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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kandungan_Nutrisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kandungan_Nutrisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kandungan Nutrisi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kandungan_Nutrisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lebah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peternakan_Lebah_Madu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peternakan_Lebah_Madu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Peternakan Lebah Madu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peternakan_Lebah_Madu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembentukan_Madu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembentukan_Madu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pembentukan Madu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembentukan_Madu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produk_Berbahan_Dasar_Madu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produk_Berbahan_Dasar_Madu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Produk Berbahan Dasar Madu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produk_Berbahan_Dasar_Madu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardisasi_Madu_Internasional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardisasi_Madu_Internasional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Standardisasi Madu Internasional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardisasi_Madu_Internasional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manfaat_Madu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manfaat_Madu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Manfaat Madu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manfaat_Madu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Manfaat Madu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Manfaat_Madu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Efek_Osmotik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efek_Osmotik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Efek Osmotik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efek_Osmotik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidrogen_Peroksida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidrogen_Peroksida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Hidrogen Peroksida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidrogen_Peroksida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengobatan_penderita_diabetes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengobatan_penderita_diabetes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Pengobatan penderita diabetes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengobatan_penderita_diabetes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keasaman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keasaman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Keasaman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keasaman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metilglioksal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metilglioksal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Metilglioksal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metilglioksal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efek_nutraseutikal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efek_nutraseutikal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Efek nutraseutikal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efek_nutraseutikal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meredakan_sakit_tenggorokan_dan_batuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meredakan_sakit_tenggorokan_dan_batuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Meredakan sakit tenggorokan dan batuk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meredakan_sakit_tenggorokan_dan_batuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikasi_medis_lainnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi_medis_lainnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Aplikasi medis lainnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi_medis_lainnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penelitian_Berbasis_Metabolomik_pada_Madu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penelitian_Berbasis_Metabolomik_pada_Madu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Penelitian Berbasis Metabolomik pada Madu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penelitian_Berbasis_Metabolomik_pada_Madu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topik_Terkait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topik_Terkait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Topik Terkait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topik_Terkait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lanjutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lanjutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bacaan lanjutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lanjutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Madu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 187 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-187" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">187 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuning" title="Heuning – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Heuning" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honig" title="Honig – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Honig" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD" title="ማር – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel" title="Miel – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Miel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunig" title="Hunig – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hunig" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%84" title="عسل – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عسل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%92%DC%AB%DC%90" title="ܕܒܫܐ – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܕܒܫܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%84" title="عسل – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عسل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel" title="Miel – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Miel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misk%27i" title="Misk'i – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Misk'i" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal" title="Bal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бал – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бал" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madu" title="Madu – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Madu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heng" title="Heng – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Heng" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medos" title="Medos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Medos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangguli" title="Tangguli – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tangguli" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%91%D0%B4" title="Мёд – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мёд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%91%D0%B4" title="Мёд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мёд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Пчелен мед – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пчелен мед" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81" title="मधु – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मधु" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81" title="মধু – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মধু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med" title="Med – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Med" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Моз – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Моз" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8F" title="ᏩᏚᎵᏏ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏩᏚᎵᏏ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1hnom%C3%A1pano%27%C3%AAhas%C3%AB%C3%B6" title="Háhnomápano'êhasëö – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Háhnomápano'êhasëö" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ھەنگوین – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەنگوین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meli" title="Meli – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Meli" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med" title="Med – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Med" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Пыл – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пыл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAl" title="Mêl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mêl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honning" title="Honning – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Honning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiri" title="Shiri – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Shiri" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honig" title="Honig – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Honig" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Μέλι – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey" title="Honey – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Honey" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mielo" title="Mielo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mielo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel" title="Miel – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Miel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesi" title="Mesi – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mesi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezti" title="Ezti – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ezti" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel" title="Miel – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Miel" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%84" title="عسل – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عسل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunaja" title="Hunaja – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hunaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel" title="Miel – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Miel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6nang" title="Hönang – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hönang" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AEl" title="Mîl – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Mîl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huning" title="Huning – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Huning" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil" title="Mil – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil" title="Mil – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mil" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirete" title="Eirete – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Eirete" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5" title="म्होंव – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="म्होंव" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seero" title="Seero – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Seero" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuma" title="Zuma – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zuma" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BBng-th%C3%B2ng" title="Phûng-thòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phûng-thòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A9" title="דבש – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דבש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81" title="मधु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मधु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh" title="Madh – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Madh" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med" title="Med – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Med" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwo" title="Siwo – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Siwo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9z" title="Méz – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Méz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B2%D6%80" title="Մեղր – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեղր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B2%D6%80" title="Մեղր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մեղր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melle" title="Melle – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Melle" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diro" title="Diro – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Diro" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Модз – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Модз" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mielo" title="Mielo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mielo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunang" title="Hunang – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hunang" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miele" title="Miele – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Miele" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E8%9C%9C" title="蜂蜜 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蜂蜜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madu" title="Madu – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Madu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="თაფლი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თაფლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamment" title="Tamment – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamment" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong" title="Tong – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tong" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modu" title="Modu – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Modu" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Ара балы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ара балы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81" title="ಜೇನು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೇನು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuri_K%C7%9Dman" title="Kuri Kǝman – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Kuri Kǝman" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%8C%EA%BF%80" title="벌꿀 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벌꿀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%DA%BE" title="ماچھ – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ماچھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingiv" title="Hingiv – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hingiv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бал – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C3%A9l" title="Myél – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Myél" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunneg" title="Hunneg – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hunneg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82" title="Вирт – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Вирт" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel" title="Miel – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Miel" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%AA" title="Amê – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Amê" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maf%C3%BAta_ma_nz%C3%B3i" title="Mafúta ma nzói – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mafúta ma nzói" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medus" title="Medus – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Medus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medus" title="Medus – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Medus" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madu" title="Madu – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Madu" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Медсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Медсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantely" title="Tantely – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tantely" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%B1%D0%B9" title="Мӱй – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мӱй" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madu" title="Madu – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Madu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мед – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мед" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BB" title="തേൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തേൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Зөгийн бал – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зөгийн бал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siido" title="Siido – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Siido" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7" title="मध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%B1" title="Мӱ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мӱ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madu" title="Madu – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Madu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="ပျားရည် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပျားရည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Поназ – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Поназ" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necuhtli" title="Necuhtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Necuhtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8le_(magn%C3%A0)" title="Mèle (magnà) – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mèle (magnà)" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honnig" title="Honnig – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Honnig" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoening" title="Hoening – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hoening" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9" title="मह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="कस्ति – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कस्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honing" title="Honing – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Honing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honning" title="Honning – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Honning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honning" title="Honning – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Honning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%A9" title="Mié – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mié" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%ADs%CA%BCn%C3%A1_bit%C5%82%CA%BCizh" title="Tsísʼná bitłʼizh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsísʼná bitłʼizh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8l" title="Mèl – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezi" title="Mezi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mezi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%81" title="ମହୁ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମହୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%B4" title="Мыд – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мыд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A6" title="ਸ਼ਹਿਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਹਿਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B3d" title="Miód – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miód" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amel" title="Amel – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Amel" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="ماکھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماکھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachiwa_misk%27i" title="Lachiwa misk'i – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lachiwa misk'i" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuki" title="Ubuki – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubuki" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miere" title="Miere – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Miere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91iari" title="Ñiari – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ñiari" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мед – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Мед" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%91%D0%B4" title="Мёд – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мёд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мед – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мед" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuki" title="Ubuki – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubuki" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%83)" title="मधु (आहारपदार्थः) – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मधु (आहारपदार्थः)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%AF%D3%A9%D1%82" title="Мүөт – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мүөт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meli" title="Meli – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Meli" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meli" title="Meli – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Meli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinnie" title="Hinnie – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hinnie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="ماکي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ماکي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med" title="Med – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Med" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92" title="මී පැණි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මී පැණි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey" title="Honey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Honey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med" title="Med – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Med" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="ماکھی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ماکھی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med" title="Med – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Med" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huchi" title="Huchi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Huchi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malab" title="Malab – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Malab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjalti" title="Mjalti – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mjalti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мед – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мед" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huunich" title="Huunich – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Huunich" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madu" title="Madu – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Madu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honung" title="Honung – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Honung" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asali" title="Asali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Asali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தேன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8A/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97" title="ಚೀಯೊ/ತಿಗ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಚೀಯೊ/ತಿಗ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86" title="తేనె – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తేనె" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Асал – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Асал" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" title="น้ำผึ้ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำผึ้ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ary_baly" title="Ary baly – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ary baly" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulot-pukyutan" title="Pulot-pukyutan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pulot-pukyutan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angivin" title="Angivin – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Angivin" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal" title="Bal – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бал – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бал" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%84" title="ھەسەل – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھەسەل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мед – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мед" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%AF" title="شہد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شہد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asal" title="Asal – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Asal" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezi" title="Mezi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mezi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%ADt_ong" title="Mật ong – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mật ong" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AAem" title="Zêem – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zêem" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel" title="Miel – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Miel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5me_(amagn%C3%AE)" title="Låme (amagnî) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Låme (amagnî)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugos" title="Dugos – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dugos" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E8%9C%9C" title="蜂蜜 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蜂蜜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="თოფური – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თოფური" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92" title="האניג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האניג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangzrwi" title="Dangzrwi – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dangzrwi" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E8%9C%9C" title="蜂蜜 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蜂蜜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E8%9C%9C" title="蜂蜜 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蜂蜜" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phang-bi%CC%8Dt" title="Phang-bi̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phang-bi̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E7%B3%96" title="蜜糖 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蜜糖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10987#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Madu" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Madu" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Madu"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madu&action=edit" title="Halaman ini dilindungi. Anda hanya dapat melihat sumbernya. [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Lihat sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madu&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Madu"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madu&action=edit"><span>Lihat sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madu&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Madu" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Madu" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madu&oldid=25840019" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madu&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Madu&id=25840019&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMadu"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMadu"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Madu"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Madu&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madu&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Honey" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10987" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26810368/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Runny_hunny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/250px-Runny_hunny.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/375px-Runny_hunny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/500px-Runny_hunny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Stoples berisi madu dengan <a href="/wiki/Sendok_madu" title="Sendok madu">sendok madu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Biskuit" title="Biskuit">biskuit</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Madu</b> adalah subtansi makanan manis dan kental yang dibuat oleh <a href="/wiki/Lebah_madu" title="Lebah madu">lebah madu</a> dan beberapa serangga lain.<sup id="cite_ref-Crane1990_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lebah menghasilkan madu dari sekresi <a href="/wiki/Gula" title="Gula">gula</a> tumbuhan (<a href="/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar">nektar</a> <a href="/wiki/Bunga" title="Bunga">bunga</a>) atau dari sekresi serangga lain (seperti <i>honeydew</i> atau <a href="/wiki/Madu_serangga" class="mw-redirect" title="Madu serangga">madu serangga</a>). Madu terbentuk melalui regurgitasi, aktivitas enzimatik, dan penguapan air. Lebah menyimpan madu dalam struktur lilin yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Sarang_lebah" title="Sarang lebah">sarang lebah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crane1990_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variasi madu yang dihasilkan oleh lebah madu (genus <i>Apis</i>) adalah madu yang paling terkenal, karena diproduksi secara komersial dan paling banyak dikonsumsi di seluruh dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-crane_book_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crane_book-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madu dikumpulkan dari koloni lebah liar, atau dari sarang lebah peliharaan peternakan lebah. </p><p>Madu mendapatkan rasa manisnya dari <a href="/wiki/Monosakarida" title="Monosakarida">monosakarida</a> <a href="/wiki/Fruktosa" title="Fruktosa">fruktosa</a> dan glukosa, serta memiliki rasa manis yang hampir sama dengan sukrosa (gula meja).<sup id="cite_ref-NHB_carbs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHB_carbs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oregon_State_University_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oregon_State_University-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lima belas mililiter (1 sendok makan Amerika) madu menyediakan sekitar 190 kilojoule (46 kilokalori) energi.<sup id="cite_ref-Nutrient_Data_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutrient_Data-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madu memiliki sifat kimia yang menarik untuk memanggang dan memiliki rasa yang khas bila digunakan sebagai pemanis.<sup id="cite_ref-NHB_carbs_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHB_carbs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebanyakan mikroorganisme tidak tumbuh di dalam madu, jadi madu yang tersegel tidak akan rusak, bahkan setelah ribuan tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-Geiling_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geiling-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_1999_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott_1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penggunaan dan produksi madu memiliki sejarah yang panjang dan bervariasi serta bisa ditelusuri sejak zaman kuno. Beberapa lukisan gua di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuevas_de_la_Ara%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuevas de la Araña (halaman belum tersedia)">Cuevas de la Araña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a> menggambarkan manusia yang mencari madu. Lukisan gua ini berasal dari setidaknya 8.000 tahun yang lalu.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crane83_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane83-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kandungan_Nutrisi">Kandungan Nutrisi</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r27002510">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Madu</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nilai nutrisi per 100 g (3,5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Energi_makanan" title="Energi makanan">Energi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.272 kJ (304 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27002510" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat">Karbohidrat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">82.4 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Gula" title="Gula">Gula</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">82.12 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Serat_pangan" title="Serat pangan">Serat pangan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.2 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27002510" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak">Lemak</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27002510" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.3 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27002510" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamin</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Kuantitas</b> <div style="float:right;"><abbr title="Persen Angka Kecukupan Gizi"><b>%AKG</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.038 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niasin" title="Niasin">Niasin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.121 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Asam_pantotenat" title="Asam pantotenat">Asam pantotenat (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.068 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.024 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Asam_folat" title="Asam folat">Folat (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 2 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.5 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27002510" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrisi)" title="Mineral (nutrisi)">Mineral</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Kuantitas</b> <div style="float:right;"><abbr title="Persen Angka Kecukupan Gizi"><b>%AKG</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium#Manfaat_bagi_manusia" title="Kalsium">Kalsium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 6 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zat_besi" title="Zat besi">Zat besi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.42 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_dalam_biologi" title="Magnesium dalam biologi">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">Fosfor</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potasium">Potasium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 52 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Seng#Peran_hayati" title="Seng">Seng</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.22 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27002510" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Komponen lainnya</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Kuantitas</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Air</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">17.10 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/6287?fg=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=35&sort=&qlookup=honey&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby=">Full Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="plainlist" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.15em;line-height:1.25em;"> <ul><li>Satuan</li> <li>μg = <a href="/wiki/Mikrogram" title="Mikrogram">mikrogram</a> • mg = <a href="/wiki/Miligram" class="mw-redirect" title="Miligram">miligram</a></li> <li>SI = <a href="/wiki/Satuan_internasional" title="Satuan internasional">Satuan internasional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;"><sup>†</sup>Persen AKG berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Asupan_Referensi_Diet" title="Asupan Referensi Diet">rekomendasi Amerika Serikat</a> untuk orang dewasa.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Madu adalah campuran dari gula dan senyawa lainnya. Sehubungan dengan karbohidrat, madu terutama fruktosa (sekitar 38,5%) dan glukosa (sekitar 31,0%),<sup id="cite_ref-NHB_carbs_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHB_carbs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sehingga mirip dengan sirup gula sintetis diproduksi terbalik, yang sekitar 48% fruktosa, glukosa 47%, dan sukrosa 5%. Karbohidrat madu yang tersisa termasuk maltosa, sukrosa, dan karbohidrat kompleks lainnya. Seperti semua pemanis bergizi yang lain, madu sebagian besar mengandung gula dan hanya mengandung sedikit jumlah vitamin atau mineral.<sup id="cite_ref-Nutrient_Data_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutrient_Data-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sugaralliance_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sugaralliance-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madu juga mengandung sejumlah kecil dari beberapa senyawa dianggap berfungsi sebagai antioksidan, termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysin (halaman belum tersedia)">chrysin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinobanksin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinobanksin (halaman belum tersedia)">pinobanksin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katalase" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalase">katalase</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinocembrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinocembrin (halaman belum tersedia)">pinocembrin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Komposisi spesifik dari sejumlah madu tergantung pada bunga yang tersedia untuk lebah yang menghasilkan madu.<sup id="cite_ref-sugaralliance_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sugaralliance-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analisis kandungan senyawa yang te,dapat pada madu secara umum:<sup id="cite_ref-Comp_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comp-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruktosa" title="Fruktosa">Fruktosa</a>: 38,2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">Glukosa</a>: 31,3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltosa" title="Maltosa">Maltosa</a>: 7,1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukrosa" title="Sukrosa">Sukrosa</a>: 1,3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">Air</a>: 17,2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula" title="Gula">Gula</a> paling tinggi: 1,5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_(analisis_kimia)" title="Abu (analisis kimia)">Abu (analisis kimia)</a>: 0,2%</li> <li>Lain-lain: 3.2%</li></ul> <p>Viskositas / kekentalan madu adalah sekitar 1,36 kilogram per liter. (Atau sama dengan 36% lebih kental daripada air).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lebah">Lebah</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bee_on_-calyx_935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bee_on_-calyx_935.jpg/220px-Bee_on_-calyx_935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bee_on_-calyx_935.jpg/330px-Bee_on_-calyx_935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bee_on_-calyx_935.jpg/440px-Bee_on_-calyx_935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Seekor <a href="/wiki/Lebah_madu" title="Lebah madu">lebah madu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lebah secara umum (genus <i>Apis</i>) memiliki kurang lebih 20.000 spesies, namun hanya beberapa spesies lebah antara lain <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera">A. mellifera</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apis_andreniformis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apis andreniformis (halaman belum tersedia)">A. andreniformis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis cerana">A. cerana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_dorsata" title="Apis dorsata">A. dorsata</a></i> dan beberapa spesies lainnya yang dapat menghasilkan madu. <a href="/wiki/Apis_dorsata" title="Apis dorsata"><i>A. dorsata</i></a> adalah lebah <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> yang paling bagus memproduksi madu.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan." style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pedoman_gaya/Hindari_penyamaran_opini" title="Wikipedia:Pedoman gaya/Hindari penyamaran opini"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution.">menurut siapa?</span></a></i>]</sup> Lebah ini hanya membuat sarang satu lapis yang meggantung di dahan pohon, di langit-langit yang terbuka, atau di <a href="/wiki/Tebing" title="Tebing">tebing</a> <a href="/wiki/Jurang" title="Jurang">jurang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-internet2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internet2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk saat ini <a href="/wiki/Apis_dorsata" title="Apis dorsata"><i>A. dorsata</i></a> belum bisa dibudidayakan di kandang tertutup.<sup id="cite_ref-internet2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internet2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan <a href="/wiki/Sarang" title="Sarang">sarang</a> berukuran 2 x 2 m lebah ini bisa menghasilkan 20 <a href="/wiki/Kg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">kg</a> madu untuk setiap sarang.<sup id="cite_ref-internet2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internet2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>A. dorsata</i> memiliki ukuran badan besar, dan hidup di daerah <a href="/wiki/Sub-tropis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-tropis">sub-tropis</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tropis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropis">tropis</a> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> dan tidak ditemukan selain di daerah <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-internet2_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internet2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> lebah ini bisa ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/NTB" class="mw-redirect" title="NTB">NTB</a> atau <a href="/wiki/NTT" class="mw-redirect" title="NTT">NTT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-internet2_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internet2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peternakan_Lebah_Madu">Peternakan Lebah Madu</h2></div> <p>Di Indonesia sendiri sudah terdapat peternakan madu (apikultur). Peternakan lebah di Indonesia masih tergolong kecil, dan belum besar-besaran. Terdapat beberapa peternakan lebah yang sudah ada yakni di Malang, Jawa Timur. Sedangkan pada wilayah lain mayoritas madu diperoleh dari hasil hutan seperti pada Jawa Barat. Peternakan dan eksploitasi hasil hutan ini diperlukan karena banyak pasar maupun peluang pasar salah satunya adalah di Taiwan yang memiliki nilai sebesar 6730.000 USD atau setara dengan 95 Miliar Rupiah. Dengan analisis biaya produksi awal madu hutan di Bandung, Jawa Barat kurang dari 150 juta rupiah dan biaya perbaikan tetap per tahun sebesar 60 juta rupiah.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pembentukan_Madu">Pembentukan Madu</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Runny_hunny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/220px-Runny_hunny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/330px-Runny_hunny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/440px-Runny_hunny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Madu</figcaption></figure> <p>Lebah mengubah <a href="/wiki/Sakarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakarida">gula (sakarida)</a> menjadi madu dengan proses mengunyah berkali kali sampai setengah tercerna. Proses ini tidak dilakukan sekaligus. Setelah dikunyah, <a href="/wiki/Sakarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakarida">sakarida</a> masih dalam bentuk cair dan masih mengandung banyak air, maka proses selanjutnya adalah penguapan sebanyak mungkin air dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transformasi (halaman belum tersedia)">transformasi</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a>. </p><p>Lebah membuat madu sebagai sumber makanan. Pada musim dingin atau saat makanan langka, lebah mengambil cadangan madu sebagai sumber energi.<sup id="cite_ref-NHB_Bee_facts_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHB_Bee_facts-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secara umum ada tiga jenis tipe lebah dalam satu sarang: </p> <ul><li>Seekor ratu</li> <li>Beberapa lebah jantan (untuk membuahi calon ratu baru)</li> <li>Ribuan lebah betina pekerja.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Lebah pekerja bertugas mengurus <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a>, mengumpulkan <a href="/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar">nektar</a> yang akan dibuat menjadi madu, serta mencari <a href="/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar">nektar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produk_Berbahan_Dasar_Madu">Produk Berbahan Dasar Madu</h2></div> <p>Produk utama dari madu adalah sebagai bahan pangan. Madu murni dibungkus dalam kemasan yang bisa langsung digunakan ataupun dapat dilarutkan dengan air dan kemudian diminum. Selain itu, madu juga digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan pangan dan terdapat sebagai salah satu komposisi dari beberapa produk air minum dalam kemasan. Madu yang ditambahkan pada produk air minum pada kemasan menggunakan madu sebagai bahan perasa (<i>flavouring agent</i>). </p><p>Madu juga banyak ditemukan sebagai salah satu komposisi pada obat-obatan tradisional seperti jamu. Madu memiliki aktivitas antimikroba yang bisa menghambat pertumbuhan mikrob yang disebabkan oleh kandungan air yang rendah. Selain itu, madu juga dapat digunakan untuk menyembuhkan tukak peptik/penyakit maag yang disebabkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Infeksi" title="Infeksi">infeksi</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></i>. Madu juga memiliki aktivitas antivirus. Selain itu, penelitian terhadap madu juga terlihat berbagai aktivitas <a href="/wiki/Farmakologi" title="Farmakologi">farmakologi</a> madu pada penyembuhan penyakit <a href="/wiki/Artritis" title="Artritis">artritis</a>, penyembuhan <a href="/wiki/Infeksi_saluran_kemih" title="Infeksi saluran kemih">infeksi saluran kemih</a>, penurunan kadar <a href="/wiki/Kolesterol" title="Kolesterol">kolesterol</a>, pengobatan <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker">kanker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Indonesia ada beberapa produk jamu yang menggunakan madu. </p><p>Madu juga digunakan sebagai bahan <a href="/wiki/Kosmetik" title="Kosmetik">kosmetik</a>. Penambahan madu pada kosmetik adalah sebagai pelembap (<i>moisturizer</i>), pelembut (<i>softener</i>) dan menyembuhkan jaringan kulit. Beberapa aplikasi kosmetik pada madu antara lain adalah sebagai pencuci wajah, pelembut wajah, pelembap, jerawat, bibir pecah-pecah, lotion untuk kulit kering, dan <i>conditioner</i> rambut. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardisasi_Madu_Internasional">Standardisasi Madu Internasional</h2></div> <p>Banyak produk primer maupun sekunder terbuat dari madu, sehingga diperlukannya standar nasional maupun internasional untuk menjamin kualitas madu yang digunakan. Sudah terdapat standar Internasional madu yang dikeluarkan oleh <i>Codex Alimentarius Standard</i>. Beberapa parameter mutu dari madu antara lain adalah <a href="/wiki/Kadar_air" title="Kadar air">kadar air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kontaminasi" title="Kontaminasi">kontaminan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadar_gula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadar gula (halaman belum tersedia)">kadar gula</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadar_senyawa_tak_larut_air&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadar senyawa tak larut air (halaman belum tersedia)">kadar senyawa tak larut air</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadar_abu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadar abu (halaman belum tersedia)">kadar abu</a>, <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">tingkat keasaman (pH)</a>, aktivitas diastase, kadar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidroksimetilfurfural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidroksimetilfurfural (halaman belum tersedia)">hidroksimetilfurfural (HMF)</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Konduktivitas listrik">konduktivitas listrik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kualitas madu yang baik adalah madu yang tidak terdapat kandungan air tinggi. Beberapa kontaminan yang pada madu antara lain logam berat, dan residu pestisida harus kurang dari batas maksimal yang diperbolehkan. Selain itu kadar HMF tidak boleh lebih dari 40 mg/kg yang menandakan bahwa bila madu sudah disimpan lama atau disimpan kurang baik, kadar HMF nya akan meningkat. Secara umum, madu yang baik adalah madu yang kadar airnya kurang dari 21%, memiliki aktivitas diastase diatas 3 dan kandungan HMF dibawah 40 mg/kg.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manfaat_Madu">Manfaat Madu</h2></div> <p>Sepanjang sejarah, madu sudah digunakan manusia untuk mengobati berbagai jenis penyakit, namun baru beberapa periode ini <a href="/wiki/Antiseptik" title="Antiseptik">antiseptik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Antibakteri" title="Antibakteri">antibakteri</a> yang berasal dari madu bisa dijelaskan secara ilmiah. Madu memiliki kandungan air yang rendah (larutan lewat jenuh), sehingga air yang berada di dalam sel mikroorganisme yang masuk ke madu akan keluar (efek osmotik) mengakibatkan selnya mengerut dan mati. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efek_Osmotik">Efek Osmotik</h3></div> <p>Madu memiliki efek osmotik.<sup id="cite_ref-Lusby_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lusby-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada dasarnya madu merupakan campuran dari <a href="/wiki/Monosakarida" title="Monosakarida">monosakarida</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Aktivitas_air" title="Aktivitas air">aktivitas air</a> yang rendah, kebanyakan <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a> air selalu berhubungan dengan gula dan juga <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganisme" title="Mikroorganisme">mikroorganisme</a>. Hal ini membuat madu menjadi media yang tidak bagus untuk <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganisme" title="Mikroorganisme">mikroorganisme</a> berkembang biak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hidrogen_Peroksida">Hidrogen Peroksida</h3></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen_Peroksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogen Peroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Hidrogen Peroksida</a> terbentuk dari pelepasan yang lambat oleh <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glukosa_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glukosa oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">glukosa oksida</a> yang ada di madu. Hal ini terjadi jika madu dicairkan, di mana <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> dibutuhkan untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi</a> ini, aktif hanya jika <a href="/wiki/Keasaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Keasaman">keasaman</a> madu dinetralisasi oleh cairan tubuh, dapat dihancurkan oleh adanya <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> pencerna <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, dan akan hancur jika madu terpapar panas atau sinar.<sup id="cite_ref-manuka_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manuka-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madu juga dapat menonaktifkan logam bebas, yang tidak akan mengkatalisis pembentukan radikal oksigen bebas dari hidrogen peroksida, yang menyebabkan peradangan. Juga, unsur antioksidan dalam madu membantu membersihkan radikal bebas oksigen yang ada..<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a> + <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">H<sub>2</sub>O</a> + <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O<sub>2</sub></a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_glukonik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam glukonik (halaman belum tersedia)">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a> + <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_peroksida" title="Hidrogen peroksida">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a> (reaksi oksidasi glukosa)</dd></dl> <p>Pada saat madu digunakan (seperti dioleskan pada luka) <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_peroksida" title="Hidrogen peroksida">hidrogen peroksida</a> dihasilkan saat madu mencair terkena cairan tubuh. Sebagai hasilnya, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_peroksida" title="Hidrogen peroksida">hidrogen peroksida</a> dilepaskan perlahan lahan dan menjadi <a href="/wiki/Antiseptik" title="Antiseptik">antiseptik</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengobatan_penderita_diabetes">Pengobatan penderita diabetes</h3></div> <p>Madu juga sudah terbukti bisa digunakan untuk pengobatan luka pada penderita <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" class="mw-disambig" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> yang di mana pasien tidak diperkenankan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibiotik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keasaman">Keasaman</h3></div> <p>Keasaman (<a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>) madu berkisar dari 3,2 sampai 4,5.<sup id="cite_ref-antimicrobial_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antimicrobial-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kondisi <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a> ini dapat mencegah tumbuhnya <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metilglioksal">Metilglioksal</h3></div> <p>Aktivitas <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibiotik</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonperoksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonperoksida (halaman belum tersedia)">nonperoksida</a> disebapkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metilglioksal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metilglioksal (halaman belum tersedia)">metilglioksal</a> (MGO) dan komponen sinergi yang tidak dikenali. Kebanyakan madu mengandung MGO yang sangat rendah, namun madu <a href="/wiki/Leptospermum_scoparium" title="Leptospermum scoparium">manuka</a> mengandung MGO yang sangat tinggi. Tingkat sinergi dalam madu manuka dua kali lipat lebih dari aktivitas antibakteri MGO.<sup id="cite_ref-manuka_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manuka-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efek_nutraseutikal">Efek nutraseutikal</h3></div> <p>Antioksidan dalam madu pernah diujikan pada tikus dan mampu mengurangi kerusakan yang terjadi di usus besar.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini sesuai dengan <a href="/wiki/Pengobatan_tradisional" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengobatan tradisional">pengobatan tradisional</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meredakan_sakit_tenggorokan_dan_batuk">Meredakan sakit tenggorokan dan batuk</h3></div> <p>Madu juga sudah digunakan berabad-abad untuk meredakan sakit tenggorokan dan batuk.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aplikasi_medis_lainnya">Aplikasi medis lainnya</h3></div> <p>Beberapa studi menunjukkan penggunaan madu dapat mengurangi bau badan, bengkak, dan mengobati luka.<sup id="cite_ref-antimicrobial_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antimicrobial-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madu telah terbukti menjadi pengobatan yang efektif untuk <a href="/wiki/Konjungtivitis" title="Konjungtivitis">konjungtivitis</a> pada tikus.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madu dipasteurisasi secara luas diyakini dapat mengurangi alergi, meskipun tidak secara komersial disaring atau madu mentah terbukti lebih efektif dibandingkan plasebo dalam studi terkontrol dari 36 peserta dengan <a href="/wiki/Alergi" title="Alergi">alergi</a> pada mata.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penelitian_Berbasis_Metabolomik_pada_Madu">Penelitian Berbasis Metabolomik pada Madu</h2></div> <p>Penelitian terhadap madu penting dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas maupun kuantitas dari madu yang dihasilkan. </p><p>Beberapa metode berbasis <a href="/wiki/Metabolomika" title="Metabolomika">metabolomik</a> yang telah dilakukan pada madu ataupun lebah antara lain adalah penentuan senyawa marker dari madu yang menandakan sumber geografisnya.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumber geografis akan memengaruhi kualitas madu sehingga penentuan marker ini dapat memberikan pandangan terkait kualitas madunya. Selain itu penelitian berbasis metabolomik pada lebah juga dapat digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan spesies lebah yang juga merupakan faktor penentu jenis madu yang dihasilkan.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selain kajian metabolomik pada lebah, penelitian juga dilakukan pada tanaman penghasil nektar yang biasanya digunakan oleh lebah untuk memproduksi madu.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penelitian pada mikroflora pada usus lebah juga dapat memberikan pandangan pada kualitas madu yang dapat dihasilkan.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selain kajian-kajian metabolomik yang telah diuraikan di atas, dapat dilakukan pula kajian metabolomik pada jalur metabolisme lebah yang menghasilkan madu. Kajian metabolomik juga dapat dilakukan pada pohon yang ditempati oleh sarang lebah, sebab bisa jadi ada hubungan antara pohon tertentu dengan keberadaan sarang lebah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topik_Terkait">Topik Terkait</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makanan" title="Makanan">makanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuman" title="Minuman">minuman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_cocktail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar cocktail (halaman belum tersedia)">daftar cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_resep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar resep (halaman belum tersedia)">daftar resep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">glukosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar">nektar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamu" title="Jamu">jamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_tumbuhan_madu" title="Daftar tumbuhan madu">Daftar tumbuhan madu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Crane1990-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crane1990_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crane1990_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Eva_Crane" title="Eva Crane">Crane E</a> (1990). "Honey from honeybees and other insects". <i>Ethology Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>3</b> (sup1): 100–105. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03949370.1991.10721919">10.1080/03949370.1991.10721919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethology+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Honey+from+honeybees+and+other+insects&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=sup1&rft.pages=100-105&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03949370.1991.10721919&rft.au=Crane+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Crane, E., Walker, P., & Day, R. (1984). <i>Directory of important world honey sources</i>. International Bee Research Association. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0860981411" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0860981411">978-0860981411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directory+of+important+world+honey+sources&rft.pub=International+Bee+Research+Association&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0860981411&rft.au=Crane%2C+E.%2C+Walker%2C+P.%2C+%26+Day%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crane_book-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crane_book_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Crane, Ethel Eva (1999). <i>The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781136746703" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781136746703">9781136746703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+History+of+Beekeeping+and+Honey+Hunting&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781136746703&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Ethel+Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHB_carbs-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHB_carbs_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHB_carbs_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHB_carbs_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">National Honey Board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honey.com/images/downloads/carb.pdf">"Carbohydrates and the Sweetness of Honey"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110701123525/http://www.honey.com/images/downloads/carb.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 1 July 2011 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Last accessed 1 June 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oregon_State_University-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oregon_State_University_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oregon State University <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101092211/http://food.oregonstate.edu/learn/faq/faq_sugar53.html">"What is the relative sweetness of different sugars and sugar substitutes?"</a>. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nutrient_Data-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nutrient_Data_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nutrient_Data_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312070344/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/6287?fg=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=35&sort=&qlookup=honey&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby=">"Full Report (All Nutrients): 19296, Honey"</a>. USDA National Nutrient Database, Agricultural Research Service, Release 28. 2015. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/6287?fg=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=35&sort=&qlookup=honey&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby=">versi asli</a> tanggal 2016-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+Report+%28All+Nutrients%29%3A+19296%2C+Honey&rft.pub=USDA+National+Nutrient+Database%2C+Agricultural+Research+Service%2C+Release+28&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fndb.nal.usda.gov%2Fndb%2Ffoods%2Fshow%2F6287%3Ffg%3D%26man%3D%26lfacet%3D%26count%3D%26max%3D35%26sort%3D%26qlookup%3Dhoney%26offset%3D%26format%3DFull%26new%3D%26measureby%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geiling-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geiling_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Geiling, Natasha (22 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-science-behind-honeys-eternal-shelf-life-1218690/?no-ist">"The Science Behind Honey's Eternal Shelf Life"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Science+Behind+Honey%27s+Eternal+Shelf+Life&rft.date=2013-08-22&rft.aulast=Geiling&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fthe-science-behind-honeys-eternal-shelf-life-1218690%2F%3Fno-ist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prescott_1999-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_1999_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Prescott, Lansing; Harley, John P.; Klein, Donald A. (1999). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microbiology00pres"><i>Microbiology</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. Boston: WCB/McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-697-35439-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-697-35439-6">978-0-697-35439-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbiology&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=WCB%2FMcGraw-Hill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-697-35439-6&rft.au=Prescott%2C+Lansing&rft.au=Harley%2C+John+P.&rft.au=Klein%2C+Donald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicrobiology00pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hunt-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hunt_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hunt CL, Atwater HW (7 April 1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89094204153;view=1up;seq=3"><i>Honey and Its Uses in the Home</i></a>. US Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin, No. 653<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honey+and+Its+Uses+in+the+Home&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Farmers%27+Bulletin%2C+No.+653&rft.date=1915-04-07&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=CL&rft.au=Atwater%2C+HW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dwu.89094204153%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crane83-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crane83_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crane, Eva (1983) <i>The Archaeology of Beekeeping</i>, Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8014-1609-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8014-1609-4">0-8014-1609-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sugaralliance-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sugaralliance_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sugaralliance_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shelf1.library.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/tiff2pdf/heinz/box00335/fld00030/bdl0029/doc0001/heinz.pdf"><i>Questions Most Frequently Asked About Sugar</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. American Sugar Alliance.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Questions+Most+Frequently+Asked+About+Sugar&rft.pub=American+Sugar+Alliance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshelf1.library.cmu.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftiff2pdf%2Fheinz%2Fbox00335%2Ffld00030%2Fbdl0029%2Fdoc0001%2Fheinz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Martos I, Ferreres F, Tomás-Barberán F (2000). "Identification of flavonoid markers for the botanical origin of Eucalyptus honey". <i>J Agric Food Chem</i>. <b>48</b> (5): 1498–502. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf991166q">10.1021/jf991166q</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10820049">10820049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Agric+Food+Chem&rft.atitle=Identification+of+flavonoid+markers+for+the+botanical+origin+of+Eucalyptus+honey&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1498-502&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf991166q&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10820049&rft.au=Martos+I%2C+Ferreres+F%2C+Tom%C3%A1s-Barber%C3%A1n+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gheldof N, Wang X, Engeseth N (2002). "Identification and quantification of antioxidant components of honeys from various floral sources". <i>J Agric Food Chem</i>. <b>50</b> (21): 5870–7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf0256135">10.1021/jf0256135</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12358452">12358452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Agric+Food+Chem&rft.atitle=Identification+and+quantification+of+antioxidant+components+of+honeys+from+various+floral+sources&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=5870-7&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf0256135&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12358452&rft.au=Gheldof+N%2C+Wang+X%2C+Engeseth+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comp-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Comp_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beesource.com/resources/usda/honey-composition-and-properties/">Beesource Beekeeping » Honey Composition and Properties</a>. Beesource.com. Retrieved on 2011-02-06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rainer Krell, (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BzzBBbnIJhIC"><i>Value-Added Products from Beekeeping (Fao Agricultural Services Bulletin)</i></a>. Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/92-5-103819-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/92-5-103819-8">92-5-103819-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Value-Added+Products+from+Beekeeping+%28Fao+Agricultural+Services+Bulletin%29&rft.pub=Food+%26+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+UN&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=92-5-103819-8&rft.au=Rainer+Krell%2C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_BzzBBbnIJhIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-internet2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-internet2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internet2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internet2_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internet2_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internet2_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="id" dir="ltr">Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama <code>internet2</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siregar, Heraldy Risva (2014). “Analisis Biaya Produksi Madu Hutan, Madu Pollen dan Pollen pada Usaha Madu D-Bee’s di Sindangkerta, Bandung Barat”. Institut Pertanian Bogor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHB_Bee_facts-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NHB_Bee_facts_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Honey Board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honey.com/nhb/about-honey/honey-and-bees/">"Honey and Bees."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100723234611/http://www.honey.com/nhb/about-honey/honey-and-bees/">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-07-23 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Last accessed 10 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Val Whitmyre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.ucanr.org/mgnapa/Articles/Honeybees.htm">"The Plight of the Honeybees."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304202354/http://groups.ucanr.org/mgnapa/Articles/Honeybees.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-03-04 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. University of California. Retrieved 14 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saranraj, P., Sivasakthi, S., & Feliciano, G. (2016). Pharmacology of Honey: A Review. Advances In Biological Research, 10(4), 271-289. doi: 10.5829/idosi.abr.2016.10.4.104104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bogdanov, S., Lüllmann, C., Martin, P., von der Ohe, W., Russmann, H., & Vorwohl, G. et al. (1999). Honey quality and international regulatory standards: review by the International Honey Commission. Bee World, 80(2), 61-69. doi: 10.1080/0005772x.1999.11099428</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lusby-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lusby_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lusby, PE (2002 Nov). "Honey: a potent agent for wound healing?". <i>Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society / WOCN</i>. <b>29</b> (6): 295–300. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12439453">12439453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+wound%2C+ostomy%2C+and+continence+nursing+%3A+official+publication+of+The+Wound%2C+Ostomy+and+Continence+Nurses+Society+%2F+WOCN&rft.atitle=Honey%3A+a+potent+agent+for+wound+healing%3F&rft.chron=2002+Nov&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=295-300&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12439453&rft.aulast=Lusby&rft.aufirst=PE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manuka-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manuka_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manuka_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bio.waikato.ac.nz/honey/special.shtml">Waikato Honey Research Unit–What's special about active manuka honey?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608033757/http://bio.waikato.ac.nz/honey/special.shtml">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-06-08 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Bio.waikato.ac.nz. Retrieved on 2011-02-06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewounds.com/2001/november/Molan/honey-as-topical-agent.html">Honey as a topical antibacterial agent for treatment of infected wounds</a>. Worldwidewounds.com (2002-02-15). Retrieved on 2011-02-06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer Eddy <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.wisc.edu/releases/13738">"UW study tests topical honey as a treatment for diabetic ulcers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120428163634/http://www.news.wisc.edu/releases/13738">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-04-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., UW Health's Eau Claire Family Medicine Clinic, University of Wisconsin–Madison (2007-05-02)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antimicrobial-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-antimicrobial_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-antimicrobial_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611173425/http://bio.waikato.ac.nz/honey/honey_intro.shtml"><i>Honey as an Antimicrobial Agent</i></a>. Waikato Honey Research Unit. 16 November 2006. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bio.waikato.ac.nz/honey/honey_intro.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honey+as+an+Antimicrobial+Agent&rft.pub=Waikato+Honey+Research+Unit&rft.date=2006-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbio.waikato.ac.nz%2Fhoney%2Fhoney_intro.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Bilsel, Y. (16 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223996&Ausgabe=228557&ArtikelNr=64580&filename=64580.pdf">"Could Honey Have a Place in Colitis Therapy"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Digestive Surgery</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 306–312. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000064580">10.1159/000064580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digestive+Surgery&rft.atitle=Could+Honey+Have+a+Place+in+Colitis+Therapy&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=306-312&rft.date=2002-01-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000064580&rft.aulast=Bilsel&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.karger.com%2FProdukteDB%2Fprodukte.asp%3FAktion%3DShowPDF%26ProduktNr%3D223996%26Ausgabe%3D228557%26ArtikelNr%3D64580%26filename%3D64580.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Molan, Peter C. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlvillefarms.com/treatment_of_infections.php">"Honey for the treatment of infections"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Beekeeper</i>. Waikato Honey Research Unit. <b>216</b>: 19–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070428121037/http://members.tripod.com/~Bee_Mann/honey1.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2007-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Beekeeper&rft.atitle=Honey+for+the+treatment+of+infections&rft.volume=216&rft.pages=19-20&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Molan&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlvillefarms.com%2Ftreatment_of_infections.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Guardian Society 04/12/2007 <cite class="citation news">Randerson, James (4 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2007/dec/04/health.medicalresearch">"Honey 'beats cough medicine<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Honey+%27beats+cough+medicine%27&rft.date=2007-12-04&rft.aulast=Randerson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fsociety%2F2007%2Fdec%2F04%2Fhealth.medicalresearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Al-Waili, N.S. (2004). "Investigating the antimicrobial activity of natural honey and its effects on the pathogenic bacterial infections of surgical wounds and conjunctiva". <i>Journal of medicinal food</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 210–22. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2F1096620041224139">10.1089/1096620041224139</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15298770">15298770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+medicinal+food&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+antimicrobial+activity+of+natural+honey+and+its+effects+on+the+pathogenic+bacterial+infections+of+surgical+wounds+and+conjunctiva&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=210-22&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2F1096620041224139&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15298770&rft.aulast=Al-Waili&rft.aufirst=N.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718175129/http://www.aaaai.org/professionals/ask-the-expert/view.asp?id=6671"><i>Studies of honey treatment effects on allergies</i></a>. American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaaai.org/professionals/ask-the-expert/view.asp?id=6671">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+of+honey+treatment+effects+on+allergies&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Allergy+Asthma+%26+Immunology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaaai.org%2Fprofessionals%2Fask-the-expert%2Fview.asp%3Fid%3D6671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li, Y., Jin, Y., Yang, S., Zhang, W., Zhang, J., & Zhao, W. et al. (2017). Strategy for comparative untargeted metabolomics reveals honey markers of different floral and geographic origins using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry. Journal Of Chromatography A, 1499, 78-89. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.071</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Razali, M., Zainal, Z., Maulidiani, M., Shaari, K., Zamri, Z., & Mohd Idrus, M. et al. (2018). Classification of Raw Stingless Bee Honeys by Bee Species Origins Using the NMR- and LC-MS-Based Metabolomics Approach. Molecules, 23(9), 2160. doi: 10.3390/molecules23092160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arathi, H., Bjostad, L., & Bernklau, E. (2018). Metabolomic analysis of pollen from honey bee hives and from canola flowers. Metabolomics, 14(6). doi: 10.1007/s11306-018-1381-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kešnerová, L., Mars, R., Ellegaard, K., Troilo, M., Sauer, U., & Engel, P. (2017). Disentangling metabolic functions of bacteria in the honey bee gut. PLOS Biology, 15(12), e2003467. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003467</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lanjutan">Bacaan lanjutan</h2></div> <ul><li><cite id="Krell" class="citation book">Krell, R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BzzBBbnIJhIC"><i>Value-added products from beekeeping</i></a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BzzBBbnIJhIC/page/n167">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-92-5-103819-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-92-5-103819-2">978-92-5-103819-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Value-added+products+from+beekeeping&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-92-5-103819-2&rft.au=Krell%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_BzzBBbnIJhIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Root" class="citation book">Root, A. I.; Root, E. R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i0PoSYNEsh0C&pg=PA355"><i>The ABC and Xyz of Bee Culture</i></a>. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4179-2427-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4179-2427-1">978-1-4179-2427-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ABC+and+Xyz+of+Bee+Culture&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4179-2427-1&rft.au=Root%2C+A.+I.&rft.au=Root%2C+E.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di0PoSYNEsh0C%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Honey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Honey"><span style="">Honey</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5110e/y5110e00.htm">Beekeeping and Sustainable Livelihoods (2004), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"<a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/en:The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Honey" class="extiw" title="s:en:The New Student's Reference Work/Honey">Honey</a>". <i><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/en:The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:en:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Honey&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebah_di_Indonesia" title="Lebah di Indonesia">Lebah di Indonesia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/bal">Encyclopedia of Islam</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hasil_hutan_non-kayu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Hewan_buruan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hewan buruan (halaman belum tersedia)">Hewan buruan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Artocarpus_heterophyllus_fruits_at_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Artocarpus_heterophyllus_fruits_at_tree.jpg/120px-Artocarpus_heterophyllus_fruits_at_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Artocarpus_heterophyllus_fruits_at_tree.jpg/250px-Artocarpus_heterophyllus_fruits_at_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buah_buni" title="Buah buni">Buah buni</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pohon_buah" title="Pohon buah">Buah pohon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huckleberry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huckleberry (halaman belum tersedia)">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluberi">Bluberi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcinia_gummi-gutta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta (halaman belum tersedia)">Garcinia gummi-gutta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sayuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayuran">Sayuran</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Akar" title="Akar">akar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamur" title="Jamur">Jamur</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chantarelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chantarelle (halaman belum tersedia)">chantarelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsutake">matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" class="mw-redirect" title="Morchella">morels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_paku" title="Tumbuhan paku">Paku</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhuca_longifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhuca longifolia (halaman belum tersedia)">Madhuca longifolia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagu" title="Sagu">Sagu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enau" title="Enau">enau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebang" title="Gebang">gebang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbia" title="Rumbia">rumbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sassafras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sassafras (halaman belum tersedia)">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buah_geluk" title="Buah geluk">Buah geluk</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Rempah-rempah" title="Rempah-rempah">rempah-rempah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pimenta_dioica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pimenta dioica (halaman belum tersedia)">Pimenta dioica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salam_(tumbuhan)" title="Salam (tumbuhan)">Daun salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinang" title="Pinang">Pinang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lada" title="Lada">Lada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kacang_brasil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kacang brasil (halaman belum tersedia)">Kacang brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayu_manis" title="Kayu manis">Kayu manis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cengkih" title="Cengkih">Cengkih</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterculia_lychnophora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterculia lychnophora (halaman belum tersedia)">Sterculia lychnophora</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kacang_pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kacang pinus">Kacang pinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanila" title="Vanila">Vanila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minyak_nabati" title="Minyak nabati">Minyak nabati</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Malam_(zat)" title="Malam (zat)">malam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicia_prunifera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copernicia prunifera (halaman belum tersedia)">Copernicia prunifera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemak_kakao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemak kakao (halaman belum tersedia)">Lemak kakao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaliptol" title="Eukaliptol">Eukaliptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyak_kayu_putih" title="Minyak kayu putih">Minyak kayu putih</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhuca_longifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhuca longifolia (halaman belum tersedia)">Madhuca longifolia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyak_sawit" title="Minyak sawit">Minyak sawit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyak_inti_kelapa_sawit" title="Minyak inti kelapa sawit">Minyak inti kelapa sawit</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitellaria_paradoxa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitellaria paradoxa (halaman belum tersedia)">Vitellaria paradoxa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melaleuca_alternifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melaleuca alternifolia (halaman belum tersedia)">Melaleuca alternifolia</a>'</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ekstraksi_resin" title="Ekstraksi resin">Ekstraksi</a> <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemenyan_sumatra" title="Kemenyan sumatra">Kemenyan sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch-tar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birch-tar (halaman belum tersedia)">Birch-tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapur_barus" title="Kapur barus">Kapur barus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreosot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreosot (halaman belum tersedia)">Kreosot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemenyan_arab" title="Kemenyan arab">Kemenyan arab</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcinia_gummi-gutta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta (halaman belum tersedia)">Garcinia gummi-gutta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pistacia_lentiscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pistacia lentiscus (halaman belum tersedia)">Pistacia lentiscus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myrrh (halaman belum tersedia)">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tar_pinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tar pinus (halaman belum tersedia)">Tar pinus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitch_(resin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pitch (resin) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondorukem" title="Gondorukem">Gondorukem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terpentin" title="Terpentin">Terpentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pernis">Pernis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Getah" title="Getah">Getah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gom_alami" title="Gom alami">gom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateks" title="Lateks">lateks</a>.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch_syrup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birch syrup (halaman belum tersedia)">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicle (halaman belum tersedia)">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chewing_gum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chewing gum (halaman belum tersedia)">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gom_arab" title="Gom arab">Gom arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getah_perca" title="Getah perca">Getah perca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kino_(gum)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kino (gum) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirup_mapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirup mapel">Sirup mapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_kelapa" title="Gula kelapa">Gula kelapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nira" title="Nira">Nira</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tuak" title="Tuak">Tuak</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akpeteshie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akpeteshie (halaman belum tersedia)">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogogoro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogogoro (halaman belum tersedia)">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karet" title="Karet">Karet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lainnya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulit_kayu_Birch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulit kayu Birch (halaman belum tersedia)">Kulit kayu Birch</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bir_Birch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bir Birch (halaman belum tersedia)">Bir Birch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabus" title="Gabus">Gabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_paku" title="Tumbuhan paku">Paku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakan" title="Pakan">Pakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambir" title="Gambir">Gambir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kina" class="mw-disambig" title="Kina">Kina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumut_daun" title="Lumut daun">Lumut daun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pewarna_alami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pewarna alami (halaman belum tersedia)">Pewarna alami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jernang" title="Jernang">jernang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacar_kuku" title="Pacar kuku">pacar kuku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambut" title="Gambut">Gambut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotan" title="Rotan">Rotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak" title="Lak">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugeissona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugeissona (halaman belum tersedia)">Genus bertan-bertanan</a></li> <li>Daun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diospyros_melanoxylon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diospyros melanoxylon (halaman belum tersedia)">Diospyros melanoxylon</a></li> <li>Kulit kayu <a href="/wiki/Dedalu" title="Dedalu">Dedalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madu&oldid=25840019">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madu&oldid=25840019</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a 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