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href="/wiki/File:A_photo_with_the_payload_before_loading_the_instrument_in_a_pair_of_U.S._Army_Helicopters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_photo_with_the_payload_before_loading_the_instrument_in_a_pair_of_U.S._Army_Helicopters.jpg/350px-A_photo_with_the_payload_before_loading_the_instrument_in_a_pair_of_U.S._Army_Helicopters.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_photo_with_the_payload_before_loading_the_instrument_in_a_pair_of_U.S._Army_Helicopters.jpg/525px-A_photo_with_the_payload_before_loading_the_instrument_in_a_pair_of_U.S._Army_Helicopters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_photo_with_the_payload_before_loading_the_instrument_in_a_pair_of_U.S._Army_Helicopters.jpg/700px-A_photo_with_the_payload_before_loading_the_instrument_in_a_pair_of_U.S._Army_Helicopters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>The recovering team poses for a photo with the payload before loading the instrument into a pair of U.S. Army helicopters and returning to base.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>High Resolution Coronal Imager</b> (<b>Hi-C</b>) is a sub-orbital telescope designed to take high-resolution images of the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Solar_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">corona</a>. As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Resolution_Coronal_Imager&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it has been launched three times, but only the first and the third launches, on July 11, 2012, and May 29, 2018, resulted in a successful mission.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was launched aboard a <a href="/wiki/Black_Brant_(rocket)" title="Black Brant (rocket)">Black Brant</a> <a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">sounding rocket</a> from <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Missile Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CCD_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The images taken were the highest resolution photos ever of the Sun's corona.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telescope_description">Telescope description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Resolution_Coronal_Imager&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Telescope description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The telescope weighs 464 pounds (210 kg), and is 10 feet (3.0 m) long.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mirrors are approximately 9.5 inches (24 cm) across. Its optics were designed at the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a> with assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Astrophysical_Observatory" title="Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory">Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory</a> and L-3Com/Tinsley Laboratories of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_California" title="Richmond, California">Richmond, California</a>. Dr. Jonathan Cirtain, from MSFC said: "These mirrors were to be the finest pieces of glass ever fabricated for solar astrophysics."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imaging_system">Imaging system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Resolution_Coronal_Imager&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Imaging system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The imaging system was designed by Apogee Imaging Systems with a resolution of 0.1 arcsec/pixel (14 times higher resolution than the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a>). It was based on a customized version of the E2V CCD203 from <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>, which is a very large 4 channel back illuminated 4,000 × 4,000 pixel <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCD).<sup id="cite_ref-CCD_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missions">Missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Resolution_Coronal_Imager&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun-corona-magnetic-braids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sun-corona-magnetic-braids.jpg/220px-Sun-corona-magnetic-braids.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sun-corona-magnetic-braids.jpg/330px-Sun-corona-magnetic-braids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sun-corona-magnetic-braids.jpg/440px-Sun-corona-magnetic-braids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Images of the Sun's million degree corona, including images of the magnetic braids (left hand side).</figcaption></figure> <p>The first flight lasted for 10 minutes, reached an altitude of 283 kilometres (176 mi) and the telescope captured 165 images of a large <a href="/wiki/Solar_corona#Active_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">active region</a>. It imaged the Sun in <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a> at 19.3 nm wavelength.<sup id="cite_ref-AZonano_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZonano-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total cost of the mission was $5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the second flight, in 2018, five and a half minutes (329 seconds) of pictures were taken of an area on the sun 4.4 <a href="/wiki/Arcminute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcminute">arcminutes</a> square (the sun's disk being about 30 arcminutes in diameter). Seventy eight images were taken at intervals of 4.4 seconds, with a two-second exposure time, at the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">extreme ultraviolet</a> wavelength of 17.2 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nanometres</a> which is dominated by Fe IX emission (emission from <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> in the +8 ionization state) indicating temperatures around 800 000 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a>. The instrument was able to resolve strands of plasma as narrow as about 200 kilometres wide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Findings">Findings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Resolution_Coronal_Imager&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Findings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first mission revealed never-before-seen "magnetic braids" of plasma roiling in the Sun's outer layers.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first time scientists were able to directly observe <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_reconnection" title="Magnetic reconnection">magnetic reconnection</a> in braids, which may be the primary sources of heating in the active solar corona.<sup id="cite_ref-AZonano_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZonano-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cirtain2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cirtain2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Resolution_Coronal_Imager&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Williams-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Results from AR 12712"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>892</b> (2): 134. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.11254">2001.11254</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ApJ...892..134W">2020ApJ...892..134W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab6dcf">10.3847/1538-4357/ab6dcf</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Is+the+High-Resolution+Coronal+Imager+Resolving+Coronal+Strands%3F+Results+from+AR+12712&rft.volume=892&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=134&rft.date=2020-04-07&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2001.11254&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab6dcf&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ApJ...892..134W&rft.au=Thomas+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F1538-4357%252Fab6dcf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+Resolution+Coronal+Imager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCD-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCD_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCD_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccd.com/nasa_hic.html">"NASA HIC"</a>. 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