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<span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_1946" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_1946"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Before 1946</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_1946-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1946–1947" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1946–1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1946–1947</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1946–1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1948" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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id="toc-Historical_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historical interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Credence_in_conspiracy_theories_as_causes_of_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Credence_in_conspiracy_theories_as_causes_of_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Credence in conspiracy theories as causes of violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Credence_in_conspiracy_theories_as_causes_of_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anticlerical_conspiracy_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anticlerical_conspiracy_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Anticlerical conspiracy theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anticlerical_conspiracy_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violensiya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="La Violensiya müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="La Violensiya müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="La Violencia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="La Violencia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="La Violencia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La Violencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="La Violencia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="La Violencia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Violencia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="La Violencia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="La Violencia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="La Violencia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="La Violencia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="La Violencia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ла Виоленсия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ла Виоленсия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="La Violencia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="La Violencia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ла Віоленсія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ла Віоленсія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="کولمبیا میں خانہ جنگی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کولمبیا میں خانہ جنگی" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Civil war in Colombia from 1948 to 1958</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the period (c. 1978–1984) of the Guatemalan Civil War generally known as "La Violencia", see <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">La Violencia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Civil_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Civil Wars">Colombian Civil Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogotazo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bogotazo.jpg/260px-Bogotazo.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bogotazo.jpg/390px-Bogotazo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Bogotazo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="244" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Tram on fire in front of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia" title="Congress of Colombia">Congress</a> during the <i><a href="/wiki/Bogotazo" title="Bogotazo">Bogotazo</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">9 April 1948 – 1958</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Stalemate <ul><li>Creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Colombia)" title="National Front (Colombia)">National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party" title="Colombian Conservative Party">Colombian Conservative Party</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> Conservative party paramilitary groups <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1jaros_(Colombia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pájaros (Colombia) (page does not exist)">Pájaros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Los_Chulavitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Chulavitas (page does not exist)">Chulavitas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party" title="Colombian Liberal Party">Colombian Liberal Party</a> and allied militias </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> Liberal party paramilitary groups</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg/20px-Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg/30px-Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg/40px-Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Communist_Party" title="Colombian Communist Party">Colombian Communist Party</a> <ul><li>Grupos de Autodefensas Campesinas</li></ul></li></ul></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ospina_P%C3%A9rez" title="Mariano Ospina Pérez">Mariano Ospina Pérez</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Laureano_G%C3%B3mez_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Laureano Gómez Castro">Laureano Gómez Castro</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> General <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Gustavo Rojas Pinilla</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Junta_Militar_de_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Junta Militar de Colombia (page does not exist)">Junta Militar</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Lleras_Camargo" title="Alberto Lleras Camargo">Alberto Lleras Camargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Leon_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillermo Leon Valencia">Guillermo Leon Valencia</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le%C3%B3n_Maria_Lozano_%22El_Condor%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="León Maria Lozano "El Condor" (page does not exist)">León Maria Lozano "El Condor"</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jair_Giraldo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jair Giraldo (page does not exist)">Jair Giraldo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efra%C3%ADn_Gonz%C3%A1lez_T%C3%A9llez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efraín González Téllez (page does not exist)">Efraín González Téllez</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalupe_Salcedo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guadalupe Salcedo (page does not exist)">Guadalupe Salcedo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dumar_Aljure" title="Dumar Aljure">Dumar Aljure</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Loaiza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerardo Loaiza (page does not exist)">Gerardo Loaiza</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> Saúl Fajardo</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Franco_Isaza" title="Eduardo Franco Isaza">Eduardo Franco Isaza</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_La_Cruz_Varela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan de La Cruz Varela (page does not exist)">Juan de La Cruz Varela</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg/45px-Bandera_del_Partido_Liberal_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Jes%C3%BAs_Franco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan de Jesús Franco (page does not exist)">Juan de Jesús Franco</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacinto_Cruz_Usma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacinto Cruz Usma (page does not exist)">Jacinto Cruz Usma</a> "Sangrenegra"</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te%C3%B3filo_Rojas_Var%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teófilo Rojas Varón (page does not exist)">Teófilo Rojas Varón</a> "Chispas"</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg/20px-Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg/30px-Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg/40px-Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobo_Prias_Alape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacobo Prias Alape (page does not exist)">Jacobo Prias Alape</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg/20px-Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg/30px-Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg/40px-Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Marulanda" title="Manuel Marulanda">Manuel Marulanda</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg/20px-Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg/30px-Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg/40px-Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciro_Trujillo_Casta%C3%B1o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciro Trujillo Castaño (page does not exist)">Ciro Trujillo Castaño</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg/20px-Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg/30px-Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg/40px-Partido_Comunista_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> Alfonso Castañeda</li></ul> </div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;border-bottom:1px dotted #aaa"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> 2,900 soldiers and 1,800 police officers dead (1948–57)<br />3,000–5,000 conservative paramilitaries dead</div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> 15,000 rebels dead (1948–58)</div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">200,000 civilians killed (1947–60)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Bogotazo">El Bogotazo</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender;"> Political parties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party" title="Colombian Liberal Party">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party" title="Colombian Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Communist_Party" title="Colombian Communist Party">Colombian Communist Party</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender;"> Presidents of Colombia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ospina_P%C3%A9rez" title="Mariano Ospina Pérez">Mariano Ospina Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laureano_G%C3%B3mez" title="Laureano Gómez">Laureano Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Gustavo Rojas Pinilla</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Colombia" title="Category:History of Colombia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colombia" title="History of Colombia">History of <span class="fn org label">Colombia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Colombia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1153" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colombian_history" title="Timeline of Colombian history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Pre-Columbian period </a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> pre-1499</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish colonization</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1499–1550</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">New Kingdom of Granada</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1550–1717</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1717–1819</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">United Provinces of<br />New Granada</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;">1810–1816</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1819–1831</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Republic of New Granada">Republic of New Granada</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1831–1858</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Granadine_Confederation" title="Granadine Confederation">Granadine Confederation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1858–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Colombia" title="United States of Colombia">United States of Colombia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1863–1886</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Colombia">Republic of Colombia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;">1886–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Colombia" title="Portal:Colombia">Colombia portal</a><br /><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Colombia" title="Economic history of Colombia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Colombia" title="Constitutional history of Colombia">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Colombia" title="Template:History of Colombia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Colombia" title="Template talk:History of Colombia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Colombia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Colombia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>La Violencia</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[la<span class="wrap"> </span>βjoˈlensja]</a></span>, <b>The Violence</b>) was a ten-year <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> from 1948 to 1958, between the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party" title="Colombian Conservative Party">Colombian Conservative Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party" title="Colombian Liberal Party">Colombian Liberal Party</a>, mainly fought in the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>La Violencia</i> is considered to have begun with the <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> on 9 April 1948 of <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Eli%C3%A9cer_Gait%C3%A1n" title="Jorge Eliécer Gaitán">Jorge Eliécer Gaitán</a>, a Liberal Party presidential candidate and frontrunner for the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_presidential_election,_1949" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian presidential election, 1949">1949 November election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grace_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grace-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His murder provoked the <i><a href="/wiki/Bogotazo" title="Bogotazo">Bogotazo</a></i> rioting, which lasted ten hours and resulted in around 5,000 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Grace_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grace-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative historiography proposes the Conservative Party's return to power following the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_presidential_election,_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian presidential election, 1946">election of 1946</a> to be the cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Grace_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grace-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rural town police and political leaders encouraged Conservative-supporting peasants to seize the agricultural lands of Liberal-supporting peasants, which provoked peasant-to-peasant violence throughout Colombia.<sup id="cite_ref-Grace_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grace-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>La Violencia</i> is estimated to have killed at least 200,000 people, almost 1 in 50 Colombians.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/La_Violencia" title="Special:EditPage/La Violencia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CapitolioNacionalDeColombia2004-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CapitolioNacionalDeColombia2004-7.jpg/220px-CapitolioNacionalDeColombia2004-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CapitolioNacionalDeColombia2004-7.jpg/330px-CapitolioNacionalDeColombia2004-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CapitolioNacionalDeColombia2004-7.jpg/440px-CapitolioNacionalDeColombia2004-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>In September 1949, Senator Gustavo Jiménez was assassinated mid-session, in Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>La Violencia</i> conflict took place between the <a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Military Forces of Colombia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Colombia" title="National Police of Colombia">National Police of Colombia</a> supported by <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party" title="Colombian Conservative Party">Colombian Conservative Party</a> paramilitary groups on one side, and paramilitary and guerrilla groups aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party" title="Colombian Liberal Party">Colombian Liberal Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Communist_Party" title="Colombian Communist Party">Colombian Communist Party</a> on the other side. </p><p>The conflict caused millions of people to abandon their homes and property. Media and news services failed to cover events accurately for fear of revenge attacks. The lack of <a href="/wiki/Public_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Public order">public order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_authority" title="Civil authority">civil authority</a> prevented victims from laying charges against perpetrators. Documented evidence from these years is rare and fragmented.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The majority of the population at the time was <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>. During the conflict there were press reports that <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> authorities supported the Conservative Party. <a href="#Anticlerical_conspiracy_theory">Several priests were accused</a> of openly encouraging the murder of the political opposition during <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Catholic mass</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_de_Osos" title="Santa Rosa de Osos">Santa Rosa de Osos</a> Bishop <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Builes" title="Miguel Ángel Builes">Miguel Ángel Builes</a>, although this is unproven. No formal charges were ever presented and no official statements were made by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> or the Board of Bishops. These events were recounted in the 1950 book <i>Lo que el cielo no perdona</i> ("What heaven doesn't forgive"), written by the secretary to Builes, Father Fidel Blandon Berrio.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Caballero_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Eduardo Caballero Calderón">Eduardo Caballero Calderón</a> also recounted these events in his 1952 book <i>El Cristo de Espaldas</i> ("Backwards <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>"). After releasing his book, Blandon resigned from his position and assumed a false identity as Antonio Gutiérrez. However, he was eventually identified and legally charged and prosecuted for libel by the Conservative Party.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of <i>La Violencia</i> there were no liberal candidates for the presidency, congress, or any public corporations in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colombian_presidential_election,_1950&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colombian presidential election, 1950 (page does not exist)">1950 elections</a>. The press accused the government of <a href="/wiki/Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">pogroms</a> against the opposition. <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a> and reprisals were common against journalists, writers, and directors of news services; in consequence many media figures left the country. Jorge Zalamea, director of <i>Critica</i> magazine, fled to <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>; Luis Vidales to <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>; Antonio Garcia to <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, and Gerardo Molina to Paris.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1946">Before 1946</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Before 1946"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1920s, Conservatives had held the majority of governmental power, a position it would continue to occupy until the 2002 election of <a href="/wiki/Alvaro_Uribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvaro Uribe">Alvaro Uribe</a>. Even when Liberals gained control of the government in the 1930s, there was tension and even violent outbursts between peasants and landowners, as well as workers and industry owners. <sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of yearly deaths from conflict, however, were far less than those estimated to have occurred during <i>La Violencia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1946–1947"><span id="1946.E2.80.931947"></span>1946–1947</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1946–1947"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1946 election, <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ospina_P%C3%A9rez" title="Mariano Ospina Pérez">Mariano Ospina Pérez</a> of the Conservative party won the presidency, largely because the Liberal votes were split between two Liberal candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mariano Ospina Pérez and the Conservative party Government used the police and army to repress the Liberal party. Their response was to fight back with violent protests. This led to an increasing amount of pressure within political and civil society. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some consider <i>La Violencia</i> having started at this point because the Conservative government began increasing the backlash against Liberal protests and small rebel groups.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were an estimated 14,000 deaths in 1947 due to this violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1948">1948</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1948"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 9, 1948, Liberal Party leader <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Eli%C3%A9cer_Gait%C3%A1n" title="Jorge Eliécer Gaitán">Jorge Eliécer Gaitán</a> was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Roa_Sierra" title="Juan Roa Sierra">Juan Roa Sierra</a> on the street in Bogotá, via three shots from a revolver.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaitán was a popular candidate and would have been the likely winner of the 1950 election.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This began the <i><a href="/wiki/Bogotazo" title="Bogotazo">Bogotazo</a></i> as angry mobs beat Roa Sierra to death and headed to the presidential palace with the intent of killing President Ospina Pérez.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The murder of Gaitán and subsequent rioting sparked other popular uprisings throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the Liberal nature of these revolts, the police and military, who had been largely neutral before, either <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defected</a> or became aligned with the Conservative government.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1949–1953"><span id="1949.E2.80.931953"></span>1949–1953</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1949–1953"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, Liberal leaders in Colombia worked with the Conservative government to stop uprisings and root out Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1949, Liberal leaders resigned from their positions within the Ospina Pérez administration, due to the widespread persecution of Liberals throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempting to end <i>La Violencia</i>, the Liberals, who had majority control of <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia" title="Congress of Colombia">Congress</a>, began impeachment proceedings against President Ospina Pérez on November 9, 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Ospina Pérez dissolved the Congress, creating a Conservative dictatorship. The Liberal Party decided to stage a military coup, and it was planned for November 25, 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many of the party members decided it was not a good idea and called it off. One conspirator, Air Force Captain Alfredo Silva, in the city of <a href="/wiki/Villavicencio" title="Villavicencio">Villavicencio</a>, had not been notified of the abandonment of the plan and carried it out. After rallying the Villavicencio garrison, he disarmed the police and took control of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silva proceeded to urge others in the region to join the revolt, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eliseo_Vel%C3%A1squez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eliseo Velásquez (page does not exist)">Eliseo Velásquez</a>, a peasant guerrilla leader, took <a href="/wiki/Puerto_L%C3%B3pez,_Meta" title="Puerto López, Meta">Puerto López</a> on December 1, 1949, as well as capturing other villages in the <a href="/wiki/Meta_River" title="Meta River">Meta River</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this time, Silva was caught and arrested by troops from Bogotá coming to take back control of Villavicencio.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Laureano_G%C3%B3mez" title="Laureano Gómez">Laureano Gómez</a> was elected president of Colombia, but it was a largely manipulated election, leading Gómez to become the new Conservative dictator.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Alfredo Silva's disappearance, Velásquez assumed power of the forces in the <a href="/wiki/Orinoqu%C3%ADa_natural_region" title="Orinoquía natural region">Eastern Plains</a> that, by April 1950, included seven rebel zones with hundreds of guerrillas known as the "cowboys".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in command of the forces, Velásquez suffered from a <a href="/wiki/Superiority_complex" title="Superiority complex">superiority complex</a>, leading him to commit abuses including body mutilation of those killed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without sufficient arms, during the first major offensive of the Conservative army, the Liberal forces took major losses and confidence in Velásquez was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New populist leaders took control of the different groups of rebels and eventually came together to impose a 10% tax on wealthy landowners in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tax created divisions from the wealthy Liberals and the Conservative government used them to recruit counter guerrillas. The Conservative army then increased its offensive attacks; committing atrocities along the way, they burned entire villages, slaughtered animals, and massacred suspected rebels, as well as set up a <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebels were able to combat the offensive with small, covert, attacks to capture outposts and supplies. By June 1951, the government agreed to a truce with the guerrilla forces and they temporarily lifted the blockade.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few months after the truce, larger army units were sent to the Eastern Plains to end the Liberal revolt, but they were still unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this time, the Liberal leadership in Bogotá realized the Conservatives were not giving up power any time soon, and they wanted to organize a national revolt. In December 1951 and January 1952, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_Pumarejo" title="Alfonso López Pumarejo">Alfonso López Pumarejo</a>, the former Colombian president and leader of the Liberal Party, made visits to the Eastern Plains to renew his alliance with the "cowboys".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When López Pumarejo returned to Bogotá he issued declarations stating that the guerrillas were not criminals but were simply fighting for freedom, and in response the Conservative dictatorship shut down the newspapers and imposed strict censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1952 passed with only small skirmishes and no organized guerrilla leader, but by June 1953, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalupe_Salcedo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guadalupe Salcedo (page does not exist)">Guadalupe Salcedo</a> had assumed command.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952 the future revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_%22Che%22_Guevara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernesto "Che" Guevara">Ernesto "Che" Guevara</a>, then an unknown young man traveling through South America, briefly visited Bogotá. In a letter he wrote to his mother on July 6, 1952, later published in "<a href="/wiki/The_Motorcycle_Diaries_(book)" title="The Motorcycle Diaries (book)">The Motorcycle Diaries</a>", Guevara noted that "There is more repression of individual freedom here than in any country we've been to, the police patrol the streets carrying rifles and demand your papers every few minutes". He went on to describe the atmosphere as "tense" and "suffocating", even hypothesizing that "a revolution may be brewing". </p><p>In other parts of Colombia, different rebel groups had formed in throughout 1950; they formed in <a href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" title="Antioquia Department">Antioquia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolima_Department" title="Tolima Department">Tolima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumapaz" title="Sumapaz">Sumapaz</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Magdalena_Valley" title="Middle Magdalena Valley">Middle Magdalena Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 1, 1953, these groups came together to launch an attack against the <a href="/wiki/Captain_Germ%C3%A1n_Olano_Moreno_Air_Base" title="Captain Germán Olano Moreno Air Base">Palanquero Air Base</a>, with the hope of using the jet planes to bomb Bogotá and force the resignation of the Conservative dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack relied entirely on surprise to be successful, but the rebels were spotted by the sentry posts and were quickly hit with machine gun fire.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attempt was a failure, however it did incite fear into Bogotá elites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/La_Violencia" title="Special:EditPage/La Violencia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most of the armed groups (called guerrillas liberales, a pejorative term) were demobilized during the amnesty declared by General <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Gustavo Rojas Pinilla</a> after he took power on 13 June 1953. The most prominent Guerrilla leaders, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalupe_Salcedo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guadalupe Salcedo (page does not exist)">Guadalupe Salcedo</a> and Juan de la Cruz Varela, signed the 1953 agreement. </p><p>Some of the guerrilleros did not surrender to the government and organized into criminal bands or bandoleros, which caused intense military operations against them in 1954. One of them, the guerrillero leader <a href="/wiki/Tirofijo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirofijo">Tirofijo</a>, had changed his political and ideological inclinations from being a Liberal to supporting the Communists during this period, and eventually he became the founder of the communist Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia or <a href="/wiki/FARC" class="mw-redirect" title="FARC">FARC</a>. </p><p>Rojas was removed from power on 10 May 1957. Civilian rule was restored after moderate Conservatives and Liberals, with the support of dissident sectors of the military, agreed to unite under a bipartisan coalition known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Colombia)" title="National Front (Colombia)">National Front</a> and the government of <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Lleras_Camargo" title="Alberto Lleras Camargo">Alberto Lleras Camargo</a> and which included a system of alternating the president and power-sharing both in cabinets and public offices. </p><p>In 1958, Lleras Camargo ordered the creation of the Commission for the Investigation of the Causes of "La Violencia". The commission was headed by the Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1n_Guzm%C3%A1n_Campos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germán Guzmán Campos (page does not exist)">Germán Guzmán Campos</a>. </p><p>The last bandolero leaders were killed in combat against the army. Jacinto Cruz Usma, alias <i>Sangrenegra</i> (Blackblood), died in April 1964 and Efraín Gonzáles in June 1965. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarian">Humanitarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Humanitarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to incomplete or non-existent statistical records, exact measurement of <i>La Violencia'</i>s humanitarian consequences is impossible. Scholars, however, estimate that between 200,000 and 300,000 people died; 600,000 to 800,000 were injured; and almost one million people were displaced. <i>La Violencia</i> directly or indirectly affected 20 percent of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey,_1967_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey,_1967-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>La Violencia</i> did not acquire its name simply because of the number of people it affected; it was the manner in which many of the killings, maimings, and dismemberings were done. Certain death and torture techniques became so commonplace that they were given names—for example, <i>picar para tamal</i>, which involved slowly cutting up a living person's body; or <i>bocachiquiar</i>, where hundreds of small punctures were made until the victim slowly bled to death. Former Senior Director of International Economic Affairs for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">United States National Security Council</a> and current President of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Global_Economic_Growth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for Global Economic Growth (page does not exist)">Institute for Global Economic Growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Bailey_(government_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Bailey (government official)">Norman A. Bailey</a> describes the atrocities succinctly: "Ingenious forms of quartering and beheading were invented and given such names as the 'corte de mica', 'corte de corbata' (aka <a href="/wiki/Colombian_necktie" title="Colombian necktie">Colombian necktie</a>), and so on. Crucifixions and hangings were commonplace, political 'prisoners' were thrown from airplanes in flight, infants were bayoneted, schoolgirls, some as young as eight years old, were raped <i>en masse</i>, unborn infants were removed by crude Caesarian section and replaced by roosters, ears were cut off, scalps removed, and so on."<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey,_1967_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey,_1967-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While scholars, historians, and analysts have all debated the source of this era of unrest, they have yet to formulate a widely accepted explanation for why it escalated to the notable level it did. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal">Legal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of <i>La Violencia</i>, landowners were allowed to create private armies for their security, which was formally legalized in 1965. Holding private armies was made illegal in 1989, only to be made legal once more in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_interpretations">Historical interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historical interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The death of the bandoleros and the end of the mobs was not the end of all the violence in Colombia. One <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> guerrilla movement, the <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Student_Workers_Movement" title="Peasant Student Workers Movement">Peasant Student Workers Movement</a>, started its operations in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, other organizations such as the FARC and the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)" title="National Liberation Army (Colombia)">National Liberation Army</a> emerged, marking the beginning of a guerrilla insurgency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Credence_in_conspiracy_theories_as_causes_of_violence">Credence in conspiracy theories as causes of violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Credence in conspiracy theories as causes of violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As was common of 20th-century eliminationist political violence, the rationales for action immediately before <i>La Violencia</i> were founded on conspiracy theories, each of which blamed the other side as traitors beholden to international <a href="/wiki/Cabal" title="Cabal">cabals</a>. The left were painted as participants in a global <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic conspiracy</a> against Christianity, and the right were painted as agents of a <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Falangist" class="mw-redirect" title="Falangist">Falangist</a> plot against democracy and progress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anticlerical_conspiracy_theory">Anticlerical conspiracy theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anticlerical conspiracy theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the death of Gaitán, a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theory</a> was circulated by the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> that leading <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatives</a>, militant priests, <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangists</a> were involved in a plot to take control of the country and undo the country's moves toward progress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005218_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005218-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conspiracy theory supplied the rationale for Liberal Party radicals to engage in violence, notably the <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clerical</a> attacks and killings, particularly in the early years of <i>La Violencia</i>. Some propaganda leaflets circulating in Medellín blamed a favorite of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-Catholic</a> conspiracy theorists, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> (Jesuits), for the murder of Gaitán.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005277_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005277-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Across the country, militants attacked churches, convents, and monasteries, killing priests and looking for arms, because they believed that the clergy had guns, a rumor which was proven to be false when no serviceable weapons were found during the raids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005218_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005218-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One priest, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_Ram%C3%ADrez_Ramos" title="Pedro María Ramírez Ramos">Pedro María Ramírez Ramos</a>, was slaughtered with machetes and hauled through the street behind a truck, despite the fact that the militants had previously searched the church grounds and found no weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005277_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005277-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the circulation of the conspiracy theories and the propaganda after Gaitán was killed, most of the leftists who were involved in the rioting on 9 April learned from their errors, and as a result, they stopped believing that priests had harbored weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005278_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005278-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The belief in the existence of some sort of conspiracy, a belief which was adhered to by members of both camps, made the political environment toxic, increasing the animosity and the suspicion which existed between both parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005185_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005185-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory">Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Freemasonry_within_Christianity#Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity">Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity § Catholic Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory</a></div> <p>The Conservatives were also motivated by their belief in the existence of a supposed international Judeo-Masonic conspiracy. In their view, they would prevent the Judeo-Masonic conspiracy from coming to fruition by eliminating the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberals</a> who were in their midst.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005217_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005217-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the two decades prior to <i>La Violencia</i>, Conservative politicians and churchmen adopted from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> the Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory to portray the Liberal Party as involved in an international anti-Christian plot, with many prominent Liberal politicians actually being <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005142_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005142-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although most of the rhetoric of conspiracy was introduced and circulated by some of the clergy, as well as by Conservative politicians, by 1942, many clerics became critical of the Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory. <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> outside Colombia had already questioned and published refutations of the authenticity of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i>, disproving the concept of a global Judeo-Masonic conspiracy. Regarding this same matter, Colombian clergy also came under the increasing influence of U.S. clergy; and <a href="/wiki/Pius_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XI">Pius XI</a> asked U.S. Jesuit <a href="/wiki/John_LaFarge,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John LaFarge, Jr.">John LaFarge, Jr.</a> to draft an encyclical against <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005197_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005197-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The belief in the existence of a Judeo-Masonic conspiracy played a prominent role in the politics of <a href="/wiki/Laureano_G%C3%B3mez" title="Laureano Gómez">Laureano Gómez</a>, who lead the Colombian Conservative Party from 1932 to 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005178_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005178-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More provincial politicians followed suit, and the fact that prominent national and local politicians voiced this conspiracy theory, rather than just a portion of the clergy, gave the idea greater credibility while it gathered momentum among the party's members. </p><p>The atrocities that were committed at the outset of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> in 1936 were seen by both sides as a possible precedent for Colombia, causing both sides to fear that it could also happen in their country; this belief also spurred the credibility of the conspiracies and it also served as a rationale for violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005185_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005185-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Anticlerical violence in the Republican zones in Spain</a> in the first months of that war when <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a>, left-wing socialists and independent communists burned churches and murdered nearly 7,000 priests, monks, and nuns, and the conservatives used this to justify their own mass killings of Jews, Masons, and socialists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005185_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005185-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Colombia" title="Portal:Colombia">Colombia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Civil_War" title="Colombian Civil War">Colombian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colombia" title="History of Colombia">History of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_FARC" title="History of FARC">History of FARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil wars">List of civil wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Central_America" title="List of conflicts in Central America">List of conflicts in Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_South_America" title="List of conflicts in South America">List of conflicts in South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetalia_Republic" title="Marquetalia Republic">Marquetalia Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cali_explosion" title="Cali explosion">Cali explosion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStokes2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doug_Stokes" title="Doug Stokes">Stokes, Doug</a> (2005). <i>America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia</i>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84277-547-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84277-547-2"><bdi>1-84277-547-2</bdi></a>. <q>Azcarate quotes a figure of 300,000 dead between 1948–1959...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Other+War%3A+Terrorizing+Colombia&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84277-547-2&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGutierrez1999" class="citation news cs1">Gutierrez, Pedro Ruz (31 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1999/10/31/bullets-bloodshed-and-ballots/">"Bullets, Bloodshed And Ballots"</a>. <i>Orlando Sentinel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815225028/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1999-10-31/news/9910290631_1_political-violence-carlos-galan-political-maneuvering">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-15. <q>Political violence is not new to that South American nation of 38 million people. In the past 100 years, more than 500,000 Colombians have died in it. From the 'War of the Thousand Days,' a civil war at the turn of the century that left 100,000 dead, to a partisan clash between 1948 and 1966 that claimed nearly 300,000...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Bullets%2C+Bloodshed+And+Ballots&rft.date=1999-10-31&rft.aulast=Gutierrez&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Ruz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2F1999%2F10%2F31%2Fbullets-bloodshed-and-ballots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBergquistRobinson2005" class="citation web cs1">Bergquist, Charles; Robinson, David J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111194946/http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564636_10/Colombia.html">"Colombia"</a>. <i>Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005</i>. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564636_10/Colombia.html">the original</a> on 2007-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2006</span>. <q>On April 9, 1948, Gaitán was assassinated outside his law offices, in downtown Bogotá. The assassination marked the start of a decade of bloodshed, called <i>La Violencia</i> (The Violence), which took the lives of an estimated 180,000 Colombians before it subsided in 1958.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Encarta+Online+Encyclopedia+2005&rft.atitle=Colombia&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bergquist&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Robinson%2C+David+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca.encarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761564636_10%2FColombia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grace-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grace_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grace_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grace_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grace_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivingstoneforeword_by_Pearce,_Jenny2004" class="citation book cs1">Livingstone, Grace; foreword by Pearce, Jenny (2004). <i>Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy, and War</i>. Rutgers University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3443-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-3443-7"><bdi>0-8135-3443-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Colombia%3A+Drugs%2C+Democracy%2C+and+War&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8135-3443-7&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft.au=foreword+by+Pearce%2C+Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica, 15th edition, 1992 printing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmowski1997" class="citation book cs1">Palmowski, Jan (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoftwen0000palm"><i>A Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192800169" title="Special:BookSources/9780192800169"><bdi>9780192800169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Twentieth+Century+World+History&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780192800169&rft.aulast=Palmowski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryoftwen0000palm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrenville1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Grenville" title="John Grenville">Grenville, J.A.S.</a> (1994). <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_World_in_the_20th_Century" title="A History of the World in the 20th Century"><i>A History of the World in the 20th Century</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+World+in+the+20th+Century&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Grenville&rft.aufirst=J.A.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-863597">"El día que mataron a Gustavo Jiménez"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Tiempo_(Colombia)" title="El Tiempo (Colombia)">El Tiempo</a></i> (in Spanish). 7 September 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160712034702/http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-863597">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Tiempo&rft.atitle=El+d%C3%ADa+que+mataron+a+Gustavo+Jim%C3%A9nez&rft.date=1999-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eltiempo.com%2Farchivo%2Fdocumento%2FMAM-863597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerrio1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berrio, Fidel Blandon (1996). <i>Lo que el cielo no perdona</i> (in Spanish). Planeta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789586145169" title="Special:BookSources/9789586145169"><bdi>9789586145169</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/777958769">777958769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lo+que+el+cielo+no+perdona.&rft.pub=Planeta&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F777958769&rft.isbn=9789586145169&rft.aulast=Berrio&rft.aufirst=Fidel+Blandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGil_Jaramillo2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gil Jaramillo, Rosa Carolina (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/hiso/n34/0121-8417-hiso-34-00103.pdf">"Interpretación del sacerdote, la guerrilla liberal y la policía en <i>Lo que el cielo no perdona</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historia y sociedad</i> (34): 103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15446%2Fhys.n34.66232">10.15446/hys.n34.66232</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia+y+sociedad&rft.atitle=Interpretaci%C3%B3n+del+sacerdote%2C+la+guerrilla+liberal+y+la+polic%C3%ADa+en+Lo+que+el+cielo+no+perdona&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=103&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15446%2Fhys.n34.66232&rft.aulast=Gil+Jaramillo&rft.aufirst=Rosa+Carolina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.co%2Fpdf%2Fhiso%2Fn34%2F0121-8417-hiso-34-00103.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span> Article at URL contains a short English-language abstract. PDF is full article in Spanish.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105023350/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/rhcritica/arias.htm">"Los sucesos del 9 de abril de 1948 como legitimadores de la violencia oficial | banrepcultural.org"</a>. 2014-01-05. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/rhcritica/arias.htm">the original</a> on 2014-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+sucesos+del+9+de+abril+de+1948+como+legitimadores+de+la+violencia+oficial+%7C+banrepcultural.org&rft.date=2014-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banrepcultural.org%2Fblaavirtual%2Frevistas%2Frhcritica%2Farias.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNohlen2005" class="citation book cs1">Nohlen, Dieter (2005). <i>Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199253587" title="Special:BookSources/0199253587"><bdi>0199253587</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58051010">58051010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elections+in+the+Americas%3A+A+Data+Handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58051010&rft.isbn=0199253587&rft.aulast=Nohlen&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burnyeat, G. (2018). Chocolate, Politics and Peace-Building. Springer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone,_Grace.2004" class="citation book cs1">Livingstone, Grace. (2004). <i>Inside Colombia : drugs, democracy and war</i>. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813534429" title="Special:BookSources/0813534429"><bdi>0813534429</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53398041">53398041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Colombia+%3A+drugs%2C+democracy+and+war&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53398041&rft.isbn=0813534429&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Grace.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_La_Pedraja_Tomán2013" class="citation book cs1">De La Pedraja Tomán, René (2013). <i>Wars of Latin America, 1948-1982: The Rise of the Guerrillas</i>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786470150" title="Special:BookSources/9780786470150"><bdi>9780786470150</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/860397564">860397564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+Latin+America%2C+1948-1982%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Guerrillas&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F860397564&rft.isbn=9780786470150&rft.aulast=De+La+Pedraja+Tom%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Colombia">"Colombia - La Violencia, dictatorship, and democratic restoration"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"La Violencia in Colombia". <i>Journal of Inter-American Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (4). Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami: <span class="nowrap">561–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F164860">10.2307/164860</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/164860">164860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inter-American+Studies&rft.atitle=La+Violencia+in+Colombia&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E561-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F164860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F164860%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Norman+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKleinfeldBarham2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kleinfeld, Rachel; Barham, Elena (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041916-015628">"Complicit States and the Governing Strategy of Privilege Violence: When Weakness is Not the Problem"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>. <b>21</b>: <span class="nowrap">215–</span>238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041916-015628">10.1146/annurev-polisci-041916-015628</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Complicit+States+and+the+Governing+Strategy+of+Privilege+Violence%3A+When+Weakness+is+Not+the+Problem&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041916-015628&rft.aulast=Kleinfeld&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Barham%2C+Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-polisci-041916-015628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.moir.org.co/mosquera/Tres_vias_a_la_revolucion.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626143728/http://www.moir.org.co/mosquera/Tres_vias_a_la_revolucion.htm">Archived</a> June 26, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005218-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005218_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005218_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliford2005">Williford 2005</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005277-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005277_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005277_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliford2005">Williford 2005</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005278-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005278_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliford2005">Williford 2005</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005185-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005185_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005185_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005185_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliford2005">Williford 2005</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005217-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005217_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliford2005">Williford 2005</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005142-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005142_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliford2005">Williford 2005</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005197-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005197_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliford2005">Williford 2005</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005178-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005178_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliford2005">Williford 2005</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliford2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Williford, Thomas J. (2005-05-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.library.vanderbilt.edu/available/etd-07222005-085639/"><i>Armando los espiritus: Political Rhetoric in Colombia on the Eve of La Violencia, 1930–1945</i></a> (Dissertation). Vanderbilt University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Armando+los+espiritus%3A+Political+Rhetoric+in+Colombia+on+the+Eve+of+La+Violencia%2C+1930%E2%80%931945&rft.inst=Vanderbilt+University&rft.date=2005-05-26&rft.aulast=Williford&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetd.library.vanderbilt.edu%2Favailable%2Fetd-07222005-085639%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRempe1995" class="citation journal cs1">Rempe, Dennis M. (Winter 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330101500/http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/colombia/smallwars.htm">"Guerrillas, Bandits, and Independent Republics: US Counter-insurgency Efforts in Colombia 1959-1965"</a>. <i>Small Wars and Insurgencies</i>. <b>6</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">304–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592319508423115">10.1080/09592319508423115</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/colombia/smallwars.htm">the original</a> on 30 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+and+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=Guerrillas%2C+Bandits%2C+and+Independent+Republics%3A+US+Counter-insurgency+Efforts+in+Colombia+1959-1965&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E304-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592319508423115&rft.aulast=Rempe&rft.aufirst=Dennis+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icdc.com%2F~paulwolf%2Fcolombia%2Fsmallwars.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Violencia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wirpsa, Leslie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011113222429/http://www.natcath.com/ncr_online/archives/102497/102497a.htm">Economics fuels return of La Violencia</a></li></ul> <div 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colombian_history" title="Timeline of Colombian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Kingdom of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foolish_Fatherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Foolish Fatherland">Foolish Fatherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">United Provinces of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Military career of Simón Bolívar">Military career of Simón Bolívar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Wars of independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">reunification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Republic of New Granada">Republic of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granadine_Confederation" title="Granadine Confederation">Granadine Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Colombia" title="United States of Colombia">United States of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Republic of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Civil_War_of_1895" title="Colombian Civil War of 1895">Colombian Civil War of 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Days%27_War" title="Thousand Days' War">Thousand Days' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Separation of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War" title="Colombia–Peru War">Colombia–Peru War (Leticia Incident)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">La Violencia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Colombia)" title="National Front (Colombia)">National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Current internal armed conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peace_process" title="Colombian peace process">Colombian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Colombia" title="Geography of Colombia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Colombia" title="Biodiversity of Colombia">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Colombia" title="Fauna of Colombia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Colombia" title="Flora of Colombia">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Colombia" title="Climate of Colombia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Colombia" title="Geology of Colombia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Colombia" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Colombia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Colombia" title="Category:Islands of Colombia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Colombia" title="List of rivers of Colombia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valleys_and_Plateaus_of_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valleys and Plateaus of Colombia (page does not exist)">Valleys and Plateaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Colombia" title="List of national parks of Colombia">National parks <span style="font-size:85%;">(Protected Areas)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Colombia" title="List of cities and towns in Colombia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_hazards_in_Colombia" title="Natural hazards in Colombia">Natural hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Colombia" title="Environmental issues in Colombia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_invasive_species_in_Colombia" title="List of invasive species in Colombia">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Colombia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Colombia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Colombia" title="Natural regions of Colombia">Natural regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_natural_region" title="Amazon natural region">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_natural_region" title="Andean natural region">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_natural_region" title="Caribbean natural region">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_region_of_Colombia" title="Insular region of Colombia">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinoqu%C3%ADa_natural_region" title="Orinoquía natural region">Orinoquía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific/Choc%C3%B3_natural_region" title="Pacific/Chocó natural region">Pacific/Chocó</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Colombia" title="Administrative divisions of Colombia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Colombia" title="Municipalities of Colombia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Colombia" title="Metropolitan areas of Colombia">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Capital District</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corregimientos_of_Colombia" title="Corregimientos of Colombia">Corregimientos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_territory_(Colombia)" title="Indigenous territory (Colombia)">Indigenous territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Colombia" title="Politics of Colombia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Colombia" title="List of political parties in Colombia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Colombia" title="Elections in Colombia">Elections</a></li> <li>Ideologies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Communism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1991" title="Colombian Constitution of 1991">Constitution</a></li> <li>Control <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Auditor_General_of_Colombia" title="Office of the Auditor General of Colombia">Auditor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_General_of_Colombia" title="Office of the Comptroller General of Colombia">Comptroller General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Inspector_General_of_Colombia" title="Office of the Inspector General of Colombia">Inspector General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombudsman%27s_Office_of_Colombia" title="Ombudsman's Office of Colombia">Ombudsman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Branch_of_Colombia" title="Executive Branch of Colombia">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Colombia" title="Council of Ministers of Colombia">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_entities_of_Colombia" title="Government entities of Colombia">Government agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Colombia" title="Vice President of Colombia">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Colombia" title="Foreign relations of Colombia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Colombia" title="Judiciary of Colombia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia" title="Congress of Colombia">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Colombia" title="National Police of Colombia">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Aerospace_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Aerospace Force">Aerospace Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Army_of_Colombia" title="National Army of Colombia">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Navy" title="Colombian Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Colombia">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_(Colombia)" title="Bank of the Republic (Colombia)">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Colombia" title="List of companies of Colombia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Colombia" title="Economic history of Colombia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Colombia" title="Agriculture in Colombia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Colombia" title="Industry of Colombia">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Colombia" title="Mineral industry of Colombia">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peso" title="Colombian peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_Stock_Exchange" title="Colombia Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Colombia" title="Science and technology in Colombia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Colombia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Colombia" title="Taxation in Colombia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Colombia" title="Trade unions in Colombia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Colombia" title="Tourism in Colombia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Colombia" title="Transport in Colombia">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Colombia" title="Category:Society of Colombia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Colombia" title="Abortion in Colombia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombians" title="Colombians">Colombians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Colombians" title="List of Colombians">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Colombia" title="Demographics of Colombia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Colombia" title="Race and ethnicity in Colombia">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Colombia" title="Health care in Colombia">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Colombia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Colombia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Colombia" title="Women in Colombia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Colombia" title="Culture of Colombia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Colombia" title="List of archaeological sites in Colombia">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Colombia" title="Architecture of Colombia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_art" title="Colombian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Colombia">Video gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Colombia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Colombia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Colombia" title="Carnival in Colombia">Carnivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Colombia" title="List of festivals in Colombia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_folklore" title="Colombian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_handicrafts" title="Colombian handicrafts">Handicrafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_literature" title="Colombian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Colombia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Muisca religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Colombia" title="Theater of Colombia">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Colombia" title="National symbols of Colombia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia" title="Coat of arms of Colombia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Colombia" title="Flag of Colombia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Colombia" title="Public holidays in Colombia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Colombia" title="Freedom of religion in Colombia">Freedom of religion in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Colombia" title="Miss Colombia">Miss Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Colombia" title="Sport in Colombia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Colombia" title="Human rights in Colombia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Colombia" title="Intersex rights in Colombia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Colombia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Colombia" title="Immigration to Colombia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Colombia" title="Emigration from Colombia">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Colombia" title="Poverty in Colombia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Colombia" title="Smoking in Colombia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Colombia" title="Crime in Colombia">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Colombia" title="Corruption in Colombia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Colombia" title="Terrorism in Colombia">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_movements_in_Colombia" title="Guerrilla movements in Colombia">Guerrilla movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_paramilitarism_in_Colombia" title="Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia">Right-wing paramilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_in_popular_culture" title="Colombia in popular culture">Colombia in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colombia" title="Outline of Colombia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Colombia-related_articles" title="Index of Colombia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colombia" title="Category:Colombia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Colombia" title="Portal:Colombia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&oldid=1271854260">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Violencia&oldid=1271854260</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:La_Violencia" title="Category:La Violencia">La Violencia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-clericalism" 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