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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Highest orders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Highest_orders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Highest orders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Highest_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ollam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ollam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ollam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ollam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ollamh_Érenn_(Ireland)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ollamh_Érenn_(Ireland)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span><i>Ollamh Érenn</i> (Ireland)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ollamh_Érenn_(Ireland)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ollamh_rig_Alban_(Scotland)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ollamh_rig_Alban_(Scotland)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span><i>Ollamh rig Alban</i> (Scotland)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ollamh_rig_Alban_(Scotland)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Do_gairm_rig_(Dal_Riata)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Do_gairm_rig_(Dal_Riata)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span><i>Do gairm rig</i> (Dal Riata)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Do_gairm_rig_(Dal_Riata)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenneth_MacAlpin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenneth_MacAlpin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Kenneth MacAlpin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenneth_MacAlpin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seanchaí" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seanchaí"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Seanchaí</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seanchaí-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fear_of_satire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fear_of_satire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fear of satire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fear_of_satire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Irish_storytelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_storytelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Irish storytelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_storytelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Irish poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bérla_na_filed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bérla_na_filed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span><i>Bérla na filed</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bérla_na_filed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elite_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elite_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Elite scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elite_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Oral tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Web</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filid" title="Filid – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filid" title="Filid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Filid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filid" title="Filid – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Filid" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filid" title="Filid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Filid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC" title="필리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fili_(dichter)" title="Fili (dichter) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fili (dichter)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filidowie" title="Filidowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filidowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Филид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Филид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fili" title="Fili – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fili" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filidh" title="Filidh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filidh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Філід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-MOS plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-mos" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs editing to <b>comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit">improve the content</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of poets in Ireland and Scotland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fili_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fili (disambiguation)">Fili (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>< <b>fili</b> > (plural: <i>filid</i>, <i>filidh</i>).<br />..."Member of a privileged<br />powerful caste of poets,<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diviner#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:diviner">diviners</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seer#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:seer">seers</a> in early Ireland.<br />To be distinguished from the<br />lower-status <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">brehon</a>...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004223_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004223-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/James_MacKillop_(author)" title="James MacKillop (author)">James MacKillop</a></cite></div> </div> <p>The <b>fili</b> (or <i>filè</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Hyde_filla_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyde_filla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fili_or_filè_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fili_or_filè-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Old Irish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[/ˈfʲilʲi/]</a></span>), plural <b>filid</b>, <b>filidh</b> (or filès), was a member of an elite class of poets in <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Ireland</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Scotland</a>, up until the <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacKillop_poet_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKillop_poet-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The filid were believed to have the power of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>, and therefore able to foresee, foretell, predict – important events.<sup id="cite_ref-MacKillop_esoteric_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKillop_esoteric-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an early society where most people were illiterate – including its hierarchy of chieftains, sub-kings and kings – the <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> was an important means of communicating current news and historical events.<sup id="cite_ref-Coleman_250_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coleman_250-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coleman_kings_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coleman_kings-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As both a poet and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/storyteller#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:storyteller">storyteller</a>, the fili would hope to gain a professional reputation for the authenticity and reliability of their information.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>fili</i> likely derives from <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">primitive Irish</a> ᚃᚓᚂᚔᚈᚐᚄ]VELITAS]; from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> *weleti ("to see"); and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *wel- ("to see, perceive").<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An etymology from PIE <i>welo- </i> is offered by Matasović.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes: "The semantic development of Olr.fil was from 'Lo, behold' (lmpv. of <i>*wel-o-</i> 'see') to 'there is'. Olr.file [d m] 'poet' is a derivative from this root (cf. Ogam Gen. sg. VELITAS). The original meaning was 'seer', PCelt. <i><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/wel%C4%ABts#Descendants">*wel-et-</a></i>." </p><p><br /> The word "fili" is thought to derive from the Proto-Celtic <i>*widluios</i>, meaning "seer, one who sees" (attested on the <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> inscription from Larzac as "uidluias", which is the feminine genitive singular form), derived ultimately from the verb <i>*widlu-</i>, "to see". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Highest_orders">Highest orders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Highest orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ollam">Ollam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ollam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ollam" title="Ollam">Ollam</a></div> <p>There were seven orders of <i>fili</i>, the highest order being the <i><a href="/wiki/Ollam" title="Ollam">ollam</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hyde_filla_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyde_filla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which required at least 12 years of training.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ollam were required to commit to memory 250 major tales and 350 minor ones. <sup id="cite_ref-Coleman_250_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coleman_250-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ollamh_Érenn_(Ireland)"><span id="Ollamh_.C3.89renn_.28Ireland.29"></span><i>Ollamh Érenn</i> (Ireland)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ollamh Érenn (Ireland)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ollamh_%C3%89renn" title="Ollamh Érenn">Ollamh Érenn</a></div> <p>The <i>Ollamh Érenn</i> was the master poet of <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> (the whole of Ireland "<i>beyond <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">The Pale</a></i>"). There was a hierarchy of master poets: </p> <ol><li>Each <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">túath</a> (tribal territory) had its own ollam.</li> <li>Each province had a head ollam above the túath ollams.</li> <li>The <i>Ollamh Érenn</i> was the head ollam above all others.</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG/220px-Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG/330px-Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG/440px-Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption><i>An Ollaimh Righ</i> at the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a> as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Scots">King of Scots</a>, 1249.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ollamh_rig_Alban_(Scotland)"><span id="Ollamh_rig_Alban_.28Scotland.29"></span><i>Ollamh rig Alban</i> (Scotland)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ollamh rig Alban (Scotland)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">medieval Scotland</a> the <i>Ollamh rig Alban</i> – 'Master poet of Scotland' – was an important member of the kings court. Whenever a new king was <a href="/wiki/Inauguration" title="Inauguration">inaugurated</a>, it was necessary for the Ollamh rig to recite the future kings <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a>, in order to verify his legitimate right to succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Phrase </th> <th>English </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ollamh rig Alban</i> </td> <td>Master poet of Scotland </td> <td><<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Alba#Scottish_Gaelic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Alba"><i>Alba</i></a>> Scotland </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>An Ollaimh Righ</i> </td> <td>The master poet of the king </td> <td><<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/r%C3%ACgh#Scottish_Gaelic" class="extiw" title="wikt:rìgh"><i>rìgh</i></a>> king </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Do gairm rig</i> </td> <td>Proclamation of the king </td> <td><<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gairm#Scottish_Gaelic" class="extiw" title="wikt:gairm"><i>gairm</i></a>> <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclamation</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_Dunadd_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Scotland_Dunadd_1.jpg/220px-Scotland_Dunadd_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Scotland_Dunadd_1.jpg/330px-Scotland_Dunadd_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Scotland_Dunadd_1.jpg/440px-Scotland_Dunadd_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>Footprint used in king-making ceremonies, <a href="/wiki/Dunadd" title="Dunadd">Dunadd</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Do_gairm_rig_(Dal_Riata)"><span id="Do_gairm_rig_.28Dal_Riata.29"></span><i>Do gairm rig</i> (Dal Riata)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Do gairm rig (Dal Riata)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration" title="Inauguration">inauguration</a> ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Scone,_Scotland#Traditional_coronation_site" title="Scone, Scotland">Scone</a> beside the <a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">River Tay</a> in Scotland, including the recital of the future kings ancestry, probably originated from the <a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Hill of Tara</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">County Meath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those traditions were introduced into Scottish <a href="/wiki/Dal_Riata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Riata">Dal Riata</a> – from Irish Dal Riata – where the ceremony was known as <i>do gairm rig</i> ..."Proclamation of the king".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dal Riata community later moved east to the <a href="/wiki/Perthshire" title="Perthshire">Perthshire</a> region of Scotland, following <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Viking</a> attacks on the west coast in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kenneth_MacAlpin">Kenneth MacAlpin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kenneth MacAlpin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viking attacks on the north east coast of Pictland resulted in a power vacuum,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an opportunity for <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth MacAlpin</a> to become the first leader of both Dal Riata and Pictland.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new royal power base and <a href="/wiki/Inauguration" title="Inauguration">inauguration</a> site was created at <a href="/wiki/Scone,_Scotland#Traditional_coronation_site" title="Scone, Scotland">Scone</a> beside the <a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">River Tay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seanchaí"><span id="Seancha.C3.AD"></span>Seanchaí</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Seanchaí"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></div> <p>The term <i>poet</i> is misleading, because the filid were also <i><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">seanchaí</a></i> – historians – who advised chieftains and kings on political matters.<sup id="cite_ref-MacKillop_poet_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKillop_poet-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coleman_kings_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coleman_kings-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The filid were believed to have the power of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>, and therefore able to foresee, foretell, predict – important events.<sup id="cite_ref-MacKillop_esoteric_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKillop_esoteric-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fear_of_satire">Fear of satire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fear of satire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>poet</i> is misleading, because the filid had extraordinary power and influence over the kings and political leaders who sponsored them. It was important for leaders to treat the filid with respect, and to reward them handsomely, in order to get good quality information on current affairs. The filid had the ability to portray their sponsors in a positive or negative way, and to influence neighbouring leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the darker and more extreme end of the scale – if leaders failed to treat the filid with due respect – they ran the risk of satire – a kind of blackmail – whereby the filid might <a href="/wiki/Ridiculous" title="Ridiculous">ridicule</a> them in front of neighbouring leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>u<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The filid were believed to have the power of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>, and therefore able to foresee, foretell, predict – important events. It was also feared that they might have the power to <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">influence future events</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>w<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_storytelling">Irish storytelling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Irish storytelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tales regaled by the <i>filid</i> were classified as:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2022146_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2022146-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> </th> <th style="text-align:left">English </th> <th class="unsortable"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>togla</i> </td> <td>destructions </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%A1in#Irish" class="extiw" title="wikt:táin"><i>tana</i></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding#Ireland_&_Britain" title="Cattle raiding">cattle raids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tochmarc#Old_Irish" class="extiw" title="wikt:tochmarc"><i>tochmarca</i></a> </td> <td>wooings </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cath#Old_Irish" class="extiw" title="wikt:cath"><i>catha</i></a> </td> <td>battles </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%BAath#Old_Irish" class="extiw" title="wikt:úath"><i>uatha</i></a> </td> <td>terrors </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/imram#Old_Irish" class="extiw" title="wikt:imram"><i>immrama</i></a> </td> <td>voyages </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>aite</i> </td> <td>deaths </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>fessa</i> </td> <td>feasts </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>forbassa</i> </td> <td>sieges </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>echtrae</i> </td> <td>adventure journeys </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/athadh#Irish" class="extiw" title="wikt:athadh"><i>aitheda</i></a> </td> <td>elopements </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>airgne</i> </td> <td>plunderings </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_poetry">Irish poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Irish poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Irish poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bérla_na_filed"><span id="B.C3.A9rla_na_filed"></span><i>Bérla na filed</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bérla na filed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Bérla na filed</i> – "language of the poets" – was possibly an esoteric mix of:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elite_scholars">Elite scholars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Elite scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Textbook of Irish Literature</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Hull" title="Eleanor Hull">Eleanor Hull</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <i>file</i> is to be regarded as in the earliest times as combining in his person the functions of magician, lawgiver, judge, counsellor to the chief, and poet. Later, but still at a very early time, the offices seem to have been divided, the <a href="/wiki/Brehon_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Brehon law">brehons</a> devoting themselves to the study of law, and the giving of legal decisions, the druids arrogating to themselves the supernatural functions, with the addition, possibly of some priestly offices, and the <i>filí</i> themselves being henceforth principally as poets and philosophers. The division seems to have already existed in Ireland at the time of St Patrick, whose preaching brought him into constant opposition with the druids, who were evidently, at that time, regarded as the religious leaders of the nation, though there does not seem to be much sign that they were, as they undoubtedly were, even at an earlier age in Britain and Gaul, sacrificing priests.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_tradition">Oral tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Oral tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fili maintained an <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral tradition</a> that predated the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Christianisation</a> of Ireland. In this tradition, poetic and musical forms are important not only for <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, but also for their <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> value. The tradition allowed plenty of room for improvisation and personal expression, especially in regard to creative <a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">hyperbole</a> and clever <a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">kenning</a>. However, the culture placed great importance on the fili's ability to pass stories and information down through the generations without making changes in those elements that were considered factual rather than embellishment. </p><p>In this manner, a significant corpus of pre-Christian <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">myth and epic literature</a> remained largely intact many centuries into the Christian era. Much of it was first recorded in writing by scholarly Christian <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">monks</a>. The synergy between the rich and ancient indigenous oral literary tradition and the classical tradition resulted in an explosion of monastic literature that included epics of war, love stories, nature poetry, <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">saint tales</a> and so forth which collectively resulted in the largest corpus of non-Latin literature seen in Europe since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ultimate accommodation of Christianity within Irish Gaelic society resulted in a strain on the resources of the Chiefs and in that they were required to provide land and titles for both fili and bishop alike. Consequently, a decision was made in the 6th century to limit the number of fili to certain families who were respected and believed to be poets as a birthright. The greatest of these families included the <a href="/wiki/%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Ó Dálaigh">Ó Dálaigh</a> (O'Daly), several of whom were accorded the rank of 'chief <a href="/wiki/Ollamh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ollamh">ollamh</a> of poetry of all Ireland,' and <a href="/wiki/%C3%93_hUiginn" title="Ó hUiginn">Ó hUiginn</a> (O'Higgins) who were hereditary filí in more than one Gaelic house such as O'Conor Slighit, The MacDermotts, The McDonagh and O'Doherty. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Cobhthaigh" title="Ó Cobhthaigh">Ó Cobhthaigh</a> (Coffey's) were known as the fili of Uisneach. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Maolconaire" title="Ó Maolconaire">Ó Maol Chonaire</a> were chiefly <a href="/wiki/Ollamh_S%C3%ADol_Muireadaigh" title="Ollamh Síol Muireadaigh">Ollamhs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADol_Muireadaigh" title="Síol Muireadaigh">Síol Muireadhaigh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Conchubhair_Donn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Conchubhair Donn">Ó Conchubhair Donn</a> and the <a href="/wiki/MacDermot" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDermot">MacDermot</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magh_Luirg" title="Magh Luirg">Moylurg</a>, although this family was also associated with Ulster and spread from Connacht into the courts of Munster and Leinster. Finally the <a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh" title="Ó Cléirigh">Ó Cléirighs</a> who served the O'Donnel chieftains of Tír Connell. </p><p>The hereditary poets that were a fixture of court life in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">medieval Ireland</a> serving as entertainers, advisors and <a href="/wiki/Genealogists" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogists">genealogists</a> maintained practices of and enjoyed a similar status as the pre-Christian fili. But from the 12th century onwards, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Ireland">Anglo-Norman</a> elements had increasing influence on Irish society. As <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> culture waned, these folk became increasingly involved with written literature and such non-native traditions as <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>. Nonetheless in Gaelic society the chief filí of the province, or <a href="/wiki/Ollamh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ollamh">Ollamh</a>, was seen as equal status to the Ard-rí, or High King. This high social status existed right into <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a> times, when English nobility were horrified to see the Gaelic chieftains not just eating at the same table as their poets, but often from the same dish. Eventually <a href="/wiki/Classical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical literature">classical literature</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">Romantic literature</a> that grew from the <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">langue d'oc</a> superseded the material that would have been familiar to the ancient fili. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many manuscripts preserving the tales once transmitted by the fili have survived. This literature contributes much to the modern understanding of <a href="/wiki/Druids" class="mw-redirect" title="Druids">druids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic religion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic world</a> in general. </p><p>Besides its value to historians, this canon has contributed a great deal to modern literature beginning with retellings by <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a> and other authors involved with the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a>. Soon after, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> drew from material less explicitly. Now <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy art">art</a> draws heavily from these tales and characters such as <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAchulainn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cúchulainn">Cúchulainn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fionn_mac_Cumhaill" title="Fionn mac Cumhaill">Finn McCool</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a> are relatively familiar. </p><p>Through such traditional musicians as <a href="/wiki/Turlough_O%27Carolan" title="Turlough O'Carolan">Turlough O'Carolan</a> (who died in 1738 and is often lauded as "the last of the bards") and countless of his less-known or anonymous colleagues, the musical tradition of the fili has made its way to contemporary ears via artists such as <a href="/wiki/Planxty" title="Planxty">Planxty</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Chieftains" title="The Chieftains">The Chieftains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Dubliners" title="The Dubliners">The Dubliners</a>. </p><p>In their subject matter and techniques, the <a href="/wiki/Seanachie" class="mw-redirect" title="Seanachie">seanachie</a> are considered the inheritors of the ancient Irish tradition of oral literature.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic words for "poet" are derived from <i>fili</i>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a>: <b>fili</b>, plural <b>filid</b></li> <li>Modern Irish: <b>file</b>, plural <b>filí</b><sup id="cite_ref-fili_old_new_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fili_old_new-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>y<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <b>filidh</b>, plural <b>filidhean</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx Gaelic">Manx Gaelic</a>: <b>feelee</b></li></ul> <p>Finally, practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism">Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism</a> are working to reconstruct trance and visionary techniques that were used by the <i>filid</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Imbas_forosnai" title="Imbas forosnai">imbas forosnai</a></i> and aspects of the <i>tarbhfeis</i> ritual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contention_of_the_bards" title="Contention of the bards">Contention of the bards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedd" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorsedd">Gorsedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsode" title="Rhapsode">Rhapsode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanachie" class="mw-redirect" title="Seanachie">Seanachie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004223-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004223_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004223_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004223_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004223_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004223_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacKillop2004">MacKillop 2004</a>, pp. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde191329-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde191329_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyde1913">Hyde 1913</a>, pp. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2022146-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2022146_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2022146_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2022146_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2022146_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2022">Coleman 2022</a>, pp. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMatasović2009" class="citation book cs1">Matasović, Ranko (2009). <i>Leiden indo-European Etymological Divtionary series ;9</i>. Leiden: Leiden: Brill. p. 412.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leiden+indo-European+Etymological+Divtionary+series+%3B9&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Leiden%3A+Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Matasovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ranko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman202232-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman202232_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman202232_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2022">Coleman 2022</a>, pp. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoffat2017193-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoffat2017193_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoffat2017">Moffat 2017</a>, pp. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman202227-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman202227_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2022">Coleman 2022</a>, pp. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2014150–151-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster2014150–151_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster2014150–151_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster2014150–151_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster2014">Foster 2014</a>, pp. 150–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoffat2017115-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoffat2017115_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoffat2017">Moffat 2017</a>, pp. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman202242-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman202242_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2022">Coleman 2022</a>, pp. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman202266-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman202266_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman202266_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman202266_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2022">Coleman 2022</a>, pp. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman20225-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman20225_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2022">Coleman 2022</a>, pp. 5.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Web">Web</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Web"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1905" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Kuno (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zcph.1905.5.1.482/pdf">"Three poems in bérla na filed"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie</i>. <b>5</b>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzcph.1905.5.1.482">10.1515/zcph.1905.5.1.482</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Celtische+Philologie&rft.atitle=Three+poems+in+b%C3%A9rla+na+filed.&rft.volume=5&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzcph.1905.5.1.482&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Kuno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fzcph.1905.5.1.482%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaureen_Donachie2014" class="citation web cs1">Maureen Donachie (21 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/culture/community/The-Seanachie-keeper-of-Irelands-rich-folklore-heritage.html">"Seanachies: keepers of Ireland's rich folklore heritage"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seanachies%3A+keepers+of+Ireland%27s+rich+folklore+heritage&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft.au=Maureen+Donachie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Fculture%2Fcommunity%2FThe-Seanachie-keeper-of-Irelands-rich-folklore-heritage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hyde_filla-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hyde_filla_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyde_filla_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Hyde – <i>Irish Literature</i><br />..."There were two kinds of poets known to the early Gael, the principle of those was called the filè (filla); there were seven grades of filès, the most exalted being called an ollamh (ollav) ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde191329_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde191329-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fili_or_filè-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fili_or_filè_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historians prefer to use the <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <i>fili</i> rather than <i>filè</i> – to avoid confusion with modern Irish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/file#Irish" class="extiw" title="wikt:file"><i>file</i></a> – which has a different meaning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKillop_poet-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacKillop_poet_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacKillop_poet_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> MacKillop – <i>Celtic Mythology</i><br />..."The simple translation of "poet" is misleading, as much of the writing of the fili in his guise as <a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">senchaid</a> (historian) was in prose ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004223_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004223-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKillop_esoteric-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacKillop_esoteric_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacKillop_esoteric_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> MacKillop – <i>Celtic Mythology</i><br />..."the fili might use an esoteric language ...his craft was <i>filidecht</i> ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004223_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004223-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also wiktionary:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> < <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filidecht#Old_Irish" class="extiw" title="wikt:filidecht">filidecht</a> > ..."poetry, <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman_250-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_250_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_250_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Coleman – <i>Áedán of the Gaels...</i><br />..."According to medieval Irish manuscripts, the <a href="/wiki/Ollam" title="Ollam">highest grade of poets</a> had to commit to memory 250 major tales and 350 minor ones ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2022146_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2022146-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman_kings-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_kings_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_kings_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Coleman – <i>Áedán of the Gaels...</i><br />..."the audience for these primary tales were chieftains and kings ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2022146_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2022146-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Coleman – <i>Áedán of the Gaels...</i><br />..."Early professional story tellers were highly honoured and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peripatetic#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:peripatetic">peripatetic</a>, carrying tales from one kingdom to another...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2022146_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2022146-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also wiktionary: English <<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perceive#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:perceive">perceive</a>> <ol><li>"To become aware of, to see; to understand.</li> <li>"To interpret something in a particular way.</li></ol> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> MacKillop – <i>Dictionary of Celtic Mythology</i><br />..."Of the seven orders of <b>fili</b>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ollam" title="Ollam">ollam</a></i> is the highest and most often cited ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004223_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004223-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> MacKillop – <i>Dictionary of Celtic Mythology</i><br />..."Trained for at least 12 years in rigorous mental exercise ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004223_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004223-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Coleman – <i>Áedán of the Gaels...</i><br />..."the <i>Ollamh rig Alban</i>, 'master poet of Scotland', was a vital component of the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration" title="Inauguration">inauguration</a> of national monachs here up to the installation of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a> in 1249 ..."a Highlander came forward to bless Alexander and declare him as king of Scotland. Then he proclaimed the rulers lineage in a role which was doubtless a survival of the ceremonial's which took place long before in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman202232_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman202232-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Moffat – <i>Scotland, A History...</i><br />..."no delays could be allowed and the seven year old <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a> was quickly <a href="/wiki/Inauguration" title="Inauguration">inaugurated</a> at Scone on 13 July 1249. There exists an illustration of the moment in the ceremony when <i>An Ollaimh Righ</i> stood forward to recite the young kings <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> and thereby assert his right to succeed ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoffat2017193_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoffat2017193-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Coleman – <i>Áedán of the Gaels...</i><br />..."The pagan ceremony in one part of Ireland, where the king was ritually mated to his land (<i>Feis Temro</i>, the Feast of Tara) took place for the last time in the year 560 ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman202232_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman202232-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Coleman – <i>Áedán of the Gaels...</i><br />..."The Inauguration of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed%C3%A1n_mac_Gabr%C3%A1in" title="Áedán mac Gabráin">Áedán</a> ...The chief poet of the kingdom will have advanced to exclaim the name and ancestry of this ruler. This solemn proclamation, called <i>do gairm rig</i>, would formally give Áedán sovereignty. His bare foot would be placed into the hollow of the living rock ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman202227_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman202227-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster – <i>Picts, Gaels and Scots</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Cinaid mac Ailpin</a> ..."but the Gaels may also have been impelled to move east due to the pressure of <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Viking</a> attacks on <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a> ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster2014150–151_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2014150–151-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster – <i>Picts, Gaels and Scots</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Cinaid mac Ailpin</a> ..."His ambitions were helped by the fact that many of the Pictish nobles had been wiped out in a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_839" title="Battle of 839">battle with the Vikings in 839</a> ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster2014150–151_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2014150–151-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Moffat – <i>Scotland, A History...</i><br />..."While bards and <a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">seannachies</a> attempted to legitimise <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth MacAlpin</a>'s claim to the united throne as they sang of his glorious descent from the hero kings of the <a href="/wiki/Cen%C3%A9l_nGabr%C3%A1in" title="Cenél nGabráin">Cenél nGabráin</a> ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoffat2017115_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoffat2017115-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster – <i>Picts, Gaels and Scots</i><br />..."Conceivably it was <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Cinaid mac Ailpin</a> who chose to cultivate the Pictish centre at <a href="/wiki/Scone,_Scotland#Traditional_coronation_site" title="Scone, Scotland">Scone</a> to become a new royal power base and <a href="/wiki/Inauguration" title="Inauguration">inauguration</a> site. Certainly, in 849 he invested a church, thought to be <a href="/wiki/Dunkeld" title="Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a>, with some of <a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">St Columba's</a> relics from <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a> ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster2014150–151_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2014150–151-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Coleman – <i>Áedán of the Gaels...</i><br />..."Medieval poets in both Ireland and Wales were prone at times to extend the realistic influence of their patrons to magnify their importance ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman202242_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman202242-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Coleman – <i>Áedán of the Gaels...</i><br />..."Should the lord or king fail to show appropriate welcome to the poets, or incur their displeasure otherwise, he might be subjected to their satire ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman202266_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman202266-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Coleman – <i>Áedán of the Gaels...</i><br />..."the saint had a dispute with a poet and <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">druid</a> named Diarmait ...The <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Connacht" title="List of kings of Connacht">king of Connacht</a> refused to pronounce against the powerful druid, fearful of his threat of satire ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman20225_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman20225-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Coleman – <i>Áedán of the Gaels...</i><br />..."dangerous effects of satire, specifically the power of poets to cause ulcers and deformity on the subject of their contempt, if indeed he did not immediately die ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman202266_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman202266-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Coleman – <i>Áedán of the Gaels...</i><br />..."There may have been growing dissent between the poets and the royal sponsors they preyed upon...When they were threatened with expulsion...<a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Colum Cille</a> defended the 'wise men of Ireland' ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman202266_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman202266-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fili_old_new-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fili_old_new_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare Old Irish – Modern Irish <ol><li>Old Irish < <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fili#Old_Irish" class="extiw" title="wikt:fili">fili</a> > has no fada.</li> <li>Modern Irish < <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fil%C3%AD#Irish" class="extiw" title="wikt:filí">filí</a> > with <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent#Stress" title="Acute accent"><i>síneadh fada</i></a>.</li></ol> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%AD&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2022" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, Keith (2022). <i>Áedán of the Gaels: King of the Scots</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books" title="Pen and Sword Books">Pen and Sword Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1526794901" title="Special:BookSources/978-1526794901"><bdi>978-1526794901</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%81ed%C3%A1n+of+the+Gaels%3A+King+of+the+Scots&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1526794901&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%AD" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2014" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Sally M. (2014). <i>Picts, Gaels and Scots: Early Historic Scotland</i>. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Birlinn_(publisher)" title="Birlinn (publisher)">Birlinn</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780271910" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780271910"><bdi>978-1780271910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Picts%2C+Gaels+and+Scots%3A+Early+Historic+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1780271910&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Sally+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%AD" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKillop2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_MacKillop_(author)" title="James MacKillop (author)">MacKillop, James</a> (2004). <i>Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860967-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860967-1"><bdi>0-19-860967-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Celtic+Mythology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-860967-1&rft.aulast=MacKillop&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%AD" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoffat2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Moffat" title="Alistair Moffat">Moffat, Alistair</a> (2017). <i>Scotland, A History from Earliest Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/Birlinn_(publisher)" title="Birlinn (publisher)">Birlinn</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780274386" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780274386"><bdi>978-1780274386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%2C+A+History+from+Earliest+Times&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1780274386&rft.aulast=Moffat&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%AD" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobleEvans2022" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022). <i>The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North</i>. <a href="/wiki/Birlinn_(publisher)" title="Birlinn (publisher)">Birlinn</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780277783" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780277783"><bdi>978-1780277783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Picts%3A+Scourge+of+Rome%2C+Rulers+of+the+North&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1780277783&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Evans%2C+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%AD" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde" title="Douglas Hyde">Hyde, Douglas</a> (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Irish_Literature" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Irish Literature">Irish Literature</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irish+Literature&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%AD" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <ul><li><i>This article incorporates text from </i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Dwelly" title="Edward Dwelly">Dwelly's</a> [Scottish] Gaelic Dictionary<i> (1911)</i>. 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