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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_the_Slavs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Arrival of the Slavs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_the_Slavs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_medieval_archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_medieval_archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Early medieval archaeology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_medieval_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croat_ethnogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croat_ethnogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Croat ethnogenesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croat_ethnogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_polities_in_Dalmatia_and_Pannonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_polities_in_Dalmatia_and_Pannonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Other polities in Dalmatia and Pannonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_polities_in_Dalmatia_and_Pannonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_medieval_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_medieval_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early medieval age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_medieval_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pannonian_Principality_("Savia")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pannonian_Principality_("Savia")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Pannonian Principality ("Savia") </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pannonian_Principality_("Savia")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalmatian_Croats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalmatian_Croats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Dalmatian Croats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalmatian_Croats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925–1102)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925–1102)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925–1102)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_union_with_Hungary_(1102–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_union_with_Hungary_(1102–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Personal union with Hungary (1102–1918) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_union_with_Hungary_(1102–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Croatian_national_revival_(1593–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatian_national_revival_(1593–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Croatian national revival (1593–1918) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatian_national_revival_(1593–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history_(1918–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history_(1918–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Modern history (1918–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history_(1918–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Language </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Language subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bunjevac_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bunjevac_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Bunjevac dialect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bunjevac_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UNESCO_|_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity_in_Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNESCO_|_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity_in_Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 UNESCO | Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in Croatia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNESCO_|_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity_in_Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Communities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Communities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autochthonous_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autochthonous_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Autochthonous communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autochthonous_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatian_communities_with_minority_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatian_communities_with_minority_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Croatian communities with minority status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatian_communities_with_minority_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_regions_with_Croat_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_regions_with_Croat_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Other regions with Croat minorities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_regions_with_Croat_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Croats</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" > 78 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroate" title="Kroate – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kroate" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="كروات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كروات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatas" title="Croatas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Croatas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_croata" title="Pueblu croata – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu croata" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xorvatlar" title="Xorvatlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xorvatlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کوروات‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوروات‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Харваты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Харваты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Харваты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Харваты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хървати – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хървати" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvati" title="Hrvati – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hrvati" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats" title="Croats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Croats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorvati" title="Chorvati – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chorvati" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatiaid" title="Croatiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Croatiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroater" title="Kroater – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kroater" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroaten" title="Kroaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kroaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorwaty" title="Chorwaty – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Chorwaty" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horvaadid" title="Horvaadid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Horvaadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Κροάτες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κροάτες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_croata" title="Pueblo croata – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo croata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroatoj" title="Kroatoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kroatoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroaziar" title="Kroaziar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kroaziar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مردم کروات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم کروات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croates" title="Croates – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Croates" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B3taigh" title="Crótaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crótaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_croata" title="Pobo croata – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo croata" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%95%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9D%B8" title="크로아트인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크로아트인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Խորվաթներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խորվաթներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorwa%C4%87a" title="Chorwaća – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Chorwaća" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvati" title="Hrvati – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hrvati" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Kroasia" title="Suku Kroasia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Kroasia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Хорватаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хорватаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croati" title="Croati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Croati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קרואטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרואטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Kroasia" title="Wong Kroasia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Kroasia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ხორვატები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხორვატები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хорваттар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хорваттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xirwat" title="Xirwat – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xirwat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хорваттар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хорваттар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatae" title="Croatae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Croatae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horv%C4%81ti" title="Horvāti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Horvāti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroatai" title="Kroatai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kroatai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horv%C3%A1tok" title="Horvátok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Horvátok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хрвати – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хрвати" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ხორვატეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ხორვატეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="كروات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كروات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroaten" title="Kroaten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kroaten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A2%E3%83%81%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="クロアチア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クロアチア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Хорваташ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хорваташ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroater" title="Kroater – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kroater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroatar" title="Kroatar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kroatar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xorvatlar" title="Xorvatlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xorvatlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorwaci" title="Chorwaci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chorwaci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatas" title="Croatas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Croatas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croa%C8%9Bi" title="Croați – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Croați" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Хорваты – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хорваты" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Хорваты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хорваты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хорвааттар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хорвааттар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats" title="Croats – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Croats" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroat%C3%ABt" title="Kroatët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kroatët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats" title="Croats – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Croats" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorv%C3%A1ti" title="Chorváti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chorváti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvati" title="Hrvati – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hrvati" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хръвати – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Хръвати" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хрвати – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хрвати" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvati" title="Hrvati – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hrvati" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroaatit" title="Kroaatit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kroaatit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroater" title="Kroater – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kroater" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95" title="ชาวโครแอต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวโครแอต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Хорватҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хорватҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%B1rvatlar" title="Hırvatlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hırvatlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хорвати – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хорвати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Croatia" title="Người Croatia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Croatia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="克罗地亚人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克罗地亚人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_Kr%C3%B3%C3%A1t%C3%AC" title="Àwọn Króátì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn Króátì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="克羅地亞人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="克羅地亞人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%9F%83%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="克羅埃西亞人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克羅埃西亞人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Kroat" title="Orang Kroat – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Orang Kroat" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Kroasia" title="Jolma Kroasia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Kroasia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 17th-century light cavalry, see <a href="/wiki/Croats_(military_unit)" title="Croats (military unit)">Croats (military unit)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Croatians" and "Croatian people" redirect here. For the more generic usage, see <a href="/wiki/Croatians_(demonym)" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatians (demonym)">Croatians (demonym)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Croat" redirects here. For the medieval Catalan currency, see <a href="/wiki/Croat_(coin)" title="Croat (coin)">Croat (coin)</a>. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Croat_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Croat (surname)">Croat (surname)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Croats Hrvati</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Oton_Ivekovic,_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg/220px-Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg/330px-Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg/440px-Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="743" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Dolazak Hrvata (Arrival of Croats), painting by <a href="/wiki/Oton_Ivekovi%C4%87" title="Oton Iveković">Oton Iveković</a>, representing the migration of Croats to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7–8 million<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Croatian_Diaspora_in_the_World_(2022).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Map_of_the_Croatian_Diaspora_in_the_World_%282022%29.png/260px-Map_of_the_Croatian_Diaspora_in_the_World_%282022%29.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Map_of_the_Croatian_Diaspora_in_the_World_%282022%29.png/390px-Map_of_the_Croatian_Diaspora_in_the_World_%282022%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Map_of_the_Croatian_Diaspora_in_the_World_%282022%29.png/520px-Map_of_the_Croatian_Diaspora_in_the_World_%282022%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> 3,550,000 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> 544,780 (2013)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">414,714 (2012)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>–1,200,000 (est.)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500,000 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-destatis-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></th><td class="infobox-data">400,000<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">250,000<a href="#cite_note-croata-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">220,000<a href="#cite_note-hrvatiizvanrh.hr-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">164,362 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-abs1-11">[11]</a>– 250,000 (est.)<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">130,280 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a>– 250,000 (est.)<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000<a href="#cite_note-voxy.co.nz-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80,000 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-admin.ch-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70,000<a href="#cite_note-croata-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">60,000<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000 (est.)<a href="#cite_note-stat.si-18">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></th><td class="infobox-data">41,502 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40,000 (est.)<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">39,107 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">35,000 (est.)<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Other countries (fewer than 30,000)</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22,995 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-KSH-23">[23]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000 - 50,000 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,000<a href="#cite_note-hic.hr-27">[27]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,992<a href="#cite_note-oecd.org-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,842 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,021 (2011)<a href="#cite_note-monstat.org-29">[29]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,000<a href="#cite_note-croata-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,800 (est.)<a href="#cite_note-croata-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,400<a href="#cite_note-joshuaproject.net-31">[31]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,272<a href="#cite_note-ssb.no-32">[32]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,000<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,001<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>–2,600<a href="#cite_note-Glas_Koncila-36">[36]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,490<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">499<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">304<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European countries">Europe</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5,200,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of North American countries">North America</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600,000–2,500,000<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_a">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of South American Countries">South America</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500,000–800,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300,000–350,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Croatia" title="Catholic Church in Croatia">Roman Catholic</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin_1997-40">[40]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue.com-41">[41]</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562">a References:<a href="#cite_note-Farkas-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paquin-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Directory_of_Historical_Organizatio-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zanger-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levinson,_Ember-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Genealogical_Inquirer-48">[48]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile" style="width:220px"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Croats" class="mw-disambig" title="Category:Croats">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em; padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Croats</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em; padding:0.8em 0 1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia" title="Coat of arms of Croatia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Croatia%2C_Historic_Coat_of_Arms%2C_first_red_square.svg/70px-Croatia%2C_Historic_Coat_of_Arms%2C_first_red_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Croatia%2C_Historic_Coat_of_Arms%2C_first_red_square.svg/105px-Croatia%2C_Historic_Coat_of_Arms%2C_first_red_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Croatia%2C_Historic_Coat_of_Arms%2C_first_red_square.svg/140px-Croatia%2C_Historic_Coat_of_Arms%2C_first_red_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="760" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Recognized</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Serbia" title="Croats of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjevci" title="Janjevci">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croats" title="Burgenland Croats">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Italy" title="Croats of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Montenegro" title="Croats of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Croats of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats_in_Slovakia" title="Croats in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Hungary" title="Croats of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Croats in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_diaspora" title="Croatian diaspora">Diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Belgium" title="Croats of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats_in_Germany" title="Croats in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Croats in the Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Croats of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats_in_Slovakia" title="Croats in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Slovenia" title="Croats of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Switzerland" title="Croats of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> North America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Canadians" title="Croatian Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Mexicans" title="Croatian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li></ul> South America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Argentines" title="Croatian Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Croats in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Brazilian">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Chilean">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Peruvian">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Venezuelan">Venezuela</a></li></ul> Oceania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Australians" title="Croatian Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_New_Zealanders" title="Croatian New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Subgroups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okci" title="Šokci">Šokci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croats" title="Burgenland Croats">Burgenland Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjevci" title="Janjevci">Janjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molise_Croats" title="Molise Croats">Molise Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krashovani" title="Krashovani">Krašovani</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Croatia" title="Culture of Croatia">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_art" title="Croatian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Croatia" title="Cinema of Croatia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_national_costume" title="Croatian national costume">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Croatia" title="Sport in Croatia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">History of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Croats" title="Origin hypotheses of the Croats">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Croatia">Rulers</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Language</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Molise</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">Related nations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Croats" title="Template:Croats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Croats" title="Template talk:Croats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Croats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Croats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Croats (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkroʊæts/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: Hrvati, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[xr̩ʋǎːti]</a>) are a <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and other neighboring countries in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> who share a common Croatian <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">ancestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Croatia" title="Culture of Croatia">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">language</a>. They also form a sizeable minority in a number of neighboring countries, namely <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Slovenia" title="Croats of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croats" title="Burgenland Croats">Austria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Croats_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Croats in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_in_Germany" title="Croats in Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Hungary" title="Croats of Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Italy" title="Croats of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Montenegro" title="Croats of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Croats of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Serbia" title="Croats of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croats_in_Slovakia" title="Croats in Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. Due to political, social and economic reasons, many Croats migrated to North and South America as well as New Zealand and later Australia, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Croatian_diaspora" title="Croatian diaspora">diaspora</a> in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, with grassroots assistance from earlier communities and the Roman <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-diasporas-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-HWC-51">[51]</a> In Croatia (the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>), 3.9 million people identify themselves as Croats, and constitute about 90.4% of the population. Another 553,000 live in <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, where they are one of the three <a href="/wiki/Constituent_peoples_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina">constituent ethnic groups</a>, predominantly living in Western <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bosnia" title="Central Bosnia">Central Bosnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Posavina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Posavina">Bosnian Posavina</a>. The minority in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> number about 70,000, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[53]</a> The ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tarara_(M%C4%81ori_Croatian_ethnic_mix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarara (Māori Croatian ethnic mix)">Tarara people</a>, indigenous to <a href="/wiki/Northland_Region" title="Northland Region">Te Tai Tokerau</a> in New Zealand, are of mixed Croatian and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> (predominantly <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81puhi" title="Ngāpuhi">Ngāpuhi</a>) descent. <a href="/wiki/Tarara_Day" title="Tarara Day">Tarara Day</a> is celebrated every 15 March to commemorate their "highly regarded place in present-day <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māoridom</a>".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Croats are mostly <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian language</a> is official in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Croatian is a recognized <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> within Croatian autochthonous communities and minorities in Montenegro, Austria (<a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a>), Italy (<a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a>), Romania (<a href="/wiki/Cara%C8%99ova" title="Carașova">Carașova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupac" title="Lupac">Lupac</a>) and Serbia (<a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Croats_and_Croatia" title="Names of the Croats and Croatia">Names of the Croats and Croatia</a></div> The foreign <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> variation "Croats" of the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Croats_and_Croatia" title="Names of the Croats and Croatia">native name</a> "Hrvati" derives from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> Croāt, itself a derivation of <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">North-West Slavic</a> *Xərwate, by <a href="/wiki/Slavic_liquid_metathesis_and_pleophony" title="Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony">liquid metathesis</a> from Common Slavic period *Xorvat, from proposed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/x%D1%8Arvat%D1%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xъrvatъ">*Xъrvátъ</a> which possibly comes from the 3rd-century <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scytho-Sarmatian</a> form attested in the <a href="/wiki/Tanais_Tablets" title="Tanais Tablets">Tanais Tablets</a> as Χοροάθος (Khoroáthos, alternate forms comprise Khoróatos and Khoroúathos).<a href="#cite_note-Gluhak-1993-58">[58]</a> The origin of the ethnonym is uncertain, but most probably is from <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Proto-Ossetian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages#Alanian" title="Scythian languages">Alanian</a> *xurvæt- or *xurvāt-, in the meaning of "one who guards" ("guardian, protector").<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">History of Croatia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_the_Slavs">Arrival of the Slavs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arrival of the Slavs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Croats" title="Origin hypotheses of the Croats">Origin hypotheses of the Croats</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Croatia" title="White Croatia">White Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">White Croats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations_to_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe">Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antae" class="mw-redirect" title="Antae">Antae</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">White Croats</a>, invaded and settled <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> in the 6th and 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199126–41-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_medieval_archaeology">Early medieval archaeology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early medieval archaeology">edit</a>]</div> Archaeological evidence shows population continuity in coastal <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>. In contrast, much of the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric</a> hinterland and appears to have been depopulated, as virtually all hilltop settlements, from <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a>, were abandoned and few appear destroyed in the early 7th century. Although the dating of the earliest Slavic settlements was disputed, recent archaeological data established that the migration and settlement of the Slavs/Croats have been in late 6th and early 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-Belos00-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Croat_ethnogenesis">Croat ethnogenesis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Croat ethnogenesis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Croatian_ethnonym_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Distribution_of_Croatian_ethnonym_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg/255px-Distribution_of_Croatian_ethnonym_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Distribution_of_Croatian_ethnonym_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg/383px-Distribution_of_Croatian_ethnonym_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Distribution_of_Croatian_ethnonym_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg/510px-Distribution_of_Croatian_ethnonym_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>The range of Slavic ceramics of the <a href="/wiki/Penkovka_culture" title="Penkovka culture">Prague-Penkovka culture</a> marked in black, all known ethnonyms of Croats are within this area. Presumable migration routes of Croats are indicated by arrows, per V.V. Sedov (1979).</figcaption></figure> Much uncertainty revolves around the exact circumstances of their appearance given the scarcity of literary sources during the 7th and 8th century <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The ethnonym "Croat" is first attested during the 9th century AD,<a href="#cite_note-harvtxt|Dzino|2010|p=175-66">[66]</a> in the charter of Duke <a href="/wiki/Trpimir_I_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trpimir I of Croatia">Trpimir</a>; and begins to be widely attested throughout central and eastern Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Traditionally, scholarship has placed the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">White Croats</a> from <a href="/wiki/White_Croatia" title="White Croatia">Great/White Croatia</a> in Eastern Europe in the early 7th century, primarily on the basis of the later <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> document <a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a>. As such, the arrival of the Croats was seen as part of main wave or a second wave of Slavic migrations, which took over Dalmatia from <a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avar hegemony</a>. However, as early as the 1970s, scholars questioned the reliability of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Porphyrogenitus</a>' work, written as it was in the 10th century. Rather than being an accurate historical account, De Administrando Imperio more accurately reflects the political situation during the 10th century. It mainly served as Byzantine propaganda praising Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> for repopulating the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> (previously devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a>) with Croats, who were seen by the Byzantines as tributary peoples living on what had always been 'Roman land'.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Scholars have hypothesized the name Croat (Hrvat) may be <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a>, thus suggesting that the Croatians were possibly a <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatian</a> tribe from the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontic</a> region who were part of a larger movement at the same time that the Slavs were moving toward the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a>. The major basis for this connection was the perceived similarity between Hrvat and <a href="/wiki/Tanais_Tablets" title="Tanais Tablets">inscriptions</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a> dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, mentioning the name Khoro(u)athos. Similar arguments have been made for an alleged <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a>-Croat link. Whilst there is possible evidence of population continuity between Gothic and Croatian times in parts of Dalmatia, the idea of a Gothic origin of Croats was more rooted in 20th century <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> political aspirations than historical reality.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_polities_in_Dalmatia_and_Pannonia">Other polities in Dalmatia and Pannonia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other polities in Dalmatia and Pannonia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oton_Ivekovic,_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg/255px-Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg/383px-Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg/510px-Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Arrival of the Croats to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oton_Ivekovi%C4%87" title="Oton Iveković">Oton Iveković</a></figcaption></figure> Other, distinct polities and ethno-political groups existed around the Croat duchy. These included the <a href="/wiki/Guduscani" title="Guduscani">Guduscans</a> (based in Liburnia), <a href="/wiki/Pagania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagania">Pagania</a> (between the Cetina and <a href="/wiki/Neretva" title="Neretva">Neretva</a> River), <a href="/wiki/Zachlumia" title="Zachlumia">Zachlumia</a> (between Neretva and <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(early_medieval)" title="Bosnia (early medieval)">Bosnia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Serbia</a> in other eastern parts of ex-Roman province of "Dalmatia".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Also prominent in the territory of future Croatia was the polity of Prince <a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_(Lower_Pannonia)" title="Ljudevit (Lower Pannonia)">Ljudevit</a> who ruled the territories between the <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a> rivers ("<a href="/wiki/Slavs_in_Lower_Pannonia" title="Slavs in Lower Pannonia">Pannonia Inferior</a>"), centred from his fort at <a href="/wiki/Sisak" title="Sisak">Sisak</a>. Although Duke Liutevid and his people are commonly seen as a "Pannonian Croats", he is, due to the lack of "evidence that they had a sense of Croat identity" referred to as dux Pannoniae Inferioris, or simply a Slav, by contemporary sources.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> A closer reading of the DAI suggests that Constantine VII's consideration about the ethnic origin and identity of the population of Lower Pannonia, <a href="/wiki/Pagania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagania">Pagania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zachlumia" title="Zachlumia">Zachlumia</a> and other principalities is based on tenth century political rule and does not indicate ethnicity,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006210-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Budak1994-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gracanin2008-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> and although both Croats and Serbs could have been a small military elite which managed to organize other already settled and more numerous Slavs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962139,_142-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199137,_57-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> it is possible that Narentines, Zachlumians and others also arrived as Croats or with Croatian tribal alliance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962138–139-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200660–61-85">[85]</a> The Croats became the dominant local power in northern Dalmatia, absorbing Liburnia and expanding their name by conquest and prestige. In the south, while having periods of independence, the Naretines merged with Croats later under control of Croatian Kings.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> With such expansion, Croatia became the dominant power and absorbed other polities between Frankish, <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian</a> and Byzantine empire. Although the <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Priest_of_Duklja" title="Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja">Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja</a> has been dismissed as an unreliable record, the mentioned "Red Croatia" suggests that Croatian clans and families might have settled as far south as <a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Duklja</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zeta_(crown_land)" title="Zeta (crown land)">Zeta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> According to Martin Dimnik writing for <a href="/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_Medieval_History" title="The New Cambridge Medieval History">The New Cambridge Medieval History</a>, "at the beginning of the eleventh century the Croats lived in two more or less clearly defined regions" of the "Croatian lands" which "were now divided into three districs" including Slavonia/Pannonian Croatia (between rivers Sava and Drava) on one side and Croatia/Dalmatian littoral (between <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kvarner" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Kvarner">Gulf of Kvarner</a> and rivers Vrbas and Neretva) and Bosnia (around <a href="/wiki/Bosna_(river)" title="Bosna (river)">river Bosna</a>) on other side, and that "Croats, along with Serbs, also lived in Bosnia which at times came under the control of Croatian kings".<a href="#cite_note-TNCMH-88">[88]</a>: 266–276  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_medieval_age">Early medieval age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early medieval age">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Croatia" title="Duchy of Croatia">Duchy of Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lower_Pannonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Lower Pannonia">Principality of Lower Pannonia</a></div> The lands which constitute modern Croatia fell under three major geographic-politic zones during the Middle Ages, which were influenced by powerful neighbor Empires – notably the Byzantines, the Avars and later <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Magyars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>. Each vied for control of the Northwest Balkan regions. Two independent Slavic dukedoms emerged sometime during the 9th century: the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Croatia" title="Duchy of Croatia">Duchy of Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lower_Pannonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Lower Pannonia">Principality of Lower Pannonia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pannonian_Principality_("Savia")">Pannonian Principality ("Savia")</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pannonian Principality ("Savia")">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Croats" title="Special:EditPage/Croats">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Having been under Avar control, lower Pannonia became a march of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> around 800. Aided by <a href="/wiki/Vojnomir_of_Pannonian_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vojnomir of Pannonian Croatia">Vojnomir</a> in 796, the first named Slavic Duke of Pannonia, the Franks wrested control of the region from the Avars before totally destroying the Avar realm in 803. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in 814, Frankish influence decreased on the region, allowing Prince <a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_Posavski" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljudevit Posavski">Ljudevit Posavski</a> to raise a rebellion in 819.<a href="#cite_note-Wolfram_2002-89">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish</a> <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">margraves</a> sent armies in 820, 821 and 822, but each time they failed to crush the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-Wolfram_2002-89">[89]</a> Aided by Borna the Guduscan, the Franks eventually defeated Ljudevit, who withdrew his forces to the Serbs and conquered them, according to the Frankish Annals.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For much of the subsequent period, Savia was probably directly ruled by the Carinthian <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Duke Arnulf</a>, the future East Frankish King and Emperor. However, Frankish control was far from smooth. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Frankish_Annals" title="Royal Frankish Annals">Royal Frankish Annals</a> mention several Bulgar raids, driving up the Sava and Drava rivers, as a result of a border dispute with the Franks, from 827. By a peace treaty in 845, the Franks were confirmed as rulers over <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a>, whilst <a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Srijem</a> remained under Bulgarian clientage. Later, the expanding power of <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> also threatened Frankish control of the region. In an effort to halt their influence, the Franks sought alliance with the Magyars, and elevated the local Slavic leader <a href="/wiki/Braslav_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Braslav of Croatia">Braslav</a> in 892, as a more independent Duke over lower Pannonia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 896, his rule stretched from <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> to the southern Croat duchies, and included almost the whole of ex-Roman Pannonian provinces. He probably died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 900 fighting against his former allies, the Magyars.<a href="#cite_note-Wolfram_2002-89">[89]</a> The subsequent history of Savia again becomes murky, and historians are not sure who controlled Savia during much of the 10th century. However, it is likely that the ruler <a href="/wiki/Tomislav_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomislav of Croatia">Tomislav</a>, the first crowned King, was able to exert much control over Savia and adjacent areas during his reign. It is at this time that sources first refer to a "Pannonian Croatia", appearing in the 10th century Byzantine work De Administrando Imperio.<a href="#cite_note-Wolfram_2002-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dalmatian_Croats">Dalmatian Croats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dalmatian Croats">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Croat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Croat">Dalmatian Croats</a> were recorded to have been subject to the Kingdom of Italy under <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a>, since 828. The Croatian Prince <a href="/wiki/Mislav_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mislav of Croatia">Mislav</a> (835–845) built up a formidable navy, and in 839 signed a peace treaty with <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Tradonico" title="Pietro Tradonico">Pietro Tradonico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">doge of Venice</a>. The Venetians soon proceeded to battle with the independent Slavic pirates of the <a href="/wiki/Pagania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagania">Pagania</a> region, but failed to defeat them. The Bulgarian king <a href="/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris I of Bulgaria">Boris I</a> (called by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> Archont of Bulgaria after he made Christianity the official religion of Bulgaria) also waged a lengthy war against the Dalmatian Croats, trying to expand his state to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Croatian Prince <a href="/wiki/Trpimir_I_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trpimir I of Croatia">Trpimir I</a> (845–864) succeeded Mislav. In 854, there was a great battle between Trpimir's forces and the Bulgars. Neither side emerged victorious, and the outcome was the exchange of gifts and the establishment of peace. Trpimir I managed to consolidate power over Dalmatia and much of the inland regions towards <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, while instituting counties as a way of controlling his subordinates (an idea he picked up from the Franks). The first known written mention of the Croats, dates from 4 March 852, in <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a> by Trpimir. Trpimir is remembered as the initiator of the <a href="/wiki/Trpimirovi%C4%87_dynasty" title="Trpimirović dynasty">Trpimirović dynasty</a>, that ruled in Croatia, with interruptions, from 845 until 1091. After his death, an uprising was raised by a powerful nobleman from <a href="/wiki/Knin" title="Knin">Knin</a> – <a href="/wiki/Domagoj_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Domagoj of Croatia">Domagoj</a>, and his son <a href="/wiki/Zdeslav_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zdeslav of Croatia">Zdeslav</a> was exiled with his brothers, Petar and <a href="/wiki/Muncimir_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muncimir of Croatia">Muncimir</a> to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1991257-90">[90]</a> Facing a number of naval threats by <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a> and Byzantine Empire, the Croatian Prince Domagoj (864–876) built up the Croatian navy again and helped the coalition of emperor <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis II</a> and the Byzantine to <a href="/wiki/Louis_II%27s_campaign_against_Bari_(866%E2%80%93871)" title="Louis II's campaign against Bari (866–871)">conquer Bari</a> in 871. During Domagoj's reign <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> was a common practice, and he forced the Venetians to start paying tribute for sailing near the eastern Adriatic coast. After Domagoj's death, Venetian chronicles named him "The worst duke of Slavs", while <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">Pope John VIII</a> referred to Domagoj in letters as "Famous duke". Domagoj's son, of unknown name, ruled shortly between 876 and 878 with his brothers. They continued the rebellion, attacked the western Istrian towns in 876, but were subsequently defeated by the Venetian navy. Their ground forces defeated the Pannonian duke <a href="/wiki/Kocelj" class="mw-redirect" title="Kocelj">Kocelj</a> (861–874) who was suzerain to the Franks, and thereby shed the Frankish vassal status. Wars of Domagoj and his son liberated Dalmatian Croats from supreme Franks rule. Zdeslav deposed him in 878 with the help of the Byzantines. He acknowledged the supreme rule of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a>. In 879, the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> asked for help from prince Zdeslav for an armed escort for his delegates across southern Dalmatia and <a href="/wiki/Zahumlje" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahumlje">Zahumlje</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] but on early May 879, Zdeslav was killed near Knin in an uprising led by <a href="/wiki/Branimir_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Branimir of Croatia">Branimir</a>, a relative of Domagoj, instigated by the Pope, fearing Byzantine power.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Branimir's (879–892) own actions were approved from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> to bring the Croats further away from the influence of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> and closer to Rome. Duke Branimir wrote to <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">Pope John VIII</a> affirming this split from Byzantine and commitment to the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Roman Papacy</a>. During the solemn divine service in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 879, John VIII] gave his blessing to the duke and the Croatian people, about which he informed Branimir in his letters, in which Branimir was recognized as the Duke of the Croats (Dux Chroatorum).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1991261-91">[91]</a> During his reign, Croatia retained its sovereignty from both the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> rule, and became a fully recognized state.<a href="#cite_note-Hrvatski_leksikon-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-antoljak-93">[93]</a> After Branimir's death, Prince <a href="/wiki/Muncimir_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muncimir of Croatia">Muncimir</a> (892–910), Zdeslav's brother, took control of Dalmatia and ruled it independently of both Rome and Byzantium as divino munere Croatorum dux (with God's help, duke of Croats). In Dalmatia, duke <a href="/wiki/Tomislav_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomislav of Croatia">Tomislav</a> (910–928) succeeded Muncimir. Tomislav successfully repelled Magyar mounted invasions of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Arpads</a>, expelled them over the <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava River</a>, and united (western) Pannonian and Dalmatian Croats into one state.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oton_Ivekovic,_Krunidba_kralja_Tomislava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Krunidba_kralja_Tomislava.jpg/255px-Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Krunidba_kralja_Tomislava.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Krunidba_kralja_Tomislava.jpg/383px-Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Krunidba_kralja_Tomislava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Krunidba_kralja_Tomislava.jpg/510px-Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Krunidba_kralja_Tomislava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Coronation of King Tomislav by <a href="/wiki/Oton_Ivekovi%C4%87" title="Oton Iveković">Oton Iveković</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tomislav_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomislav of Croatia">Tomislav</a> (910–928) became king of Croatia by 925. The chief piece of evidence that Tomislav was crowned king comes in the form of a letter dated 925, surviving only in 16th-century copies, from <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">Pope John X</a> calling Tomislav <a href="/wiki/King_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Croatia">rex Chroatorum</a>. According to De Administrando Imperio, Tomislav's army and navy could have consisted approximately 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> units, 60,000 cavaliers, and 80 larger (sagina) and 100 smaller <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kondura_(ship)" title="Kondura (ship)">condura</a>), but generally isn't taken as credible.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">palaeographic</a> analysis of the original manuscript of De Administrando Imperio, an estimation of the number of inhabitants in medieval Croatia between 440 and 880 thousand people, and military numbers of Franks and Byzantines – the Croatian military force was most probably composed of 20,000–100,000 infantrymen, and 3,000–24,000 horsemen organized in 60 <a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">allagions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak2018223–224-99">[99]</a> The Croatian Kingdom as an ally of Byzantine Empire was in conflict with the rising <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a> ruled by Tsar <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I</a>. In 923, due to a deal of Pope John X and a Patriarch of Constantinopole, the sovereignty of Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(theme)" title="Dalmatia (theme)">coastal cities</a> in Dalmatia came under Tomislav's Governancy. The war escalated on 27 May 927, in the <a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Bulgarian_battle_of_927" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 927">battle of the Bosnian Highlands</a>, after Serbs were conquered and some fled to the Croatian Kingdom. There Croats under leadership of their king Tomislav completely defeated the Bulgarian army led by military commander <a href="/wiki/Alogobotur" title="Alogobotur">Alogobotur</a>, and stopped Simeon's extension westwards.<a href="#cite_note-bakalov-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Omrčanin1984-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ireland(Organization)1882-102">[102]</a> The central town in the Duvno field was named <a href="/wiki/Tomislavgrad" title="Tomislavgrad">Tomislavgrad</a> ("Tomislav's town") in his honour in the 20th century. Tomislav was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Trpimir_II_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trpimir II of Croatia">Trpimir II</a> (928–935), and <a href="/wiki/Kre%C5%A1imir_I_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Krešimir I of Croatia">Krešimir I</a> (935–945), this period, on the whole, however, is obscure. <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miroslav of Croatia">Miroslav</a> (945–949) was killed by his ban <a href="/wiki/Pribina" title="Pribina">Pribina</a> during an internal power struggle, losing part of islands and coastal cities. <a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Kre%C5%A1imir_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihajlo Krešimir II">Krešimir II</a> (949–969) kept particularly good relations with the Dalmatian cities, while his son <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Dr%C5%BEislav" class="mw-redirect" title="Stjepan Držislav">Stjepan Držislav</a> (969–997) established better relations with the Byzantine Empire and received a formal authority over Dalmatian cities. His three sons, <a href="/wiki/Svetoslav_Suronja" title="Svetoslav Suronja">Svetoslav</a> (997–1000), <a href="/wiki/Kre%C5%A1imir_III_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Krešimir III of Croatia">Krešimir III</a> (1000–1030) and <a href="/wiki/Gojslav_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gojslav of Croatia">Gojslav</a> (1000–1020), opened a violent contest for the throne, weakening the state and further losing control. Krešimir III and his brother Gojslav co-ruled from 1000 until 1020, and attempted to restore control over lost Dalmatian cities now under Venetian control. Krešimir was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_I_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stjepan I of Croatia">Stjepan I</a> (1030–1058), who continued his ambitions of spreading rule over the coastal cities, and during whose rule was established the diocese of Knin between 1040 and 1050 which bishop had the nominal title of "Croatian bishop" (Latin: episcopus Chroatensis).<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Petar_Kre%C5%A1imir_IV_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petar Krešimir IV of Croatia">Krešimir IV</a> (1058–1074) managed to get the Byzantine Empire to confirm him as the supreme ruler of the Dalmatian cities.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Croatia under Krešimir IV was composed of twelve counties and was slightly larger than in Tomislav's time, and included the closest southern Dalmatian duchy of Pagania.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> From the outset, he continued the policies of his father, but was immediately commanded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Pope Nicholas II</a> first in 1059 and then in 1060 to further reform the Croatian church in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman rite">Roman rite</a>. This was especially significant to the papacy in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Schism_of_1054" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Schism of 1054">Great Schism of 1054</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak2018229,_252-107">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bascanska_ploca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bascanska_ploca.jpg/255px-Bascanska_ploca.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bascanska_ploca.jpg/383px-Bascanska_ploca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bascanska_ploca.jpg/510px-Bascanska_ploca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet" title="Baška tablet">Baška tablet</a>, which is the oldest evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">glagolitic script</a>, mentions king <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Zvonimir_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia">Zvonimir</a>.</figcaption></figure> He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Zvonimir_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia">Dmitar Zvonimir</a>, who was of the Svetoslavić branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Trpimirovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Trpimirović">House of Trpimirović</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Slavonia" title="Ban of Slavonia">Ban of Slavonia</a> (1064–1075). He was <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Zvonimir" title="Crown of Zvonimir">crowned</a> on 8 October 1076<a href="#cite_note-coro-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> at <a href="/wiki/Solin,_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Solin, Croatia">Solin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hollow_Church" title="Hollow Church">Basilica of Saint Peter and Moses</a> (known today as Hollow Church) by a representative of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> He was in conflict with dukes of <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, while historical records Annales Carinthiæ and <a href="/wiki/Chronica_Hungarorum" title="Chronica Hungarorum">Chronica Hungarorum</a> note he invaded <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a> to aid Hungary in war during 1079/83, but this is disputed. Unlike Petar Krešimir IV, he was also an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, with whom he joined in wars against Byzantium. He married in 1063 <a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Hungary,_Queen_of_Croatia" title="Helena of Hungary, Queen of Croatia">Helen of Hungary</a>, the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Bela_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bela I">Bela I</a> of the Hungarian <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a>, and the sister of the future King <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus I of Hungary">Ladislaus I</a>. As King Zvonimir died in 1089 in unknown circumstances, with no direct heir to succeed him, <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_II_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stjepan II of Croatia">Stjepan II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr>  1089–1091) last of the main Trpimirović line came to the throne but reigned for two years.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> After his death civil war and unrest broke out shortly afterward as northern nobles decided Ladislaus I for the Croatian King. In 1093, southern nobles elected a new ruler, King <a href="/wiki/Petar_Sna%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Petar Snačić">Petar Snačić</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr>  1093–1097), who managed to unify the Kingdom around his capital of <a href="/wiki/Knin" title="Knin">Knin</a>. His army resisted repelling Hungarian assaults, and restored Croatian rule up to the river <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a>. He reassembled his forces in Croatia and advanced on <a href="/wiki/Mala_Kapela" title="Mala Kapela">Gvozd Mountain</a>, where he met the main Hungarian army led by King <a href="/wiki/Coloman_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloman of Hungary">Coloman I of Hungary</a>. In 1097, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gvozd_Mountain" title="Battle of Gvozd Mountain">Battle of Gvozd Mountain</a>, the last native king Peter was killed and the Croats were decisively defeated (because of this, the mountain was this time renamed to <a href="/wiki/Petrova_Gora" title="Petrova Gora">Petrova Gora</a>, "Peter's Mountain", but identified with the wrong mountain). In 1102, Coloman returned to the Kingdom of Croatia in force, and negotiated with the Croatian feudal lords resulting in joining of Hungarian and Croatian crowns (with the crown of Dalmatia held separate from that of Croatia).<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_Medieval_History" title="The New Cambridge Medieval History">The New Cambridge Medieval History</a>, "at the beginning of the eleventh century the Croats lived in two more or less clearly defined regions" of the "Croatian lands" which "were now divided into three districts" including Slavonia/Pannonian Croatia (between rivers Sava and Drava) on one side and Croatia/Dalmatian littoral (between <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kvarner" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Kvarner">Gulf of Kvarner</a> and rivers Vrbas and Neretva) and Bosnia (around <a href="/wiki/Bosna_(river)" title="Bosna (river)">river Bosna</a>) on other side.<a href="#cite_note-TNCMH-88">[88]</a>: 271–276  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_union_with_Hungary_(1102–1918)">Personal union with Hungary (1102–1918)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal union with Hungary (1102–1918)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Croatia in personal union with Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatian-Ottoman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian-Ottoman Wars">Croatian-Ottoman Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacta_Conventa_(Croatia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pacta_Conventa_%28Croatia%29.jpg/255px-Pacta_Conventa_%28Croatia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="439" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pacta_Conventa_%28Croatia%29.jpg/383px-Pacta_Conventa_%28Croatia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pacta_Conventa_%28Croatia%29.jpg/510px-Pacta_Conventa_%28Croatia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pacta_conventa_(Croatia)" title="Pacta conventa (Croatia)">Pacta Conventa</a>, is a historical document by which Croatia agreed to enter a personal union with Hungary. Although the validity of the document itself is disputed, Croatia did keep considerable autonomy.</figcaption></figure> In the 11th and 12th centuries "the Croats were never unified under a strong central government. They lived in different areas - Pannonian Croatia, Dalmatian Croatia, Bosnia - which were at times ruled by indigenous kings but more frequently controlled by agents of Byzantium, Venice and Hungary. Even during periods of relatively strong centralized government, local lords frequently enjoyed an almost autonomous status".<a href="#cite_note-TNCMH-88">[88]</a>: 271–276  In the union with Hungary, institutions of separate Croatian statehood were maintained through the <a href="/wiki/Sabor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabor">Sabor</a> (an assembly of Croatian nobles) and the ban (viceroy). In addition, the Croatian nobles retained their lands and titles.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Coloman retained the institution of the Sabor and relieved the Croatians of taxes on their land. Coloman's successors continued to crown themselves as Kings of Croatia separately in <a href="/wiki/Biograd_na_Moru" title="Biograd na Moru">Biograd na Moru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The Hungarian king also introduced a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Feudal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal system">feudal system</a>. Large <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a> were granted to individuals who would defend them against outside incursions thereby creating a system for the defence of the entire state. However, by enabling the nobility to seize more economic and military power, the kingdom itself lost influence to the powerful noble families. In Croatia the <a href="/wiki/House_of_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Šubić">Šubić</a> were one of the oldest Croatian noble families and would become particularly influential and important, ruling the area between <a href="/wiki/Zrmanja" title="Zrmanja">Zrmanja</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Krka_(Croatia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Krka (Croatia)">Krka</a> rivers. The local noble family from <a href="/wiki/Krk" title="Krk">Krk</a> island (who later took the surname <a href="/wiki/House_of_Frankopan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Frankopan">Frankopan</a>) is often considered the second most important medieval family, as ruled over northern Adriatic and is responsible for the adoption of one of oldest European <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_codex_of_Vinodol" class="mw-redirect" title="Law codex of Vinodol">Law codex of Vinodol</a> (1288). Both families gave many native bans of Croatia. Other powerful families were <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nelipi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Nelipić">Nelipić</a> from <a href="/wiki/Zagora_(Croatia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagora (Croatia)">Dalmatian Zagora</a> (14th–15th centuries); <a href="/wiki/Ka%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Kačić">Kačić</a> who ruled over <a href="/wiki/Pagania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagania">Pagania</a> and were famous for piracy and wars against Venice (12th–13th centuries); <a href="/wiki/Kurjakovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurjaković">Kurjaković</a> family, a branch of the old Croatian noble <a href="/wiki/Gusi%C4%87_family" title="Gusić family">Gusić family</a> from <a href="/wiki/Krbava" title="Krbava">Krbava</a> (14th–16th centuries); <a href="/wiki/House_of_Baboni%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Babonić">Babonić</a> who ruled from western <a href="/wiki/Kupa" title="Kupa">Kupa</a> to eastern <a href="/wiki/Vrbas_(river)" title="Vrbas (river)">Vrbas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosna_(river)" title="Bosna (river)">Bosna</a> rivers, and were bans of Slavonia (13th–14th centuries); <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ilo%C4%8Dki" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Iločki">Iločki</a> family who ruled over Slavonian stronghold-cities, and in the 15th century rose to power. During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> also acquired considerable property and assets in Croatia. In the second half of the 13th century, during the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Anjou</a> dynasty struggle, the Šubić family became hugely powerful under <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87_of_Bribir" title="Paul I Šubić of Bribir">Paul I Šubić of Bribir</a>, who was the longest Croatian Ban (1274–1312), conquering Bosnia and declaring himself "Lord of all of Bosnia" (1299–1312). He appointed his brother <a href="/wiki/Mladen_I_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87_of_Bribir" title="Mladen I Šubić of Bribir">Mladen I Šubić</a> as Ban of Bosnia (1299–1304), and helped <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I</a> from House of Anjou to be the King of Hungary. After his death in 1312, his son <a href="/wiki/Mladen_II_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87_of_Bribir" title="Mladen II Šubić of Bribir">Mladen II Šubić</a> was the Ban of Bosnia (1304–1322) and Ban of Croatia (1312–1322). The kings from House of Anjou intended to strengthen the kingdom by uniting their power and control, but to do so they had to diminish the power of the higher nobility. Charles I had already tried to crash the aristocratic privileges, intention finished by his son <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis the Great</a> (1342–1382), relying on the lower nobility and towns. Both kings ruled without the Parliament, and inner nobility struggles only helped them in their intentions. This led to Mladen's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bliska" title="Battle of Bliska">battle of Bliska</a> in 1322 by a coalition of several Croatian noblemen and Dalmatian coastal towns with support of the King himself, in exchange of Šubić's castle of <a href="/wiki/Ostrovica,_Croatia" title="Ostrovica, Croatia">Ostrovica</a> for <a href="/wiki/Zrin_Castle" title="Zrin Castle">Zrin Castle</a> in Central Croatia (thus this branch was named <a href="/wiki/House_of_Zrinski" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Zrinski">Zrinski</a>) in 1347. Eventually, the Babonić and Nelipić families also succumbed to the king's offensive against nobility, but with the increasing process of power centralization, Louis managed to force Venice by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zadar" title="Treaty of Zadar">Treaty of Zadar</a> in 1358 to give up their possessions in Dalmatia. When King Louis died without successor, the question of succession remained open. The kingdom once again entered the time of internal unrest. Besides King Louis's daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Hungary" title="Mary, Queen of Hungary">Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Naples" title="Charles III of Naples">Charles III of Naples</a> was the closest king male relative with claims to the throne. In February 1386, two months after his coronation, he was assassinated by order of the queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Bosnia" title="Elizabeth of Bosnia">Elizabeth of Bosnia</a>. His supporters, bans <a href="/wiki/John_of_Palisna" title="John of Palisna">John of Palisna</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Horvat" title="John Horvat">John Horvat</a> and Stjepan Lacković planned a rebellion, and managed to capture and imprison Elizabeth and Mary. By orders of John of Palisna, Elizabeth was strangled. In retaliation, Magyars crowned Mary's husband <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund of Luxembourg</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Adriatic_1500.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Eastern_Adriatic_1500.svg/255px-Eastern_Adriatic_1500.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Eastern_Adriatic_1500.svg/383px-Eastern_Adriatic_1500.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Eastern_Adriatic_1500.svg/510px-Eastern_Adriatic_1500.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1753" /></a><figcaption>Croatia in personal union with Hungary and <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_Croatian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War" title="Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War">Ottoman expansion</a> in the region in 1500</figcaption></figure> King Sigismund's army was catastrophically defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Battle of Nicopolis</a> (1396) as the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman invasion</a> was getting closer to the borders of the Hungarian-Croatian kingdom. Without news about the king after the battle, the then ruling Croatian ban <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lackovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lacković">Stjepan Lacković</a> and nobles invited Charles III's son <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples" title="Ladislaus of Naples">Ladislaus of Naples</a> to be the new king.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sabor_of_Kri%C5%BEevci" title="Bloody Sabor of Križevci">Bloody Sabor of Križevci</a> in 1397, loss of interest in the crown by Ladislaus and selling of Dalmatia to Venice in 1403, and spreading of Croatian names to the north, with those of Slavonia to the east. The dynastic struggle didn't end, and with the Ottoman invasion on Bosnia the first short raids began in Croatian territory, defended only by local nobles.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holl%C3%B3sy_Zr%C3%ADnyi_kirohan%C3%A1sa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Holl%C3%B3sy_Zr%C3%ADnyi_kirohan%C3%A1sa.jpg/255px-Holl%C3%B3sy_Zr%C3%ADnyi_kirohan%C3%A1sa.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Holl%C3%B3sy_Zr%C3%ADnyi_kirohan%C3%A1sa.jpg/383px-Holl%C3%B3sy_Zr%C3%ADnyi_kirohan%C3%A1sa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Holl%C3%B3sy_Zr%C3%ADnyi_kirohan%C3%A1sa.jpg/510px-Holl%C3%B3sy_Zr%C3%ADnyi_kirohan%C3%A1sa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2037" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nikola_IV_Zrinski" title="Nikola IV Zrinski">Zrínyi's</a> charge on the Turks from the Fortress of Szigetvár, by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Holl%C3%B3sy" title="Simon Hollósy">Simon Hollósy</a></figcaption></figure> As the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Turkish incursion into Europe</a> started, Croatia once again became a border area between two major forces in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. Croatian military troops fought in many battles under command of <a href="/wiki/Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> priest <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">fra</a> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Capistrano" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni da Capistrano">John Capistrano</a>, the Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Generalissimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalissimus">Generalissimo</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Hunyadi" class="mw-redirect" title="János Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>, and Hungarian King <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a>, like in the Hunyadi's <a href="/wiki/Long_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Long campaign">long campaign</a> (1443–1444), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">battle of Varna</a> (1444), second <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448)" title="Battle of Kosovo (1448)">battle of Kosovo (1448)</a>, and contributed to the Christian victories over the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">siege of Belgrade (1456)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jajce" title="Siege of Jajce">Siege of Jajce</a> (1463). At the time they suffered a major defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krbava_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Krbava field">battle of Krbava field</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lika" title="Lika">Lika</a>, Croatia) in 1493 and gradually lost increasing amounts of territory to the Ottoman Empire. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> called Croatia the forefront of Christianity (<a href="/wiki/Antemurale_Christianitatis" title="Antemurale Christianitatis">Antemurale Christianitatis</a>) in 1519, given that several Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to the struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>. Among them there were <a href="/wiki/Ban_(title)" title="Ban (title)">ban</a> <a href="/wiki/Petar_Berislavi%C4%87" title="Petar Berislavić">Petar Berislavić</a> who won a victory at <a href="/wiki/Dubica,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Dubica, Bosnia and Herzegovina">Dubica</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Una_(Sava)" title="Una (Sava)">Una</a> river in 1513, the captain of <a href="/wiki/Senj" title="Senj">Senj</a> and prince of <a href="/wiki/Klis" title="Klis">Klis</a> <a href="/wiki/Petar_Kru%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Petar Kružić">Petar Kružić</a>, who defended the <a href="/wiki/Klis_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Klis Fortress">Klis Fortress</a> for almost 25 years, captain <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Juri%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikola Jurišić">Nikola Jurišić</a> who deterred by a magnitude larger Turkish force on their way to Vienna in 1532, or ban <a href="/wiki/Nikola_IV_Zrinski" title="Nikola IV Zrinski">Nikola IV Zrinski</a> who helped save <a href="/wiki/Pest_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pest (city)">Pest</a> from occupation in 1542 and fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Szigetvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Szigetvar">Battle of Szigetvar</a> in 1566. During the Ottoman conquest tens of thousands of Croats were taken in Turkey, where they became slaves. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> (1526) and the death of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary" title="Louis II of Hungary">Louis II</a> ended the Hungarian-Croatian union. In 1526, the Hungarian parliament elected two separate kings <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Szapolyai" class="mw-redirect" title="János Szapolyai">János Szapolyai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I Habsburg</a>, but the choice of the Croatian sabor <a href="/wiki/Parliament_on_Cetin" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament on Cetin">at Cetin</a> prevailed on the side of Ferdinand I, as they elected him as the new king of Croatia on 1 January 1527,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> uniting both lands under Habsburg rule. In return they were promised the historic rights, freedoms, laws and defence of Croatian Kingdom.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isprava_o_izboru_Ferdinanda_I.,_Cetin_1527.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Isprava_o_izboru_Ferdinanda_I.%2C_Cetin_1527.jpg/255px-Isprava_o_izboru_Ferdinanda_I.%2C_Cetin_1527.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Isprava_o_izboru_Ferdinanda_I.%2C_Cetin_1527.jpg/383px-Isprava_o_izboru_Ferdinanda_I.%2C_Cetin_1527.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Isprava_o_izboru_Ferdinanda_I.%2C_Cetin_1527.jpg/510px-Isprava_o_izboru_Ferdinanda_I.%2C_Cetin_1527.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cetingrad_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetingrad Charter">Cetingrad Charter</a> from 1 January 1527, when Croatian Sabor elected the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>.</figcaption></figure>However, the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom was not enough well prepared and organized and the Ottoman Empire expanded further in the 16th century to include most of Slavonia, western Bosnia and <a href="/wiki/Lika" title="Lika">Lika</a>. For the sake of stopping the Ottoman conquering and possible assault on the capital of Vienna, the large areas of Croatia and Slavonia (even Hungary and Romania) bordering the Ottoman Empire were organized as a <a href="/wiki/Military_Frontier" title="Military Frontier">Military Frontier</a> which was ruled directly from Vienna military headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The invasion caused migration of Croats, and the area which became deserted was subsequently settled by <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic German">Germans</a> and others. The negative effects of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> escalated in 1573 when the peasants in northern Croatia and Slovenia <a href="/wiki/Croatian_and_Slovenian_peasant_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt">rebelled</a> against their feudal lords due to various injustices. After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87" title="Bihać">Bihać</a> fort in 1592, only small areas of Croatia remained unrecovered. The remaining 16,800 square kilometres (6,487 sq mi) were referred to as the reliquiae reliquiarum of the once great Croatian kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-118">[118]</a> Croats stopped the Ottoman advance in Croatia at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sisak" title="Battle of Sisak">battle of Sisak</a> in 1593, 100 years after the defeat at Krbava field, and the short <a href="/wiki/Long_Turkish_War" title="Long Turkish War">Long Turkish War</a> ended with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Zsitvatorok" title="Peace of Zsitvatorok">Peace of Zsitvatorok</a> in 1606, after which Croatian classes tried unsuccessfully to have their territory on the Military Frontier restored to rule by the Croatian Ban, managing only to restore a small area of lost territory but failed to regain large parts of Croatian Kingdom (present-day western <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>), as the present-day border between the two countries is a remnant of this outcome.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Croatian_national_revival_(1593–1918)">Croatian national revival (1593–1918)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Croatian national revival (1593–1918)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Croats" title="Special:EditPage/Croats">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (November 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)">Habsburg Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div> In the first half of the 17th century, Croats fought in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> on the side of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, mostly as light cavalry under command of imperial generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein" title="Albrecht von Wallenstein">Albrecht von Wallenstein</a>. Croatian Ban, <a href="/wiki/Juraj_V_Zrinski" title="Juraj V Zrinski">Juraj V Zrinski</a>, also fought in the war, but died in a military camp near <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, as he was poisoned by von Wallenstein after a verbal duel. His son, future ban and captain-general of Croatia, <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Zr%C3%ADnyi" title="Miklós Zrínyi">Nikola Zrinski</a>, participated during the closing stages of the war. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madar%C3%A1sz_-_Zr%C3%ADnyi_%C3%A9s_Frangep%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Madar%C3%A1sz_-_Zr%C3%ADnyi_%C3%A9s_Frangep%C3%A1n.jpg/255px-Madar%C3%A1sz_-_Zr%C3%ADnyi_%C3%A9s_Frangep%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Madar%C3%A1sz_-_Zr%C3%ADnyi_%C3%A9s_Frangep%C3%A1n.jpg/383px-Madar%C3%A1sz_-_Zr%C3%ADnyi_%C3%A9s_Frangep%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Madar%C3%A1sz_-_Zr%C3%ADnyi_%C3%A9s_Frangep%C3%A1n.jpg/510px-Madar%C3%A1sz_-_Zr%C3%ADnyi_%C3%A9s_Frangep%C3%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Peter Zrinyi and Ferenc Frangepán in the Wiener-Neustadt Prison by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Madar%C3%A1sz" title="Viktor Madarász">Viktor Madarász</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1664, the Austrian imperial army was victorious against the Turks, but Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold</a> failed to capitalize on the success when he signed the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Vasv%C3%A1r" title="Peace of Vasvár">Peace of Vasvár</a> in which Croatia and Hungary were prevented from regaining territory lost to the Ottoman Empire. This caused unrest among the Croatian and Hungarian nobility which plotted against the emperor. Nikola Zrinski participated in launching the conspiracy which later came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Magnate_conspiracy" title="Magnate conspiracy">Magnate conspiracy</a>, but he soon died, and the rebellion was continued by his brother, Croatian ban <a href="/wiki/Petar_Zrinski" title="Petar Zrinski">Petar Zrinski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran_Krsto_Frankopan" title="Fran Krsto Frankopan">Fran Krsto Frankopan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Wessel%C3%A9nyi" title="Ferenc Wesselényi">Ferenc Wesselényi</a>. Petar Zrinski, along the conspirators, went on a wide secret diplomatic negotiations with a number of nations, including <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and even the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, to free Croatia from the Habsburg sovereignty.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Imperial spies uncovered the conspiracy and on 30 April 1671 executed four esteemed Croatian and Hungarian noblemen involved in it, including Zrinski and Frankopan in <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Neustadt" title="Wiener Neustadt">Wiener Neustadt</a>. The large estates of two most powerful Croatian noble houses were confiscated and their families relocated, soon after extinguished. Between 1670 and the revolution of 1848, there would be only 2 bans of Croatian nationality. The period from 1670 to the Croatian cultural revival in the 19th century was Croatia's political Dark Age. Meanwhile, with the victories over Turks, Habsburgs all the more insistent they spent centralization and germanization, new regained lands in liberated Slavonia started giving to foreign families as feudal goods, at the expense of domestic element. Because of this the Croatian Sabor was losing its significance, and the nobility less attended it, yet went only to the one in Hungary.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragutin_Weing%C3%A4rtner,_Hrvatski_sabor_1848._god.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dragutin_Weing%C3%A4rtner%2C_Hrvatski_sabor_1848._god.jpg/255px-Dragutin_Weing%C3%A4rtner%2C_Hrvatski_sabor_1848._god.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dragutin_Weing%C3%A4rtner%2C_Hrvatski_sabor_1848._god.jpg/383px-Dragutin_Weing%C3%A4rtner%2C_Hrvatski_sabor_1848._god.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dragutin_Weing%C3%A4rtner%2C_Hrvatski_sabor_1848._god.jpg/510px-Dragutin_Weing%C3%A4rtner%2C_Hrvatski_sabor_1848._god.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>The Croatian Sabor (Parliament) in 1848, by Dragutin Weingärtner</figcaption></figure> In the 18th century, Croatia was one of the crown lands that supported Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1713" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1713">Pragmatic Sanction of 1713</a> and supported Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> of 1741–48. Subsequently, the empress made significant contributions to Croatian matters, by making several changes in the feudal and tax system, administrative control of the Military Frontier, in 1745 administratively united Slavonia with Croatia and in 1767 organized Croatian royal council with the ban on head, however, she ignored and eventually disbanded it in 1779, and Croatia was relegated to just one seat in the governing council of Hungary, held by the <a href="/wiki/Ban_(title)" title="Ban (title)">ban</a> of Croatia. To fight the Austrian centralization and absolutism, Croats passed their rights to the united government in Hungary, thus to together resist the intentions from Vienna. But the connection with Hungary soon adversely affected the position of Croats, because Magyars in the spring of their nationalism tried to Magyarize Croats, and make Croatia a part of a united Hungary. Because of this pretensions, the constant struggles between Croats and Magyars emerged, and lasted until 1918. Croats were fighting in unfavorable conditions, against both Vienna and Budapest, while divided on Banska Hrvatska, Dalmatia and Military Frontier. In such a time, with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venetian Republic</a> in 1797, its possessions in eastern <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> mostly came under the authority of France which passed its rights to Austria the same year. Eight years later they were restored to France as the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a>, but won back to the Austrian crown 1815. Though now part of the same empire, Dalmatia and Istria were part of <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a> while Croatia and Slavonia were in Hungarian part of the Monarchy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlaho_Bukovac,_Ilirski_preporod_(svecani_zastor_Hrvatskog_narodnog_kazalista_u_Zagrebu).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vlaho_Bukovac%2C_Ilirski_preporod_%28svecani_zastor_Hrvatskog_narodnog_kazalista_u_Zagrebu%29.jpg/255px-Vlaho_Bukovac%2C_Ilirski_preporod_%28svecani_zastor_Hrvatskog_narodnog_kazalista_u_Zagrebu%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vlaho_Bukovac%2C_Ilirski_preporod_%28svecani_zastor_Hrvatskog_narodnog_kazalista_u_Zagrebu%29.jpg/383px-Vlaho_Bukovac%2C_Ilirski_preporod_%28svecani_zastor_Hrvatskog_narodnog_kazalista_u_Zagrebu%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vlaho_Bukovac%2C_Ilirski_preporod_%28svecani_zastor_Hrvatskog_narodnog_kazalista_u_Zagrebu%29.jpg/510px-Vlaho_Bukovac%2C_Ilirski_preporod_%28svecani_zastor_Hrvatskog_narodnog_kazalista_u_Zagrebu%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1407" data-file-height="1031" /></a><figcaption>The national revival began with the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_movement" title="Illyrian movement">Illyrian movement</a> in 1830.</figcaption></figure> In the 19th century Croatian <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a> emerged to counteract the non-violent but apparent <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a>. The Croatian national revival began in the 1830s with the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_movement" title="Illyrian movement">Illyrian movement</a>. The movement attracted a number of influential figures and produced some important advances in the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian language</a> and culture. The champion of the Illyrian movement was <a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_Gaj" title="Ljudevit Gaj">Ljudevit Gaj</a> who also reformed and standardized Croatian. The official language in Croatia had been Latin until 1847, when it became Croatian. The movement relied on a South Slavic and Panslavistic conception, and its national, political and social ideas were advanced at the time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the 1840s, the movement had moved from cultural goals to resisting Hungarian political demands. By the royal order of 11 January 1843, originating from the chancellor <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a>, the use of the Illyrian name and insignia in public was forbidden. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans_Animation_1800-2008.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Balkans_Animation_1800-2008.gif/255px-Balkans_Animation_1800-2008.gif" decoding="async" width="255" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Balkans_Animation_1800-2008.gif/383px-Balkans_Animation_1800-2008.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Balkans_Animation_1800-2008.gif/510px-Balkans_Animation_1800-2008.gif 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Modern political history of the Balkans from 1796 onwards.</figcaption></figure>This deterred the movement's progress but it couldn't stop the changes in the society that had already started. On 25 March 1848, was conducted a political petition "Zahtijevanja naroda", which program included thirty national, social and liberal principles, like Croatian national independence, annexation of Dalmatia and Military Frontier, independence from Hungary as far as finance, language, education, freedom of speech and writing, religion, nullification of serfdom etc. In the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire">revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire</a>, the Croatian <a href="/wiki/Ban_(title)" title="Ban (title)">Ban</a> <a href="/wiki/Josip_Jela%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Josip Jelačić">Jelačić</a> cooperated with the Austrians in quenching the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a> by leading a military campaign into Hungary, successful until the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C3%A1kozd" title="Battle of Pákozd">Battle of Pákozd</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Croatia was later subject to Hungarian hegemony under ban <a href="/wiki/Levin_Rauch" title="Levin Rauch">Levin Rauch</a> when the Empire was transformed into a dual monarchy of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> in 1867. Nevertheless, Ban Jelačić had succeeded in the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> in Croatia, which eventually brought about massive changes in society: the power of the major landowners was reduced and arable land became increasingly subdivided, to the extent of risking famine. Many Croatians began emigrating to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> countries in this period, a trend that would continue over the next century, creating a large Croatian <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>. From 1804 to 1918, as many as 395 Croats received the rank of <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> or <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a>, of which 379 in the army of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Monarchy">Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</a>, 8 in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, two each in the French and Hungarian armies, and one each in the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> and Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-HrvPov-119">[119]</a> By rank, 173 were <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier generals</a>, 142 <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major generals</a>, 55 <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">lieutenant generals</a>, two generals, three <a href="/wiki/Sto%C5%BEerni_general" title="Stožerni general">staff generals</a>, 17 <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral" title="Rear admiral">rear admirals</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Viceadmiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceadmiral">viceadmiral</a> and two admirals.<a href="#cite_note-HrvPov-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history_(1918–present)">Modern history (1918–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern history (1918–present)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Croats" title="Special:EditPage/Croats">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Republic of Croatia</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">dissolution of Austria-Hungary</a>, most Croats were united within the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>, created by unification of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of SHS</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>. Croats became one of the constituent nations of the new kingdom. The state was transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> in 1929 and the Croats were united in the new nation with their neighbors – the South Slavs-<a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a>. In 1939, the Croats received a high degree of autonomy when the <a href="/wiki/Banovina_of_Croatia" title="Banovina of Croatia">Banovina of Croatia</a> was created, which united almost all ethnic Croatian territories within the Kingdom. In the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Axis_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis forces">Axis forces</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> movement which sought to create an ethnically pure Croatian state on the territory corresponding to present-day countries of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Post-WWII <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> consisting of 6 republics, and Croats became one of two constituent peoples of two – Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croats in the Serbian autonomous province of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> are one of six main ethnic groups composing this region.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Following the democratization of society, accompanied with ethnic tensions that emerged ten years after the death of <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, the Republic of Croatia declared independence, which was followed by <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">war</a>. In the first years of the war, over 200,000 Croats were displaced from their homes as a result of the military actions. In the peak of the fighting, around 550,000 ethnic Croats were displaced altogether during the Yugoslav wars.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Post-war government's policy of easing the immigration of ethnic Croats from abroad encouraged a number of Croatian descendants to return to Croatia. The influx was increased by the arrival of Croatian refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina. After the war's end in 1995, most Croatian refugees returned to their previous homes, while some (mostly Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Janjevci from Kosovo) moved into the formerly-held Serbian housing.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Croats" title="Genetic studies on Croats">Genetic studies on Croats</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetically</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-chromosome DNA</a> line, a majority (65%) of male Croats from Croatia belong to haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438" title="Haplogroup I-M438">I2</a> (39%-40%) and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)">R1a</a> (22%-24%), while a minority (35%) belongs to haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)">E</a> (10%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)">R1b</a> (6%-7%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">J</a> (6%-7%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M253" title="Haplogroup I-M253">I1</a> (5-8%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)">G</a> (2%), and others in <2% traces.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The distribution, variance and frequency of the I2 and R1a subclades (>65%) among Croats are related to the early medieval <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations_to_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe">Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe</a>, most probably from the territory of present-day Ukraine and Southeastern Poland.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Utevska-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-HorolmaTibor2019-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fóthi-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olalde2023-128">[128]</a> Genetically, on the maternal <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">mitochondrial DNA</a> line, a majority (>65%) of Croats from Croatia (mainland and coast) belong to three of the eleven major European mtDNA haplogroups – <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H</a> (45%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U</a> (17.8–20.8%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">J</a> (3–11%), while a large minority (>35%) belongs to many other smaller haplogroups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECvjetan_et_al.2004-129">[129]</a> Based on <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> <a href="/wiki/Identity_by_descent" title="Identity by descent">IBD</a> survey the speakers of Croatian share a very high number of common ancestors dated to the <a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">migration period</a> approximately 1,500 years ago with Poland and Romania-Bulgaria clusters among others in Eastern Europe. It was caused by the early medieval Slavic migrations, a small population which expanded into vast regions of "low population density beginning in the sixth century".<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Other IBD and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_admixture" title="Genetic admixture">admixture</a> studies also found even patterns of admixture events among South, East and West Slavs at the time and area of Slavic expansion, and that the shared ancestral Balto-Slavic component among South Slavs is between 55 and 70%.<a href="#cite_note-Kushniarevich2015-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kassian2020-132">[132]</a> A 2023 <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeogenetic">archaeogenetic</a> study showed that the Croats roughly have 66.5% Central-Eastern European early medieval Slavic-ancestry, 31.2% local Roman and 2.4% West Anatolian ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Olalde2023-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian language</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croatian_dialects_in_Cro_and_BiH_1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Croatian_dialects_in_Cro_and_BiH_1.PNG/255px-Croatian_dialects_in_Cro_and_BiH_1.PNG" decoding="async" width="255" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Croatian_dialects_in_Cro_and_BiH_1.PNG/383px-Croatian_dialects_in_Cro_and_BiH_1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Croatian_dialects_in_Cro_and_BiH_1.PNG/510px-Croatian_dialects_in_Cro_and_BiH_1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Location map of Croatian dialects.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shtokavian_dialects.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Shtokavian_dialects.svg/255px-Shtokavian_dialects.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Shtokavian_dialects.svg/383px-Shtokavian_dialects.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Shtokavian_dialects.svg/510px-Shtokavian_dialects.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1839" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> dialects</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet.wav" title="File:Baška tablet.wav">Speech example</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="67" data-mwtitle="Baška_tablet.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet.wav/Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet.wav/Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">An example of Old Croatian used in Baška tablet.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Croats primarily speak <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a> lect of the Western South Slavic subgroup. Standard Croatian is considered a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)#Standard_varieties" title="Variety (linguistics)">normative variety</a> of <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> with the other three national standards, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_standard_Bosnian,_Croatian,_Montenegrin_and_Serbian" title="Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian">Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian</a>) which are all based on the <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Shtokavian dialect</a>. Besides Shtokavian, Croats from the Adriatic coastline speak the <a href="/wiki/Chakavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakavian dialect">Chakavian dialect</a>, while Croats from the continental northwestern part of Croatia speak the <a href="/wiki/Kajkavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kajkavian dialect">Kajkavian dialect</a>. Vernacular texts in the Chakavian dialect first appeared in the 13th century, and Shtokavian texts appeared a century later. Standardization began in the period sometimes called "Baroque Slavism" in the first half of the 17th century,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> while some authors date it back to the end of the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The modern Neo-Shtokavian standard that appeared in the mid 18th century was the first unified standard Croatian.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Croatian is written in <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Gaj's Latin alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The beginning of written Croatian can be traced to the 9th century, when <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> was adopted as the language of the Divine <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> of St. John Chrysostom and the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil. This language was gradually adapted to non-liturgical purposes and became known as the Croatian version of Old Slavonic. The two variants of the language, liturgical and non-liturgical, continued to be a part of the <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> service as late as the middle of the 19th century. The earliest known Croatian Church Slavonic Glagolitic are Vienna Folios from the late 11th/early 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-140">[140]</a> Until the end of the 11th century Croatian medieval texts were written in three scripts: <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, Glagolitic, and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> and also in three languages: Croatian, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and Old Slavonic. The latter developed into what is referred to as the Croatian variant of <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> between the 12th and 16th centuries. The most important early monument of Croatian literacy is the <a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet" title="Baška tablet">Baška tablet</a> from the late 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> It is a large stone tablet found in the small <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Lucy,_Jurandvor" title="Church of St. Lucy, Jurandvor">Church of St. Lucy, Jurandvor</a> on the Croatian island of <a href="/wiki/Krk" title="Krk">Krk</a> which contains text written mostly in Chakavian, today a dialect of Croatian, and in Shtokavian <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Angular_Glagolitic_letters" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Angular Glagolitic letters">angular Glagolitic</a> script. It mentions <a href="/wiki/Zvonimir" title="Zvonimir">Zvonimir</a>, the king of Croatia at the time. However, the luxurious and ornate representative texts of Croatian Church Slavonic belong to the later era, when they coexisted with the Croatian vernacular literature. The most notable are the "<a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">Missal</a> of Duke Novak" from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia (1368), "Evangel from Reims" (1395, named after the town of its final destination), <a href="/wiki/Hrvoje%27s_Missal" title="Hrvoje's Missal">Hrvoje's Missal</a> from Bosnia and Split in Dalmatia (1404).<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> and the first printed book in Croatian, the Glagolitic <a href="/wiki/Missale_Romanum_Glagolitice" title="Missale Romanum Glagolitice">Missale Romanum Glagolitice</a> (1483).<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-140">[140]</a> During the 13th century Croatian vernacular texts began to appear, the most important among them being the "Istrian Land Survey" of 1275 and the "<a href="/wiki/Vinodol_Codex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinodol Codex">Vinodol Codex</a>" of 1288, both written in the Chakavian dialect.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Shtokavian dialect</a> literature, based almost exclusively on Chakavian original texts of religious provenance (<a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">missals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">breviaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">prayer books</a>) appeared almost a century later. The most important purely Shtokavian dialect vernacular text is the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Croatian_Prayer_Book" title="Vatican Croatian Prayer Book">Vatican Croatian Prayer Book</a> (ca. 1400).<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bunjevac_dialect">Bunjevac dialect</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bunjevac dialect">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac dialect</a></div> The Bunjevac dialect (bunjevački dijalekt)<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> or Bunjevac speech (bunjevački govor)<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> is a Neo-<a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> <a href="/wiki/Younger_Ikavian_dialect" title="Younger Ikavian dialect">Younger Ikavian</a> dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a>, used by members of the <a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevac</a> community. It is an integral part of the cultural heritage of the Bunjevac Croats in northern <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>) and parts of southern <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. Their accent is purely Ikavian, with /i/ for the Common Slavic vowels <a href="/wiki/Yat" title="Yat">yat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Its speakers largely use the <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Croatian_Language_and_Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics">Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics</a> launched a proposal, in March 2021, to the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia, to add Bunjevac dialect to the List of Protected <a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a> of the Republic of Croatia,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> and was approved on 8 October 2021.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Croats" title="Special:EditPage/Croats">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Croats%22">"Croats"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Croats%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Croats%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Croats%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Croats%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Croats%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Croatia" title="Catholic Church in Croatia">Catholic Church in Croatia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith#Southern_and_Western_Slavic_nations" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic Native Faith § Southern and Western Slavic nations</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Stepinac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alojzije Stepinac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Stepinac.jpg/142px-Stepinac.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Stepinac.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="296" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Stepinac" title="Aloysius Stepinac">Alojzije Stepinac</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathedrale_-_Zagreb_-_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cathedral in Zagreb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kathedrale_-_Zagreb_-_2010.jpg/142px-Kathedrale_-_Zagreb_-_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kathedrale_-_Zagreb_-_2010.jpg/213px-Kathedrale_-_Zagreb_-_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kathedrale_-_Zagreb_-_2010.jpg/284px-Kathedrale_-_Zagreb_-_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Zagreb_Cathedral" title="Zagreb Cathedral">Zagreb Cathedral</a></div></div></div></div></div> Croats are predominantly Catholic, and before Christianity, they adhered to <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roman_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman paganism">Roman paganism</a>. The earliest record of contact between the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> and the Croats dates from a mid-7th century entry in the <a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">Pope John IV</a> (John the Dalmatian, 640–642) sent an abbot named Martin to <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> in order to pay ransom for some prisoners and for the remains of old Christian martyrs. This abbot is recorded to have travelled through Dalmatia with the help of the Croatian leaders, and he established the foundation for future relations between the Pope and the Croats. The beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> are also disputed in the historical texts: the Byzantine texts talk of Duke Porin who started this at the incentive of emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (610–641), then of Duke Porga who mainly Christianized his people after the influence of missionaries from Rome. However, it can be realiably said that the Christianisation of Croats began in the 7th century, initially probably encompassed only the elite and related people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak2018144–145-154">[154]</a> but mostly finished by the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The earliest known Croatian autographs from the 8th century are found in the Latin <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Cividale" title="Gospel of Cividale">Gospel of Cividale</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Croats were never obliged to use Latin—rather, they held <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">masses</a> in their own language and used the Glagolitic alphabet.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In 1886 it arrived to the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Principality of Montenegro</a>, followed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1914, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918-38)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918-38)">Republic of Czechoslovakia</a> in 1920, but only for feast days of the main patron saints. The 1935 concordat with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia anticipated the introduction of the Church Slavonic for all Croatian regions and throughout the entire state.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Smaller groups of Croats adhere to other religions, like <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Croatia" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Croatia">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (esp. in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDumberak" class="mw-redirect" title="Žumberak">Žumberak</a> area), <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croat_Muslims" title="Croat Muslims">Islam</a>. According to an official population census of Croatia by ethnicity and religion, roughly 16,600 ethnic Croats adhered to Orthodoxy, roughly 8,000 were Protestants, roughly 10,500 described themselves as "other" Christians, and roughly 9,600 were followers of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-census2011-ethnorelig-159">[159]</a> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Croatian_saints_and_beatified_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Croatian_saints" title="Template:Croatian saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Croatian_saints" title="Template talk:Croatian saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Croatian_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Croatian saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Croatian_saints_and_beatified_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> saints and beatified people</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Saint</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donatus_of_Zadar" title="Donatus of Zadar">Donatus of Zadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marko_Krizin" title="Marko Krizin">Marko of Križevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mandi%C4%87" title="Leopold Mandić">Leopold Mandić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Tavelic" title="Nicholas Tavelic">Nicholas Tavelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Beatified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Bule%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Miroslav Bulešić">Miroslav Bulešić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drina_Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drina Martyrs">Drina Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Ka%C5%BEoti%C4%87" title="Augustin Kažotić">Augustin Kažotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Merz" title="Ivan Merz">Ivan Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Petkovi%C4%87" title="Marija Petković">Marija Petković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Stepinac" title="Aloysius Stepinac">Alojzije Stepinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_of_Sclavonia" title="James of Sclavonia">James of Sclavonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Croatia" title="Portal:Croatia">Croatia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tradition">Tradition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tradition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Croatia" title="Culture of Croatia">Culture of Croatia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akar_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Akar_1.jpg/255px-Akar_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Akar_1.jpg/383px-Akar_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Akar_1.jpg/510px-Akar_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sinjska_alka" title="Sinjska alka">Alka</a> is a traditional knights' competition.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istrian_scale_Schubert_Symphony_No._8_in_B_minor_(1922),_1st_mvt.,_bars_13-20.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Istrian_scale_Schubert_Symphony_No._8_in_B_minor_%281922%29%2C_1st_mvt.%2C_bars_13-20.png/255px-Istrian_scale_Schubert_Symphony_No._8_in_B_minor_%281922%29%2C_1st_mvt.%2C_bars_13-20.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Istrian_scale_Schubert_Symphony_No._8_in_B_minor_%281922%29%2C_1st_mvt.%2C_bars_13-20.png/383px-Istrian_scale_Schubert_Symphony_No._8_in_B_minor_%281922%29%2C_1st_mvt.%2C_bars_13-20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Istrian_scale_Schubert_Symphony_No._8_in_B_minor_%281922%29%2C_1st_mvt.%2C_bars_13-20.png/510px-Istrian_scale_Schubert_Symphony_No._8_in_B_minor_%281922%29%2C_1st_mvt.%2C_bars_13-20.png 2x" data-file-width="7297" data-file-height="3907" /></a><figcaption>Istrian scale in Schubert's Symphony No. 8 in B minor (1922), 1st mvt., bars 13–20 (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/33\/Istrian_scale_Schubert_Symphony_No._8_in_B_minor_%281922%29%2C_1st_mvt.%2C_bars_13-20.mid\/Istrian_scale_Schubert_Symphony_No._8_in_B_minor_%281922%29%2C_1st_mvt.%2C_bars_13-20.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Istrian scale Schubert Symphony No. 8 in B minor (1922), 1st mvt., bars 13-20.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Istrian_scale_Schubert_Symphony_No._8_in_B_minor_%281922%29%2C_1st_mvt.%2C_bars_13-20.mid/Istrian_scale_Schubert_Symphony_No._8_in_B_minor_%281922%29%2C_1st_mvt.%2C_bars_13-20.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Play</a><a href="/wiki/File:Istrian_scale_Schubert_Symphony_No._8_in_B_minor_(1922),_1st_mvt.,_bars_13-20.mid" title="File:Istrian scale Schubert Symphony No. 8 in B minor (1922), 1st mvt., bars 13-20.mid">ⓘ</a>); flat fifth marked with asterisk<a href="#cite_note-Roots-160">[160]</a></figcaption></figure> The area settled by Croats has a large diversity of historical and cultural influences, as well as the diversity of terrain and geography. The coastland areas of Dalmatia and <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> were subject to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venetian</a> and Italian rule; central regions like <a href="/wiki/Lika" title="Lika">Lika</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> were a scene of battlefield against the Ottoman Empire, and have strong epic traditions. In the northern plains, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian">Austro-Hungarian</a> rule has left its marks. The most distinctive features of Croatian <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> include <a href="/wiki/Klapa" title="Klapa">klapa</a> ensembles of Dalmatia, <a href="/wiki/Tamburitza" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamburitza">tamburitza</a> orchestras of <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Folk arts are performed at special events and festivals, perhaps the most distinctive being <a href="/wiki/Sinjska_alka" title="Sinjska alka">Alka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sinj" title="Sinj">Sinj</a>, a traditional knights' competition celebrating the victory against Ottoman Turks. The epic tradition is also preserved in epic songs sung with <a href="/wiki/Gusle" title="Gusle">gusle</a>. Various types of <a href="/wiki/Kolo_(dance)" title="Kolo (dance)">kolo</a> circular dance are also encountered throughout Croatia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UNESCO_|_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity_in_Croatia">UNESCO | Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in Croatia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: UNESCO | Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in Croatia">edit</a>]</div> List of Cultural Intangible Heritage e.g.:<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Be%C4%87arac" title="Bećarac">Bećarac</a> singing and playing from Eastern Croatia";</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Festivity_of_Saint_Blaise,_the_patron_of_Dubrovnik" title="Festivity of Saint Blaise, the patron of Dubrovnik">Festivity of Saint Blaise, the patron of Dubrovnik</a>";</li> <li>"Gingerbread craft from Northern Croatia";<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Klapa" title="Klapa">Klapa</a> multipart singing of Dalmatia, southern Croatia";</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lacemaking_in_Croatia" title="Lacemaking in Croatia">Lacemaking in Croatia</a>";</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurska_popevka" title="Međimurska popevka">Međimurska popevka</a>, a folksong from Međimurje";</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nijemo_Kolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nijemo Kolo">Nijemo Kolo</a>, silent circle dance of the Dalmatian hinterland";</li> <li>"Procession <a href="/wiki/Za_Kri%C5%BEen" class="mw-redirect" title="Za Križen">Za Križen</a> ('following the cross')";</li> <li>"Spring procession of Ljelje/Kraljice (queens) from Gorjani";<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li> <li>"Traditional manufacturing of children's <a href="/wiki/Wooden_toys_of_Hrvatsko_Zagorje" title="Wooden toys of Hrvatsko Zagorje">wooden toys of Hrvatsko Zagorje</a>";</li> <li>"Two-part singing and playing in the <a href="/wiki/Istrian_scale" title="Istrian scale">Istrian scale</a>";</li> <li>"Zvončari, annual carnival bell ringers' pageant from the Kastav area."<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_art" title="Croatian art">Croatian art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Croatia" title="Architecture of Croatia">Architecture of Croatia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Croatian literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpture_of_Gregorious_of_Nin_-_Split_-_Croatia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sculpture_of_Gregorious_of_Nin_-_Split_-_Croatia.jpg/255px-Sculpture_of_Gregorious_of_Nin_-_Split_-_Croatia.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sculpture_of_Gregorious_of_Nin_-_Split_-_Croatia.jpg/383px-Sculpture_of_Gregorious_of_Nin_-_Split_-_Croatia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sculpture_of_Gregorious_of_Nin_-_Split_-_Croatia.jpg/510px-Sculpture_of_Gregorious_of_Nin_-_Split_-_Croatia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nin" title="Gregory of Nin">Grgur Ninski</a> statue by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87" title="Ivan Meštrović">Ivan Meštrović</a>, with a tower of the <a href="/wiki/Diocletian%27s_Palace" title="Diocletian's Palace">Diocletian's Palace</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> Architecture in Croatia reflects the influences of bordering nations. Austrian and Hungarian influence is visible in public spaces and buildings in the north and in the central regions, architecture found along the coasts of Dalmatia and Istria exhibits Venetian influence.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Large squares named after culture heroes, well-groomed parks, and pedestrian-only zones, are features of these orderly towns and cities, especially where large scale <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> urban planning took place, for instance in <a href="/wiki/Vara%C5%BEdin" title="Varaždin">Varaždin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karlovac" title="Karlovac">Karlovac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JL-Karlovac-Baroque-167">[167]</a> Subsequent influence of the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> was reflected in contemporary architecture.<a href="#cite_note-IPU-Art-Nouveau-168">[168]</a> Along the coast, the architecture is Mediterranean with a strong Venetian and Renaissance influence in major urban areas exemplified in works of <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_da_Sebenico" title="Giorgio da Sebenico">Giorgio da Sebenico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Fiorentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Fiorentino">Niccolò Fiorentino</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik_Cathedral" title="Šibenik Cathedral">Cathedral of St. James</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik" title="Šibenik">Šibenik</a>. The oldest preserved examples of Croatian architecture are the 9th-century churches, with the largest and the most representative among them being the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Donatus" title="Church of St. Donatus">Church of St. Donatus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MVPEI-Art-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-TZZadar-Donat-170">[170]</a> Besides the architecture encompassing the oldest artworks in Croatia, there is a long history of artists in Croatia reaching to the Middle Ages. In that period the stone portal of the <a href="/wiki/Trogir_Cathedral" title="Trogir Cathedral">Trogir Cathedral</a> was made by <a href="/wiki/Radovan_(master)" title="Radovan (master)">Radovan</a>, representing the most important monument of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> sculpture in Croatia. The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Croatia" title="Renaissance in Croatia">Renaissance</a> had the greatest impact on the Adriatic Sea coast since the remainder of Croatia was embroiled in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_Croatian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War" title="Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War">Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War</a>. With the waning of the Ottoman Empire, art flourished during the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>. The 19th and the 20th centuries brought about the affirmation of numerous Croatian artisans, helped by several patrons of the arts such as bishop <a href="/wiki/Josip_Juraj_Strossmayer" title="Josip Juraj Strossmayer">Josip Juraj Strossmayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Essehist-Strossmayer-171">[171]</a> Croatian artists of the period achieving worldwide renown were <a href="/wiki/Vlaho_Bukovac" title="Vlaho Bukovac">Vlaho Bukovac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87" title="Ivan Meštrović">Ivan Meštrović</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MVPEI-Art-169">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet" title="Baška tablet">Baška tablet</a>, a stone inscribed with the Glagolitic alphabet found on the <a href="/wiki/Krk" title="Krk">Krk</a> island which is dated to 1100, is considered to be the oldest surviving prose in Croatian.<a href="#cite_note-KRK-Baška-172">[172]</a> The beginning of more vigorous development of Croatian literature is marked by the Renaissance and <a href="/wiki/Marko_Maruli%C4%87" title="Marko Marulić">Marko Marulić</a>. Besides Marulić, Renaissance playwright <a href="/wiki/Marin_Dr%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Marin Držić">Marin Držić</a>, Baroque poet <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Gunduli%C4%87" title="Ivan Gundulić">Ivan Gundulić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_national_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian national revival">Croatian national revival</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ma%C5%BEurani%C4%87" title="Ivan Mažuranić">Ivan Mažuranić</a>, novelist, playwright and poet <a href="/wiki/August_%C5%A0enoa" title="August Šenoa">August Šenoa</a>, poet and writer <a href="/wiki/Antun_Gustav_Mato%C5%A1" title="Antun Gustav Matoš">Antun Gustav Matoš</a>, poet <a href="/wiki/Antun_Branko_%C5%A0imi%C4%87" title="Antun Branko Šimić">Antun Branko Šimić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realist</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa" title="Miroslav Krleža">Miroslav Krleža</a>, poet <a href="/wiki/Tin_Ujevi%C4%87" title="Tin Ujević">Tin Ujević</a> and novelist and short story writer <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a> are often cited as the greatest figures in Croatian literature.<a href="#cite_note-LZMK-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Readerguide-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Symbols">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/255px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/383px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/510px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The current <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Croatia" title="Flag of Croatia">flag of Croatia</a>, including the current coat of arms.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Croatia" title="Flag of Croatia">Flag of Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia" title="Coat of arms of Croatia">Coat of arms of Croatia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/255px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/383px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/510px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1844" /></a><figcaption>The current coat of arms shows, in order, the symbols of <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Croatia" title="Flag of Croatia">flag of Croatia</a> consists of a red-white-blue <a href="/wiki/Triband_(flag)" title="Triband (flag)">tricolour</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of Arms of Croatia">Coat of Arms of Croatia</a> in the middle. The red-white-blue tricolor was chosen as those were the colours of Pan-Slavism, popular in the 19th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Croat_minority_in_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Croat_minority_in_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg/255px-Flag_of_the_Croat_minority_in_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Croat_minority_in_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg/383px-Flag_of_the_Croat_minority_in_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Croat_minority_in_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg/510px-Flag_of_the_Croat_minority_in_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Croat_National_Council" title="Croat National Council">Croat National Council</a> in Serbia</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia" title="Coat of arms of Croatia">coat-of-arms</a> consists of the traditional red and white squares or grb, which simply means 'coat-of-arms'. It has been used to symbolise the Croats for centuries; some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] speculate that it was derived from <a href="/wiki/Red_Croatia" title="Red Croatia">Red</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Croatia" title="White Croatia">White Croatia</a>, historic lands of the Croatian tribe but there is no generally accepted proof for this theory. The current design added the five crowning shields, which represent the historical regions from which Croatia originated. The red and white checkerboard has been a symbol of Croatian kings since at least the tenth century, ranging in number from 3×3 to 8×8, but most commonly 5×5, like the current coat. The oldest source confirming the coat-of-arms as an official symbol is a genealogy of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburgs</a> dating from 1512 to 1518. In 1525 it was used on a votive medal. The oldest known example of the šahovnica (chessboard in Croatian) in Croatia is to be found on the wings of four falcons on a baptismal font donated by King <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kre%C5%A1imir_IV_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia">Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia</a> (1058–1074) to the Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Unlike in many countries, Croatian design more commonly uses symbolism from the coat of arms, rather than from the Croatian flag. This is partly due to the geometric design of the shield which makes it appropriate for use in many graphic contexts (e.g. the insignia of <a href="/wiki/Croatia_Airlines" title="Croatia Airlines">Croatia Airlines</a> or the design of the shirt for the <a href="/wiki/Croatia_national_football_team" title="Croatia national football team">Croatia national football team</a>), and partly because neighbouring countries like Slovenia and Serbia use the same <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Slavic colours">Pan-Slavic colours</a> on their flags as Croatia. The <a href="/wiki/Croatian_interlace" title="Croatian interlace">Croatian interlace</a> (pleter or troplet) is also a commonly used symbol which originally comes from monasteries built between the 9th and 12th centuries. The interlace can be seen in various emblems and is also featured in modern <a href="/wiki/Croatian_military_ranks" title="Croatian military ranks">Croatian military ranks</a> and Croatian police ranks insignia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communities">Communities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Communities">edit</a>]</div> In Croatia (the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>), 3.9 million people identify themselves as Croats and constitute about 90.4% of the population. Another 553,000 live in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, where they are one of the three <a href="/wiki/Nations_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina">constituent ethnic groups</a>, predominantly living in Western <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bosnia" title="Central Bosnia">Central Bosnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Posavina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Posavina">Bosnian Posavina</a>. The minority in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> number about 70,000, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[53]</a> where also vast majority of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okci" title="Šokci">Šokci</a> consider themselves Croats, as well as many <a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a> (the latter, as well as other nationalities, settled the vast, abandoned area after the Ottoman retreat; this Croat subgroup originates from the south, mostly from the region of <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka" title="Bačka">Bačka</a>). Smaller Croat autochthonous minorities exist in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (mainly in <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Littoral" title="Slovene Littoral">Slovene Littoral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Metlika" title="Metlika">Metlika</a> area in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Carniola" title="Lower Carniola">Lower Carniola</a> regions – 35,000 <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Slovenia" title="Croats of Slovenia">Croats</a>), <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a> – 6,800 <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Montenegro" title="Croats of Montenegro">Croats</a>), and a regional community in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> called <a href="/wiki/Janjevci" title="Janjevci">Janjevci</a> who nationally identify as Croats. In the 1991 census, Croats consisted 19.8% of the overall population of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>; there were around 4.6 million Croats in the entire country.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The subgroups of Croats are commonly based on <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Croatia" title="Regions of Croatia">regional</a> affiliation, like Dalmatians, Slavonians, Zagorci, Istrians etc., while inside and outside Croatia there exist several Croatian sub-ethnic groups: <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okci" title="Šokci">Šokci</a> (Croatia, Serbia, Hungary), <a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a> (Croatia, Serbia, Hungary), <a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croats" title="Burgenland Croats">Burgenland Croats</a> (Austria), <a href="/wiki/Molise_Croats" title="Molise Croats">Molise Croats</a> (Italy), <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Boka_Kotorska" class="mw-redirect" title="Croats of Boka Kotorska">Bokelji</a> (Montenegro), <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Hungary" title="Croats of Hungary">Raci</a> (Hungary), <a href="/wiki/Krashovani" title="Krashovani">Krashovani</a> (Romania), and <a href="/wiki/Janjevci" title="Janjevci">Janjevci</a> (Kosovo). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autochthonous_communities">Autochthonous communities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Autochthonous communities">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Croatia is the <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> of Croats.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, Croats are one of three <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina">constitute ethnic groups</a>, numbering around 544,780 people or 15.43% of the population. The entity of <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> is home to the majority (495,000 or about little under 90%) of <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian and Herzegovinian Croats</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Montenegro" title="Croats of Montenegro">Croats</a> are a national minority, numbering 6,021 people or 0.97% of the population.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Serbia" title="Croats of Serbia">Croats</a> are a national minority, numbering 57,900 people or 0.80% of the population. They mostly live in the region of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, where Croatian is official (along with five other languages), and the national capital city of <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Slovenia" title="Croats of Slovenia">Croats</a> are not recognized as a minority, numbering 35,642 people or 1.81% of the population. They mostly live in <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Littoral" title="Slovene Littoral">Slovene Littoral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Metlika" title="Metlika">Metlika</a> area in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Carniola" title="Lower Carniola">Lower Carniola</a> regions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croatian_communities_with_minority_status">Croatian communities with minority status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Croatian communities with minority status">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In Austria, Croats are an ethnic minority, numbering around 30,000 people in <a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croats" title="Burgenland Croats">Burgenland Croats</a>), the eastern part of Austria,<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> and around 15,000 people in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Croats in the Czech Republic">Croats</a> are a national minority, numbering 850–2,000 people, forming a portion of the 29% minority (as "Others"). They mostly live in the region of <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, in the villages of <a href="/wiki/Jevi%C5%A1ovka" title="Jevišovka">Jevišovka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dobr%C3%A9_Pole" title="Dobré Pole">Dobré Pole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_P%C5%99erov" title="Nový Přerov">Nový Přerov</a>.</li> <li>In Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Hungary" title="Croats of Hungary">Croats</a> are an ethnic minority, numbering 25,730 people or 0.26% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li>In Italy, <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Italy" title="Croats of Italy">Croats</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Molise_Croatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Molise Croatian">linguistic</a>, and ethnic minority, numbering 23,880 people, of which 2,801 people belong to the ethnic minority of <a href="/wiki/Molise_Croats" title="Molise Croats">Molise Croats</a> from the region of <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a>.</li> <li>In Romania, <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Croats of Romania">Croats</a> are a national minority, numbering 6,786 people. They mostly live in the <a href="/wiki/Cara%C8%99-Severin_County" title="Caraș-Severin County">Caraș-Severin County</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Romania" title="Communes of Romania">communes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lupac" title="Lupac">Lupac</a> (90.7%) and <a href="/wiki/Cara%C8%99ova" title="Carașova">Carașova</a> (78.28%).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Serbia" title="Croats of Serbia">Croats</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okci" title="Šokci">Šokci</a>) are a national minority. They mostly live in the multiethnic autonomous province of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_in_Slovakia" title="Croats in Slovakia">Croats</a> are an ethnic and national minority, numbering around 850 people. They mostly live in the area around <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, in the villages of <a href="/wiki/Chorv%C3%A1tsky_Grob" title="Chorvátsky Grob">Chorvátsky Grob</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cunovo" title="Čunovo">Čunovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dev%C3%ADnska_Nov%C3%A1_Ves" title="Devínska Nová Ves">Devínska Nová Ves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusovce" title="Rusovce">Rusovce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jarovce" title="Jarovce">Jarovce</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_regions_with_Croat_minorities">Other regions with Croat minorities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other regions with Croat minorities">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, there exists a small Croatian community, a branch of <a href="/wiki/Janjevci" title="Janjevci">Janjevci</a>, Croats from <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>.</li> <li>In New Zealand, the mixed Croatian and Māori <a href="/wiki/Tarara_(M%C4%81ori_Croatian_ethnic_mix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarara (Māori Croatian ethnic mix)">Tarara</a> people have their own culture, traditions and customs, and live in <a href="/wiki/Northland_Region" title="Northland Region">Te Tai Tokerau</a>, New Zealand's northernmost region. 15 March is <a href="/wiki/Tarara_Day" title="Tarara Day">Tarara Day</a> to celebrate their heritage.</li> <li>In Kosovo, Croats or Janjevci (Letničani), as they inhabited mostly the town of <a href="/wiki/Janjevo" title="Janjevo">Janjevo</a>, before 1991 numbered 8,062 people, but after the war many fled, and as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit">[update]</a> number only 270 people.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_in_North_Macedonia" title="Croats in North Macedonia">Croats</a> number 2,686 people or 0.1% of the population, mostly living in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> and around the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ohrid" title="Lake Ohrid">Lake Ohrid</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Croats" title="Special:EditPage/Croats">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Croats%22">"Croats"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Croats%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Croats%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Croats%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Croats%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Croats%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_diaspora" title="Croatian diaspora">Croatian diaspora</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croatian_Embassy_in_Canberra.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Croatian_Embassy_in_Canberra.JPG/255px-Croatian_Embassy_in_Canberra.JPG" decoding="async" width="255" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Croatian_Embassy_in_Canberra.JPG/383px-Croatian_Embassy_in_Canberra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Croatian_Embassy_in_Canberra.JPG/510px-Croatian_Embassy_in_Canberra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Croatian Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> There are currently 4–4.5 million Croats in <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> throughout the world. The Croat diaspora was the consequence of either mostly economic or political (<a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a> or expulsions) reasons: <ul><li>To other European countries (<a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Slovenia" title="Croats of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Italy" title="Croats of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatians_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatians in Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_in_Slovakia" title="Croats in Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_in_Germany" title="Croats in Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Hungary" title="Croats of Hungary">Hungary</a>), caused by the conquering of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>, when Croats as <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Catholics</a> were oppressed.</li> <li>To the Americas (largely to <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Canadians" title="Croatian Canadians">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">United States of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Chileans" title="Croatian Chileans">Chile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Argentines" title="Croatian Argentines">Argentina</a>, with smaller communities in <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Brazilians" title="Croatian Brazilians">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Peruvians" title="Croatian Peruvians">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Colombians" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Colombians">Colombia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Ecuadorians" title="Croatian Ecuadorians">Ecuador</a>) in the end of 19th and early 20th century, large numbers of Croats emigrated particularly for economic reasons.</li> <li>To New Zealand, predominately the <a href="/wiki/Northland_Region" title="Northland Region">Northland Region</a>, to work on <a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri gum</a> plantations.<a href="#cite_note-voxy.co.nz-15">[15]</a></li> <li>A further, larger wave of emigration, this time for political reasons, took place after the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II in Yugoslavia</a>. At this time, both collaborators of the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustasha</a> regime and those who did not want to live under a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">communist</a> regime fled the country, to the Americas and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> once more.</li> <li>As immigrant workers, particularly to Germany, Austria, and <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Switzerland" title="Croats of Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in the 1960s and 1970s. In addition, some <a href="/wiki/Emigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Emigrants">emigrants</a> left for political reasons. This migration made it possible for communist <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> to achieve lower unemployment and at the same time the money sent home by emigrants to their families provided an enormous source of foreign exchange income.</li> <li>The last large wave of Croat emigration occurred during and after the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–1995). Migrant communities already established in the Americas, Oceania, and across Europe grew as a result.</li></ul> The count for diaspora is approximate because of incomplete statistical records and <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalization</a>. Overseas, the United States contains the largest <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian emigrant group</a> (414,714 according to the 2010 census), mostly in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, with a sizable community in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Australians" title="Croatian Australians">Australia</a> (133,268 according to the 2016 census, with concentrations in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>) and Canada (133,965 according to the 2016 census, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>). Various estimations put the total number of Americans and Canadians with at least some Croatian ancestry at 2 million, many of whom do not identify as such in the countries' censuses.<a href="#cite_note-Farkas-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paquin-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Directory_of_Historical_Organizatio-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zanger-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levinson,_Ember-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Genealogical_Inquirer-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Croats_in_North_and_South_America-178">[178]</a> Croats have also emigrated in several waves to South America: chiefly <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Chileans" title="Croatian Chileans">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Argentines" title="Croatian Argentines">Argentina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Brazilians" title="Croatian Brazilians">Brazil</a>; estimates of their number vary wildly, from 150,000 up to 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Both the presidents of Chile (<a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Gabriel Boric</a>) and Argentina (<a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a>) are of Croatian descent.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> There are also smaller groups of Croatian descendants in Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Ecuadorians" title="Croatian Ecuadorians">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Peruvians" title="Croatian Peruvians">Peru</a>, South Africa, Mexico, and South Korea. The most important organizations of the Croatian <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Fraternal_Union" title="Croatian Fraternal Union">Croatian Fraternal Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Heritage_Foundation" title="Croatian Heritage Foundation">Croatian Heritage Foundation</a> and the Croatian World Congress. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:658px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Croatian_Diaspora_in_the_World_(2022).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Croatian ancestry or citizenship by country   Croatia   More than 100,000   More than 10,000   More than 1,000"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Map_of_the_Croatian_Diaspora_in_the_World_%282022%29.png/650px-Map_of_the_Croatian_Diaspora_in_the_World_%282022%29.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Map_of_the_Croatian_Diaspora_in_the_World_%282022%29.png/975px-Map_of_the_Croatian_Diaspora_in_the_World_%282022%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Map_of_the_Croatian_Diaspora_in_the_World_%282022%29.png/1300px-Map_of_the_Croatian_Diaspora_in_the_World_%282022%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Croatian_Diaspora_in_the_World_(2022).png" title="File:Map of the Croatian Diaspora in the World (2022).png"> </a></div>Croatian ancestry or citizenship by country <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Croatia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  More than 100,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  More than 10,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  More than 1,000</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maps">Maps</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Maps">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Croatia_ethnicities_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ethnicities by municipality in Croatia in 2021"><img alt="Ethnicities by municipality in Croatia in 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Croatia_ethnicities_2021.svg/120px-Croatia_ethnicities_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Croatia_ethnicities_2021.svg/180px-Croatia_ethnicities_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Croatia_ethnicities_2021.svg/240px-Croatia_ethnicities_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ethnicities by municipality in Croatia in 2021</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BiH_-_Etnicki_sastav_po_opstinama_2013_1.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2013"><img alt="Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/BiH_-_Etnicki_sastav_po_opstinama_2013_1.gif/120px-BiH_-_Etnicki_sastav_po_opstinama_2013_1.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/BiH_-_Etnicki_sastav_po_opstinama_2013_1.gif/180px-BiH_-_Etnicki_sastav_po_opstinama_2013_1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/BiH_-_Etnicki_sastav_po_opstinama_2013_1.gif/240px-BiH_-_Etnicki_sastav_po_opstinama_2013_1.gif 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="3486" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2013</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vojvodina_south_slavs.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Croats in Vojvodina, Serbia"><img alt="Croats in Vojvodina, Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vojvodina_south_slavs.png/120px-Vojvodina_south_slavs.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vojvodina_south_slavs.png/180px-Vojvodina_south_slavs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vojvodina_south_slavs.png/239px-Vojvodina_south_slavs.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1203" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Croats in Vojvodina, Serbia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:South_slavs_romania.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Croats in Romania"><img alt="Croats in Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South_slavs_romania.png/103px-South_slavs_romania.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South_slavs_romania.png/155px-South_slavs_romania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South_slavs_romania.png/207px-South_slavs_romania.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="860" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Croats in Romania</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals" title="List of Slavic studies journals">List of Slavic studies journals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Croatia" title="Portal:Croatia">Croatia portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, nation-state of Croats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Croatia" title="Demographics of Croatia">Demographics of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Croatian_history" title="Timeline of Croatian history">Timeline of Croatian history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Croats">List of Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Croatia">List of rulers of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Croats" title="Genetic studies on Croats">Genetic studies on Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Croats" title="Origin hypotheses of the Croats">Origin hypotheses of the Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Medieval_Slavic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Medieval Slavic tribes">Medieval Slav tribes</a>; <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBellamy2003" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, Alex J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PqrrnrE5EC">The Formation of Croatian National Identity: A Centuries-Old Dream</a>. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71906-502-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71906-502-6"><bdi>978-0-71906-502-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927201650/https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PqrrnrE5EC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Croatian+National+Identity%3A+A+Centuries-Old+Dream&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-71906-502-6&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=Alex+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT3PqrrnrE5EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/E01_01_04/e01_01_04_RH.html">"2. Population by ethnicity, by towns/municipalities"</a>. Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Croatian Bureau of Statistics">Croatian Bureau of Statistics</a>. December 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+Population%2C+Households+and+Dwellings+2011&rft.atitle=2.+Population+by+ethnicity%2C+by+towns%2Fmunicipalities&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.dzs.hr%2FEng%2Fcensuses%2Fcensus2011%2Fresults%2Fhtm%2FE01_01_04%2Fe01_01_04_RH.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224103940/http://www.popis2013.ba/popis2013/doc/Popis2013prvoIzdanje.pdf">Sarajevo, juni 2016. Cenzus of Population, Households and Dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2013 Final Results</a> (PDF). BHAS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popis2013.ba/popis2013/doc/Popis2013prvoIzdanje.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarajevo%2C+juni+2016.+Cenzus+of+Population%2C+Households+and+Dwellings+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%2C+2013+Final+Results&rft.pub=BHAS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popis2013.ba%2Fpopis2013%2Fdoc%2FPopis2013prvoIzdanje.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212212618/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_1YR_B04003&prodType=table-">Results  </a> American Fact Finder (US Census Bureau) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrvatiizvanrh.gov.hr/hrvati-izvan-rh-2463/croatian-diaspora/croatian-diaspora-in-the-united-states-of-america/2485">Croatian diaspora in the USA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507182154/https://hrvatiizvanrh.gov.hr/hrvati-izvan-rh-2463/croatian-diaspora/croatian-diaspora-in-the-united-states-of-america/2485">Archived</a> 7 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "It has been estimated that around 1,200,000 Croats and their descendants live in the USA." </li> <li id="cite_note-destatis-6"><a href="#cite_ref-destatis_6-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/">German Federal Statistical Office</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060705101249/http://www.destatis.de/">Archived</a> 5 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930225834/http://www.hrvatiizvanrh.hr/en/hmiu/croatian-diaspora-in-federal-republic-of-germany/32">"State Office for Croats Abroad"</a>. Hrvatiizvanrh.hr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrvatiizvanrh.hr/en/hmiu/croatian-diaspora-in-federal-republic-of-germany/32">the original</a> on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Office+for+Croats+Abroad&rft.pub=Hrvatiizvanrh.hr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrvatiizvanrh.hr%2Fen%2Fhmiu%2Fcroatian-diaspora-in-federal-republic-of-germany%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrvatskimigracije.es.tl/Diaspora-Croata.htm">Diaspora Croata</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509095402/http://hrvatskimigracije.es.tl/Diaspora-Croata.htm">Archived</a> 9 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> El Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República de Chile evalúa que en ese país actualmente viven 380.000 personas consideradas de ser de descendencia croata, lo que es un 2,4% de la población total de Chile. </li> <li id="cite_note-croata-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-croata_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-croata_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-croata_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-croata_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190213214654/http://www.hrvatiizvanrh.hr/en/hmiu/status-of-croatian-immigrants-and-their-descendants-abroad/15">"Status of Croatian immigrants and their descendants abroad"</a>. Republic of Croatia: State Office for Croats Abroad. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrvatiizvanrh.hr/en/hmiu/status-of-croatian-immigrants-and-their-descendants-abroad/15">the original</a> on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+of+Croatian+immigrants+and+their+descendants+abroad&rft.pub=Republic+of+Croatia%3A+State+Office+for+Croats+Abroad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrvatiizvanrh.hr%2Fen%2Fhmiu%2Fstatus-of-croatian-immigrants-and-their-descendants-abroad%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrvatiizvanrh.hr-10"><a href="#cite_ref-hrvatiizvanrh.hr_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFer_Projekt,_Put_Murvice_14,_Zadar,_Hrvatska,_+385_98_212_96_00,_www.fer-projekt.com" class="citation web cs1">Fer Projekt, Put Murvice 14, Zadar, Hrvatska, +385 98 212 96 00, www.fer-projekt.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315173008/http://www.hrvatiizvanrh.hr/hr/hmiu/hrvatska-manjina-u-republici-austriji/3">"Hrvatska manjina u Republici Austriji"</a>. Hrvatiizvanrh.hr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrvatiizvanrh.hr/hr/hmiu/hrvatska-manjina-u-republici-austriji/3">the original</a> on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hrvatska+manjina+u+Republici+Austriji&rft.pub=Hrvatiizvanrh.hr&rft.au=Fer+Projekt%2C+Put+Murvice+14%2C+Zadar%2C+Hrvatska%2C+%2B385+98+212+96+00%2C+www.fer-projekt.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrvatiizvanrh.hr%2Fhr%2Fhmiu%2Fhrvatska-manjina-u-republici-austriji%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-abs1-11"><a href="#cite_ref-abs1_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/3204_AUS">"People in Australia Who Were Born in Croatia"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Commonwealth of Australian. 2021. sec. "Cultural diversity". Retrieved 23 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=People+in+Australia+Who+Were+Born+in+Croatia&rft.pages=sec.+%22Cultural+diversity%22&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fquickstats%2F2021%2F3204_AUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://hrvatiizvanrh.gov.hr/hrvati-izvan-rh/hrvatsko-iseljenistvo/hrvatsko-iseljenisto-u-australiji/751">https://hrvatiizvanrh.gov.hr/hrvati-izvan-rh/hrvatsko-iseljenistvo/hrvatsko-iseljenisto-u-australiji/751</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=POP&f=tableCode:26">"Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=voxy.co.nz&rft.atitle=Carter%3A+NZ+Celebrates+150+Years+of+Kiwi-Croatian+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voxy.co.nz%2Fpolitics%2Fcarter-nz-celebrates-150-years-kiwi-croatian-culture%2F5%2F1618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-admin.ch-16"><a href="#cite_ref-admin.ch_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624230004/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/22/publ.Document.88215.pdf">"2006 Figures Publ.Document.88215.pdf"</a> (PDF). p. 68. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/22/publ.Document.88215.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2006+Figures+Publ.Document.88215.pdf&rft.pages=68&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fportal%2Fde%2Findex%2Fthemen%2F01%2F22%2Fpubl.Document.88215.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> Note: Petra-P12, gives a 40,484 number. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanrights.ch/upload/pdf/070116_CERDSchlussversion_d.pdf">as of 2004</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111122339/http://www.humanrights.ch/upload/pdf/070116_CERDSchlussversion_d.pdf">Archived</a> 11 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> page 12 2.1.1. 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Dani Stjepana Gunjače 2, Zbornik radova sa Znanstvenog skupa "Dani Sjepana Gunjače 2": Hrvatska srednjovjekovna povijesno-arheološka baština, Međunarodne teme. Split: Muzej hrvatskih arheoloških spomenika. pp. 21–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-6803-36-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-6803-36-1"><bdi>978-953-6803-36-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Keramika+pra%C5%A1kog+tipa+u+Hrvatskoj&rft.btitle=Dani+Stjepana+Gunja%C4%8De+2%2C+Zbornik+radova+sa+Znanstvenog+skupa+%22Dani+Sjepana+Gunja%C4%8De+2%22%3A+Hrvatska+srednjovjekovna+povijesno-arheolo%C5%A1ka+ba%C5%A1tina%2C+Me%C4%91unarodne+teme&rft.place=Split&rft.pages=21-35&rft.pub=Muzej+hrvatskih+arheolo%C5%A1kih+spomenika&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-953-6803-36-1&rft.aulast=Beki%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Luka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F348572968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekić2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bekić, Luka (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348500715">Rani srednji vijek između Panonije i Jadrana: ranoslavenski keramički i ostali arheološki nalazi od 6. do 8. stoljeća</a> [Early medieval between Pannonia and the Adriatic: early Slavic ceramic and other archaeological finds from the sixth to eighth century] (in Croatian and English). Pula: Arheološki muzej Istre. pp. 101, 119, 123, 138–140, 157–162, 173–174, 177–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-8082-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-8082-01-6"><bdi>978-953-8082-01-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rani+srednji+vijek+izme%C4%91u+Panonije+i+Jadrana%3A+ranoslavenski+kerami%C4%8Dki+i+ostali+arheolo%C5%A1ki+nalazi+od+6.+do+8.+stolje%C4%87a&rft.place=Pula&rft.pages=101%2C+119%2C+123%2C+138-140%2C+157-162%2C+173-174%2C+177-179&rft.pub=Arheolo%C5%A1ki+muzej+Istre&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-953-8082-01-6&rft.aulast=Beki%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Luka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F348500715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilogrivić2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bilogrivić, Goran (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/220231">"Urne, Slaveni i Hrvati. O paljevinskim grobovima i doseobi u 7. stoljeću"</a>. Zb. Odsjeka povij. Znan. Zavoda povij. Druš. Znan. Hrvat. Akad. Znan. Umjet. (in Croatian). 36: 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21857%2Fydkx2crd19">10.21857/ydkx2crd19</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189548041">189548041</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212004535/https://hrcak.srce.hr/220231">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zb.+Odsjeka+povij.+Znan.+Zavoda+povij.+Dru%C5%A1.+Znan.+Hrvat.+Akad.+Znan.+Umjet.&rft.atitle=Urne%2C+Slaveni+i+Hrvati.+O+paljevinskim+grobovima+i+doseobi+u+7.+stolje%C4%87u&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21857%2Fydkx2crd19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189548041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bilogrivi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Goran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F220231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvtxt|Dzino|2010|p=175-66"><a href="#cite_ref-harvtxt|Dzino|2010|p=175_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDzino2010">Dzino (2010</a>, p. 175) </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorri2011">Borri (2011</a>, p. 215) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2006">Curta (2006</a>, p. 138) </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDzino2010">Dzino (2010</a>, p. 20) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudak2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neven_Budak" title="Neven Budak">Budak, Neven</a> (2008). "Identities in Early Medieval Dalmatia (7th – 11th c.)". In Ildar H. Garipzanov; <a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Geary" title="Patrick J. Geary">Patrick J. Geary</a>; <a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82aw_Urba%C5%84czyk" title="Przemysław Urbańczyk">Przemysław Urbańczyk</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4dUWAQAAIAAJ">Franks, Northmen and Slavs: Identities and State Formation in Early Medieval Europe</a>. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 223–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782503526157" title="Special:BookSources/9782503526157"><bdi>9782503526157</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810101105/https://books.google.com/books?id=4dUWAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Identities+in+Early+Medieval+Dalmatia+%287th+%E2%80%93+11th+c.%29&rft.btitle=Franks%2C+Northmen+and+Slavs%3A+Identities+and+State+Formation+in+Early+Medieval+Europe&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pages=223-241&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9782503526157&rft.aulast=Budak&rft.aufirst=Neven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4dUWAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDzino2010">Dzino (2010</a>, p. 186) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolfram2002">Wolfram (2002)</a> Liudewit is considered the first Croatian prince. Constantine Porphyrogenitus has Dalmatia and parts of Slavonia populated by Croatians. But this author wrote more than a hundred years after the Frankish Royal annals which never mention the name of the Croatians although a great many Slavic tribal names are mentioned in the text. Therefore, if one applies the methods of an ethnogenetic interpretation, the Croatian Liudewit seems to be an anachronism. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvornik1962" class="citation book cs1">Dvornik, F.; Jenkins, R. J. H.; Lewis, B.; Moravcsik, Gy.; Obolensky, D.; Runciman, S. (1962). P. J. H. Jenkins (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWVxvgAACAAJ">De Administrando Imperio: Volume II. Commentary</a>. University of London: The Athlone Press. pp. 139, 142. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927201655/https://books.google.com/books?id=DWVxvgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Administrando+Imperio%3A+Volume+II.+Commentary&rft.pages=139%2C+142&rft.pub=University+of+London%3A+The+Athlone+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Dvornik%2C+F.&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+R.+J.+H.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+B.&rft.au=Moravcsik%2C+Gy.&rft.au=Obolensky%2C+D.&rft.au=Runciman%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWVxvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006210-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2006210_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2006">Curta 2006</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-Budak1994-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Budak1994_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudak1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neven_Budak" title="Neven Budak">Budak, Neven</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504192532/http://inet1.ffst.hr/_download/repository/Budak_1994.pdf">Prva stoljeća Hrvatske</a> (PDF). Zagreb: Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada. pp. 58–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-169-032-4" title="Special:BookSources/953-169-032-4"><bdi>953-169-032-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inet1.ffst.hr/_download/repository/Budak_1994.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prva+stolje%C4%87a+Hrvatske&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pages=58-61&rft.pub=Hrvatska+sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1na+naklada&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=953-169-032-4&rft.aulast=Budak&rft.aufirst=Neven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finet1.ffst.hr%2F_download%2Frepository%2FBudak_1994.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gracanin2008-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Gracanin2008_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGračanin2008" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gračanin, Hrvoje (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/36767?lang=hr">"Od Hrvata pak koji su stigli u Dalmaciju odvojio se jedan dio i zavladao Ilirikom i Panonijom: Razmatranja uz DAI c. 30, 75-78"</a>, Povijest U Nastavi (in Croatian), VI (11): 67–76, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219202016/https://hrcak.srce.hr/36767?lang=hr">archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2022, retrieved 13 July 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Povijest+U+Nastavi&rft.atitle=Od+Hrvata+pak+koji+su+stigli+u+Dalmaciju+odvojio+se+jedan+dio+i+zavladao+Ilirikom+i+Panonijom%3A+Razmatranja+uz+DAI+c.+30%2C+75-78&rft.volume=VI&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=67-76&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Gra%C4%8Danin&rft.aufirst=Hrvoje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F36767%3Flang%3Dhr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudak2018">Budak (2018</a>, pp. 51, 111, 177, 181–182) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽivković2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87" title="Tibor Živković">Živković, Tibor</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-KTAAAACAAJ">Portreti srpskih vladara (IX—XII vek)</a>. Belgrade: Zavod za udžbenike. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/86-17-13754-1" title="Special:BookSources/86-17-13754-1"><bdi>86-17-13754-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portreti+srpskih+vladara+%28IX%E2%80%94XII+vek%29&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=Zavod+za+ud%C5%BEbenike&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=86-17-13754-1&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-KTAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽivković2012" class="citation journal cs1">Živković, Tibor (2012). "Неретљани – пример разматрања идентитета у раном средњем веку" [Arentani – an Example of Identity Examination in the Early Middle Ages]. Istorijski časopis. 61: 12–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Istorijski+%C4%8Dasopis&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%83+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962139,_142-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962139,_142_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1962">Dvornik 1962</a>, p. 139, 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199137,_57-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199137,_57_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, p. 37, 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Heather, Peter</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5poAgAAQBAJ">Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 404–408, 424–425, 444. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974163-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974163-2"><bdi>978-0-19-974163-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Barbarians%3A+The+Fall+of+Rome+and+the+Birth+of+Europe&rft.pages=404-408%2C+424-425%2C+444&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974163-2&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY5poAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962138–139-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962138–139_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1962">Dvornik 1962</a>, p. 138–139:Even if we reject Gruber's theory, supported by Manojlović (ibid., XLIX), that Zachlumje actually became a part of Croatia, it should be emphasized that the Zachlumians had a closer bond of interest with the Croats than with the Serbs, since they seem to have migrated to their new home not, as C. says (33/8-9), with the Serbs, but with the Croats; see below, on 33/18-19 ... This emendation throws new light on the origin of the Zachlumian dynasty and of the Zachlumi themselves. C.'s informant derived what he says about the country of Michael's ancestors from a native source, probably from a member of the prince's family; and the information is reliable. If this is so, we must regard the dynasty of Zachlumje and at any rate part of its people as neither Croat nor Serb. It seems more probable that Michael's ancestor, together with his tribe, joined the Croats when they moved south; and settled on the Adriatic coast and the Narenta, leaving the Croats to push on into Dalmatia proper. It is true that our text says that the Zachlumi 'have been Serbs since the time of that prince who claimed the protection of the emperor Heraclius' (33/9-10); but it does not say that Michael's family were Serbs, only that they 'came from the unbaptized who dwell on the river Visla, and are called (reading Litziki) "Poles'". Michael's own hostility to Serbia (cf. 32/86-90) suggests that his family was in fact not Serb; and that the Serbs had direct control only over Trebinje (see on 32/30). C.'s general claim that the Zachlumians were Serbs is, therefore, inaccurate; and indeed his later statements that the Terbouniotes (34/4—5), and even the Narentans (36/5-7), were Serbs and came with the Serbs, seem to conflict with what he has said earlier (32/18-20) on the Serb migration, which reached the new Serbia from the direction of Belgrade. He probably saw that in his time all these tribes were in the Serb sphere of influence, and therefore called them Serbs, thus ante-dating by three centuries the state of affairs in his own day. But in fact, as has been shown in the case of the Zachlumians, these tribes were not properly speaking Serbs, and seem to have migrated not with the Serbs but with the Croats. The Serbs at an early date succeeded in extending their sovereignty over the Terbouniotes and, under prince Peter, for a short time over the Narentans (see on 32/67). The Diocleans, whom C. does not claim as Serbs, were too near to the Byzantine thema of Dyrrhachion for the Serbs to attempt their subjugation before C.'s time </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvornik1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dvornik" title="Francis Dvornik">Dvornik, Francis</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OwHZAAAAMAAJ">Byzantine Missions Among the Slavs: SS. Constantine-Cyril and Methodius</a>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813506135" title="Special:BookSources/9780813506135"><bdi>9780813506135</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927201657/https://books.google.com/books?id=OwHZAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2022. <q>Constantine regards all Slavic tribes in ancient Praevalis and Epirus—the Zachlumians, Tribunians, Diodetians, Narentans— as Serbs. This is not exact. Even these tribes were liberated from the Avars by the Croats who lived among them. Only later, thanks to the expansion of the Serbs, did they recognize their supremacy and come to be called Serbians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Missions+Among+the+Slavs%3A+SS.+Constantine-Cyril+and+Methodius&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780813506135&rft.aulast=Dvornik&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOwHZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200660–61-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽivković200660–61_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŽivković2006">Živković 2006</a>, pp. 60–61:Constantine Porphyrogenitus explicitly calls the inhabitants of Zahumlje Serbs who have settled there since the time of Emperor Heraclius, but we cannot be certain that the Travunians, Zachlumians and Narentines in the migration period to the Balkans really were Serbs or Croats or Slavic tribes which in alliance with Serbs or Croats arrived in the Balkans </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enciklopedija.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=27481">"Neretljani"</a>. Hrvatski obiteljski leksikon (in Croatian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213011404/http://enciklopedija.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=27481">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neretljani&rft.btitle=Hrvatski+obiteljski+leksikon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenciklopedija.lzmk.hr%2Fclanak.aspx%3Fid%3D27481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine2005">Fine (2005</a>, p. 6203) </li> <li id="cite_note-TNCMH-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TNCMH_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TNCMH_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TNCMH_88-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimnik2004" class="citation book cs1">Dimnik, Martin (2004). "Kievan Rus', the Bulgars and the southern Slavs, c.1020-c.1200". In <a href="/wiki/David_Luscombe" title="David Luscombe">David Luscombe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Riley-Smith" title="Jonathan Riley-Smith">Jonathan Riley-Smith</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-new-cambridge-medieval-history-vol.-2_202012/The%20New%20Cambridge%20Medieval%20History%2C%20Vol.%204%2C%20Part%202/">The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, c.1024–c.1198, Part 2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41411-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41411-1"><bdi>978-0-521-41411-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kievan+Rus%27%2C+the+Bulgars+and+the+southern+Slavs%2C+c.1020-c.1200&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+4%2C+c.1024%E2%80%93c.1198%2C+Part+2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41411-1&rft.aulast=Dimnik&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-new-cambridge-medieval-history-vol.-2_202012%2FThe%2520New%2520Cambridge%2520Medieval%2520History%252C%2520Vol.%25204%252C%2520Part%25202%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfram_2002-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram_2002_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram_2002_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram_2002_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram_2002_89-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolfram2002">Wolfram (2002)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1991257-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1991257_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1991261-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1991261_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hrvatski_leksikon-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Hrvatski_leksikon_92-0">^</a> Hrvatski leksikon (1996–1997) (in Croatian)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-antoljak-93"><a href="#cite_ref-antoljak_93-0">^</a> Stjepan Antoljak, Pregled hrvatske povijesti, Split 1993., str. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrvatski-vojnik.hr/kralj-tomislav/">"Kralj Tomislav"</a>. Hrvatski vojnik (in Croatian). 30 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927105340/https://hrvatski-vojnik.hr/kralj-tomislav/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hrvatski+vojnik&rft.atitle=Kralj+Tomislav&rft.date=2018-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrvatski-vojnik.hr%2Fkralj-tomislav%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1989" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Huw M. A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZW2AAAAIAAJ&q=tomislav++croatia+unification">The Early Mediaeval Archaeology of Croatia, A.D. 600–900</a>. B.A.R. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86054-685-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86054-685-6"><bdi>978-0-86054-685-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927203207/https://books.google.com/books?id=oZW2AAAAIAAJ&q=tomislav++croatia+unification">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. 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Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927203209/https://books.google.com/books?id=KqJnAAAAMAAJ&q=tomislav++croatia+unification">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. 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Porfirogeneta o snazi hrvatske vojske"</a> [On the occasion of the new interpretation of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus'report concerning the strength of the Croatian army]. Historijski zbornik (in Croatian). 60: 1–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022132956/https://www.academia.edu/34978219">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2021. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091107154827/http://domovina.110mb.com/petar_kresimir_4.htm">PETAR KREŠIMIR IV.TRPIMIROVIĆ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=47856">"Petar Krešimir IV."</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Encyclopedia" title="Croatian Encyclopedia">Croatian Encyclopedia</a> (in Croatian), <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa_Lexicographical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute">Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute</a>, 2021, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105113709/https://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=47856">archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2022, retrieved 10 October 2023</cite><span 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Cambridge University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78505-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78505-1"><bdi>978-0-521-78505-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927203302/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ncgq08FZYlQC&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221889294">"Croatian national reference Y-STR haplotype database"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Biology_Reports" title="Molecular Biology Reports">Molecular Biology Reports</a>. 39 (7): 7727–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11033-012-1610-3">10.1007/s11033-012-1610-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22391654">22391654</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18011987">18011987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+Reports&rft.atitle=Croatian+national+reference+Y-STR+haplotype+database&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=7727-41&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18011987%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22391654&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11033-012-1610-3&rft.aulast=Mr%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Gordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F221889294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrimorac_et_al.2022" class="citation journal cs1">D. 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Croatian Medical Journal. 63 (3): 273–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3325%2Fcmj.2022.63.273">10.3325/cmj.2022.63.273</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9284021">9284021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35722696">35722696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Croatian+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Croatian+genetic+heritage%3A+an+updated+Y-chromosome+story&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=273-286&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9284021%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35722696&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3325%2Fcmj.2022.63.273&rft.au=D.+Primorac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmj.hr%2F2022%2F63%2F3%2F35722696.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Zupan2013" class="citation journal cs1">A. Zupan; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251567977">"The paternal perspective of the Slovenian population and its relationship with other populations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Biology" title="Annals of Human Biology">Annals of Human Biology</a>. 40 (6): 515–526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F03014460.2013.813584">10.3109/03014460.2013.813584</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23879710">23879710</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34621779">34621779</a>. <q>However, a study by Battaglia et al. (2009) showed a variance peak for I2a1 in the Ukraine and, based on the observed pattern of variation, it could be suggested that at least part of the I2a1 haplogroup could have arrived in the Balkans and Slovenia with the Slavic migrations from a homeland in present-day Ukraine. The calculated age of this specific haplogroup together with the variation peak detected in the suggested Slavic homeland could represent a signal of Slavic migration arising from medieval Slavic expansions. However, the strong genetic barrier around the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, associated with the high frequency of the I2a1b-M423 haplogroup, could also be a consequence of a Paleolithic genetic signal of a Balkan refuge area, followed by mixing with a medieval Slavic signal from modern-day Ukraine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Human+Biology&rft.atitle=The+paternal+perspective+of+the+Slovenian+population+and+its+relationship+with+other+populations&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=515-526&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34621779%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23879710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F03014460.2013.813584&rft.au=A.+Zupan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F251567977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill2015" class="citation cs2">Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", European Journal of Human Genetics, 23 (1): 124–131, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2014.50">10.1038/ejhg.2014.50</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4266736">4266736</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24667786">24667786</a>, <q>R1a-M458 exceeds 20% in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Western Belarus. The lineage averages 11–15% across Russia and Ukraine and occurs at 7% or less elsewhere (Figure 2d). Unlike hg R1a-M458, the R1a-M558 clade is also common in the Volga-Uralic populations. R1a-M558 occurs at 10–33% in parts of Russia, exceeds 26% in Poland and Western Belarus, and varies between 10 and 23% in the Ukraine, whereas it drops 10-fold lower in Western Europe. In general, both R1a-M458 and R1a-M558 occur at low but informative frequencies in Balkan populations with known Slavonic heritage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+phylogenetic+and+geographic+structure+of+Y-chromosome+haplogroup+R1a&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=124-131&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4266736%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24667786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2014.50&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Utevska-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Utevska_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO.M._Utevska2017" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">O.M. Utevska (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrcrm.gov.ua/science/councils/dissertation/">Генофонд українців за різними системами генетичних маркерів: походження і місце на європейському генетичному просторі</a> [The gene pool of Ukrainians revealed by different systems of genetic markers: the origin and statement in Europe] (PhD) (in Ukrainian). National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine">National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine</a>. pp. 219–226, 302. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717170217/http://nrcrm.gov.ua/science/councils/dissertation/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%3A+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%96+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96&rft.inst=National+Research+Center+for+Radiation+Medicine+of+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2017&rft.au=O.M.+Utevska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrcrm.gov.ua%2Fscience%2Fcouncils%2Fdissertation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorolmaTibor2019-126"><a href="#cite_ref-HorolmaTibor2019_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamjavFehérNémethKoppány_Csáji2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pamjav, Horolma; Fehér, Tibor; Németh, Endre; Koppány Csáji, László (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xq2xDwAAQBAJ">Genetika és őstörténet</a> (in Hungarian). Napkút Kiadó. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-263-855-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-263-855-3"><bdi>978-963-263-855-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927203723/https://books.google.com/books?id=xq2xDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2020. <q>Az I2-CTS10228 (köznevén "dinári-kárpáti") alcsoport legkorábbi közös őse 2200 évvel ezelőttre tehető, így esetében nem arról van szó, hogy a mezolit népesség Kelet-Európában ilyen mértékben fennmaradt volna, hanem arról, hogy egy, a mezolit csoportoktól származó szűk család az európai vaskorban sikeresen integrálódott egy olyan társadalomba, amely hamarosan erőteljes demográfiai expanzióba kezdett. Ez is mutatja, hogy nem feltétlenül népek, mintsem családok sikerével, nemzetségek elterjedésével is számolnunk kell, és ezt a jelenlegi etnikai identitással összefüggésbe hozni lehetetlen. A csoport elterjedése alapján valószínűsíthető, hogy a szláv népek migrációjában vett részt, így válva az R1a-t követően a második legdominánsabb csoporttá a mai Kelet-Európában. Nyugat-Európából viszont teljes mértékben hiányzik, kivéve a kora középkorban szláv nyelvet beszélő keletnémet területeket.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetika+%C3%A9s+%C5%91st%C3%B6rt%C3%A9net&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Napk%C3%BAt+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-963-263-855-3&rft.aulast=Pamjav&rft.aufirst=Horolma&rft.au=Feh%C3%A9r%2C+Tibor&rft.au=N%C3%A9meth%2C+Endre&rft.au=Kopp%C3%A1ny+Cs%C3%A1ji%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxq2xDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fóthi-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Fóthi_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFóthiGonzalezFehér2020" class="citation cs2">Fóthi, E.; Gonzalez, A.; Fehér, T.; et al. (2020), "Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes", Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 12 (1): 31, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ArAnS..12...31F">2020ArAnS..12...31F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12520-019-00996-0">10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0</a>, <q>Based on SNP analysis, the CTS10228 group is 2200 ± 300 years old. The group's demographic expansion may have begun in Southeast Poland around that time, as carriers of the oldest subgroup are found there today. The group cannot solely be tied to the Slavs, because the proto-Slavic period was later, around 300–500 CE... The SNP-based age of the Eastern European CTS10228 branch is 2200 ± 300 years old. The carriers of the most ancient subgroup live in Southeast Poland, and it is likely that the rapid demographic expansion which brought the marker to other regions in Europe began there. The largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans, where the subgroup is dominant in 50.5% of Croatians, 30.1% of Serbs, 31.4% of Montenegrins, and in about 20% of Albanians and Greeks. As a result, this subgroup is often called Dinaric. It is interesting that while it is dominant among modern Balkan peoples, this subgroup has not been present yet during the Roman period, as it is almost absent in Italy as well (see Online Resource 5; ESM_5).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+and+Anthropological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Genetic+analysis+of+male+Hungarian+Conquerors%3A+European+and+Asian+paternal+lineages+of+the+conquering+Hungarian+tribes&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12520-019-00996-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ArAnS..12...31F&rft.aulast=F%C3%B3thi&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+A.&rft.au=Feh%C3%A9r%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olalde2023-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olalde2023_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olalde2023_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlaldeCarrión2023" class="citation journal cs1">Olalde, Iñigo; Carrión, Pablo (7 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10752003">"A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cell_(journal)" title="Cell (journal)">Cell</a>. 186 (25): P5472–5485.E9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2023.10.018">10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10752003">10752003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38065079">38065079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+genetic+history+of+the+Balkans+from+Roman+frontier+to+Slavic+migrations&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=P5472-5485.E9&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10752003%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38065079&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2023.10.018&rft.aulast=Olalde&rft.aufirst=I%C3%B1igo&rft.au=Carri%C3%B3n%2C+Pablo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10752003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECvjetan_et_al.2004-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECvjetan_et_al.2004_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCvjetan_et_al.2004">Cvjetan et al. 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_et_al.2013" class="citation journal cs1">P. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3646727">"The Geography of Recent Genetic Ancestry across Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_Biology" title="PLOS Biology">PLOS Biology</a>. 11 (5): e105090. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001555">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001555</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3646727">3646727</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23667324">23667324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Geography+of+Recent+Genetic+Ancestry+across+Europe&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e105090&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3646727%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23667324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001555&rft.au=P.+Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3646727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kushniarevich2015-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Kushniarevich2015_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Kushniarevich2015" class="citation journal cs1">A. Kushniarevich; et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4558026">"Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a>. 10 (9): e0135820. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1035820K">2015PLoSO..1035820K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0135820">10.1371/journal.pone.0135820</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4558026">4558026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26332464">26332464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=Genetic+Heritage+of+the+Balto-Slavic+Speaking+Populations%3A+A+Synthesis+of+Autosomal%2C+Mitochondrial+and+Y-Chromosomal+Data&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e0135820&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4558026%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26332464&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0135820&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1035820K&rft.au=A.+Kushniarevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4558026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassian2020-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Kassian2020_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushniarevichKassian2020" class="citation cs2">Kushniarevich, Alena; Kassian, Alexei (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341945550">"Genetics and Slavic languages"</a>, in Marc L. Greenberg (ed.), Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online, Brill, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032367">10.1163/2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032367</a>, retrieved 10 December 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genetics+and+Slavic+languages&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Slavic+Languages+and+Linguistics+Online&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032367&rft.aulast=Kushniarevich&rft.aufirst=Alena&rft.au=Kassian%2C+Alexei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F341945550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> David Dalby, Linguasphere (1999/2000, Linguasphere Observatory), pg. 445, 53-AAA-g, "Srpski+Hrvatski, Serbo-Croatian". </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Benjamin W. Fortson IV, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (2010, Blackwell), pg. 431, "Because of their mutual intelligibility, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo-Croatian." </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Václav Blažek, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phil.muni.cz/linguistica/art/blazek/bla-003.pdf">"On the Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204101748/http://www.phil.muni.cz/linguistica/art/blazek/bla-003.pdf">Archived</a> 4 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, phil.muni.cz; retrieved 20 October 2010, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasić2009" class="citation book cs1">Krasić, Stjepan (2009). Počelo je u Rimu: Katolička obnova i normiranje hrvatskoga jezika u XVII. stoljeću. Matica Hrvatska. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-6316-76-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-6316-76-2"><bdi>978-953-6316-76-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Po%C4%8Delo+je+u+Rimu%3A+Katoli%C4%8Dka+obnova+i+normiranje+hrvatskoga+jezika+u+XVII.+stolje%C4%87u&rft.pub=Matica+Hrvatska&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-953-6316-76-2&rft.aulast=Krasi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Stjepan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabić1995" class="citation book cs1">Babić, Stjepan (1995). Hrvatski jučer i danas. Školske novine. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-160-052-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-160-052-1"><bdi>978-953-160-052-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hrvatski+ju%C4%8Der+i+danas&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=%C5%A0kolske+novine&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-953-160-052-1&rft.aulast=Babi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Stjepan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Journal of Croatian studies (1986) 27–30:45 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.yale.edu/slavic/croatia/dictionary/">"Croatia: Themes, Authors, Books | Yale University Library Slavic and East European Collection"</a>. Library.yale.edu. 16 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203101/http://www.library.yale.edu/slavic/croatia/dictionary/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Croatia%3A+Themes%2C+Authors%2C+Books+%26%23124%3B+Yale+University+Library+Slavic+and+East+European+Collection&rft.pub=Library.yale.edu&rft.date=2009-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.yale.edu%2Fslavic%2Fcroatia%2Fdictionary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1998" class="citation book cs1">Price, Glanville (1998). Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19286-2"><bdi>978-0-631-19286-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+languages+of+Europe&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19286-2&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Glanville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapetanović2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kapetanović, Amir (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:-FfopGzc4sYJ:www.ihjj.hr/images/Izdanja/Rasprave/31_23_susret_Kapetanovic.pdf+amir+kapetanovic+hrvatska+srednjovjekovna+latinica&hl=hr&gl=hr&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgQtRoCdABc_WUuJP8hR8BPDF7rKm5524iRm7SQ_9NveXR7vd5BLh0Rid3WZJPhnMsIF5E6_9CCZRBjLJTQLfeAdaIyHbrKDTblw4i1J_SKf4qOwi0f5mD4zr6mLIB_Nnhh_1WT&sig=AHIEtbQAFkElGfn2sHCefPWxrMFWYSUbDw">"HRVATSKA SREDNJOVJEKOVNA LATINICA"</a>. Hrvatska Srednjovjekovna Latinica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206110409/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:-FfopGzc4sYJ:www.ihjj.hr/images/Izdanja/Rasprave/31_23_susret_Kapetanovic.pdf+amir+kapetanovic+hrvatska+srednjovjekovna+latinica&hl=hr&gl=hr&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgQtRoCdABc_WUuJP8hR8BPDF7rKm5524iRm7SQ_9NveXR7vd5BLh0Rid3WZJPhnMsIF5E6_9CCZRBjLJTQLfeAdaIyHbrKDTblw4i1J_SKf4qOwi0f5mD4zr6mLIB_Nnhh_1WT&sig=AHIEtbQAFkElGfn2sHCefPWxrMFWYSUbDw">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hrvatska+Srednjovjekovna+Latinica&rft.atitle=HRVATSKA+SREDNJOVJEKOVNA+LATINICA&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kapetanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%3A-FfopGzc4sYJ%3Awww.ihjj.hr%2Fimages%2FIzdanja%2FRasprave%2F31_23_susret_Kapetanovic.pdf%2Bamir%2Bkapetanovic%2Bhrvatska%2Bsrednjovjekovna%2Blatinica%26hl%3Dhr%26gl%3Dhr%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEESgQtRoCdABc_WUuJP8hR8BPDF7rKm5524iRm7SQ_9NveXR7vd5BLh0Rid3WZJPhnMsIF5E6_9CCZRBjLJTQLfeAdaIyHbrKDTblw4i1J_SKf4qOwi0f5mD4zr6mLIB_Nnhh_1WT%26sig%3DAHIEtbQAFkElGfn2sHCefPWxrMFWYSUbDw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranko_Fučić1971" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Branko Fučić (September 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=21348">"Najstariji hrvatski glagoljski natpisi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slovo_(journal)" title="Slovo (journal)">Slovo</a> (in Croatian). 21. <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_Institute" title="Old Church Slavonic Institute">Old Church Slavonic Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160703073152/http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=21348">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slovo&rft.atitle=Najstariji+hrvatski+glagoljski+natpisi&rft.volume=21&rft.date=1971-09&rft.au=Branko+Fu%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D21348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danstopicals.com/hvalovzbornik.htm">"Hrvoje's Missal ~ 1403–1404"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301202951/http://www.danstopicals.com/hvalovzbornik.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hrvoje%27s+Missal+~+1403%E2%80%931404&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danstopicals.com%2Fhvalovzbornik.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429165710/http://www.ihjj.hr/oHrJeziku-vinodol-zakon.html">"VINODOLSKI ZAKON (1288)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ihjj.hr/oHrJeziku-vinodol-zakon.html">the original</a> on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VINODOLSKI+ZAKON+%281288%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ihjj.hr%2FoHrJeziku-vinodol-zakon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429165734/http://www.ihjj.hr/oHrJeziku-Istarski-razvod.html">"Istarski Razvod"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ihjj.hr/oHrJeziku-Istarski-razvod.html">the original</a> on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Istarski+Razvod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ihjj.hr%2FoHrJeziku-Istarski-razvod.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011114124/http://zupa-svetoga-antuna-bj.hr/">"Vatikanski hrvatski molitvenik"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zupa-svetoga-antuna-bj.hr/duhovna_misao.php?subaction=showfull&id=1151333873&archive=&start_from=&ucat=2&">the original</a> on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatikanski+hrvatski+molitvenik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zupa-svetoga-antuna-bj.hr%2Fduhovna_misao.php%3Fsubaction%3Dshowfull%26id%3D1151333873%26archive%3D%26start_from%3D%26ucat%3D2%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleksandar_Raič_and_Suzana_Kujundžić_Ostojić2014" class="citation book cs1">Aleksandar Raič and Suzana Kujundžić Ostojić (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7027124">Bunjevci izmed asimilacije i nacionalne zajednice</a>. p. 144. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201181401/https://www.academia.edu/7027124">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022. <q>Bunjevački jezik u javnoj upotribi. Dakle, za onaj jezik za koji mi kažemo jezik, a zvanično je priznat ko dijalekat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bunjevci+izmed+asimilacije+i+nacionalne+zajednice&rft.pages=144&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Aleksandar+Rai%C4%8D+and+Suzana+Kujund%C5%BEi%C4%87+Ostoji%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7027124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHrvatska_katolička_mreža2021" class="citation web cs1">Hrvatska katolička mreža (20 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hkm.hr/vijesti/svijet/ne-postoji-bunjevacki-jezik-nego-bunjevacki-govor/">"Ne postoji bunjevački jezik, nego bunjevački govor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220404001808/https://hkm.hr/vijesti/svijet/ne-postoji-bunjevacki-jezik-nego-bunjevacki-govor/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022. <q>From the scientific and linguistic point of view, we can say that it is a traditional Croatian language. Numerous records speak of this, all Croatian linguists, all world Slavic linguists, and even leading Serbian linguists have never questioned the Croatian origin of the Bunjevac dialect. Željko Jozić</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ne+postoji+bunjeva%C4%8Dki+jezik%2C+nego+bunjeva%C4%8Dki+govor&rft.date=2021-03-20&rft.au=Hrvatska+katoli%C4%8Dka+mre%C5%BEa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhkm.hr%2Fvijesti%2Fsvijet%2Fne-postoji-bunjevacki-jezik-nego-bunjevacki-govor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosip_Lisac2021" class="citation web cs1">Josip Lisac (9 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrvatskarijec.rs/vijest/6221/Novostokavski-ikavski-najveci-je-hrvatski-dijalekt/">"Novoštokavski ikavski najveći je hrvatski dijalekt"</a>. Hrvatska Riječ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125184334/http://www.hrvatskarijec.rs/vijest/6221/Novostokavski-ikavski-najveci-je-hrvatski-dijalekt/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hrvatska+Rije%C4%8D&rft.atitle=Novo%C5%A1tokavski+ikavski+najve%C4%87i+je+hrvatski+dijalekt&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft.au=Josip+Lisac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrvatskarijec.rs%2Fvijest%2F6221%2FNovostokavski-ikavski-najveci-je-hrvatski-dijalekt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731013233/http://www.hrvatskarijec.rs/vijest/6136/Grgo-Baclija:-Bunjevacki-je-govor,-a-ne-jezik/">"Grgo Bačlija: Bunjevački je govor, a ne jezik"</a>. Hrvatska Riječ (in Croatian). 8 March 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrvatskarijec.rs/vijest/6136/Grgo-Baclija:-Bunjevacki-je-govor,-a-ne-jezik/">the original</a> on 31 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hrvatska+Rije%C4%8D&rft.atitle=Grgo+Ba%C4%8Dlija%3A+Bunjeva%C4%8Dki+je+govor%2C+a+ne+jezik&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrvatskarijec.rs%2Fvijest%2F6136%2FGrgo-Baclija%3A-Bunjevacki-je-govor%2C-a-ne-jezik%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/slavic_eurasia_papers/no6/095-119-Kameda.pdf">"Masumi Kameda. Language Ideologies of the Bunjevac Minority in Vojvodina: Historical Backgrounds and the Post-1991 Situation"</a> (PDF). 2014. pp. 95–119. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216115214/https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/slavic_eurasia_papers/no6/095-119-Kameda.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Masumi+Kameda.+Language+Ideologies+of+the+Bunjevac+Minority+in+Vojvodina%3A+Historical+Backgrounds+and+the+Post-1991+Situation&rft.pages=95-119&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsrc-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp%2Fpublictn%2Fslavic_eurasia_papers%2Fno6%2F095-119-Kameda.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitut_za_hrvatski_jezik_i_jezikoslovlje" class="citation web cs1">Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ihjj.hr/clanak/prijedlog-za-proglasenje-bunjevackoga-govora-nematerijalnom-kulturnom-bastinom/7513/">"Prijedlog za proglašenje bunjevačkoga govora nematerijalnom kulturnom baštinom"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306142559/http://ihjj.hr/clanak/prijedlog-za-proglasenje-bunjevackoga-govora-nematerijalnom-kulturnom-bastinom/7513/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022. <q>Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje uputio je Ministarstvu kulture RH prijedlog da se bunjevački govor proglasi hrvatskom nematerijalnom kulturnom baštinom, kao važan čin pomoći bunjevačkomu govoru i svim Bunjevcima u Hrvatskoj i inozemstvu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prijedlog+za+progla%C5%A1enje+bunjeva%C4%8Dkoga+govora+nematerijalnom+kulturnom+ba%C5%A1tinom&rft.au=Institut+za+hrvatski+jezik+i+jezikoslovlje&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fihjj.hr%2Fclanak%2Fprijedlog-za-proglasenje-bunjevackoga-govora-nematerijalnom-kulturnom-bastinom%2F7513%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFajin_Deran,_Ministry_of_Culture_and_Media_of_the_Republic_of_Croatia2021" class="citation web cs1">Fajin Deran, Ministry of Culture and Media of the Republic of Croatia (8 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://min-kulture.gov.hr/vijesti-8/bunjevacki-govori-upisani-u-registar-kulturnih-dobara-republike-hrvatske-kao-nematerijalno-kulturno-dobro/21475">"Bunjevački govori upisani u Registar kulturnih dobara Republike Hrvatske kao nematerijalno kulturno dobro"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109092328/https://min-kulture.gov.hr/vijesti-8/bunjevacki-govori-upisani-u-registar-kulturnih-dobara-republike-hrvatske-kao-nematerijalno-kulturno-dobro/21475">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bunjeva%C4%8Dki+govori+upisani+u+Registar+kulturnih+dobara+Republike+Hrvatske+kao+nematerijalno+kulturno+dobro&rft.date=2021-10-08&rft.au=Fajin+Deran%2C+Ministry+of+Culture+and+Media+of+the+Republic+of+Croatia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmin-kulture.gov.hr%2Fvijesti-8%2Fbunjevacki-govori-upisani-u-registar-kulturnih-dobara-republike-hrvatske-kao-nematerijalno-kulturno-dobro%2F21475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak2018144–145-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak2018144–145_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudak2018">Budak 2018</a>, pp. 144–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvandija1968" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ivandija, Antun (April 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=64623&lang=en">"Pokrštenje Hrvata prema najnovijim znanstvenim rezultatima"</a> [Christianization of Croats according to the most recent scientific results]. Bogoslovska smotra (in Croatian). 37 (3–4). University of Zagreb, Catholic Faculty of Theology: 440–444. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0352-3101">0352-3101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bogoslovska+smotra&rft.atitle=Pokr%C5%A1tenje+Hrvata+prema+najnovijim+znanstvenim+rezultatima&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=440-444&rft.date=1968-04&rft.issn=0352-3101&rft.aulast=Ivandija&rft.aufirst=Antun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D64623%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽivković2013a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87" title="Tibor Živković">Živković, Tibor</a> (2013a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slavica-petropolitana.spbu.ru/files/2013_1/Zivkovic.pdf">"On the Baptism of the Serbs and Croats in the Time of Basil I (867–886)"</a> (PDF). Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana (1): 33–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Slavica+et+Balcanica+Petropolitana&rft.atitle=On+the+Baptism+of+the+Serbs+and+Croats+in+the+Time+of+Basil+I+%28867%E2%80%93886%29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-53&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fslavica-petropolitana.spbu.ru%2Ffiles%2F2013_1%2FZivkovic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> "The right to use the Glagolitic language at Mass with the Roman Rite has prevailed for many centuries in all the south-western Balkan countries, and has been sanctioned by long practice and by many popes" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04606b.htm">Dalmatia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171834/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04606b.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Catholic Encyclopedia) </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Marko Japundzić. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/japun.html">The Croatian Glagolitic Heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810032902/http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/japun.html">Archived</a> 10 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, croatianhistory.net; accessed 25 November 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-census2011-ethnorelig-159"><a href="#cite_ref-census2011-ethnorelig_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/E01_01_12/E01_01_12.html">"4. Population by ethnicity and religion"</a>. Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Croatian Bureau of Statistics">Croatian Bureau of Statistics</a>. December 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+Population%2C+Households+and+Dwellings+2011&rft.atitle=4.+Population+by+ethnicity+and+religion&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dzs.hr%2FEng%2Fcensuses%2Fcensus2011%2Fresults%2Fhtm%2FE01_01_12%2FE01_01_12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roots-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Roots_160-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_van_der_Merwe_(musicologist)" title="Peter van der Merwe (musicologist)">Van der Merwe, Peter</a> (2005). Roots of the Classical, p.227-8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816647-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816647-4">978-0-19-816647-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/croatia-HR?info=elements-on-the-lists">"Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gingerbread+craft+from+Northern+Croatia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Fgingerbread-craft-from-northern-croatia-00356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/spring-procession-of-ljelje-kraljice-queens-from-gorjani-00235#:~:text=The%20Procession%20of%20Queens%20is,on%20their%20heads%20like%20brides.">"Spring procession of Ljelje/Kraljice"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210130156/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/spring-procession-of-ljelje-kraljice-queens-from-gorjani-00235#:~:text=The%20Procession%20of%20Queens%20is,on%20their%20heads%20like%20brides.">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spring+procession+of+Ljelje%2FKraljice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Fspring-procession-of-ljelje-kraljice-queens-from-gorjani-00235%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Procession%2520of%2520Queens%2520is%2Con%2520their%2520heads%2520like%2520brides.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/annual-carnival-bell-ringers-pageant-from-the-kastav-area-00243">"Zvončari, annual carnival bell ringers' pageant from the Kastav area"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208021610/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/annual-carnival-bell-ringers-pageant-from-the-kastav-area-00243">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zvon%C4%8Dari%2C+annual+carnival+bell+ringers%27+pageant+from+the+Kastav+area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Fannual-carnival-bell-ringers-pageant-from-the-kastav-area-00243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists?text=&country%5B%5D=00058&multinational=3&display1=inscriptionID#tabs">"Intangible Cultural Heritage UNESCO-Croatia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117014235/https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists?text=&country%5B%5D=00058&multinational=3&display1=inscriptionID#tabs">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intangible+Cultural+Heritage+UNESCO-Croatia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flists%3Ftext%3D%26country%26%2391%3B%26%2393%3B%3D00058%26multinational%3D3%26display1%3DinscriptionID%23tabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClissoldDarby1968" class="citation book cs1">Clissold, Stephen; Darby, Henry Clifford (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_G43AAAAIAAJ">A short history of Yugoslavia from early times to 1966</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">CUP Archive</a>. pp. 51–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09531-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09531-0"><bdi>978-0-521-09531-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927203725/https://books.google.com/books?id=_G43AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+Yugoslavia+from+early+times+to+1966&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09531-0&rft.aulast=Clissold&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Darby%2C+Henry+Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_G43AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JL-Karlovac-Baroque-167"><a href="#cite_ref-JL-Karlovac-Baroque_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jutarnji.hr/najljepsi-gradovi-sjeverne-hrvatske---karlovac--ozalj--ogulin/877654">"Najljepši gradovi Sjeverne Hrvatske – Karlovac, Ozalj, Ogulin"</a> [The Most Beautiful Cities of the Northern Croatia – Karlovac, Ozalj, Ogulin]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 14 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504001433/http://www.jutarnji.hr/najljepsi-gradovi-sjeverne-hrvatske---karlovac--ozalj--ogulin/877654/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jutarnji+list&rft.atitle=Najljep%C5%A1i+gradovi+Sjeverne+Hrvatske+%E2%80%93+Karlovac%2C+Ozalj%2C+Ogulin&rft.date=2010-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jutarnji.hr%2Fnajljepsi-gradovi-sjeverne-hrvatske---karlovac--ozalj--ogulin%2F877654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPU-Art-Nouveau-168"><a href="#cite_ref-IPU-Art-Nouveau_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarja_Radović_Mahečić2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Darja Radović Mahečić (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721100230/http://www.hart.hr/uploads/documents/354.pdf">"Sekvenca secesije – arhitekt Lav Kalda"</a> [Sequence of the Art Nouveau – Architect Lav Kalda] (PDF). 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Retrieved 10 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radovi+Instituta+Za+Povijest+Umjetnosti&rft.atitle=Sekvenca+secesije+%E2%80%93+arhitekt+Lav+Kalda&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=241-264&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0350-3437&rft.au=Darja+Radovi%C4%87+Mahe%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hart.hr%2Fuploads%2Fdocuments%2F354.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MVPEI-Art-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MVPEI-Art_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MVPEI-Art_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007184122/http://www.mfa.hr/MVP.asp?pcpid=1467">"CROATIAN ART HISTORY – OVERVIEW OF PREHISTORY"</a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia). 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Retrieved 10 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+of+Saint+Donat&rft.pub=Zadar+Tourist+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tzzadar.hr%2Fen%2Fcity-guide%2Fhistorical-monuments%2F23-05-2007%2Fchurch-of-saint-donat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Essehist-Strossmayer-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Essehist-Strossmayer_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavao_Nujić2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pavao Nujić (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=95675">"Josip Juraj Strossmayer – Rođeni Osječanin"</a> [Josip Juraj Strossmayer – Native of Osijek]. Essehist (in Croatian). 2. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Osijek" title="University of Osijek">University of Osijek</a> – Faculty of Philosophy: 70–73. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1847-6236">1847-6236</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213020531/http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=95675">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essehist&rft.atitle=Josip+Juraj+Strossmayer+%E2%80%93+Ro%C4%91eni+Osje%C4%8Danin&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=70-73&rft.date=2011-09&rft.issn=1847-6236&rft.au=Pavao+Nuji%C4%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D95675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KRK-Baška-172"><a href="#cite_ref-KRK-Baška_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502052935/http://www.krk.hr/en/offer/attractions/the_baska_tablet">"The Baška tablet"</a>. Island of Krk Tourist Board. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krk.hr/en/offer/attractions/the_baska_tablet">the original</a> on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ba%C5%A1ka+tablet&rft.pub=Island+of+Krk+Tourist+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krk.hr%2Fen%2Foffer%2Fattractions%2Fthe_baska_tablet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LZMK-173"><a href="#cite_ref-LZMK_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217062534/http://www.lzmk.hr/hr/vijesti-zavoda/iz-medija/524-hrvatska-knjizevnost-u-270000-redaka-vjesnik">"Hrvatska književnost u 270.000 redaka"</a> [Croatian Literature in 270,000 Lines] (in Croatian). <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa_Lexicographical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute">Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute</a>. 11 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lzmk.hr/hr/vijesti-zavoda/iz-medija/524-hrvatska-knjizevnost-u-270000-redaka-vjesnik">the original</a> on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hrvatska+knji%C5%BEevnost+u+270.000+redaka&rft.pub=Miroslav+Krle%C5%BEa+Lexicographical+Institute&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lzmk.hr%2Fhr%2Fvijesti-zavoda%2Fiz-medija%2F524-hrvatska-knjizevnost-u-270000-redaka-vjesnik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-Readerguide-174"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Readerguide_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_D._Kaplan1993" class="citation news cs1">Robert D. Kaplan (18 April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7D91531F93BA25757C0A965958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"A Reader's Guide to the Balkans"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209011431/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7D91531F93BA25757C0A965958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Reader%27s+Guide+to+the+Balkans&rft.date=1993-04-18&rft.au=Robert+D.+Kaplan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F0CE7D91531F93BA25757C0A965958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422063545/http://www.croates.at/haupt/gesch_fr.htm">"HKDC Geschichte – Frame"</a>. Croates.at. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.croates.at/haupt/gesch_fr.htm">the original</a> on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HKDC+Geschichte+%E2%80%93+Frame&rft.pub=Croates.at&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.croates.at%2Fhaupt%2Fgesch_fr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/06/00/tabeng/1/load01_10_0.html">Hungarian Central Statistical Office</a> Population by national/ethnic groups <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414085041/http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/06/00/tabeng/1/load01_10_0.html">Archived</a> 14 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations for 1994: Testimony of members of Congress and other interested individuals and organizations. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs. 1993. p. 690.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Operations%2C+Export+Financing%2C+and+Related+Programs+Appropriations+for+1994%3A+Testimony+of+members+of+Congress+and+other+interested+individuals+and+organizations&rft.pages=690&rft.pub=United+States.+Congress.+House.+Committee+on+Appropriations.+Subcommittee+on+Foreign+Operations%2C+Export+Financing%2C+and+Related+Programs&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Croats_in_North_and_South_America-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Croats_in_North_and_South_America_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304011728/http://www.hia.com.hr/iseljenici/iseljenici01.html">"HIA – iseljenici"</a>. Hia.com.hr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hia.com.hr/iseljenici/iseljenici01.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hia.com.hr&rft.atitle=HIA+%E2%80%93+iseljenici&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hia.com.hr%2Fiseljenici%2Fiseljenici01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVećeslav_Holjevac" class="citation web cs1">Većeslav Holjevac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311054547/http://www.matis.hr/vijesti.php?id=398">"In his book Hrvati izvan domovine estimates the number of Croatian emigrants in South America at 180,000 in 1932"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Heritage_Foundation" title="Croatian Heritage Foundation">Croatian Heritage Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matis.hr/vijesti.php?id=398">the original</a> on 11 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+his+book+Hrvati+izvan+domovine+estimates+the+number+of+Croatian+emigrants+in+South+America+at+180%2C000+in+1932.&rft.pub=Croatian+Heritage+Foundation&rft.au=Ve%C4%87eslav+Holjevac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.matis.hr%2Fvijesti.php%3Fid%3D398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304010544/http://www.hia.com.hr/iseljenici01.html">"The Croatian Emigrant Adresary places the total number of Croats in South America as high as 500,000"</a>. Croatian Emigrant Adresary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hia.com.hr/iseljenici01.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Croatian+Emigrant+Adresary&rft.atitle=The+Croatian+Emigrant+Adresary+places+the+total+number+of+Croats+in+South+America+as+high+as+500%2C000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hia.com.hr%2Fiseljenici01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2021/11/05/chilean-politician-of-croatian-origin-runs-for-presidency/">"Chilean Politician of Croatian Origin Runs for Presidency"</a>. Balkan Insight. 5 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531060823/https://balkaninsight.com/2021/11/05/chilean-politician-of-croatian-origin-runs-for-presidency/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=Chilean+Politician+of+Croatian+Origin+Runs+for+Presidency&rft.date=2021-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2021%2F11%2F05%2Fchilean-politician-of-croatian-origin-runs-for-presidency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanacion.com.ar/espectaculos/rodrigo-lussich-sorprendio-a-todos-y-revelo-el-lazo-familiar-que-lo-une-con-javier-milei-nid20112023/">"Rodrigo Lussich reveló qué lazo familiar lo une a Javier Milei y sorprendió a todos"</a>. La Nación (in Spanish). 22 November 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Naci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Rodrigo+Lussich+revel%C3%B3+qu%C3%A9+lazo+familiar+lo+une+a+Javier+Milei+y+sorprendi%C3%B3+a+todos&rft.date=2023-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanacion.com.ar%2Fespectaculos%2Frodrigo-lussich-sorprendio-a-todos-y-revelo-el-lazo-familiar-que-lo-une-con-javier-milei-nid20112023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudak2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neven_Budak" title="Neven Budak">Budak, Neven</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leykam-international.hr/publikacija.php?id=167">Hrvatska povijest od 550. do 1100</a> [Croatian history from 550 until 1100]. Leykam international. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-340-061-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-340-061-7"><bdi>978-953-340-061-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003170102/https://www.leykam-international.hr/publikacija.php?id=167">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139428880" title="Special:BookSources/9781139428880"><bdi>9781139428880</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927203144/https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Slavs%3A+History+and+Archaeology+of+the+Lower+Danube+Region%2C+c.+500%E2%80%93700&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781139428880&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrcFGhCVs0sYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt">Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521815390" title="Special:BookSources/9780521815390"><bdi>9780521815390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500%E2%80%931250&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521815390&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheasterneuro0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2010" class="citation cs2">Curta, Florin (2010), "The early Slavs in the northern and eastern Adriatic region. 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University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08149-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08149-3"><bdi>978-0-472-08149-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927203727/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. 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Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472025600" title="Special:BookSources/0472025600"><bdi>0472025600</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927203730/https://books.google.com/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. 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Collegium Antropologicum. 28 (1): 193–198. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15636075">15636075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collegium+Antropologicum&rft.atitle=Frequencies+of+mtDNA+Haplogroups+in+Southeastern+Europe-Croatians%2C+Bosnians+and+Herzegovinians%2C+Serbians%2C+Macedonians+and+Macedonian+Romani&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=193-198&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15636075&rft.au=S.+Cvjetan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F8095373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeršakNikšić2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heršak, Emil; Nikšić, Boris (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=28729&lang=en">"Hrvatska etnogeneza: pregled komponentnih etapa i interpretacija (s naglaskom na euroazijske/nomadske sadržaje)"</a> [Croatian Ethnogenesis: A Review of Component Stages and Interpretations (with Emphasis on Eurasian/Nomadic Elements)], Migration and Ethnic Themes (in Croatian), 23 (3), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808010104/http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=28729&lang=en">archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2014, retrieved 10 November 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Migration+and+Ethnic+Themes&rft.atitle=Hrvatska+etnogeneza%3A+pregled+komponentnih+etapa+i+interpretacija+%28s+naglaskom+na+euroazijske%2Fnomadske+sadr%C5%BEaje%29&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Her%C5%A1ak&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft.au=Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87%2C+Boris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D28729%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croats&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Croats" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Croats">Croats</a> at Wikimedia Commons <ul><li>(in Croatian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061109191738/http://www.matica.hr/www/mh2www.nsf/indexNovo">Matica hrvatska</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061109191738/http://www.matica.hr/www/mh2www.nsf/indexNovo">Review of Croatian History</a> at Central and Eastern European Online Library</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020615173248/http://hercegbosna.org/engleski/history.html">"Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina: History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hercegbosna.org/engleski/history.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Croats+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%3A+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhercegbosna.org%2Fengleski%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/14.gif">The Croatian nation at the beginning of the 20th century</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/art.html">Famous Croats and Croatian cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixcroats.com/">Croatians in Arizona</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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Croats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">White Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Croatia" title="White Croatia">White Croatia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Croatia" title="Duchy of Croatia">Medieval duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_city-states" title="Dalmatian city-states">Dalmatian city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs_in_Lower_Pannonia" title="Slavs in Lower Pannonia">Lower Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Croatia" title="Red Croatia">Red Croatia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachlumia" title="Zachlumia">Zachlumia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travunia" title="Travunia">Travunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanalites" title="Kanalites">Kanalites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Medieval kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia" title="Ban of Croatia">Ban of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Slavonia" title="Ban of Slavonia">Ban of Slavonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Personal union with Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Dalmatia" title="Venetian Dalmatia">Venetian Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)">Habsburg kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Austrio-Hungarian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banovina_of_Croatia" title="Banovina of Croatia">Banovina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">'Independent State'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia_(1995%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Croatia (1995–present)">Croatia since 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Croatia–NATO relations">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Croatia" title="Geography of Croatia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Croatia#Climate" title="Geography of Croatia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Croatia" title="List of extreme points of Croatia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Croatia" title="List of islands of Croatia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Croatia" title="List of lakes of Croatia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Croatia" title="List of mammals of Croatia">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Croatia" title="List of mountains in Croatia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Croatia" title="List of protected areas of Croatia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Croatia" title="List of rivers of Croatia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Croatia" title="Topography of Croatia">Topography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Croatia" title="Politics of Croatia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Croatia" title="Administrative divisions of Croatia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia" title="Constitution of Croatia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Croatia" title="Government of Croatia">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Croatia" title="Prime Minister of Croatia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Croatia" title="Human rights in Croatia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Croatia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Croatia" title="Law enforcement in Croatia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Croatia" title="Armed Forces of Croatia">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_(Croatia)" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces (Croatia)">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_(Croatia)" title="Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (Croatia)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Croatian_Parliament" title="Speaker of the Croatian Parliament">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Croatia" title="List of political parties in Croatia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Croatia" title="Elections in Croatia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Croatia" title="Foreign relations of Croatia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_security_and_intelligence_system" title="Croatian security and intelligence system">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of Croatia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_brands" title="Croatian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Croatia" title="Energy in Croatia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croatian_counties_by_GDP" title="List of Croatian counties by GDP">Gross domestic product (GDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Croatia" title="Industry of Croatia">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatian_currency" title="History of Croatian currency">History of currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_and_the_euro" title="Croatia and the euro">The euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Croatia" title="Privatization in Croatia">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb_Stock_Exchange" title="Zagreb Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Croatia" title="Telecommunications in Croatia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Croatia" title="Tourism in Croatia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Croatia" title="Transport in Croatia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Croatia" title="Category:Society of Croatia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Croatia" title="Demographics of Croatia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Croatia" title="Education in Croatia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Croatia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Croatia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Croats" title="Genetic studies on Croats">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Croatia" title="Healthcare in Croatia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Croatia#Languages" title="Demographics of Croatia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Croatia" title="Women in Croatia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Croatia" title="Culture of Croatia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Croatia" title="Architecture of Croatia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_art" title="Croatian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Croatia" title="Cinema of Croatia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Music</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Croatian_checkerboard" title="Croatian checkerboard">Checkerboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia" title="Coat of arms of Croatia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_national_costume" title="Croatian national costume">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Zvonimir" title="Crown of Zvonimir">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Croatia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Croatia">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croatian_flags" title="List of Croatian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_interlace" title="Croatian interlace">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croatian_mottos" title="List of Croatian mottos">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Croats_and_Croatia" title="Names of the Croats and Croatia">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Croatia" title="Outline of Croatia">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Croatia-related_articles" title="Index of Croatia-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Croatia" title="Category:Croatia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Croatia" title="Portal:Croatia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Croatia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Croatia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Croatia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Croatia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Croatia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Croatia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Croatia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Croatia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Croatia">Ethnic groups in Croatia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia#Historical_foundations" title="Constitution of Croatia">Nation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Croats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia#Historical_foundations" title="Constitution of Croatia">National minorities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_of_Croatia" title="Albanians of Croatia">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrians_of_Croatia" title="Austrians of Croatia">Austrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Croatia" title="Bosniaks of Croatia">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Croatia" title="Bulgarians in Croatia">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_of_Croatia" title="Czechs of Croatia">Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Croatia" title="Germans of Croatia">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarians of Croatia">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Croatia" title="Italians of Croatia">Italians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews of Croatia">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_of_Croatia" title="Macedonians of Croatia">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_of_Croatia" title="Montenegrins of Croatia">Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles of Croatia">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia" title="Romani people in Croatia">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanians of Croatia">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_of_Croatia" title="Russians of Croatia">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Serbs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Vukovar" title="Serbs of Vukovar">Vukovar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Zagreb" title="Serbs of Zagreb">Zagreb</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks_of_Croatia" title="Slovaks of Croatia">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes_of_Croatia" title="Slovenes of Croatia">Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks of Croatia">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainians of Croatia">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlachs_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlachs of Croatia">Vlachs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbanasi (group)">Arbanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanians" title="Istro-Romanians">Istro-Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Croatia" title="Portuguese in Croatia">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslavs in Croatia">Yugoslavs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_ethnic_groups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_ethnic_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic ethnic groups</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Creole_people" title="Alaskan Creole people">Alaskan Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Latvia" title="Belarusians in Latvia">Belarusian Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Lithuania" title="Belarusians in Lithuania">Belarusian Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Belarusian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Belarusian Russians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Cossacks" title="Baikal Cossacks">Baikal Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekrasov_Cossacks" title="Nekrasov Cossacks">Nekrasov Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greben_Cossacks" title="Greben Cossacks">Greben Cossacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurans_(Transbaikal_people)" title="Gurans (Transbaikal people)">Gurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyms" title="Karyms">Karyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokan">Molokans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Podlashuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleshuks" title="Poleshuks">Poleshuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryuns" title="Goryuns">Goryuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchadals" title="Kamchadals">Kamchadals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenschik" title="Kamenschik">Kamenschiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polekhs" title="Polekhs">Polekhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeiskie" title="Semeiskie">Semeiskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberians" title="Siberians">Siberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_old-settlers" title="Russian old-settlers">Starozhily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns_of_Romania" title="Rusyns of Romania">Rusyn Romanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podolyans" title="Podolyans">Podolyans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvin#Ethnic_group_in_Ukraine" title="Litvin">Litvins</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/100px-Slavic_europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/150px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/200px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chods" title="Chods">Chods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Gorals" title="Silesian Gorals">Silesian Gorals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gochy" title="Gochy">Gochans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krubans" title="Krubans">Krubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Masurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambers" title="Bambers">Bambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Poles" title="Borderlands Poles">Borderlands Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_River_Poles" title="Bug River Poles">Bug River Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_people" title="Greater Poland people">Greater Poland people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliszans" title="Kaliszans">Kaliszans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavians" title="Kuyavians">Kuyavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Btaks" title="Taśtaks">Taśtaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kociewie#Kociewians" title="Kociewie">Kociewians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurpie" title="Kurpie">Kurpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasovians" title="Lasovians">Lasovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czycans" title="Łęczycans">Łęczycans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_people" title="Lesser Poland people">Lesser Poland people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81owiczans" title="Łowiczans">Łowiczans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Boyars" title="Międzyrzec Boyars">Międzyrzec Boyars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poborzans" title="Poborzans">Poborzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uplanders" title="Polish Uplanders">Polish Uplanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Russian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85cz_Lachs" title="Sącz Lachs">Sącz Lachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradzans" title="Sieradzans">Sieradzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmians_(ethnic_group)" title="Warmians (ethnic group)">Warmians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhrpolen" title="Ruhrpolen">Ruhrpolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Vlachs" title="Cieszyn Vlachs">Cieszyn Vlachs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends_of_Texas" title="Wends of Texas">Texas Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Albania" title="Bosniaks in Albania">Bosniak Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Croatia" title="Bosniaks of Croatia">Bosniak Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Kosovo" title="Bosniaks in Kosovo">Bosniak Kosovars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Montenegro" title="Bosniaks of Montenegro">Bosniak Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Serbia" title="Bosniaks of Serbia">Bosniak Serbians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Bulgarians" title="Anatolian Bulgarians">Anatolian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarians" title="Banat Bulgarians">Banat Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Bulgarians" title="Bessarabian Bulgarians">Bessarabian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Albania" title="Bulgarians in Albania">Bulgarian Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Croatia" title="Bulgarians in Croatia">Bulgarian Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Hungary" title="Bulgarians in Hungary">Bulgarian Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Italy" title="Bulgarians in Italy">Bulgarian Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians" title="Macedonian Bulgarians">Macedonian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Bulgarians" title="Thracian Bulgarians">Thracian Bulgarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Croats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croats" title="Burgenland Croats">Burgenland Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat_Muslims" title="Croat Muslims">Croat Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjevci" title="Janjevci">Janjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krashovani" title="Krashovani">Krashovani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molise_Croats" title="Molise Croats">Molise Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okci" title="Šokci">Šokci</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Albania" title="Macedonians in Albania">Albanian Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonians_in_Bulgaria" title="Ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijaks" title="Mijaks">Mijaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Torbeši</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Ethnic Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resia,_Friuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Resia, Friuli">Resians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Kosovo Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs of North Macedonia">Macedonian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Montenegro" title="Serbs of Montenegro">Montenegrin Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Croatian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Vojvodina" title="Serbs in Vojvodina">Vojvodina Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Muslims" title="Serb Muslims">Serb Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopi" title="Shopi">Shopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Slovenes" title="Carinthian Slovenes">Carinthian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes_of_Croatia" title="Slovenes of Croatia">Croatian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovenes" title="Hungarian Slovenes">Hungarian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy" title="Slovene minority in Italy">Italian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovenes" title="Prekmurje Slovenes">Prekmurje Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavia_Friulana" title="Slavia Friulana">Venetian Slavs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a></li></ul> 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167420#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167420#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4033244-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85034196">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116970&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533418405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10646261">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croats&oldid=1259780536">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croats&oldid=1259780536</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Croat_people" title="Category:Croat people">Croat people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Croatia" title="Category:Society of Croatia">Society of Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Croatia" 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[\"CITEREFCurta2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurta2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCvjetan_et_al.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaphne_Winland2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarja_Radović_Mahečić2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimnik2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDvornik1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDvornik1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDzino2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabijanić2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFajin_Deran,_Ministry_of_Culture_and_Media_of_the_Republic_of_Croatia2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarkas2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFer_Projekt,_Put_Murvice_14,_Zadar,_Hrvatska,_+385_98_212_96_00,_www.fer-projekt.com\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFóthiGonzalezFehér2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGluhak1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGnjidić_Krnić2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGračanin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeather2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeka2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeršakNikšić2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHrvatska_katolička_mreža2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFI._H._GaripzanovP._GearyP._Urbanczyk2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstitut_za_hrvatski_jezik_i_jezikoslovlje\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvandija1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshua_Project\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosip_Lisac2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapetanović2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapiteliTaonga\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrasić2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKushniarevichKassian2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._Barać2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevinsonDavid1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipovac2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Peričić2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarty1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatasović2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMršić2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO.M._Utevska2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlaldeCarrión2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmrčanin1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPamjavFehérNémethKoppány_Csáji2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaquin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavao_Nujić2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrimorac_et_al.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRalph_et_al.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaukar1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_D._Kaplan1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_IrelandJSTOR_(Organization)1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Rootsi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnderhill2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV._Battaglia2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVedriš2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVećeslav_Holjevac\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVukovich2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfram2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZanger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŽivković2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŽivković2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŽivković2013a\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bare URL inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation\"] = 16,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 66,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section end\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Croatia topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Croatian Census 2011\"] = 2,\n [\"Croatian saints\"] = 1,\n [\"Croats\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Croatia\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 35,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvard citation text\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 4,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 11,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 13,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 2,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Note label\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref label\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 12,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Slavic ethnic groups\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","500","25.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","17.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.1"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","60","3.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","3.1"],["[others]","340","17.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-74f675c4bb-llkhd","timestamp":"20241130110903","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Croats","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Croats","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q167420","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q167420","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-09T09:49:04Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T00:37:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9b\/Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg","headline":"South-Slavic ethnic group"}</script> </body> </html>