherine Zahn in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon CAMH's formation, Peter Catford was appointed vice president for Information Technology. In 2002, Catford outsourced the public hospital's computer needs to H.I. Next, a private company which Catford founded and co-owned. When the <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i> reported on what it deemed an apparent conflict of interest regarding the spending of public money, the hospital would not reveal how much it paid Catford or his company, nor would CAMH disclose any details of its contract with H.I. Next or what other firms bid on the work. Catford commented only that "I feel honoured to work with (CAMH) and I feel like it has been done ethically."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In interviews with the <i>Toronto Star</i>, Dev Chopra, executive vice-president of CAMH first said there was nothing inappropriate about Catford's role. "We got into it with our eyes open. There is no conflict."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Chopra later said there were "some optics from a conflict perspective" noting the hospital might revisit the issue that day. Catford left his CAMH position two days later, but the Star reported that hospital officials said changes were being considered months before the Star published its story about the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CAMH's administration has come under criticism including from staff who report safety problems<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from donors who withdrew their funding citing accountability problems.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-global-2016-09-29_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-2016-09-29-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David_Healy_Affair">David Healy Affair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: David Healy Affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after CAMH was founded, its administration was embroiled in a scandal involving <a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company" title="Eli Lilly and Company">Eli Lilly and Company</a>, which donated $1.5 million to CAMH, and <a href="/wiki/David_Healy_(psychiatrist)" title="David Healy (psychiatrist)">David Healy</a>, a prominent critic of <a href="/wiki/Prozac" class="mw-redirect" title="Prozac">Prozac</a>, the widely used antidepressant manufactured by Eli Lilly. CAMH hired Healy to be the head of its Mood and Anxiety Program, but withdrew the job offer after hearing about Healy's views.<sup id="cite_ref-Boseley_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boseley-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CAMH aggressively recruited Healy, and CAMH Physician-in-Chief, David Goldbloom, offered Healy a job as the head of the Mood and Anxiety Program. Healy accepted and soon after gave a lecture in which he reiterated his views about Prozac increasing risk of suicide. A few days later, Goldbloom withdrew the job offer, saying "Essentially, we believe that it is not a good fit between you and the role as leader of an academic program in mood and anxiety disorders at the centre and in relation to the university….We do not feel your approach is compatible with the goals for development of the academic and clinical resource that we have."<sup id="cite_ref-Boseley_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boseley-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decision caused an "uproar" among Canadian academics, with the Canadian Association of University Teachers calling CAMH actions "an affront to academic freedom in Canada."<sup id="cite_ref-Boseley_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boseley-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists from 13 countries, including Nobel laureates <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a>, protested CAMH's actions<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did the Society for Academic Freedom and Scholarship (SAFS).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Healy sued CAMH and the University of Toronto, alleging breach of contract, defamation, and denial of academic freedom. The lawsuit sought damages of $9.4 million, including $2.6 million from CAMH CEO Paul Garfinkel, and $1.4 million from the U of T Dean of Medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university distanced itself from CAMH: According to U of T President, Robert Birgeneau, "Everyone is trying to blame the university for something that happened at one of our hospitals."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lawsuit was settled with Healy receiving an appointment as visiting professor as the University of Toronto. The president of the Canadian Association of University Teachers, Vic Catano, said "We see the settlement as a complete vindication for Dr. Healy."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_Gender_Identity_Clinic">Child Gender Identity Clinic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Child Gender Identity Clinic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, psychiatrist Susan Bradley founded a clinic in CAMH to work with <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoric</a> children. Bradley collaborated for many years with psychologist <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Zucker" title="Kenneth Zucker">Kenneth Zucker</a>, and they established the clinic as the largest <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> service in Canada and an international center for research.<sup id="cite_ref-Paterson_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They said that in their studies, 80% of the children grow out of the behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2006_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2006-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They used different approaches with children than adolescents because they said that children were more likely to identify with their birth sex.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2006_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2006-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding adolescents, Zucker would "support a teenager or adult who wants to <a href="/wiki/Transitioning_(transgender)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitioning (transgender)">transition</a> using hormones and surgeries."<sup id="cite_ref-Paterson_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding children, however, Zucker said, "We are trying to help a child feel more comfortable with the gender identity that matches their birth sex," and that they use a variety of techniques to "help a child think more flexibly" about their gender. According to a 2006 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, Zucker did this by "encouraging same-sex friendships and activities like board games that move beyond strict gender roles."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zucker said that a child could be asked to make a list of pros and cons about being different genders so that the child realizes that "there are both good and not so good things about being a boy and being a girl."<sup id="cite_ref-Paterson_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zucker's approach was controversial and considered by some to be <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">conversion therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2015, members of Rainbow Health Ontario, a provincial health promotion and navigation organization, approached CAMH expressing their concerns regarding Zucker's clinic.<sup id="cite_ref-metro_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metro-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-howthefight_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howthefight-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rainbow Health Ontario submitted a review of academic literature and clinical practices for <a href="/wiki/Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">transgender youth</a>, and expressed concern that the gender identity clinic was not following accepted practices.<sup id="cite_ref-ashley_2022_4_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashley_2022_4-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others online linked the Gender Identity Clinic's practices to <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> of transgender youth caused by conversion therapy, and referenced the high-profile case of <a href="/wiki/Leelah_Alcorn" title="Leelah Alcorn">Leelah Alcorn</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> teen from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-howthefight_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howthefight-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2015, CAMH ordered an external review of its gender identity clinic for children and teens.<sup id="cite_ref-ubelacker_20150612_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ubelacker_20150612-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario Provincial Parliament">Ontario Provincial Parliament</a> introduced the Affirming Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Act, aimed at banning conversion therapy practices.<sup id="cite_ref-metro_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metro-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2015, the legislation was passed unanimously by the provincial parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-globe_20150604_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globe_20150604-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ubelacker_20150612_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ubelacker_20150612-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law made LGBT conversion therapy illegal to provide to minors, and removed it from public <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a> coverage for adults.<sup id="cite_ref-ubelacker_20150612_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ubelacker_20150612-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the bill was passed into law, CAMH stated that they welcomed the unanimous support for the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-lenti_20150625_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenti_20150625-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The external review noted numerous strengths of the clinic, but also described it as an insular entity with an approach dissimilar from other clinics and described it as being out of step with current best practices, including <a href="/wiki/Standards_of_Care_for_the_Health_of_Transsexual,_Transgender,_and_Gender_Nonconforming_People#Version_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People">WPATH SOC Version 7</a>. They also raised concerns about clinicians asking age inappropriate questions.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the review, CAMH shut down the clinic and fired Zucker. <a href="/wiki/Kwame_McKenzie" title="Kwame McKenzie">Kwame McKenzie</a>, medical director of CAMH's child, youth, and family services, said "We want to apologize for the fact that not all of the practices in our childhood gender identity clinic are in step with the latest thinking."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CAMH announced a process of consultation with community leaders to examine how best to offer care.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, CAMH paid Zucker $586,000 and issued a public apology as part of a settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forensics">Forensics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Forensics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CAMH's forensic department and its leadership have been the subject of criticism from Ontario judges and the public for issues including public safety,<sup id="cite_ref-city2015_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city2015-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> patient civil rights violations,<sup id="cite_ref-globemail_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globemail-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and turning away patients ordered to CAMH by judges.<sup id="cite_ref-judgespush_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judgespush-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culminated in Ontario Superior Court Justice Maureen Forestell who reportedly "tore a strip off of" CAMH for its actions. Graham Glancy, a forensic psychiatrist at the Maplehurst Correctional Complex accused CAMH of focusing too much on patients and treatments to enhance its international reputation, but at the expense of the less glamorous forensic patients. He added "Cities like Ottawa and London are better resourced but Toronto is terrible. It's a disgrace, really." Toronto defence counsel Chris Hynes also attributed the problems to the CAMH leadership, saying "CAMH front-line workers pay the price for decisions made by the centre's privatized board of directors."<sup id="cite_ref-judgespush_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judgespush-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AWOL_patients">AWOL patients</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: AWOL patients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One recurrent issue has been the number of violent or dangerous patients who escape custody from CAMH's forensic wards.<sup id="cite_ref-city2015_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city2015-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After filing a freedom of information act request with the police, the <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i> reported that CAMH had nearly as many AWOLs as all other Toronto hospitals combined (2,060 and 2,371 for the period 2004 to 2014).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most widely reported incidents involved Thomas Brailsford, who was institutionalized at CAMH after beheading his mother and being deemed a "danger to himself and others." Brailsford took off from a taxicab on his way to a medical appointment, representing his second escape in a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Courtney_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courtney-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an interview with Toronto columnist Jerry Agar, CAMH's chief of forensic psychiatry, Sandy Simpson said "Clearly, we will be reviewing this carefully to look at how we assessed the risk in this case."<sup id="cite_ref-Agar_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agar-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kate Richards of CAMH media relations subsequently said "We have tightened aspects of these procedures and...We are confident that the changes implemented in this case have been effective."<sup id="cite_ref-Courtney_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courtney-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agar wrote that he has "been eager to have Simpson back on the radio show to discuss what measures have been put in place" but had not received any response. Five months later, CAMH told Agar "Dr. Simpson is not available for a follow-up interview."<sup id="cite_ref-Agar_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agar-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the Ontario government ordered a review of CAMH patient passes and privileges after a series of patient escapes from the secure forensic psychiatry units.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one case, a not criminally responsible (NCR) patient who absconded the hospital later left the country by plane.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workplace_safety">Workplace safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Workplace safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, following a series of attacks on staff by patients, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_(Ontario)" title="Ministry of Labour (Ontario)">Ontario Ministry of Labour</a> asked CAMH to develop a workplace violence and policy program. In 2008, the Ministry of Labour laid nine workplace safety charges against CAMH in response to allegations by staff that they had been attacked by patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Globe1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Globe1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CAMH was fined $70,000 in 2009 for two attacks against nursing staff by patients in 2007 and 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the Ontario Ministry of Labour laid charges against CAMH for failing to protect workers from workplace violence by patients following an attack earlier that year.<sup id="cite_ref-metronews1_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metronews1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the Ontario Ministry of Labour laid more charges against CAMH for failing to implement procedures to protect staff from workplace violence following another attack by a patient that year.<sup id="cite_ref-metronews1_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metronews1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prosecution asked the court to send “a clear message” that the CAMH situation was unacceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-star2016-07-18_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star2016-07-18-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CAMH was found guilty and fined again. CAMH's Chief of Nursing, Rani Srivastava, said that CAMH accepted the court's decision adding that the violence had a “devastating impact” on “all of us at CAMH.”<sup id="cite_ref-star2016-07-18_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star2016-07-18-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three months later, another nurse was punched, kicked in the face and dragged by a patient into a locked utility room where she was repeatedly kicked in the head by the patient, suffering fractures and nerve damage.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc2016.10.25_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc2016.10.25-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vicki McKenna of the Ontario Nurses' Association reported that CAMH has not been taking part in government committees to improve workplace safety and called for CAMH senior management to be held personally responsible for the continued workplace violence. Rani Srivastava said that the incident was "completely unexpected," that CAMH is "saddened" and "shocked" by what happened, and that "any incident is one too many."<sup id="cite_ref-cbc2016.10.25_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc2016.10.25-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reporting_failures">Reporting failures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reporting failures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simpson has also been criticized by the Ontario Review Board for secluding a patient for two months but not informing the board, as required. Simpson claimed that the regulation "was unclear" about whether CAMH had a duty to report what it was doing. The board disagreed, ruling against CAMH.<sup id="cite_ref-globemail_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globemail-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_policy_statements">Public policy statements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Public policy statements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CAMH issues statements about local and provincial regulations on addictive behaviors. CAMH policy opposes the privatization of alcohol sales, citing evidence that the increase in availability increases alcohol-related harms and associated costs. They supported that the Liquor Control Board of Ontario should maintain its monopoly on alcohol sales.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CAMH referred to "the plan to allow the sale of VQA wines at farmers' markets across the province" as "cause for concern" because it would increase access to alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, together with other health organizations, CAMH called for a provincial alcohol strategy, ahead of Ontario's plan to permit the sale of beer in grocery stores.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2014 policy document, CAMH expressed support for the legalization of marijuana with strict control regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to CAMH CEO, Catherine Zahn, "Only through legalization can we implement a public-health approach, treating cannabis use as a health issue and not one to be addressed through law enforcement and the court system. This is the approach we take with tobacco and alcohol. As with alcohol, a legal cannabis market can be regulated with controls that address risk factors associated with use".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CAMH has opposed the expansion of Toronto's <a href="/wiki/Woodbine_Racetrack" title="Woodbine Racetrack">Woodbine Racetrack</a>. In a policy statement, CAMH said increased availability of gambling results in increased harms and predicted that a large portion of any increased revenues from the racetrack would come from people with gambling problems.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GL-II-73" title="GL-II-73">GL-II-73</a> (experimental drug against <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peel.cioc.ca/record/CMH0002">"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health"</a>. 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National Post. 18 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAMH+theatre+renamed+after+scandal&rft.pub=National+Post&rft.date=2009-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D17cd7fd4-32e5-4e56-abad-4126dfa691e1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+for+Addiction+and+Mental+Health" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel2009" class="citation web cs1">Mandel, Michelle (12 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torontosun.com/news/columnists/michele_mandel/2009/06/12/9771256-sun.html">"Michele Mandel Column"</a>. 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Metro News. 1 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metronews.ca/news/toronto/2015/07/01/reports-of-assaults-and-violence-toward-nurses-rising-statistics-show.html">the original</a> on 27 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Globe and Mail.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Canada+needs+a+new+alcohol+strategy&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Carly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Flife%2Fhealth-and-fitness%2Fhealth%2Falongside-marijuana-debate-new-alcohol-strategy-needed%2Farticle26633423%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+for+Addiction+and+Mental+Health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/camh-calls-for-legalization-of-marijuana-1.2793460">"CAMH calls for legalization of marijuana"</a>. CBC News. 9 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CAMH+calls+for+legalization+of+marijuana&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ftoronto%2Fcamh-calls-for-legalization-of-marijuana-1.2793460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+for+Addiction+and+Mental+Health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahn2014" class="citation web cs1">Zahn, Catherine (20 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/catherine-zahn-legalization-is-the-best-approach-to-cannabis-control">"Legalization is the best approach to cannabis control"</a>. Ottawa Citizen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legalization+is+the+best+approach+to+cannabis+control&rft.pub=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.date=2014-10-20&rft.aulast=Zahn&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fcatherine-zahn-legalization-is-the-best-approach-to-cannabis-control&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+for+Addiction+and+Mental+Health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camh.ca/en/hospital/about_camh/influencing_public_policy/Documents/CAMH_Submission_Executive_Committee_Woodbine_2015-06-30.pdf">"Submission to the Toronto City Council Executive Committee: Expansion of gambling at Woodbine Racetrack"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. CAMH.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Submission+to+the+Toronto+City+Council+Executive+Committee%3A+Expansion+of+gambling+at+Woodbine+Racetrack&rft.pub=CAMH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camh.ca%2Fen%2Fhospital%2Fabout_camh%2Finfluencing_public_policy%2FDocuments%2FCAMH_Submission_Executive_Committee_Woodbine_2015-06-30.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+for+Addiction+and+Mental+Health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/wiki/Sinai_Health_System" title="Sinai Health System"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Sinai Health System</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hennick_Bridgepoint_Hospital" title="Hennick Bridgepoint Hospital">Hennick Bridgepoint Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Hospital_(Toronto)" title="Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto)">Mount Sinai Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DA291C;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Toronto East Health Network</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Garron_Hospital" title="Michael Garron Hospital">Michael Garron Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DA291C;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trillium_Health_Partners" title="Trillium Health Partners"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Trillium Health Partners</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queensway_Health_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensway Health Centre">Queensway Health Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DA291C;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unity_Health_Toronto" title="Unity Health Toronto"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Unity Health Toronto</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Health_Centre" title="St. Joseph's Health Centre">St. Joseph's Health Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Hospital_(Toronto)" title="St. Michael's Hospital (Toronto)">St. Michael's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Healthcare_(Toronto)" title="Providence Healthcare (Toronto)">Providence Healthcare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DA291C;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University_Health_Network" title="University Health Network"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">University Health Network</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Cancer_Centre" title="Princess Margaret Cancer Centre">Princess Margaret Cancer Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_General_Hospital" title="Toronto General Hospital">Toronto General Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Rehabilitation_Institute" title="Toronto Rehabilitation Institute">Toronto Rehabilitation Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Western_Hospital" title="Toronto Western Hospital">Toronto Western Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DA291C;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/William_Osler_Health_System" title="William Osler Health System"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">William Osler Health System</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etobicoke_General_Hospital" title="Etobicoke General Hospital">Etobicoke General Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DA291C;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Independent</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baycrest_Health_Sciences" title="Baycrest Health Sciences">Baycrest Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Centre for Addiction and Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_Bloorview_Kids_Rehabilitation_Hospital" title="Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital">Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_River_Hospital" title="Humber River Hospital">Humber River Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_York_General_Hospital" title="North York General Hospital">North York General Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hospital_for_Sick_Children_(Toronto)" title="The Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto)">The Hospital for Sick Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnybrook_Health_Sciences_Centre" title="Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre">Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Grace_Health_Centre" title="Toronto Grace Health Centre">Toronto Grace Health Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_College_Hospital" title="Women's College Hospital">Women's College Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Research_hospitals_of_the_University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Medicine440" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#00204E;color:#FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toronto_teaching_hospitals" title="Template:Toronto teaching 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title="Sinai Health System"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Sinai Health System</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hennick_Bridgepoint_Hospital" title="Hennick Bridgepoint Hospital">Hennick Bridgepoint Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Hospital_(Toronto)" title="Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto)">Mount Sinai Hospital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum_Research_Institute" title="Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute">Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00204E;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unity_Health_Toronto" title="Unity Health Toronto"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Unity Health Toronto</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Hospital_(Toronto)" title="St. Michael's Hospital (Toronto)">St. Michael's Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00204E;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University_Health_Network" title="University Health Network"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">University Health Network</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Cancer_Centre" title="Princess Margaret Cancer Centre">Princess Margaret Cancer Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_General_Hospital" title="Toronto General Hospital">Toronto General Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Rehabilitation_Institute" title="Toronto Rehabilitation Institute">Toronto Rehabilitation Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Western_Hospital" title="Toronto Western Hospital">Toronto Western Hospital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krembil_Research_Institute" title="Krembil Research Institute">Krembil Research Institute</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00204E;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baycrest_Health_Sciences" title="Baycrest Health Sciences">Baycrest Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Centre for Addiction and Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_Bloorview_Kids_Rehabilitation_Hospital" title="Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital">Holland Bloorview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hospital_for_Sick_Children,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto">The Hospital for Sick Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnybrook_Health_Sciences_Centre" title="Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre">Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_College_Hospital" title="Women's College Hospital">Women's College Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health&params=43.64455_N_79.41761_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°38′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°25′03″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.64455°N 79.41761°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.64455; -79.41761</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945513#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata961" 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