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class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Drafting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drafting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_ideas_of_the_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_ideas_of_the_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Main ideas of the speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_ideas_of_the_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhetorical_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhetorical_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rhetorical elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhetorical_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invited_guests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invited_guests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Invited guests</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Invited_guests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Invited guests subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Invited_guests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Former_presidents_and_first_ladies_in_attendance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_presidents_and_first_ladies_in_attendance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Former presidents and first ladies in attendance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_presidents_and_first_ladies_in_attendance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parade_to_the_White_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parade_to_the_White_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Parade to the White House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parade_to_the_White_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Kennedy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investidura_presidencial_de_John_F._Kennedy_en_1961" title="Investidura presidencial de John F. Kennedy en 1961 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Investidura presidencial de John F. Kennedy en 1961" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investidura_presidencial_de_John_F._Kennedy" title="Investidura presidencial de John F. Kennedy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Investidura presidencial de John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelantikan_John_F._Kennedy" title="Pelantikan John F. Kennedy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelantikan John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discorso_d%27insediamento_di_John_F._Kennedy" title="Discorso d'insediamento di John F. Kennedy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Discorso d'insediamento di John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%92%27%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="השבעתו של ג'ון פיצג'רלד קנדי לנשיאות ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השבעתו של ג'ון פיצג'רלד קנדי לנשיאות ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelantikan_John_F._Kennedy" title="Pelantikan John F. Kennedy – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pelantikan John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posse_de_John_F._Kennedy" title="Posse de John F. Kennedy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Posse de John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Инаугурация Джона Кеннеди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инаугурация Джона Кеннеди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Инаугурација председника Џона Кенедија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Инаугурација председника Џона Кенедија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E7%94%98%E8%BF%BA%E8%BF%AA%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%B0%B1%E8%81%B7%E7%A6%AE" title="約翰甘迺迪總統就職禮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" 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vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Presidential inauguration of<br />John F. Kennedy</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jfk_inauguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Jfk_inauguration.jpg/240px-Jfk_inauguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Jfk_inauguration.jpg/360px-Jfk_inauguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Jfk_inauguration.jpg/480px-Jfk_inauguration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="552" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">January 20, 1961<span class="noprint">; 64 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1961-01-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organized by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_Inaugural_Ceremonies#1961_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies">Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data attendee" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a><br />35th president of the United States<br /><i>— Assuming office</i><br /><hr /><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a><br /><i>— Administering oath</i><br /><hr /><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a><br />37th vice president of the United States<br /><i>— Assuming office</i><br /><hr /><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the United States House of Representatives</a><br /><i>— Administering oath</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid;"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1957</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963 (extraordinary)</a> →</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy,_White_House_color_photo_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1417" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">John F. Kennedy</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-109#Under_Kennedy's_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109">Military service in WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Electoral history of John F. Kennedy">Electoral history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept">Why England Slept</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage">Profiles in Courage</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants">A Nation of Immigrants</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">35th President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of John F. Kennedy">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Transition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inauguration</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Tenure</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of executive actions by John F. Kennedy">Executive actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_administration" title="Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration">Foreign policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_University_speech" title="American University speech">"A Strategy of Peace"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">Civil Rights Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space programs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury program">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini program">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Appointments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy#Administration" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy">Judges</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidential campaign</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Media coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_rifle" title="John F. Kennedy assassination rifle">Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Autopsy of John F. Kennedy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">dignitaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Eternal Flame</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Legacy</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of things named after John F. Kennedy">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy#Historical_evaluations_and_legacy" title="John F. Kennedy">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy">Cultural depictions</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy's signature"><img alt="John F. Kennedy's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/John_F_Kennedy_Signature_2.svg/150px-John_F_Kennedy_Signature_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/John_F_Kennedy_Signature_2.svg/225px-John_F_Kennedy_Signature_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/John_F_Kennedy_Signature_2.svg/300px-John_F_Kennedy_Signature_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_F._Kennedy_series" title="Template:John F. Kennedy series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_F._Kennedy_series" title="Template talk:John F. Kennedy series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_F._Kennedy_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John F. Kennedy series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">inauguration</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> as the 35th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> was held on Friday, January 20, 1961, at the East Portico of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> This was the 44th inauguration and marked the commencement of John F. Kennedy's and <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>'s only term as president and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>. Kennedy was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassinated</a> 2 years, 306 days into this term, and Johnson succeeded to the presidency. </p><p>Kennedy had narrowly defeated <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, the incumbent vice president, in the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">presidential election</a>. Kennedy was the first <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> to become president, the youngest person elected to the office, and the first person born in the 20th century to serve as U.S. president.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Yorker_Frost_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker_Frost-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His inaugural address encompassed the major themes of his <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">campaign</a> and would define his <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of John F. Kennedy">presidency</a> during a time of economic prosperity, emerging social changes, and diplomatic challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This inauguration was the first in which a poet, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a>, participated in the program. </p><p>For this inauguration, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_Inaugural_Ceremonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies">Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies</a> was chaired by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">John Sparkman</a>, and included Senators <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hayden" title="Carl Hayden">Carl Hayden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Styles Bridges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">John W. McCormack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Charles A. Halleck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sinatra_inaugural_ball">Sinatra inaugural ball</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sinatra inaugural ball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy_Inaugural_Ball,_20_January_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/John_F._Kennedy_Inaugural_Ball%2C_20_January_1961.jpg/250px-John_F._Kennedy_Inaugural_Ball%2C_20_January_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/John_F._Kennedy_Inaugural_Ball%2C_20_January_1961.jpg/375px-John_F._Kennedy_Inaugural_Ball%2C_20_January_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/John_F._Kennedy_Inaugural_Ball%2C_20_January_1961.jpg/500px-John_F._Kennedy_Inaugural_Ball%2C_20_January_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2962" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Kennedy">Jacqueline Kennedy</a>, wearing a gown designed by Ethel Franken of <a href="/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman" title="Bergdorf Goodman">Bergdorf Goodman</a>, arrive at inaugural ball on the evening of Inauguration Day.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:22em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>[Sinatra's ball] may have marked the moment when popular entertainment became an indispensable part of modern politics. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Todd_Purdum" class="mw-redirect" title="Todd Purdum">Todd S. Purdum</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, Feb. 2011<sup id="cite_ref-purdum201102_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdum201102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PopHistory_Gala_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopHistory_Gala-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lawford" title="Peter Lawford">Peter Lawford</a> organized and hosted a <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inaugural_balls" title="United States presidential inaugural balls">pre-inaugural ball</a> at the <a href="/wiki/D.C._Armory" title="D.C. Armory">D.C. Armory</a> on the eve of Inauguration day, January 19, 1961, considered one of the biggest parties ever held in the history of Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-purdum201102_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdum201102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PopHistory_Gala_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopHistory_Gala-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinatra recruited many Hollywood stars who performed and attended, and went as far as convincing <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway theatres</a> to suspend their shows for the night to accommodate some of their actors attending the gala.<sup id="cite_ref-PopHistory_Gala_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopHistory_Gala-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With tickets ranging from $100 per person to $10,000 per group, Sinatra hoped to raise $1.7 million ($17.3 million in today's dollars) for the Democratic Party to eliminate its debt brought on by a hard-fought campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-purdum201102_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdum201102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PopHistory_Gala_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopHistory_Gala-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Hollywood stars gave brief speeches or performed acts, rehearsed by <a href="/wiki/Kay_Thompson" title="Kay Thompson">Kay Thompson</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Edens" title="Roger Edens">Roger Edens</a>, and stayed at the <a href="/wiki/Capital_Hilton" title="Capital Hilton">Statler-Hilton Hotel</a> where preparations and rehearsals were photographed by <a href="/wiki/Phil_Stern" title="Phil Stern">Phil Stern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PopHistory_Gala_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopHistory_Gala-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performances and speeches included <a href="/wiki/Fredric_March" title="Fredric March">Fredric March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Curtis" title="Tony Curtis">Tony Curtis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janet_Leigh" title="Janet Leigh">Janet Leigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Dana_(comedian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Dana (comedian)">Bill Dana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Berle" title="Milton Berle">Milton Berle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Durante" title="Jimmy Durante">Jimmy Durante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a>, and Sinatra himself. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a>, a long-time friend of Sinatra, supporter of the Democratic Party, and member of the <a href="/wiki/Rat_Pack" title="Rat Pack">Rat Pack</a>, was asked by John F. Kennedy not to attend the gala at the behest of his father <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Kennedy">Joseph</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-purdum201102_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdum201102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fearing that his <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> actress <a href="/wiki/May_Britt" title="May Britt">May Britt</a> was too controversial for the time and occasion, much to Sammy's and Sinatra's dismay.<sup id="cite_ref-purdum201102_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdum201102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PopHistory_Gala_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopHistory_Gala-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davis had already postponed his wedding to Britt until after the election, also at the request of the Kennedy campaign via Sinatra.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davis eventually switched his support to the Republican Party and Richard Nixon in the early 1970s. Harry Belafonte expressed sadness at the controversy, stating "It was the ambassador, [but] we didn't know that until after. Sammy not being there was a loss."<sup id="cite_ref-purdum201102_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdum201102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the ball, Kennedy spoke to thank Sinatra on the festivities and his support of the Democratic Party throughout his life and the 1960 campaign, adding "The happy relationship between the arts and politics which has characterized our long history I think reached culmination tonight."<sup id="cite_ref-PopHistory_Gala_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopHistory_Gala-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacqueline retired to the White House before the ball ended at 1:30 am (ET), and John went to a second pre-inaugural ball hosted by his father <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Kennedy">Joseph Kennedy</a>, and would finally return to the White House at around 3:30 am.<sup id="cite_ref-PopHistory_Gala_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopHistory_Gala-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_inaugural_nor'easter"><span id="The_inaugural_nor.27easter"></span>The inaugural nor'easter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The inaugural nor'easter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/January_1961_nor%27easter" title="January 1961 nor'easter">January 1961 nor'easter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_Johnson_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nixon_Johnson_1961.jpg/170px-Nixon_Johnson_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Nixon_Johnson_1961.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Nixon and successor Johnson on Inauguration Day</figcaption></figure> <p>A major winter storm occurred the day before the inauguration, with temperatures at 20 °F (−7 °C) and snowfall at 1–2 inches (2.5–5.1 cm) per hour<sup id="cite_ref-Inauguration_Weather_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inauguration_Weather-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a total of 8 inches (20 cm) during the night,<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_NWS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_NWS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing transportation and logistical problems in Washington and serious concern for the inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-Inauguration_Weather_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inauguration_Weather-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_NWS_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_NWS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kocin_Uccellini_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kocin_Uccellini-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On inauguration day, January 20, 1961, the skies began to clear but the snow created chaos in Washington, almost canceling the inaugural parade.<sup id="cite_ref-Inauguration_Weather_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inauguration_Weather-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was put in charge of clearing the streets during the evening and morning before the inauguration, and were assisted by more than 1,000 District of Columbia employees and 1,700 <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Inauguration_Weather_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inauguration_Weather-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This task force employed hundreds of dump trucks, front-end loaders, sanders, plows, rotaries, and flamethrowers to clear the route.<sup id="cite_ref-Inauguration_Weather_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inauguration_Weather-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 1,400 cars which had been stranded due to the conditions and lack of fuel had to be removed from the parade route along <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">Pennsylvania Avenue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Inauguration_Weather_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inauguration_Weather-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The snowstorm dropped visibility at <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington National Airport">Washington National Airport</a> to less than half a mile,<sup id="cite_ref-Inauguration_Weather_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inauguration_Weather-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preventing former president <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> from flying into Washington and attending the inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inauguration_proceedings">Inauguration proceedings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inauguration proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Kennedy_inaugural_address_(color).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/President_Kennedy_inaugural_address_%28color%29.jpg/350px-President_Kennedy_inaugural_address_%28color%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/President_Kennedy_inaugural_address_%28color%29.jpg/525px-President_Kennedy_inaugural_address_%28color%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/President_Kennedy_inaugural_address_%28color%29.jpg/700px-President_Kennedy_inaugural_address_%28color%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>View of the extended East Front of the Capitol where the inauguration was held. President Kennedy is in the center delivering his inaugural address, with Vice President Johnson and official and invited guests sitting behind him.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before proceeding to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a> in company with outgoing president <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, Kennedy went to a morning <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> at <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Catholic_Church_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Holy Trinity Catholic Church (Washington, D.C.)">Holy Trinity Catholic Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Georgetown, Washington, D.C.">Georgetown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-purdum201102_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdum201102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cushing" title="Richard Cushing">Richard Cushing</a> gave the <a href="/wiki/Prayers_at_United_States_presidential_inaugurations" title="Prayers at United States presidential inaugurations">invocation at the inaugural</a> which lasted for 12 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Newdow_v_Bush_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newdow_v_Bush-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional prayers were recited by <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_America" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America">Archbishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Iakovos_of_America" title="Archbishop Iakovos of America">Iakovos</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Reverend</a> Dr. John Barclay of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Christian_Church_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Central Christian Church (Austin, Texas)">Central Christian Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Berakhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Berakhah">blessing</a> was offered by <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Glueck" title="Nelson Glueck">Nelson Glueck</a>. The invocation and prayers lasted a total of 28 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Newdow_v_Bush_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newdow_v_Bush-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a> sang "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>", and a composition by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> titled "Fanfare for the Inauguration of John F. Kennedy" was played. </p><p>The oath of office for vice president was administered by <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a> to Lyndon Johnson.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked the first time a House speaker administered the oath, which had been given in previous inaugurations by either the <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">president pro tempore of the Senate</a>, the outgoing vice president, or a United States senator.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a>, then 86 years old,<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_Inaugural_Firsts_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_Inaugural_Firsts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boston_50_anniversary_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boston_50_anniversary-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recited his poem "<a href="/wiki/The_Gift_Outright" title="The Gift Outright">The Gift Outright</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-tuten_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuten-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Frost_1963_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Frost_1963-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy requested Frost to read a poem at the inauguration, suggesting "The Gift Outright",<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Frost_1963_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Frost_1963-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Frost_1961_poem_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Frost_1961_poem-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poets.org_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poets.org-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considered an act of gratitude towards Frost for his help during the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Poets.org_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poets.org-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy would later state that he admired the "courage, the towering skill and daring" of Frost, and adding that "I've never taken the view the world of politics and the world of poetry are so far apart. I think politicians and poets share at least one thing, and that is their greatness depends upon the courage with which they face the challenges of life."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Frost_1963_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Frost_1963-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American poet <a href="/wiki/William_Morris_Meredith_Jr." title="William Morris Meredith Jr.">William Meredith</a> would say that the request "focused attention on Kennedy as a man of culture, as a man interested in culture."<sup id="cite_ref-Poets.org_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poets.org-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; border-width: 2px; color: #202122;background-color: Cornsilk;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: Cornsilk;"><u>For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration</u></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>The glory of a next Augustan age<br /> Of a power leading from its strength and pride,<br /> Of young ambition eager to be tried,<br /> Firm in our free beliefs without dismay,<br /> In any game the nations want to play.<br /> A golden age of poetry and power<br /> Of which this noonday's the beginning hour. </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Closing seven lines from Robert Frost's poem<br />"For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration",<br />the expanded version of "Dedication".<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_Frost_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today_Frost-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Frost composed a new poem titled <i>Dedication</i> specifically for the ceremony as a <a href="/wiki/Preface" title="Preface">preface</a> to the poem Kennedy suggested,<sup id="cite_ref-Boston_50_anniversary_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boston_50_anniversary-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poets.org_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poets.org-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the surprise of Kennedy's friends.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_Udall_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC_Udall-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the morning of the inauguration, Frost asked <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Udall" title="Stewart Udall">Stewart Udall</a>, Kennedy's future <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a>, to have his handwritten draft <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">type scripted</a> for easier reading, to which Udall obliged.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_Udall_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC_Udall-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once at the presidential podium, however, the glare of the sun and snow prevented him from reading his papers.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Frost_1963_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Frost_1963-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LOC_treasures_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC_treasures-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Frost started reading, he stumbled on the first three lines, squinting at his papers in view of the crowd and cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Frost_1963_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Frost_1963-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vice President Johnson tried to assist by using his top hat as a shade, however Frost waved the offer aside, took the hat and jokingly said "I'll help you with that", sparking laughter and applause from the crowd and President Kennedy. Understanding the immediacy of the situation, Frost stated to the microphones that "this [the poem] was to have been a preface to a poem which I do not have to read",<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Frost_1961_poem_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Frost_1961_poem-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and began to recite "The Gift Outright" from memory<sup id="cite_ref-Boston_50_anniversary_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boston_50_anniversary-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Frost_1963_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Frost_1963-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LOC_treasures_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC_treasures-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the "nearly one million people in the nation's capital".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marks the first time a poem was read at a presidential inauguration, <a href="/wiki/Poems_at_United_States_presidential_inaugurations" class="mw-redirect" title="Poems at United States presidential inaugurations">a feature repeated</a> by future presidents <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">1993</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Second inauguration of Bill Clinton">1997</a>), <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">2009</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">2013</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">2021</a>) at their respective ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_Inaugural_Firsts_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_Inaugural_Firsts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poems_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poems-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frost gave the type scripted version of the undelivered "Dedication" poem to Udall after the ceremony, who eventually donated the document to the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> where it is stored today.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LOC_Udall_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC_Udall-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original manuscript version, personally dedicated by Frost, was provided to the president and currently held by the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_Frost_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today_Frost-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JFKlibrary_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFKlibrary-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy's wife <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Kennedy">Jacqueline</a> framed this manuscript version, writing on the back of the frame: <i>For Jack. First thing I had framed to be put in your <a href="/wiki/Oval_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Oval office">office</a>. First thing to be hung there.</i><sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_Frost_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today_Frost-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JFKlibrary_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFKlibrary-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frost officially presented the poem, retitled to <i>For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration</i> and expanded from 42 to 77 lines, to Kennedy in March 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Frost_1963_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Frost_1963-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unread poem (published in 1962 as part of Frost's <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Clearing" title="In the Clearing">In the Clearing</a></i> poetry collection) was finally recited at the U.S. Capitol by Chaplain Daniel P. Coughlin during the 50th anniversary celebrations of Kennedy's inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-Boston_50_anniversary_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boston_50_anniversary-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oath_of_office">Oath of office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oath of office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">oath of office of the president</a> was administered to Kennedy by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> using a closed family <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> at 12:51 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Time Zone (North America)">ET</a>) although he officially became president at the stroke of noon.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-one_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy did not wear an overcoat when taking the oath of office and delivering the inaugural address, despite the cold conditions of 22 °F (−6 °C) with <a href="/wiki/Windchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Windchill">windchill</a> at 7 °F (−14 °C) at noon.<sup id="cite_ref-Inauguration_Weather_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inauguration_Weather-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_NWS_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_NWS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_Obama_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_Obama-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inaugural_address">Inaugural address</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inaugural address"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/John_F._Kennedy_Inauguration_Speech.ogv/220px--John_F._Kennedy_Inauguration_Speech.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="931" data-mwtitle="John_F._Kennedy_Inauguration_Speech.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy_Inauguration_Speech.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/John_F._Kennedy_Inauguration_Speech.ogv/John_F._Kennedy_Inauguration_Speech.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/John_F._Kennedy_Inauguration_Speech.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/John_F._Kennedy_Inauguration_Speech.ogv/John_F._Kennedy_Inauguration_Speech.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/John_F._Kennedy_Inauguration_Speech.ogv/John_F._Kennedy_Inauguration_Speech.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/John_F._Kennedy_Inauguration_Speech.ogv/John_F._Kennedy_Inauguration_Speech.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/John_F._Kennedy_Inauguration_Speech.ogv/John_F._Kennedy_Inauguration_Speech.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJohn_F._Kennedy_Inauguration_Speech.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of John F. Kennedy being sworn in as <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">thirty-fifth</a> president of the United States, and delivering his inaugural address.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_inaugural_address.ogg" title="File:JFK inaugural address.ogg">Inaugural address of John F. Kennedy</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="841" data-mwtitle="JFK_inaugural_address.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/JFK_inaugural_address.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/JFK_inaugural_address.ogg/JFK_inaugural_address.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJFK_inaugural_address.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Audio of John F. Kennedy giving his inaugural address. (Duration:14 minutes)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Immediately after reciting the oath of office, President Kennedy turned to address the crowd gathered at the Capitol. His 1366-word<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inaugural address, the first delivered to a televised audience in color,<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_Inaugural_Firsts_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_Inaugural_Firsts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is considered one of the best presidential inaugural speeches in American history.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Two_authors_ask_not_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Two_authors_ask_not-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Generation" title="Greatest Generation">new generation</a> of Americans—born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage—and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-JFKinaugaddress_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFKinaugaddress-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.<sup id="cite_ref-JFKinaugaddress_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFKinaugaddress-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drafting">Drafting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Drafting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFKInauguralInscriptionGravesite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/JFKInauguralInscriptionGravesite.jpg/220px-JFKInauguralInscriptionGravesite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/JFKInauguralInscriptionGravesite.jpg/330px-JFKInauguralInscriptionGravesite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/JFKInauguralInscriptionGravesite.jpg/440px-JFKInauguralInscriptionGravesite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The most famous passage from the inaugural address is etched in stone at <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Kennedy's gravesite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a> in the background.</figcaption></figure><p> The speech was crafted by Kennedy and his speech writer <a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Ted Sorensen</a>. Kennedy had Sorensen study President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a> as well as other inaugural speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-JFK_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFK-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy began collecting thoughts and ideas for his inauguration speech in late November 1960. He took suggestions from various friends, aides and counselors, including suggestions from clergymen for biblical quotations. Kennedy then made several drafts using his own thoughts and some of those suggestions.<sup id="cite_ref-NARA_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NARA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy included in his speech several suggestions made by Harvard economist <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> and by the former Democratic presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a>. Kennedy's line "Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate." is nearly identical to Galbraith's suggestion "We shall never negotiate out of fear. But we shall never fear to negotiate." Stevenson's suggestion "if the free way of life doesn't help the many poor of this world it will never save the few rich." was the basis for Kennedy's line "If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_ideas_of_the_speech">Main ideas of the speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Main ideas of the speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kennedy came into power at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> with the difficult goals of maintaining peaceful international relations and representing the United States as a strong global force. These themes dominated his inaugural address. Kennedy highlighted the newly discovered dangers of nuclear power and the accelerating <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a>, making the point that a focus on firepower should be replaced with a focus on international relations and helping the impoverished of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to speechwriter <a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Ted Sorensen</a>, the most important sentence in the speech, expressing the core of Kennedy's policy, was: "For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sorensen revealed in 2007 that John F. Kennedy had five objectives in mind with his speech, all of which, according to Sorensen, were achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-20070422TheGuardianSorensen_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20070422TheGuardianSorensen-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sorensen called Kennedy's speech "wise and courageous" and concluded: "Kennedy's inaugural address was world-changing, heralding the commencement of a new American administration and foreign policy determined upon a peaceful victory in the west's long cold war struggle with the Soviet Union over the world's future direction. [...] It was a statement of core values - his and the nation's at that time - that he very much believed needed to be conveyed."<sup id="cite_ref-20070422TheGuardianSorensen_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20070422TheGuardianSorensen-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhetorical_elements">Rhetorical elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rhetorical elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The central theme of the speech is the relationship between duty and power.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is emphasized by the strong use of juxtaposition in the first part of the speech: "... Man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life". Similarly, in the fifth passage, he says: "United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is little we can do." Both passages appeal to the idea of refocusing international values.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, after exhorting "both sides" to action, he calls on all of "us" "to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle ... against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself,"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the phrase "long twilight struggle" came to be associated with the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> struggle against communism.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kairos" title="Kairos">Kairos</a> – to say or do what is fitting in a given situation – is a main component of classical <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> and is used prominently in this address.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy recognized the American people's anxiety about the Cold War and chose an optimistic tone. He accomplishes this by talking about the future, and repeats the phrase "Let both sides ..." to indicate a way to deal with strained relations while appealing to the goal of international unity. He also phrases negative ideas as opportunities—a challenge, appealing to innately American ideals. In the fourth from last passage he states, "In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger". </p><p>It was also in his inaugural address that John F. Kennedy spoke his famous words, "ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." This use of <a href="/wiki/Antimetabole" title="Antimetabole">antimetabole</a> can be seen even as a thesis statement of his speech—a call to action for the public to do what is right for the greater good. This may be an elegant rephrasing of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s acceptance speech at the <a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 Democratic National Convention</a>: <i>"To some generations much is given. Of other generations much is expected. This generation of Americans has a rendezvous with destiny."</i><sup id="cite_ref-fdrDNC1936_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fdrDNC1936-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also similar to Supreme Court justice Oliver Wendell Holmes' 1884 Memorial Day speech, in which Holmes said, "[Memorial Day] is now the moment when by common consent we pause to become conscious of our national life and to rejoice in it, to recall what our country has done for each of us, and to ask ourselves what we can do for the country in return."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invited_guests">Invited guests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Invited guests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with official presidential guests and honorees, including former presidents, vice presidents, cabinet members, and other Washington officials, the Kennedys invited famous men and women of the arts, including <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Behan" title="Brendan Behan">Brendan Behan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rothko" title="Mark Rothko">Mark Rothko</a>, and fashion icon and future <i><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a></i> editor <a href="/wiki/Diana_Vreeland" title="Diana Vreeland">Diana Vreeland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-purdum201102_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdum201102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congressman <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a> sat next to wealthy Boston businessman George Kara:<sup id="cite_ref-purdum201102_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdum201102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O'Neill recalled that Kara had nudged him and said, "Years from now, historians will wonder what was on the young man's mind as he strode to take his oath of office. I bet he's asking himself how George Kara got such a good seat." That night, O'Neill and his wife danced over to the president's box at the ball in the Mayflower Hotel to congratulate him, and sure enough, Kennedy asked, "Was that George Kara sitting beside you?" O'Neill told Kennedy what Kara had said, and J.F.K replied, "Tip, you'll never believe it. I had my left hand on the Bible and my right hand in the air, and I was about to take the oath of office, and I said to myself, 'How the hell did Kara get that seat?'"</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_presidents_and_first_ladies_in_attendance">Former presidents and first ladies in attendance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Former presidents and first ladies in attendance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower" title="Mamie Eisenhower">Mamie Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry S Truman">Harry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bess_Truman" title="Bess Truman">Bess Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wilson" title="Edith Wilson">Edith Wilson</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parade_to_the_White_House">Parade to the White House</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parade to the White House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A vast parade along <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="Pennsylvania Avenue">Pennsylvania Avenue</a> followed the inauguration ceremony, bearing the new president from Capitol Plaza to the White House. Upon his arrival, Kennedy mounted a reviewing stand shared with honored guests such as former president <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> and former first ladies <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wilson" title="Edith Wilson">Edith Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>. Throngs of onlookers and millions of television viewers also watched the procession; it took three hours to pass by. Sixteen thousand members of the US armed forces marched with displays of modern weaponry like the <a href="/wiki/Minuteman_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Minuteman missile">Minuteman missile</a> and the supersonic <a href="/wiki/B-70_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="B-70 bomber">B-70 bomber</a>. A further sixteen thousand marchers were civilians ranging from federal and state officials to high school bands and <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts</a>, accompanied by forty <a href="/wiki/Float_(parade)" title="Float (parade)">floats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kennedy's inauguration marked many firsts for the United States. Kennedy was the first Catholic inaugurated as commander-in-chief.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the inauguration, Kennedy, then 43, was the youngest elected president and was replacing the oldest president in American history at that time, Eisenhower.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The age difference and visual impact of the turnover from Eisenhower's presence to Kennedy's was noticeable at the inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_Obama_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_Obama-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ike_Phase_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ike_Phase-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to have been inaugurated as president.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Yorker_Frost_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker_Frost-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The claim that Kennedy did not wear a hat to his inauguration, and so single-handedly killed the men's hat industry,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snopes_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snopes-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is false.<sup id="cite_ref-snopes_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snopes-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dude_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dude-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy wore a <a href="/wiki/Top_hat" title="Top hat">top hat</a> to the inauguration and to the balls in the evening, removing it only to be sworn in and give his address. He in fact restored the tradition, after Eisenhower broke with it by wearing a <a href="/wiki/Homburg_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homburg (hat)">homburg</a> instead of a top hat to both of his inaugurations.<sup id="cite_ref-snopes_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snopes-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson, at his inauguration in 1965, was the first president to go completely hatless.<sup id="cite_ref-snopes_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snopes-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dude_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dude-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-New_Yorker_Frost-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Yorker_Frost_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Yorker_Frost_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrouch2011" class="citation news cs1">Crouch, Ian (20 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2011/01/robert-frost-and-jfk-fifty-years-later.html">"Robert Frost and J.F.K., Fifty Years Later"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Robert+Frost+and+J.F.K.%2C+Fifty+Years+Later&rft.date=2011-01-20&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fonline%2Fblogs%2Fbooks%2F2011%2F01%2Frobert-frost-and-jfk-fifty-years-later.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragdon1998" class="citation book cs1">Bragdon, Henry W. (1998). <i>History of a Free Nation</i>. New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+a+Free+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Glencoe%2FMcGraw-Hill&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bragdon&rft.aufirst=Henry+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/44th-inaugural-ceremonies/">"44TH INAUGURAL CEREMONIES"</a>. United States Senate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=44TH+INAUGURAL+CEREMONIES&rft.pub=United+States+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inaugural.senate.gov%2F44th-inaugural-ceremonies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-purdum201102-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-purdum201102_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purdum201102_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purdum201102_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purdum201102_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purdum201102_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purdum201102_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purdum201102_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purdum201102_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purdum201102_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurdum2011" class="citation news cs1">Purdum, Todd (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanityfair.com/society/features/2011/02/kennedy-201102?currentPage=all">"From That Day Forth"</a>. <i>Vanity Fair</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=From+That+Day+Forth&rft.date=2011-02&rft.aulast=Purdum&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fsociety%2Ffeatures%2F2011%2F02%2Fkennedy-201102%3FcurrentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopHistory_Gala-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopHistory_Gala_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopHistory_Gala_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopHistory_Gala_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopHistory_Gala_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopHistory_Gala_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopHistory_Gala_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopHistory_Gala_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopHistory_Gala_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2011" class="citation web cs1">Doyle, Jack (21 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pophistorydig.com/?p=9542">"The Jack Pack, Pt. 2: 1961–2008"</a>. <i>PopHistoryDig.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PopHistoryDig.com&rft.atitle=The+Jack+Pack%2C+Pt.+2%3A+1961%E2%80%932008&rft.date=2011-08-21&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pophistorydig.com%2F%3Fp%3D9542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsStadiem,_William2003" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, George; Stadiem, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mrs00geor"><i>Mr. S.: The Last Word on Frank Sinatra</i></a>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-051516-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-051516-3"><bdi>0-06-051516-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+S.%3A+The+Last+Word+on+Frank+Sinatra&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-06-051516-3&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Stadiem%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmrs00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inauguration_Weather-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inauguration_Weather_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inauguration_Weather_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inauguration_Weather_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inauguration_Weather_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inauguration_Weather_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inauguration_Weather_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inauguration_Weather_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inauguration_Weather_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamenow2009" class="citation news cs1">Samenow, Jason (January 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716094501/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/capitalweathergang/2009/01/inauguration_weather_the_case.html">"Inauguration Weather: The Case of Kennedy"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/capitalweathergang/2009/01/inauguration_weather_the_case.html">the original</a> on July 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Inauguration+Weather%3A+The+Case+of+Kennedy&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft.aulast=Samenow&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2Fcapitalweathergang%2F2009%2F01%2Finauguration_weather_the_case.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA_NWS-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_NWS_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_NWS_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_NWS_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erh.noaa.gov/lwx/Historic_Events/Inauguration/Inauguration.html">"Presidential Inaugural Weather: Worst Traffic Jam - 1961"</a>. <i>U.S. National Weather Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Weather+Service&rft.atitle=Presidential+Inaugural+Weather%3A+Worst+Traffic+Jam+-+1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erh.noaa.gov%2Flwx%2FHistoric_Events%2FInauguration%2FInauguration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kocin_Uccellini-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kocin_Uccellini_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_J._Kocin_and_Louis_W._Uccellini2004" class="citation book cs1">Paul J. Kocin and Louis W. 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John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/white%20house%20diary/1961/January/20">the original</a> on January 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+House+Diaries&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Fwhite%2520house%2520diary%2F1961%2FJanuary%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Kennedy Was in Office Despite Delay in Oath". <i>The New York Times</i>. January 21, 1961. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kennedy+Was+in+Office+Despite+Delay+in+Oath&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1961-01-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_Obama-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_Obama_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_Obama_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://100days.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/kennedys-words-obamas-challenge/">"Kennedy's Words, Obama's Challenge"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Education/Teachers/Curricular-Resources/~/media/assets/Education%20and%20Public%20Programs/Education/Lesson%20Plans/Analyzing%20the%20Inaugural%20Address.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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I did not learn much from those speeches (except for FDR's first inaugural), but I learned a great deal from Lincoln's ten sentences.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ted+Sorensen+on+Abraham+Lincoln%3A+A+Man+of+His+Words&rft.date=2008-10&rft.aulast=Sorensen&rft.aufirst=Theodore+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fted-sorensen-on-abraham-lincoln-a-man-of-his-words-12048177%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NARA-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NARA_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Archives_and_Records_Administration" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/jfk_inaugural_address.html#">"John F. Kennedy's inaugural address, 1961"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+F.+Kennedy%27s+inaugural+address%2C+1961&rft.au=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Famerican_originals_iv%2Fsections%2Fjfk_inaugural_address.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130418063557/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Education/Teachers/Curricular-Resources/~/media/assets/Education%20and%20Public%20Programs/Education/Lesson%20Plans/Rhetoric%20of%20the%20Inaugural%20Address.pdf">"Analyzing the Rhetoric of JFK's Inaugural Address"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of Education and Public Programs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</i>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Education/Teachers/Curricular-Resources/~/media/assets/Education%20and%20Public%20Programs/Education/Lesson%20Plans/Rhetoric%20of%20the%20Inaugural%20Address.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Education+and+Public+Programs%2C+John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft.atitle=Analyzing+the+Rhetoric+of+JFK%27s+Inaugural+Address&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2FEducation%2FTeachers%2FCurricular-Resources%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fassets%2FEducation%2520and%2520Public%2520Programs%2FEducation%2FLesson%2520Plans%2FRhetoric%2520of%2520the%2520Inaugural%2520Address.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address". Bartleby.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2007" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, David (May 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZHBjw2YRrcC&dq=theodore+sorensen+beyond+doubt&pg=PT75"><i>Brothers: The Hidden History of the Kennedy Years</i></a>. London: Simon & Schuster UK Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847395856" title="Special:BookSources/9781847395856"><bdi>9781847395856</bdi></a>. <q>Looking back, Ted Sorensen, Kennedy's essential collaborator, saw nothing contradictory about the inaugural address. It embodied, he said, Kennedy's fundamental philosophy of peace through strength. "The line in the inaugural address that is the most important is not 'Ask not what your country can do for you.' It's 'For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt that can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.' That was the Kennedy policy in a nutshell. He wasn't for unilaterial disarmament-on the contrary, he wanted to build an overwhelming nuclear advantage, so we'd never have to use them, the Soviets would never dare to challenge us."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brothers%3A+The+Hidden+History+of+the+Kennedy+Years&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+UK+Ltd.&rft.date=2007-05-08&rft.isbn=9781847395856&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZHBjw2YRrcC%26dq%3Dtheodore%2Bsorensen%2Bbeyond%2Bdoubt%26pg%3DPT75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20070422TheGuardianSorensen-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-20070422TheGuardianSorensen_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-20070422TheGuardianSorensen_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTed_Sorensen2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Ted Sorensen</a> (April 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/apr/22/greatspeeches1">"Great speeches of the 20th century: The Kennedys. Ted Sorenson: JFK's inaugural address was world-changing"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210815074816/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/apr/22/greatspeeches1">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Great+speeches+of+the+20th+century%3A+The+Kennedys.+Ted+Sorenson%3A+JFK%27s+inaugural+address+was+world-changing&rft.date=2007-04-22&rft.au=Ted+Sorensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F2007%2Fapr%2F22%2Fgreatspeeches1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Timeless Speech: A Close Textual Analysis of John F. Kennedy's Inaugural". Biane.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Text Analysis, John F. Kennedy, 1961." Cruz.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurston_Clarke2010" class="citation book cs1">Thurston Clarke (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4AzVmQl_UPcC&pg=PT39"><i>Ask Not: The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America</i></a>. Penguin. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1101478059" title="Special:BookSources/978-1101478059"><bdi>978-1101478059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ask+Not%3A+The+Inauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy+and+the+Speech+That+Changed+America&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1101478059&rft.au=Thurston+Clarke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4AzVmQl_UPcC%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Alan_Schwartz1994" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Alan Schwartz (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SiVTA31wrzEC&pg=PA115">"Victories and Defeats in the Long Twilight Struggle: The United States and Western Europe in the 1960s"</a>. In Diane B. Kunz (ed.). <i>The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations During the 1960s</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231081771" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231081771"><bdi>978-0231081771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Victories+and+Defeats+in+the+Long+Twilight+Struggle%3A+The+United+States+and+Western+Europe+in+the+1960s&rft.btitle=The+Diplomacy+of+the+Crucial+Decade%3A+American+Foreign+Relations+During+the+1960s&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0231081771&rft.au=Thomas+Alan+Schwartz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSiVTA31wrzEC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Toward a Sophistic Definition of Rhetoric." Poulakos. Philosophy and Rhetoric 16(1983):35–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fdrDNC1936-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fdrDNC1936_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618135542/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15314">"Acceptance Speech for the Renomination for the Presidency, Philadelphia, Pa"</a>. presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15314">the original</a> on 2018-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acceptance+Speech+for+the+Renomination+for+the+Presidency%2C+Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.pub=presidency.ucsb.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D15314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1996" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HamEkfqdMcEC&dq=It+is+now+the+moment+when+by+common+consent+we+pause+to+become+conscious+of+our+national+life+and+to+rejoice+in+it,+to+recall+what+our+country+has+done+for+each+of+us,+and+to+ask+ourselves+what+we+can+do+for+our+country+in+return&pg=PA81"><i>The Essential Holmes: Selections from the Letters, Speeches, Judicial Opinions, and Other Writings of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67554-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67554-1"><bdi>978-0-226-67554-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Holmes%3A+Selections+from+the+Letters%2C+Speeches%2C+Judicial+Opinions%2C+and+Other+Writings+of+Oliver+Wendell+Holmes%2C+Jr.&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-226-67554-1&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Oliver+Wendell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHamEkfqdMcEC%26dq%3DIt%2Bis%2Bnow%2Bthe%2Bmoment%2Bwhen%2Bby%2Bcommon%2Bconsent%2Bwe%2Bpause%2Bto%2Bbecome%2Bconscious%2Bof%2Bour%2Bnational%2Blife%2Band%2Bto%2Brejoice%2Bin%2Bit%2C%2Bto%2Brecall%2Bwhat%2Bour%2Bcountry%2Bhas%2Bdone%2Bfor%2Beach%2Bof%2Bus%2C%2Band%2Bto%2Bask%2Bourselves%2Bwhat%2Bwe%2Bcan%2Bdo%2Bfor%2Bour%2Bcountry%2Bin%2Breturn%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7801560//">"Dazzling Military Might Goes On Parade for New President"</a>. <i>The Terre Haute Tribune</i>. Terre Haute, IN. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">UPI</a>. January 20, 1961<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kennedy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></i>. White House Historical Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110602222906/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnfkennedy">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=White+House&rft.atitle=The+Presidents+of+the+United+States+of+America%3A+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.au=Frank+Freidel+and+Hugh+Sidey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fjohnfkennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Reagan Now Oldest President". <i>The New York Times</i>. Reuters. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Esquire&rft.atitle=How+to+wear+a+hat+and+look+good&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft.au=Sam+Parker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquire.co.uk%2Fstyle%2Farticle%2F5271%2Fhow-to-wear-a-hat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snopes-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snopes_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snopes_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snopes_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snopes_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/history/american/jfkhat.asp">"Hat Trick"</a>. <i>Snopes</i>. 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Inaugural+Traditions%3A+Dude%2C+Where%27s+My+Top+Hat%3F&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2FInauguration%2Fstory%3Fid%3D6640560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2004" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Thurston (2004). <i>Ask Not: The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America</i>. New York: Henry Holt and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7213-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7213-6"><bdi>0-8050-7213-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ask+Not%3A+The+Inauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy+and+the+Speech+That+Changed+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Co.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8050-7213-6&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Thurston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInauguration+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Education/Teachers/Curricular-Resources/~/media/assets/Education%20and%20Public%20Programs/Education/Lesson%20Plans/Rhetoric%20of%20the%20Inaugural%20Address.pdf">Rhetorical Terms and Techniques of Persuasion from Kennedy’s Inaugural Address</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130418063557/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Education/Teachers/Curricular-Resources/~/media/assets/Education%20and%20Public%20Programs/Education/Lesson%20Plans/Rhetoric%20of%20the%20Inaugural%20Address.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. United States Department of Education and Public Programs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" class="extiw" title="q:John F. 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Kennedy 1961 presidential inauguration</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy%27s_Inaugural_Address" class="extiw" title="wikisource:John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address">John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/pihtml/pi051.html">Library of Congress, John F. Kennedy Presidential Inauguration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLmiOEk59n8"><span class="plainlinks">President Kennedy 1961 Inaugural Address (with audio)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkinaugural.htm">As delivered text of Kennedy's Inaugural Address</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/january-20-1961-inaugural-address">Audio of Kennedy's Inaugural Address</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_F._Kennedy1003" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template:John F. 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Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">35th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1961–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">U.S. Senator from Massachusetts</a> (1953–1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">MA–11</a> (1947–1953)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Transition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy#Administration,_Cabinet,_and_judicial_appointments_1961–63" title="John F. Kennedy">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States#John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-100-X" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-100-X">Presidential limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/Y_Manitou" class="mw-redirect" title="S/Y Manitou">Presidential yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolute_desk" title="Resolute desk"><i>Resolute</i> desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room" title="Situation Room">Situation Room</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_administration" title="Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency" title="Arms Control and Disarmament Agency">Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_response" title="Flexible response">Flexible response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">Trade Expansion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_Refugee_Assistance_Act" title="Migration and Refugee Assistance Act">Migration and Refugee Assistance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#The_Kennedy_years,_1961–63" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Project">Cuban Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">ExComm</a></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_summit" title="Vienna summit">Vienna summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Satellite_Act_of_1962" title="Communications Satellite Act of 1962">Communications Satellite Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Mental_Health_Act" title="Community Mental Health Act">Community Mental Health Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11110" title="Executive Order 11110">Executive Order 11110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10925" title="Executive Order 10925">Federal affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11063" title="Executive Order 11063">Federal housing segregation ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_march" title="Kennedy march">Fifty-mile hikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Peace" title="Food for Peace">Food for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program#Pilot_Food_Stamp_Program_(1961–1964)" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Pilot Food Stamp Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Status of Women (Presidential Commission)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">University of Alabama integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1962" title="Revenue Act of 1962">Revenue Act of 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Farm_and_Rural_Development_Act_of_1961" title="Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961">Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_Loan_Act" title="Wetlands Loan Act">Wetlands Loan Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_inaugural_address">Inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_University_speech" title="American University speech">American University speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">Report to the American People on Civil Rights</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_rising_tide_lifts_all_boats" title="A rising tide lifts all boats">A rising tide lifts all boats</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_at_Amherst_College_on_the_Arts" title="Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts">Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_30,_1961_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 30, 1961 State of the Union Address">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1962 State of the Union Address">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1963 State of the Union Address">1963</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Electoral history of John F. Kennedy">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives elections: <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1960 presidential primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">1960 presidential campaign</a></li> <li>Democratic National Conventions: <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election 1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_National_Historic_Site" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site">Birthplace and childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Querida_(mansion)" title="La Querida (mansion)">La Querida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford_(Marshall,_Virginia)" title="Wexford (Marshall, Virginia)">Wexford</a></li> <li>Navy service: <a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-109"><i>PT-109</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biuku_Gasa_and_Eroni_Kumana" title="Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana">Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Reginald_Evans" title="Arthur Reginald Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-59" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-59"><i>PT-59</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hot_Springs_(Arizona)" title="Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)">Castle Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Farm" title="Hammersmith Farm">Hammersmith Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#John_F._Kennedy_phone_call" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King phone call</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Mr._President" title="Happy Birthday, Mr. President">Happy Birthday, Mr. President</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_document_hoax" title="John F. Kennedy document hoax">John F. Kennedy document hoax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept"><i>Why England Slept</i> <small>(1940)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage"><i>Profiles in Courage</i> <small>(1956)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants"><i>A Nation of Immigrants</i> <small>(1958)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Media coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">Riderless horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">attending dignitaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Gravesite and Eternal Flame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Bibliography of John F. Kennedy">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11 Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Round" title="Kennedy Round">Kennedy Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Films about John F. Kennedy">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_half_dollar" title="Kennedy half dollar">Kennedy half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_cents_John_Kennedy" title="Five cents John Kennedy">U.S. five cent stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sail" title="Operation Sail">Operation Sail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of things named after John F. Kennedy">Memorials,<br />namesakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Building" title="John F. Kennedy Federal Building">John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Boston)" title="Statue of John F. Kennedy (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Brooklyn)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial">Dallas memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Hyannis,_Massachusetts)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Hyannis, Massachusetts)">Hyannis memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial,_London" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial, London">London bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Nashua,_New_Hampshire)" title="Bust of John F. Kennedy (Nashua, New Hampshire)">Nashua bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial (Portland, Oregon)">Portland memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runnymede#John_F._Kennedy_Memorial" title="Runnymede">Runnymede memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Arboretum" title="John F. Kennedy Arboretum">John F. Kennedy Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Bridge" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge">John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Special_Warfare_Center_and_School" title="John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School">John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_University" title="John F. Kennedy University">John F. Kennedy University (defunct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Stadium" title="John F. Kennedy Stadium">John F. Kennedy Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Expressway" title="Kennedy Expressway">Kennedy Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kennedy" title="Mount Kennedy">Mount Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_John_F._Kennedy" title="MV John F. Kennedy">MV <i>John F. Kennedy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i> (CV-67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CVN-79)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i> (CVN-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Kennedy" title="Yad Kennedy">Yad Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_Park" title="Love Park">Love Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Bouvier</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg" title="Rose Schlossberg">Rose Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Schlossberg" title="Tatiana Schlossberg">Tatiana Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg" title="Jack Schlossberg">Jack Schlossberg</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushinka" title="Pushinka">Pushinka</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_and_Debbie" title="Billie and Debbie">Billie and Debbie</a> (hamsters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_(horse)" title="Sardar (horse)">Sardar</a> (horse)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">← Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:John F. Kennedy">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_presidential_inaugurations150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_inaugurations" title="Template:United States presidential inaugurations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_presidential_inaugurations" title="Template talk:United States presidential inaugurations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_presidential_inaugurations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States presidential inaugurations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_presidential_inaugurations150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">United States presidential inaugurations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">Washington (1789)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="Second inauguration of George Washington">Washington (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Adams" title="Inauguration of John Adams">J. Adams (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson (1801)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson (1805)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="First inauguration of James Madison">Madison (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="Second inauguration of James Madison">Madison (1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Monroe" title="First inauguration of James Monroe">Monroe (1817)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Monroe" title="Second inauguration of James Monroe">Monroe (1821)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Inauguration of John Quincy Adams">J. Q. Adams (1825)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="First inauguration of Andrew Jackson">Jackson (1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson">Jackson (1833)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Inauguration of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren (1837)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Henry_Harrison" title="Inauguration of William Henry Harrison">W. H. Harrison (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Tyler" title="Inauguration of John Tyler">Tyler (1841)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_K._Polk" title="Inauguration of James K. Polk">Polk (1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Zachary_Taylor" title="Inauguration of Zachary Taylor">Taylor (1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Inauguration of Millard Fillmore">Fillmore (1850)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Inauguration of Franklin Pierce">Pierce (1853)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_Buchanan" title="Inauguration of James Buchanan">Buchanan (1857)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln (1865)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Inauguration of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson (1865)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant (1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant (1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes (1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Inauguration of James A. Garfield">Garfield (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur (1881)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="First inauguration of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland (1885)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison">B. Harrison (1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland (1893)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_William_McKinley" title="First inauguration of William McKinley">McKinley (1897)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_William_McKinley" title="Second inauguration of William McKinley">McKinley (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt (1901)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Inauguration of William Howard Taft">Taft (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Inauguration of Warren G. Harding">Harding (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge (1923)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Inauguration of Herbert Hoover">Hoover (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. D. Roosevelt (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. D. Roosevelt (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. D. Roosevelt (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. D. Roosevelt (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="First inauguration of Harry S. Truman">Truman (1945)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman">Truman (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower (1957)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kennedy (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson (1963)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="First inauguration of Richard Nixon">Nixon (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Second inauguration of Richard Nixon">Nixon (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Inauguration of Gerald Ford">Ford (1974)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Inauguration of Jimmy Carter">Carter (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">Reagan (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan">Reagan (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">Clinton (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Second inauguration of Bill Clinton">Clinton (1997)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Obama (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Obama (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">Trump (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">Biden (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second inauguration of Donald Trump">Trump (2025)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>*Intra-term inaugurations</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robert_Frost89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_Frost" title="Template:Robert Frost"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robert_Frost" title="Template talk:Robert Frost"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robert_Frost" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robert Frost"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robert_Frost89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_poems_by_Robert_Frost" title="List of poems by Robert Frost">Poems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Acquainted_with_the_Night" title="Acquainted with the Night">Acquainted with the Night</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/After_Apple-Picking" title="After Apple-Picking">After Apple-Picking</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Birches_(poem)" title="Birches (poem)">Birches</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Hired_Man" title="The Death of the Hired Man">The Death of the Hired Man</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Desert_Places" title="Desert Places">Desert Places</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fire_and_Ice_(poem)" title="Fire and Ice (poem)">Fire and Ice</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_John_F._Kennedy_His_Inauguration" title="For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration">For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Gift_Outright" title="The Gift Outright">The Gift Outright</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mending_Wall" title="Mending Wall">Mending Wall</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Need_of_Being_Versed_in_Country_Things" title="The Need of Being Versed in Country Things">The Need of Being Versed in Country Things</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nothing_Gold_Can_Stay_(poem)" title="Nothing Gold Can Stay (poem)">Nothing Gold Can Stay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Out,_Out%E2%80%94" title="Out, Out—">Out, Out—</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Oven_Bird" title="The Oven Bird">The Oven Bird</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Question_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Question (poem)">A Question</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Road_Not_Taken" title="The Road Not Taken">The Road Not Taken</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Stopping_by_Woods_on_a_Snowy_Evening" title="Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening">Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry<br />collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Boy%27s_Will" title="A Boy's Will">A Boy's Will</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_of_Boston" title="North of Boston">North of Boston</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Interval" title="Mountain Interval">Mountain Interval</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_(poetry_collection)" title="New Hampshire (poetry collection)">New Hampshire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West-Running_Brook" title="West-Running Brook">West-Running Brook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Poems_of_Robert_Frost" title="Collected Poems of Robert Frost">Collected Poems of Robert Frost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Further_Range" title="A Further Range">A Further Range</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Witness_Tree" title="A Witness Tree">A Witness Tree</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Clearing" title="In the Clearing">In the Clearing</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Masque_of_Reason" title="A Masque of Reason">A Masque of Reason</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost_Farm_(Derry,_New_Hampshire)" title="Robert Frost Farm (Derry, New Hampshire)">Robert Frost Farm, New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Frost_Place" title="The Frost Place">The Frost Place, Home and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost_Farm_(Ripton,_Vermont)" title="Robert Frost Farm (Ripton, Vermont)">Robert Frost Farm (Ripton, Vermont)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost_Farm_(South_Shaftsbury,_Vermont)" title="Robert Frost Farm (South Shaftsbury, Vermont)">Robert Frost Farm (South Shaftsbury, Vermont)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost_House" title="Robert Frost House">Robert Frost House, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Frost Medal">Robert Frost Medal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frostiana" title="Frostiana">Frostiana</a></i> <small>(1959 choral art)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost:_A_Lover%27s_Quarrel_with_the_World" title="Robert Frost: A Lover's Quarrel with the World">Robert Frost: A Lover's Quarrel with the World</a></i> <small>(1963 documentary)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost:_A_Life" title="Robert Frost: A Life">Robert Frost: A Life</a></i> <small>(2000 biography)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_at_Amherst_College_on_the_Arts" title="Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts">John F. Kennedy, Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&oldid=1273843825">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&oldid=1273843825</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1961_in_American_politics" title="Category:1961 in American politics">1961 in American politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_inaugurations" title="Category:United States presidential inaugurations">United States presidential inaugurations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Presidency of John F. 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