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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ahmadou Ahidjo</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Ahmadou_Ahidjo" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ahmadou+Ahidjo" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmadou_Ahidjo&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo (24 August 1924 – 30 November 1989)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> was a Cameroonian politician who was the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cameroon" title="President of Cameroon">president of Cameroon</a> from 1960 until 1982.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> He was previously the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Cameroon">prime minister of Cameroon</a> from the country's independence in January 1960 until May of that same year following the creation of the presidency. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ahmadou Ahidjo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmadou_Ahidjo_visits_the_White_House_on_July_26,_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ahidjo during a visit to the United States in July 1982, four months before his resignation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ahmadou_Ahidjo_visits_the_White_House_on_July_26%2C_1982.jpg/220px-Ahmadou_Ahidjo_visits_the_White_House_on_July_26%2C_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ahmadou_Ahidjo_visits_the_White_House_on_July_26%2C_1982.jpg/330px-Ahmadou_Ahidjo_visits_the_White_House_on_July_26%2C_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ahmadou_Ahidjo_visits_the_White_House_on_July_26%2C_1982.jpg/440px-Ahmadou_Ahidjo_visits_the_White_House_on_July_26%2C_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1421"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Ahidjo in 1982</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cameroon" title="President of Cameroon">President of Cameroon</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 5 May 1960 – 6 November 1982</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Assal%C3%A9" title="Charles Assalé">Charles Assalé</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_de_Paul_Ahanda" title="Vincent de Paul Ahanda">Vincent de Paul Ahanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Pierre_Tchoungui" title="Simon Pierre Tchoungui">Simon Pierre Tchoungui</a></li><li>Paul Biya</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Cameroon" title="Vice President of Cameroon">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ngu_Foncha" title="John Ngu Foncha">John Ngu Foncha</a> (1961–1970)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Tandeng_Muna" title="Salomon Tandeng Muna">Salomon Tandeng Muna</a> (1970–1972)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Paul Biya</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cameroon" title="Prime Minister of Cameroon">Prime Minister of Cameroon</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 January 1960 – 15 May 1960</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Charles Assalé</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1924-08-24)24 August 1924 <a href="/wiki/Garoua" title="Garoua">Garoua</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">British Cameroon</a> (now Cameroon)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 November 1989(1989-11-30) (aged 65) <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Union" title="Cameroonian Union">CU</a> (1958–1966) <a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroonian National Union">CNU</a> (1966–1989)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germaine_Ahidjo" title="Germaine Ahidjo">Germaine Ahidjo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Ahmadou_Babatoura_Ahidjo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Signature_of_Ahmadou_Babatoura_Ahidjo.png/128px-Signature_of_Ahmadou_Babatoura_Ahidjo.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Signature_of_Ahmadou_Babatoura_Ahidjo.png/192px-Signature_of_Ahmadou_Babatoura_Ahidjo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Signature_of_Ahmadou_Babatoura_Ahidjo.png 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="132"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ahidjo played a major role in the establishment of Cameroon as a Neo-imperial state after the assassination of The Union Des Populations Camerounaise (UPC) by imperial France as well as integrating the French and English-speaking parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> During Ahidjo's time in office, he established a centralised political system. Ahidjo established a single-party state under the <a href="/wiki/Cameroon_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroon National Union">Cameroon National Union</a> (CNU) in 1966. In 1972, Ahidjo abolished the federation in favor of a unitary state.<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a> Ahidjo resigned from the presidency in 1982, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Paul Biya</a> assumed the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-:6-6">[6]</a> This was an action that was surprising to Cameroonians. Accused of being behind a coup plot against Biya in 1984, Ahidjo was sentenced to death in absentia,<a href="#cite_note-WP-7">[7]</a> but he died of natural causes in 1989 whilst in exile in <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life">1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Political_career">2 Political career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Post-presidency,_later_life_and_death">3 Post-presidency, later life and death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Notes">4 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References">5 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links">6 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmadou_Ahidjo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Ahidjo was born in <a href="/wiki/Garoua" title="Garoua">Garoua</a>, a major <a href="/wiki/River_port" class="mw-redirect" title="River port">river port</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Benue_River" title="Benue River">Benue River</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Cameroun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroun">Cameroun</a>, which was at the time a French <a href="/wiki/Mandate_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate territory">mandate territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glickman1-8">[8]</a> His mother was a Fulani of slave descent, while his father was a <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a> village chief.<a href="#cite_note-:7-9">[9]</a> Ahidjo's mother raised him as a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> and sent him to Quranic <a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">kuttab</a> school as a child. In 1932, he began attending local government primary school. After failing his first school certification examination in 1938, Ahidjo worked for a few months in the veterinary service. He returned to school and obtained his school certification a year later.<a href="#cite_note-Glickman1-8">[8]</a> Ahidjo spent the next three years attending secondary school at the Ecole Primaire Supérieur in <a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a>, the capital of the mandate, studying for a career in the civil service. His classmates are, among others, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Sabal_Lecco_(politician)" title="Félix Sabal Lecco (politician)">Félix Sabbal-Lecco</a>, Minister under his government, Abel Moumé Etia, first Cameroonian meteorological engineer and writer, as well as Jean-Faustin Betayéné, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Federal Cameroon. At school, Ahidjo also played <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">soccer</a> and competed as a <a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">cyclist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glickman1-8">[8]</a> In 1942, Ahidjo joined the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Radio_operator" title="Radio operator">radio operator</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Postal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal administration">postal service</a>. As part of his job, he worked on assignments in several major cities throughout the country, such as <a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngaound%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Ngaoundéré">Ngaoundéré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertoua" title="Bertoua">Bertoua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mokolo" title="Mokolo">Mokolo</a>. According to his official biographer, Ahidjo was the first civil servant from northern Cameroun to work in the southern areas of the territory.<a href="#cite_note-Glickman1-8">[8]</a> His experiences throughout the country were, according to Harvey Glickman, <a href="/wiki/Professor_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor emeritus">professor emeritus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> at <a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a> and scholar of African politics, responsible for fostering his sense of national identity and provided him the sagacity to handle the problems of governing a <a href="/wiki/Multiethnic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiethnic state">multiethnic state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmadou_Ahidjo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> In 1946, Ahidjo entered territorial politics. From 1953 to 1957, Ahidjo was a member of the Assembly of the French Union.<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a> From 28 January 1957, to 10 May 1957, Ahidjo served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon">President of the Legislative Assembly of Cameroon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-osidimbea.cm-11">[11]</a> In the same year he became Deputy Prime Minister in de facto head of state <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Mbida" title="André-Marie Mbida">André-Marie Mbida</a>'s government. In February 1958, Ahidjo became Prime Minister at the age of thirty-four after Mbida resigned.<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a> He was reassuring towards the Church and the Muslim aristocracies in the north of the country and succeeded in embodying the union of conservative currents concerned about the growing number of protest movements in the 1950s. While serving as Prime Minister, Ahidjo had administrative goals to move toward independence for Cameroon while reuniting the separated factions of the country and cooperating with French colonial powers. On 12 June, with a motion from the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Cameroon)" title="National Assembly (Cameroon)">National Assembly</a>, Ahidjo became involved in negotiations with France in Paris. These negotiations continued through October, resulting in formal recognition of Cameroonian plans for independence.<a href="#cite_note-:8-12">[12]</a> The date for the simultaneous termination of French trusteeship and Cameroonian independence was set by Cameroon's National Assembly for 1 January 1960.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-12">[12]</a> During and immediately after Cameroon was decolonized, Ahidjo recruited follow northern, Muslim Fulani and Peuhl into the army and an elite guard.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFKWHP-KN-C20436.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/JFKWHP-KN-C20436.jpg/209px-JFKWHP-KN-C20436.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 209px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/JFKWHP-KN-C20436.jpg/209px-JFKWHP-KN-C20436.jpg" data-width="209" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/JFKWHP-KN-C20436.jpg/314px-JFKWHP-KN-C20436.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/JFKWHP-KN-C20436.jpg/418px-JFKWHP-KN-C20436.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ahidjo with <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, 13 March 1962</figcaption></figure> Ahidjo's support and collaboration in allowing for continued French influence economically and politically was faced with opposition from radicals who rejected French influence.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> These radicals were sympathetic to a more revolutionary, procommunist approach to decolonization. They formed their own political party, <a href="/wiki/Union_des_populations_du_Cameroun" class="mw-redirect" title="Union des populations du Cameroun">Union des Populations du Cameroun.</a> In March 1959, Ahidjo addressed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> General Assembly in order to gather support for France's independence plan.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> tensions, the United Nations expressed concern about the UPC due to the party's pro-communist disposition. The United Nations moved to end French trusteeship in Cameroon without organizing new elections or lifting the ban that France had imposed on the UPC. Ahidjo experienced a rebellion in the 1960s from the UPC, but defeated it by 1970 with the aid of French military force. Ahidjo proposed and was granted four bills to gather power and declare a state of emergency in order to end the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> Following the independence of the French-controlled area of Cameroon, Ahidjo's focus turned on reuniting the British-controlled area of Cameroon with its newly independent counterpart. In addressing the United Nations, Ahidjo and his supporters favored integration and reunification whereas more radical players such as the UPC preferred immediate reunification. However, both sides were seeking a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> for reunification of the separated Cameroons. The UN decided on the integration and reunification plebiscite. The plebiscite resulted in northern area of the <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">British Cameroons</a> voting to join <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and the southern area voting to reunite with the rest of Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> Ahidjo worked with Premier <a href="/wiki/John_Ngu_Foncha" title="John Ngu Foncha">John Foncha</a> of the Anglophone Cameroon throughout the process of integrating the two parts of Cameroon. In July 1961, Ahidjo attended a conference at which the plans and conditions for merging the Cameroons were made and later adopted by both the National Assemblies of the Francophone and Anglophone Cameroons.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Ahidjo and Foncha met in Bamenda in order to create a constitution for the united territories. In their meetings, Ahidjo and Foncha agreed not to join the French community or the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> In the summer of 1961, Ahidjo and Foncha resolved any issues between them and agreed upon the final draft for the constitution, which was drawn in <a href="/wiki/Foumban" title="Foumban">Foumban</a>, a city in West Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-12">[12]</a> Despite the fact that the plans to establish a federalist state were made public in Foumban, Ahidjo and Foncha had private discussions before the official Foumban conference.<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a> On 1 October 1961, the two separate Cameroons were merged, establishing the Federal Republic of Cameroon with Ahidjo as the president and Foncha as the Vice President.<a href="#cite_note-:7-9">[9]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saragat_Ahidjo_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Saragat_Ahidjo_1966.jpg/225px-Saragat_Ahidjo_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 225px;height: 229px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Saragat_Ahidjo_1966.jpg/225px-Saragat_Ahidjo_1966.jpg" data-width="225" data-height="229" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Saragat_Ahidjo_1966.jpg/338px-Saragat_Ahidjo_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Saragat_Ahidjo_1966.jpg/450px-Saragat_Ahidjo_1966.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Italian president <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saragat" title="Giuseppe Saragat">Giuseppe Saragat</a> with Ahmadou Ahidjo in 1966</figcaption></figure> The issue of territorial administration was a topic of disagreement between Foncha and Ahidjo. In December 1961, Ahidjo issued a decree that split the federation into administrative regions under the Federal Inspectors of Administration.<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a> The inspectors were responsible to Ahidjo and for representing the federation, with access to police force and federal services. The power given to these inspectors led to conflict between them and Prime Ministers.<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a> During the first years of the regime, the French ambassador Jean-Pierre Bénard is sometimes considered as the true "president" of Cameroon. This independence is indeed largely theoretical since French "advisers" are responsible for assisting each minister and have the reality of power. The <a href="/wiki/Gaullist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist">Gaullist</a> government preserves its influence over the country through the signing of "cooperation agreements" covering all sectors of Cameroon's sovereignty. Thus, in the monetary field, Cameroon retains the <a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">CFA franc</a> and entrusts its monetary policy to its former guardian power. All strategic resources are exploited by France, French troops are maintained in the country, and a large proportion of Cameroonian army officers are French, including the Chief of Staff.<a href="#cite_note-modo-20">[20]</a> In 1961, Ahidjo began calling for a single-party state.<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a> On 12 March 1962, Ahidjo issued a decree that prevented criticism against his regime, giving the government the authority to imprison anyone found guilty of subversion against government authorities or laws.<a href="#cite_note-:6-6">[6]</a> In July 1962, a group of opposition party leaders who had served in the government with Ahidjo, André-Marie Mbida, Charles Okala, Marcel Bey Bey Eyidi, and Theodore Mayi Martip, challenged Ahidjo's call for a single-party state, saying that it was dictatorial. These leaders were arrested, tried, and imprisoned on the grounds of subversion against the government.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-6">[6]</a> The arrest of these leaders resulted in many other opposition leaders joining Ahidjo's Party, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Camerounaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Camerounaise">Union Camerounaise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-6">[6]</a> On 1 September 1966, Ahidjo achieved his goal of creating a single-party state. The <a href="/wiki/Cameroon_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroon National Union">CNU</a> was established, with Ahidjo maintaining that it was essential to the unity of Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-:6-6">[6]</a> In order to be elected to the National Assembly, membership in the CNU was required. Therefore, Ahidjo approved all nominations for the National Assembly as head of the party, and they approved all his legislation.<a href="#cite_note-:12-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Predsednik_Kameruna_s_Titovo_jahto_v_Slovenijo_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Predsednik_Kameruna_s_Titovo_jahto_v_Slovenijo_1967.jpg/227px-Predsednik_Kameruna_s_Titovo_jahto_v_Slovenijo_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 227px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Predsednik_Kameruna_s_Titovo_jahto_v_Slovenijo_1967.jpg/227px-Predsednik_Kameruna_s_Titovo_jahto_v_Slovenijo_1967.jpg" data-width="227" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Predsednik_Kameruna_s_Titovo_jahto_v_Slovenijo_1967.jpg/341px-Predsednik_Kameruna_s_Titovo_jahto_v_Slovenijo_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Predsednik_Kameruna_s_Titovo_jahto_v_Slovenijo_1967.jpg/454px-Predsednik_Kameruna_s_Titovo_jahto_v_Slovenijo_1967.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ahidjo kissing <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Pioneers_of_Yugoslavia" title="Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia">Tito's Pioneers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFRY</a>, 1967</figcaption></figure> The authorities are multiplying the legal provisions enabling them to free themselves from the rule of law: arbitrary extension of police custody, prohibition of meetings and rallies, submission of publications to prior censorship, restriction of freedom of movement through the establishment of passes or curfews, prohibition for trade unions to issue subscriptions, etc. Anyone accused of "compromising public safety" is deprived of a lawyer and cannot appeal the judgment. Sentences of life imprisonment at hard labour or death penalty – executions can be public – are thus numerous. A one-party system was introduced in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-modo-20">[20]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaound%C3%A9-Avenue_Ahidjo_en_f%C3%A9vrier_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Yaound%C3%A9-Avenue_Ahidjo_en_f%C3%A9vrier_1973.jpg/225px-Yaound%C3%A9-Avenue_Ahidjo_en_f%C3%A9vrier_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1151"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 225px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Yaound%C3%A9-Avenue_Ahidjo_en_f%C3%A9vrier_1973.jpg/225px-Yaound%C3%A9-Avenue_Ahidjo_en_f%C3%A9vrier_1973.jpg" data-width="225" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Yaound%C3%A9-Avenue_Ahidjo_en_f%C3%A9vrier_1973.jpg/338px-Yaound%C3%A9-Avenue_Ahidjo_en_f%C3%A9vrier_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Yaound%C3%A9-Avenue_Ahidjo_en_f%C3%A9vrier_1973.jpg/450px-Yaound%C3%A9-Avenue_Ahidjo_en_f%C3%A9vrier_1973.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ahidjo avenue in <a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a>, February 1973</figcaption></figure> Ahidjo placed the blame for Cameroon's underdevelopment and poorly implemented town and public planning policies on Cameroon's federal structure, as well as charging federalism with maintaining cleavages and issues between the Anglophone and Francophone parts of Cameroon. Ahidjo's government also argued that managing separate governments in a poor country was too expensive.<a href="#cite_note-:12-21">[21]</a> Ahidjo announced on 6 May 1972, that he wanted to abolish the federation and put a unitary state into place if the electorate supported the idea in a referendum set for 20 May 1972.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-22">[22]</a> This event became known as "The Glorious Revolution of May Twentieth."<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a> Because Ahidjo held control over the CNU, he was ensured the party's support in this initiative.<a href="#cite_note-:12-21">[21]</a> Ahidjo issued Presidential Decree No. 72–720 on 2 June 1972, which established the United Republic of Cameroon and abolished the federation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cameroon" title="Constitution of Cameroon">new constitution</a> was adopted by Ahidjo's government in the same year, abolishing the position of Vice President, which served to further centralize power in Cameroon. Ahidjo's power presided over not only the state and government, but also as commander of the military.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 1975, however, Ahidjo instituted the position of Prime Minister, which was filled by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Paul Biya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a> In 1979, Ahidjo initiated a change in the constitution designating the Prime Minister as successor.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> Until 1972, Cameroon's federation consisted of two relatively autonomous parts: the francophone and anglophone. After the federation was abolished, many anglophones were displeased with the changes.<a href="#cite_note-:11-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koningin_Juliana_en_president_Ahidjo_in_een_open_caleche,_Bestanddeelnr_930-3426.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Koningin_Juliana_en_president_Ahidjo_in_een_open_caleche%2C_Bestanddeelnr_930-3426.jpg/227px-Koningin_Juliana_en_president_Ahidjo_in_een_open_caleche%2C_Bestanddeelnr_930-3426.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3676" data-file-height="2442"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 227px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Koningin_Juliana_en_president_Ahidjo_in_een_open_caleche%2C_Bestanddeelnr_930-3426.jpg/227px-Koningin_Juliana_en_president_Ahidjo_in_een_open_caleche%2C_Bestanddeelnr_930-3426.jpg" data-width="227" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Koningin_Juliana_en_president_Ahidjo_in_een_open_caleche%2C_Bestanddeelnr_930-3426.jpg/341px-Koningin_Juliana_en_president_Ahidjo_in_een_open_caleche%2C_Bestanddeelnr_930-3426.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Koningin_Juliana_en_president_Ahidjo_in_een_open_caleche%2C_Bestanddeelnr_930-3426.jpg/454px-Koningin_Juliana_en_president_Ahidjo_in_een_open_caleche%2C_Bestanddeelnr_930-3426.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>President Ahidjo and <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Queen Juliana of the Netherlands</a> in 1979</figcaption></figure> In 1972, when Cameroon hosted the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="Africa Cup of Nations">Africa Cup of Nations</a>, Ahidjo ordered the construction of two new stadiums, the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo_Stadium" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium">Ahmadou Ahidjo stadium</a> and the Unification Stadium. The Unification Stadium was named in celebration of the country being renamed as the United Republic of Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Cameroon became an oil-producing country in 1977. Claiming to want to make reserves for difficult times, the authorities manage "off-budget" oil revenues in total opacity (the funds are placed in Paris, Switzerland and New York accounts). Several billion dollars are thus diverted to the benefit of oil companies and regime officials. The influence of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and its 9,000 nationals in Cameroon remains considerable. African Affairs magazine noted in the early 1980s that they "continue to dominate almost all key sectors of the economy, much as they did before independence. French nationals control 55% of the modern sector of the Cameroonian economy and their control over the banking system is total.<a href="#cite_note-modo-20">[20]</a> Though many of his actions were dictatorial, Cameroon became one of the most stable in Africa. He was considered to be more conservative and less charismatic than most post-colonial African leaders, but his policies allowed Cameroon to attain comparative prosperity. Courtiers surrounding Ahidjo promoted the myth that he was "father of the nation."<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_President_Ahmadou_Ahidjo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_President_Ahmadou_Ahidjo.jpg/230px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_President_Ahmadou_Ahidjo.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_President_Ahmadou_Ahidjo.jpg/230px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_President_Ahmadou_Ahidjo.jpg" data-width="230" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_President_Ahmadou_Ahidjo.jpg/345px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_President_Ahmadou_Ahidjo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_President_Ahmadou_Ahidjo.jpg/460px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_President_Ahmadou_Ahidjo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Regan</a> and Ahmadou Ahidjo in July 1982</figcaption></figure> Ahidjo's presidential style was cultivated around the image of himself as the father of the nation. He carried many titles, and after he visited Mecca, Ahidjo gained the title of "El Hadj."<a href="#cite_note-:11-24">[24]</a> Ahidjo used radio to regularly lecture the nation and to announce the regular reassignment of government positions.<a href="#cite_note-:11-24">[24]</a> Ahidjo built up a <a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">clientelistic</a> network in which he redistributed state resources to maintain control over a diverse Cameroon. When Cameroon began seeing oil revenue, the president was in control of the funds. People received jobs, licenses, contracts, and projects through Ahidjo in exchange for loyalty.<a href="#cite_note-:11-24">[24]</a> During Ahidjo's presidency, music served a role in maintaining for national unity and development. Musicians wrote songs with themes of independence, unity, and Ahidjo as the father of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-:9-26">[26]</a> On official holidays, schools would compete by writing patriotic songs in Ahidjo's honor. Songs that were critical of politicians were rare. Musicians such as Medzo Me Nsom encouraged the people of Cameroon to turn out at the pols and vote for Ahidjo.<a href="#cite_note-:9-26">[26]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Post-presidency,_later_life_and_death">Post-presidency, later life and death</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmadou_Ahidjo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-presidency, later life and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Ahidjo resigned, ostensibly for health reasons, on 4 November 1982 and was succeeded by Prime Minister Paul Biya two days later.<a href="#cite_note-Nature-27">[27]</a> That he stepped down in favor of Biya, a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> from the south and not a <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> from the north like himself, was considered surprising. Ahidjo's ultimate intentions were unclear; it is possible that he intended to return to the presidency at a later point when his health improved, and another possibility is that he intended for <a href="/wiki/Maigari_Bello_Bouba" class="mw-redirect" title="Maigari Bello Bouba">Maigari Bello Bouba</a>, a fellow Muslim from the north who succeeded Biya as Prime Minister, to be his eventual successor as president, with Biya in effectively a caretaker role. Although the Central Committee of the ruling Cameroon National Union (CNU) urged Ahidjo to remain President, he declined to do so, but he did agree to remain as the President of the CNU. However, he also arranged for Biya to become the CNU Vice-President and handle party affairs in his absence. During the first few months of Biya's administration, there was cooperation between Biya and Ahidjo. In January 1982, Ahidjo dismissed four CNU members who opposed Biya's presidency.<a href="#cite_note-:5-28">[28]</a> Additionally that month, Ahidjo and Biya both went on separate speaking tours to different parts of Cameroon in order to address the public's concerns.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-28">[28]</a> Later that year, however, a major feud developed between Ahidjo and Biya. On 19 July 1983, Ahidjo went into exile in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and Biya began removing Ahidjo's supporters from positions of power and eliminating symbols of his authority, removing official photographs of Ahidjo from the public as well as removing Ahidjo's name from the anthem of the CNU.<a href="#cite_note-KT-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-28">[28]</a> On 22 August, Biya announced that a plot allegedly involving Ahidjo had been uncovered. For his part, Ahidjo severely criticized Biya, alleging that Biya was abusing his power, that he lived in fear of plots against him, and that he was a threat to national unity. The two were unable to reconcile despite the efforts of several foreign leaders, and Ahidjo announced on 27 August that he was resigning as head of the CNU.<a href="#cite_note-KT-29">[29]</a> In exile, Ahidjo was sentenced to death <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a> in February 1984, along with two others, for participation in the June 1983 coup plot, although Biya commuted the sentence to life in prison. Ahidjo denied involvement in the plot. A <a href="/wiki/1984_Cameroonian_coup_attempt" title="1984 Cameroonian coup attempt">violent but unsuccessful coup attempt in April 1984</a> was also widely believed to have been orchestrated by Ahidjo.<a href="#cite_note-WP-7">[7]</a> In his remaining years, Ahidjo divided his time between France and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>. He died of a heart attack <a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> on 30 November 1989 and was buried there.<a href="#cite_note-Ten-31">[31]</a> He was officially rehabilitated by a law in December 1991.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Biya said on 30 October 2007 that the matter of returning Ahidjo's remains to Cameroon was "a family affair". An agreement on returning Ahidjo's remains was reached in June 2009, and it was expected that they would be returned in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Ten-31">[31]</a> However, as of 2021, Ahidjo remains in Dakar, buried alongside his wife, who died in April of that year.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmadou_Ahidjo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://face2faceafrica.com/article/the-story-of-cameroons-first-president-who-unified-its-french-and-english-regions-in-1961">"The story of Cameroon's first president who unified its French and English regions in 1961"</a>. Face2Face Africa. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Face2Face+Africa&rft.atitle=The+story+of+Cameroon%27s+first+president+who+unified+its+French+and+English+regions+in+1961&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fface2faceafrica.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-story-of-cameroons-first-president-who-unified-its-french-and-english-regions-in-1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmadou+Ahidjo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmadou-Ahidjo">"Ahmadou Ahidjo | president of Cameroon"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahmadou+Ahidjo+%7C+president+of+Cameroon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAhmadou-Ahidjo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmadou+Ahidjo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWabo2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wabo, Lebledparle com, Chancelin (20 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lebledparle.com/actu/politique/1105051-presidentielle-2018-en-pre-campagne-electorale-au-senegal-s-est-incline-sur-la-tombe-d-ahmadou-ahidjo">"Présidentielle 2018 : En pré-campagne électorale au Sénégal, Cabral Libii s'est incliné sur la tombe d'Ahmadou Ahidjo"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Bled+Parle+%3A+Actualit%C3%A9+Cameroun+info+%E2%80%93+journal+Cameroun+en+ligne&rft.atitle=Pr%C3%A9sidentielle+2018+%3A+En+pr%C3%A9-campagne+%C3%A9lectorale+au+S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal%2C+Cabral+Libii+s%27est+inclin%C3%A9+sur+la+tombe+d%27Ahmadou+Ahidjo&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.aulast=Wabo&rft.aufirst=Lebledparle+com%2C+Chancelin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lebledparle.com%2Factu%2Fpolitique%2F1105051-presidentielle-2018-en-pre-campagne-electorale-au-senegal-s-est-incline-sur-la-tombe-d-ahmadou-ahidjo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmadou+Ahidjo" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakougangAmin2018" class="citation book cs1">Takougang, Joseph; Amin, Julius A. 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Canadian Journal of African Studies. 10 (3): 423–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F483799">10.2307/483799</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/483799">483799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Federalism+in+Cameroon%3A+The+Shadow+and+the+Reality&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=423-442&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F483799&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F483799%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmadou+Ahidjo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakougang1993" class="citation journal cs1">Takougang, Joseph (Fall 1993). 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Randal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/19/AR2006071901340_pf.html">"Tales of Ex-Leader's Role In Revolt Stun Cameroon"</a>, The Washington Post, 15 April 1984, page A01. </li> <li id="cite_note-Glickman1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glickman1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glickman1_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glickman1_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glickman1_8-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlickman1992">Glickman 1992</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeladyMelady2011" class="citation book cs1">Melady, Thomas; Melady, Margaret Badum (2011). Ten African Heroes: The sweep of independence in Black Africa. 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New Encyclopedia of Africa. 1: 29–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Encyclopedia+of+Africa&rft.atitle=Ahidjo%2C+El+Hajj+Ahmadou+%281924%E2%80%931989%29&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=29-30&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Miller%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmadou+Ahidjo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Brennan, Carol (2010). "Ahidjo, Ahmadou". 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ETH Zürich. 20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3929%2Fethz-a-001990933">10.3929/ethz-a-001990933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ETH+Z%C3%BCrich&rft.atitle=Cameroon%27s+neopatrimonal+dilemma&rft.volume=20&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3929%2Fethz-a-001990933&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrg+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmadou+Ahidjo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbink2012" class="citation book cs1">Abbink, J. (2012). Fractures and reconnections : civic action and the redefinition of African spaces : studies in honor of Piet J.J. Konings. Zürich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3643902566" title="Special:BookSources/978-3643902566"><bdi>978-3643902566</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/822227488">822227488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fractures+and+reconnections+%3A+civic+action+and+the+redefinition+of+African+spaces+%3A+studies+in+honor+of+Piet+J.J.+Konings&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F822227488&rft.isbn=978-3643902566&rft.aulast=Abbink&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmadou+Ahidjo" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyamnjohFokwang2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nyamnjoh, Francis B.; Fokwang, Jude (April 2005). "Entertaining Repression: Music and Politics in Postcolonial Cameroon". African Affairs. 104 (415): 251–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadi007">10.1093/afraf/adi007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Affairs&rft.atitle=Entertaining+Repression%3A+Music+and+Politics+in+Postcolonial+Cameroon&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=415&rft.pages=251-274&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadi007&rft.aulast=Nyamnjoh&rft.aufirst=Francis+B.&rft.au=Fokwang%2C+Jude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmadou+Ahidjo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Nature_27-0">^</a> Joseph Takougang, "The Nature of Politics in Cameroon", The Leadership Challenge in Africa: Cameroon Under Paul Biya (2004), ed. John Mukum Mbaku and Joseph Takougang, page . </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLancey1989" class="citation book cs1">DeLancey, Mark W. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cameroondependen0000dela">Cameroon: Dependence and Independence</a>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89158-882-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89158-882-5"><bdi>0-89158-882-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cameroon%3A+Dependence+and+Independence&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-89158-882-5&rft.aulast=DeLancey&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcameroondependen0000dela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmadou+Ahidjo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KT-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KT_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KT_29-1">b</a> Milton H. Krieger and Joseph Takougang, African State and Society in the 1990s: Cameroon's Political Crossroads (2000), Westview Press, pages 65–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Glenn Fowler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/02/obituaries/ahmadou-ahidjo-of-cameroon-dies-ex-leader-was-65.html">"Ahmadou Ahidjo Of Cameroon Dies; Ex-Leader Was 65"</a>, The New York Times, 2 November 1989 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ten-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ten_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ten_31-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=13988">"Cameroun : Ahidjo rentrera au pays en 2010"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090702015200/http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=13988">Archived</a> 2 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, GabonEco, 29 June 2009 (in French). </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Mamadou Diouf, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAywnB3pQI0C&pg=PA84&dq=ahidjo+rehabilitated+1991&ei=eMhMStrSApjeyASE4uTYDw">Les figures du politique en Afrique</a> (1999), page 84 (in French). </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cameroonintelligencereport.com/germaine-ahidjo-buried-in-senegal-video/">"Germaine Ahidjo buried in Senegal (Video)"</a>, Cameroon Intelligence Report, 22 April 2021. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmadou_Ahidjo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlickman1992" class="citation cs2">Glickman, Harvey, ed. (1992), Political Leaders of Contemporary Africa South of the Sahara, <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26781-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26781-2"><bdi>0-313-26781-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Leaders+of+Contemporary+Africa+South+of+the+Sahara&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-313-26781-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmadou+Ahidjo" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmadou_Ahidjo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ahmadou_Ahidjo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ahmadou Ahidjo">Ahmadou Ahidjo</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XE8jzOgoUhE">Video of Ahidjo and Biya</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Mbida" title="André-Marie Mbida">André-Marie Mbida</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cameroon" title="Prime Minister of Cameroon">Prime Minister of Cameroon</a> 1958–1960 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Assal%C3%A9" title="Charles Assalé">Charles Assalé</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">(none)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cameroon" title="President of Cameroon">President of Cameroon</a> 1960–1982 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Paul Biya</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmadou_Ahidjo&oldid=1256884146">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmadou_Ahidjo&oldid=1256884146</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmadou_Ahidjo&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 12 November 2024, at 01:27 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%88" title="أحمدو أهيجو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أحمدو أهيجو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE" title="Ахмаду Ахиджо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ахмаду Ахиджо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B6%CF%8C" title="Αχμαντού Αχιτζό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αχμαντού Αχιτζό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A2%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%88" title="احمدو آهیجو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="احمدو آهیجو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%9E%A4%80%F0%9E%A5%84%F0%9E%A4%A5%F0%9E%A4%A2%F0%9E%A4%A3%F0%9E%A4%B5_%F0%9E%A4%80%F0%9E%A4%B8%F0%9E%A4%AD%F0%9E%A4%B6%F0%9E%A4%AE" title="𞤀𞥄𞤥𞤢𞤣𞤵 𞤀𞤸𞤭𞤶𞤮 – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="𞤀𞥄𞤥𞤢𞤣𞤵 𞤀𞤸𞤭𞤶𞤮" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EB%91%90_%EC%95%84%ED%9E%88%EC%A1%B0" title="아마두 아히조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아마두 아히조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadu_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadu Ahidjo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ahmadu Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8C_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B" title="अहमदौ अहिद्जो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अहमदौ अहिद्जो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%95_%D7%90%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%92%27%D7%95" title="אחמדו אהידג'ו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אחמדו אהידג'ו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D" title="აჰმადუ აჰიჯო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აჰმადუ აჰიჯო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadu_Ahid%C5%BEo" title="Ahmadu Ahidžo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ahmadu Ahidžo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Babatoura_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%92%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7" title="アマドゥ・アヒジョ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アマドゥ・アヒジョ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE,_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Ахиджо, Ахмаду – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ахиджо, Ахмаду" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%9F%D0%BE" title="Ахмаду Ахиџо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ахмаду Ахиџо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%90%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D2%B7%D0%BE" title="Аҳмаду Аҳидҷо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аҳмаду Аҳидҷо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ahmadou Ahidjo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%90%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE" title="Амаду Ахіджо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амаду Ахіджо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%88" title="احمدو احیجو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="احمدو احیجو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%B5%AB%E9%A6%AC%E6%9D%9C%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%8C%E5%96%AC" title="阿赫馬杜·阿希喬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿赫馬杜·阿希喬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img 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