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effectiveness subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Studies_on_effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1992_–_Indiana_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992_–_Indiana_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1992 – Indiana University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992_–_Indiana_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1994_–_RTI_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1994_–_RTI_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1994 – RTI International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1994_–_RTI_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1995_–_California_Department_of_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001_–_Office_of_the_Surgeon_General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001_–_Office_of_the_Surgeon_General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>2001 – Office of the Surgeon General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001_–_Office_of_the_Surgeon_General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007_–_Perspectives_on_Psychological_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007_–_Perspectives_on_Psychological_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>2007 – <i>Perspectives on Psychological Science</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007_–_Perspectives_on_Psychological_Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009_–_Texas_A&M" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<span>Responses to criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responses_to_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motivation_of_the_critics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivation_of_the_critics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Motivation of the critics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivation_of_the_critics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebuttal_of_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebuttal_of_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Rebuttal of statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebuttal_of_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>New curriculum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ironic_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ironic_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ironic response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ironic_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US anti-drug educational program</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education_(DARE).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education_%28DARE%29.png/220px-Logo_of_Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education_%28DARE%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Logo_of_Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education_%28DARE%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>D.A.R.E. logo</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Drug Abuse Resistance Education</b>, or <b>D.A.R.E.</b>, is an American education program that tries to prevent use of <a href="/wiki/Controlled_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled drugs">controlled drugs</a>, membership in <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gangs</a>, and violent behavior. It was founded in Los Angeles in 1983 as a joint initiative of then-<a href="/wiki/LAPD" class="mw-redirect" title="LAPD">LAPD</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Daryl_Gates" title="Daryl Gates">Daryl Gates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Unified_School_District" title="Los Angeles Unified School District">Los Angeles Unified School District</a><sup id="cite_ref-DARE.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DARE.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LA_Times_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a <a href="/wiki/Demand" title="Demand">demand</a>-side drug control strategy of the American <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a>. </p><p>The program was most prominent in the 1980s and 1990s. At the height of its popularity, D.A.R.E. was found in 75% of American school districts and was funded by the US government. The program consists of police officers who make visits to <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary school</a> classrooms, warning children that drugs are harmful and should be refused. D.A.R.E. sought to educate children on how to resist peer pressure to take drugs. It also denounced alcohol, tobacco, graffiti, and tattoos as the results of peer pressure. </p><p>A series of scientific studies in the 1990s and 2000s cast doubt on the effectiveness of D.A.R.E., with some studies concluding the program was harmful or counterproductive. Years after its effectiveness was cast into doubt, the program remained popular among politicians and many members of the public, in part because of a common intuition that the program ought to work. Eventually, in the early 2000s, funding for the program was greatly reduced. </p><p>The program distributed t-shirts and other items branded with the D.A.R.E. logo and with anti-drug messages. These items were repurposed by <a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">drug culture</a> as ironic statements starting in the 1990s. </p><p>Its American headquarters is in <a href="/wiki/Inglewood,_California" title="Inglewood, California">Inglewood, California</a>. D.A.R.E. expanded to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">the United Kingdom</a> in 1995. The program's mascot is Daren the Lion. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_purpose">History and purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>D.A.R.E. program materials from 1991 describe it as "a drug abuse prevention education program designed to equip <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary school</a> children with skills for resisting <a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">peer pressure</a> to experiment with tobacco, drugs, and alcohol."<sup id="cite_ref-Introduction1991_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction1991-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was created as a part of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a> in the United States, with the intention of reducing the demand for drugs through education that would make drug use unappealing. The program was conducted by uniformed police officers who visited classrooms. </p><p>The program was developed in 1983 on the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Daryl_Gates" title="Daryl Gates">Daryl Gates</a>, chief of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">Los Angeles Police Department</a>, in collaboration with Harry Handler, superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Unified_School_District" title="Los Angeles Unified School District">Los Angeles Unified School District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Introduction1991_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction1991-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A local program at first, D.A.R.E. spread rapidly in the 1980s. In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> proclaimed the first National D.A.R.E. Day. At the program's height, it was in 75% of American school districts. It was funded by the federal government in the <i>Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act of 1986</i>, which mentions D.A.R.E. by name.<sup id="cite_ref-Cima2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cima2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, D.A.R.E. had an annual budget of over $10 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingraham2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingraham2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EveshamDARE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/EveshamDARE.jpg/220px-EveshamDARE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/EveshamDARE.jpg/330px-EveshamDARE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/EveshamDARE.jpg/440px-EveshamDARE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Firebird" title="Pontiac Firebird">Pontiac Firebird</a> in D.A.R.E. livery in <a href="/wiki/Evesham_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Evesham Township, New Jersey">Evesham Township, New Jersey</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The curriculum consisted of the D.A.R.E. stunt car, and 'B-rad' lectures on the harmful consequences of drug and alcohol use, how to refuse drugs, building <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a> and support networks, and alternatives to drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Introduction1991_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction1991-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curriculum also condemned graffiti and tattoos because they were considered to be the result of peer pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lessons were derived from SMART, an anti-drug program under development at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, but they were adapted to be delivered by police officers instead of educators.<sup id="cite_ref-Cima2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cima2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officers were also encouraged to spend time with students informally, such as playing basketball or chatting with students over lunch.<sup id="cite_ref-Introduction1991_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction1991-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officers would sometimes arrive in sports cars that police had seized from drug dealers, which was intended to demonstrate that drugs lead to losing coveted possessions. </p><p>Scientific studies cast doubt on the effectiveness of D.A.R.E. starting in the early 1990s, with many concluding that D.A.R.E. did nothing to reduce illicit drug use. One study found that D.A.R.E. students were actually more likely to use drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingraham2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingraham2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet the program remained popular among politicians and many members of the public for decades, in part because of a common intuitive judgment that the program should work.<sup id="cite_ref-Cima2016_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cima2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funding for D.A.R.E. was greatly reduced in the 2000s because of its poor performance at reducing drug use, particularly following a <a href="/wiki/General_Accounting_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="General Accounting Office">General Accounting Office</a> report in 2003 which found "no significant differences in illicit drug use" caused by D.A.R.E.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingraham2017_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingraham2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After decades of antagonism toward D.A.R.E. because of its ineffectiveness, the curriculum was changed starting in 2009. The new program is called "Keepin' it REAL" and focuses less on lectures and more on interactive activities, such as practicing refusal and saying no to pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now less explicitly focused on opposition to drugs, with the broader aim of teaching good decision-making.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingraham2017_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingraham2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_children_as_informants">Use of children as informants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use of children as informants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Circa 2004, "[c]hildren [were] asked to submit to D.A.R.E. police officers sensitive written questionnaires that can easily refer to the kids' homes" and that "a D.A.R.E. lesson [was] called 'The Three R's: Recognize, Resist, Report'", encouraging children to "tell friends, teachers or police if they find drugs at home."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, "D.A.R.E. officers are encouraged to put a 'D.A.R.E. Box' in every classroom, into which students may drop 'drug information' or questions under the pretense of anonymity. Officers are instructed that if a student 'makes a disclosure related to drug use,' the officer should report the information to further authorities, both school and police. This apparently applies whether the 'drug use' was legal or illegal, harmless or harmful. In a number of communities around the country, students have been enlisted by the D.A.R.E. officer as informants against their parents."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Circa 1995, parents compared D.A.R.E. to the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic#End_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">late Weimar Republic</a>, in its installation of "uniformed, sometimes armed, agents of the state in classrooms to tell children what their attitudes ought to be, and to obtain information about family home life which may be of interest to the state".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, <i>The Future of Freedom Foundation</i> asserted that, "In the official D.A.R.E. Implementation Guide, police officers are advised to be alert for signs of children who have relatives who use drugs. D.A.R.E. officers are first and foremost police officers and thus are duty-bound to follow up leads that might come to their attention through inadvertent or indiscreet comments by young children."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, children sometimes confide the names of people they suspect are illegally using drugs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studies_on_effectiveness">Studies on effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Studies on effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1992_–_Indiana_University"><span id="1992_.E2.80.93_Indiana_University"></span>1992 – Indiana University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1992 – Indiana University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>, commissioned by Indiana school officials in 1992, found that those who completed the D.A.R.E. program subsequently had significantly higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogenic drug</a> use than those not exposed to the program.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (January 2024)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education#Dubious" title="Talk:Drug Abuse Resistance Education">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1994_–_RTI_International"><span id="1994_.E2.80.93_RTI_International"></span>1994 – RTI International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1994 – RTI International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1994, three <a href="/wiki/RTI_International" title="RTI International">RTI International</a> scientists evaluated eight previous quantitative analyses on D.A.R.E.'s efficacy that were found to meet their requirements for rigor.<sup id="cite_ref-journal26_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal26-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-journal24_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal24-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researchers found that D.A.R.E.'s long-term effect could not be determined, because the corresponding studies were "compromised by severe control group attrition or contamination".<sup id="cite_ref-journal24_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal24-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the study concluded that in the short-term "DARE imparts a large amount of information, but has little or no impact on students' drug use", and that much smaller, interactive programs were more effective.<sup id="cite_ref-journal26_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal26-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1994 Research Triangle Institute study,<sup id="cite_ref-ncjrs1994_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncjrs1994-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RTI1994_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTI1994-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an article in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> stated that the "organization spent $41,000 to try to prevent widespread distribution of the RTI report and started legal action aimed at squelching the study".<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The director of publication of the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health" title="American Journal of Public Health">American Journal of Public Health</a></i> told <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> that "DARE has tried to interfere with the publication of this. They tried to intimidate us."<sup id="cite_ref-jeff_Elliot_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeff_Elliot-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1995_–_California_Department_of_Education"><span id="1995_.E2.80.93_California_Department_of_Education"></span>1995 – California Department of Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1995 – California Department of Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1995, a report to the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Education" title="California Department of Education">California Department of Education</a> by Joel Brown, stated that none of California's <a href="/wiki/Drug_education" title="Drug education">drug education</a> programs worked, including D.A.R.E.: "California's drug education programs, D.A.R.E. being the largest of them, simply don't work. More than 40 percent of the students told researchers they were 'not at all' influenced by drug educators or programs. Nearly 70 percent reported neutral to negative feelings about those delivering the anti-drug message. While only 10 percent of elementary students responded to drug education negatively or indifferently, this figure grew to 33 percent of middle school students and topped 90 percent at the high school level." In some circles, educators and administrators have admitted that D.A.R.E., in fact, potentially increased students' exposure and knowledge of unknown drugs and controlled substances, resulting in experimentation and consumption of narcotics at a much younger age. Criticism focused on failure and misuse of taxpayer dollars, with either ineffective or negative results state-wide. <sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1998_–_National_Institute_of_Justice"><span id="1998_.E2.80.93_National_Institute_of_Justice"></span>1998 – National Institute of Justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1998 – National Institute of Justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1998, a grant from the National Institute of Justice to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a> resulted in a report to the NIJ, which among other statements, concluded that "D.A.R.E. does not work to reduce substance use."<sup id="cite_ref-NIJWHATWORKS_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIJWHATWORKS-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> D.A.R.E. expanded and modified the social competency development area of its curriculum in response to the report. Research by Dr. Dennis Rosenbaum in 1998<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenbaum_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenbaum-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that D.A.R.E. graduates were more likely than others to drink <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">smoke tobacco</a> and use <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug">illegal drugs</a>. Psychologist Dr. William Colson asserted in 1998 that D.A.R.E. increased drug awareness so that "as they get a little older, they (students) become very curious about these drugs they've learned about from police officers."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scientific research evidence in 1998 indicated that the officers were unsuccessful in preventing the increased awareness and curiosity from being translated into illegal use. The evidence suggested that, by exposing young impressionable children to drugs, the program was, in fact, encouraging and nurturing drug use.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies funded by the National Institute of Justice in 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-NIJWHATWORKS_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIJWHATWORKS-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/California_Legislative_Analyst%27s_Office" title="California Legislative Analyst's Office">California Legislative Analyst's Office</a> in 2000<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also concluded that the program was ineffective. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1999_–_Lynam_et_al."><span id="1999_.E2.80.93_Lynam_et_al."></span>1999 – Lynam <i>et al.</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1999 – Lynam et al."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A ten-year study was completed by Donald R. Lynam and colleagues in 2006 involving one thousand D.A.R.E. graduates in an attempt to measure the effects of the program. After the ten-year period, no measurable effects were noted. The researchers compared levels of alcohol, cigarette, marijuana and the use of illegal substances before the D.A.R.E. program (when the students were in sixth grade) with the post-D.A.R.E. levels (when they were 20 years old). Although there were some measured effects shortly after the program on the attitudes of the students towards drug use, these effects did not seem to carry on long-term.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001_–_Office_of_the_Surgeon_General"><span id="2001_.E2.80.93_Office_of_the_Surgeon_General"></span>2001 – Office of the Surgeon General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2001 – Office of the Surgeon General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Satcher" title="David Satcher">David Satcher</a>, placed the D.A.R.E. program in the category of "Ineffective Primary Prevention Programs".<sup id="cite_ref-SurgeonGeneral_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SurgeonGeneral-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. General Accounting Office concluded in 2003 that the program was sometimes counterproductive in some populations, with those who graduated from D.A.R.E. later having higher than average rates of drug use (a <a href="/wiki/Boomerang_effect_(psychology)" title="Boomerang effect (psychology)">boomerang effect</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007_–_Perspectives_on_Psychological_Science"><span id="2007_.E2.80.93_Perspectives_on_Psychological_Science"></span>2007 – <i>Perspectives on Psychological Science</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2007 – Perspectives on Psychological Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2007, the D.A.R.E. program was placed on a list of treatments that have the potential to cause harm in clients in the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Psychological_Science" title="Association for Psychological Science">APS</a> journal, <i>Perspectives on Psychological Science</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009_–_Texas_A&M"><span id="2009_.E2.80.93_Texas_A.26M"></span>2009 – Texas A&M</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2009 – Texas A&M"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The Social Construction of 'Evidence-Based' Drug Prevention Programs: A Reanalysis of Data from the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) Program," Evaluation Review, Vol. 33, No.4, 394–414 (2009). Studies by Dave Gorman and Carol Weiss argue that the D.A.R.E. program has been held to a higher standard than other youth drug prevention programs. Gorman writes, "what differentiates DARE from many of the programs on evidence-based lists might not be the actual intervention but rather the manner in which data analysis is conducted, reported, and interpreted." Dennis M. Gorman and J. Charles Huber Jr. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a> prohibits any of its funding to be used to support drug prevention programs that have not been able to demonstrate their effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, D.A.R.E. America, in 2004, instituted a major revision of its curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Substance_Abuse_and_Mental_Health_Services_Administration" title="Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration</a> (SAMHSA) identified alternative start-up regional programs, none of which have longevity nor have they been subjected to intense scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Vancouver_Police_Cruiser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/West_Vancouver_Police_Cruiser.jpg/220px-West_Vancouver_Police_Cruiser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/West_Vancouver_Police_Cruiser.jpg/330px-West_Vancouver_Police_Cruiser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/West_Vancouver_Police_Cruiser.jpg/440px-West_Vancouver_Police_Cruiser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Police cruiser painted in D.A.R.E. colors</figcaption></figure> <p>The D.A.R.E. program is consistent with the "zero-tolerance orthodoxy of current U.S. drug control policy." According to researcher D. M. Gorman of the Rutgers University <a href="/wiki/Center_of_Alcohol_Studies" title="Center of Alcohol Studies">Center of Alcohol Studies</a>, it supports the ideology and the "prevailing wisdom that exists among policy makers and politicians."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It also claims to meet the needs of stake holders such as school districts,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> parents, and law enforcement agencies. "DARE America also has been very successful in marketing its program to the news media through a carefully orchestrated <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> campaign that highlights its popularity while downplaying criticism."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychologists at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" title="University of Kentucky">University of Kentucky</a> concluded that "continued enthusiasm [for DARE] shows Americans' stubborn resistance to apply science to drug policy."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marsha Rosenbaum, who headed the West Coast office of the <a href="/wiki/Lindesmith_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindesmith Center">Lindesmith Center</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">drug policy reform</a> organization, provided an opinion for a 1999 <a href="/wiki/Village_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Voice">Village Voice</a> article, "In D.A.R.E.'s worldview, Marlboro Light cigarettes, Bacardi rum, and a drag from a joint are all equally dangerous. For that matter, so is snorting a few lines of cocaine." D.A.R.E. "isn't really education. It's indoctrination."<sup id="cite_ref-truthord_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-truthord-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The article also stated, "Part of what makes DARE so popular is that participants get lots of freebies. There are fluorescent yellow pens with the DARE logo, tiny DARE dolls, bumper stickers, graduation certificates, DARE banners for school auditoriums, DARE rulers, pennants, DARE coloring books, and T-shirts for all DARE graduates."<sup id="cite_ref-truthord_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-truthord-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>D.A.R.E. has failed to fact check some articles on their website, promoting one news piece that was <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, titled "Edible Marijuana Candies Kill 9 in Colorado, 12 at Coachella."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responses_to_criticism">Responses to criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Responses to criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motivation_of_the_critics">Motivation of the critics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Motivation of the critics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>D.A.R.E. America has generally dismissed many criticisms and independent studies of its program, labeling them false, misleading, or biased. "DARE has long dismissed criticism of its approach as flawed or the work of groups that favor decriminalization of drug use," according to the <i>New York Times</i> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a press release titled "Pro-drug Groups Behind Attack on Prevention Programs; DARE Seen as Target as Mayors' Conference Called to Combat Legalization Threat," D.A.R.E. asserted that pro-drug legalization individuals and groups were behind criticisms of the program, which were portrayed as based on "vested interests" and "to support various individual personal agendas at the expense of our children."<sup id="cite_ref-jeff_Elliot_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeff_Elliot-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>D.A.R.E. has attacked critics for allegedly being motivated by their financial self-interest in programs that compete with D.A.R.E. It has charged that "they are setting out to find ways to attack our programs and are misusing science to do it. The bottom line is that they don't want police officers to do the work because they want it for themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics have also been dismissed as being jealous of D.A.R.E.'s success.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rebuttal_of_statistics">Rebuttal of statistics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rebuttal of statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ronald J. Brogan, New York City's D.A.R.E. fundraiser and spokesman, said in 1999 "If you take German for 17 weeks, you're not going to speak German. The critics say the effect dissipates over the years. No shit, Sherlock."<sup id="cite_ref-truthord_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-truthord-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The article in which he was quoted observed that "DARE officials say the solution to this problem is not less DARE but more of it, and they urge cities to teach DARE in middle and high school."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One leader explained that "I don't have any statistics for you. Our strongest numbers are the numbers that don't show up."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1998 University of Maryland report presented to the U.S. National Institute of Justice stated, "Officials of DARE America are often quoted as saying that the strong public support for the program is a better indicator of its utility than scientific studies."<sup id="cite_ref-NIJWHATWORKS_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIJWHATWORKS-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_curriculum">New curriculum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: New curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, D.A.R.E. adopted the "<i>keepin' it REAL"</i> curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-pennkir_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennkir-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hecht1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hecht1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than solely focusing on the perils of alcohol and other drugs, <i>keepin' it REAL</i> developed a 10-lesson curriculum that included aspects of European American, Mexican American, and African American culture integrated with culturally based narration and performance.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program was developed by Penn State researchers, who evaluated its effectiveness, though critics contend the program does not implement a long-term evaluation system.<sup id="cite_ref-pennkir_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennkir-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Substance_Abuse_and_Mental_Health_Services_Administration" title="Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration</a> ranked its "readiness for dissemination" at 1.5 out of 4.<sup id="cite_ref-pennkir_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennkir-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two field <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trials</a> showed the effectiveness of the multicultural <i>keepin' it REAL</i> for reducing substance use across grade levels and ethnic/racial groups, which highlights the importance of grounding substance use prevention programs in their audiences' cultural attitudes, values, norms, and beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-hecht3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hecht3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21128119_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21128119-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second study "evaluated onset of drug use across and within ethnic groups and the ideal times to intervene" finding "a double dose of intervention in elementary and middle school was no more effective than middle school intervention alone."<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21128119_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21128119-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the passing of <a href="/wiki/Washington_Initiative_502" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Initiative 502">Washington Initiative 502</a> that legalized cannabis consumption in Washington state, the D.A.R.E. program was changed in the state to remove cannabis messages from their year 5 curriculum, arguing "research has found that teaching children about drugs with which they have never heard of or have no real life understanding may stimulate their interest or curiosity about the substance."<sup id="cite_ref-hitandrundec2012_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hitandrundec2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ironic_response">Ironic response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ironic response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>T-shirts and other merchandise reading "D.A.R.E. To Keep Kids Off Drugs" became popular as an <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">ironic</a> item in <a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">drug culture</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">countercultures</a> starting in the 1990s. According to a report from <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice</a></i>, the program's appealing logo and acronym may unintentionally suggest one should dare to experiment with drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Ohanian" title="Alexis Ohanian">Alexis Ohanian</a> in a 2022 tweet<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referred to his sporting of the T-Shirt in 2019 with "What are you all wearing for Halloween this year?" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DARE.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DARE.com_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dare.com/home/about_dare.asp">http://www.dare.com/home/about_dare.asp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724232501/http://www.dare.com/home/about_dare.asp">Archived</a> 2010-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, the official website of the D.A.R.E. program.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LA_Times-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNewton1993" class="citation news cs1">Newton, Jim (1993-09-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-09-mn-33226-story.html">"DARE Marks a Decade of Growth and Controversy : Youth: Despite critics, anti-drug program expands nationally. But some see declining support in LAPD"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DARE+Marks+a+Decade+of+Growth+and+Controversy+%3A+Youth%3A+Despite+critics%2C+anti-drug+program+expands+nationally.+But+some+see+declining+support+in+LAPD.&rft.date=1993-09-09&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1993-09-09-mn-33226-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+Abuse+Resistance+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Introduction1991-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction1991_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction1991_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction1991_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction1991_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IvlJSBYnXiMC">An Introduction to DARE: Drug Abuse Resistance Education</a> (Report). U.S. Department of Justice. 1991. pp. i–2, <span class="nowrap">8–</span>12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+DARE%3A+Drug+Abuse+Resistance+Education&rft.pages=i-2%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIvlJSBYnXiMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+Abuse+Resistance+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cima2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cima2016_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cima2016_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cima2016_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCima2016" class="citation web cs1">Cima, Rosie (December 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://priceonomics.com/dare-the-anti-drug-program-that-never-actually/">"DARE: The Anti-Drug Program That Never Actually Worked"</a>. <i>Priceonomics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Priceonomics&rft.atitle=DARE%3A+The+Anti-Drug+Program+That+Never+Actually+Worked&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.aulast=Cima&rft.aufirst=Rosie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpriceonomics.com%2Fdare-the-anti-drug-program-that-never-actually%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+Abuse+Resistance+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingraham2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ingraham2017_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ingraham2017_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ingraham2017_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ingraham2017_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngraham2017" class="citation news cs1">Ingraham, Christopher (July 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/07/12/a-brief-history-of-d-a-r-e-the-anti-drug-program-jeff-sessions-wants-to-revive/">"A brief history of DARE, the anti-drug program Jeff Sessions wants to revive"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+DARE%2C+the+anti-drug+program+Jeff+Sessions+wants+to+revive&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft.aulast=Ingraham&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fwonk%2Fwp%2F2017%2F07%2F12%2Fa-brief-history-of-d-a-r-e-the-anti-drug-program-jeff-sessions-wants-to-revive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+Abuse+Resistance+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonnerman1999" class="citation news cs1">Gonnerman, Jennifer (April 7, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.druglibrary.org/think/~jnr/truthord.htm">"Truth or D.A.R.E.: The Dubious Drug-Education Program Takes New York"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Truth+or+D.A.R.E.%3A+The+Dubious+Drug-Education+Program+Takes+New+York&rft.date=1999-04-07&rft.aulast=Gonnerman&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.druglibrary.org%2Fthink%2F~jnr%2Ftruthord.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+Abuse+Resistance+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordrum" class="citation web cs1">Nordrum, Amy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-d-a-r-e-program-this-one-works/">"The New D.A.R.E. Program—This One Works"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+New+D.A.R.E.+Program%E2%80%94This+One+Works&rft.aulast=Nordrum&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-new-d-a-r-e-program-this-one-works%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+Abuse+Resistance+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Joel. <i>Bad Trip: How the War Against Drugs is Destroying America</i>. NY: Nelson Thomas, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drcnet.org/DARE/section6.html">"section six: a different look at d.a.r.e. (DRCNet)"</a>. <i>www.drcnet.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.drcnet.org&rft.atitle=section+six%3A+a+different+look+at+d.a.r.e.+%28DRCNet%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drcnet.org%2FDARE%2Fsection6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+Abuse+Resistance+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020208233155/http://www.fff.org/freedom/0297d.asp">"The Future of Freedom Foundation: Freedom Daily"</a>. 8 February 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fff.org/freedom/0297d.asp">the original</a> on 8 February 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Freedom+Foundation%3A+Freedom+Daily&rft.date=2002-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fff.org%2Ffreedom%2F0297d.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+Abuse+Resistance+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, Alice and Kris Bosworth – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980629095917/http://www.pdkintl.org/edres/resbul19.htm">= Building effective drug education programs.</a> <a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Kappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi Delta Kappa">Phi Delta Kappa</a> International <i>Research Bulletin</i> No 19, December, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-journal26-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-journal26_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-journal26_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlowRhodes1994" class="citation news cs1">Marlow, Kristina; Rhodes, Steve (November 6, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19941106&id=EbQeAAAAIBAJ&pg=6923,1403055">"Study: DARE teaches kids about drugs but doesn't prevent use"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Study%3A+DARE+teaches+kids+about+drugs+but+doesn%27t+prevent+use&rft.date=1994-11-06&rft.aulast=Marlow&rft.aufirst=Kristina&rft.au=Rhodes%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1876%26dat%3D19941106%26id%3DEbQeAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6923%2C1403055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+Abuse+Resistance+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-journal24-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-journal24_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-journal24_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnnettToblerRingwaltFlewelling1994" class="citation journal cs1">Ennett, Susan; Tobler, Nancy; Ringwalt, Christopher; Flewelling, Robert (September 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1615171">"How effective is drug abuse resistance education? A meta-analysis of Project DARE outcome evaluations"</a>. <i>American Journal of Public Health</i>. <b>84</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1394–</span>401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2Fajph.84.9.1394">10.2105/ajph.84.9.1394</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1615171">1615171</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8092361">8092361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=How+effective+is+drug+abuse+resistance+education%3F+A+meta-analysis+of+Project+DARE+outcome+evaluations&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1394-%3C%2Fspan%3E401&rft.date=1994-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1615171%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8092361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2Fajph.84.9.1394&rft.aulast=Ennett&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Tobler%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Ringwalt%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Flewelling%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1615171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+Abuse+Resistance+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunner1996" class="citation news cs1">Brunner, Jim (October 3, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1980&dat=19961003&id=-FAlAAAAIBAJ&pg=3175,396149">"How DARE they?"</a>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+DARE+they%3F&rft.date=1996-10-03&rft.aulast=Brunner&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1980%26dat%3D19961003%26id%3D-FAlAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3175%2C396149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+Abuse+Resistance+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncjrs1994-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ncjrs1994_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Travis, director of the National Institute of Justice – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/dare.pdf">The D.A.R.E. Program: A Review of Prevalence, User Satisfaction, and Effectiveness</a>. October 1994 (PDF document) Quote:<i>"While not conclusive, the findings suggest that D.A.R.E. may benefit from using more interactive strategies and emphasizing social and general competencies. A revised D.A.R.E. curriculum that includes more participatory learning was piloted in 1993 and is being launched nationwide this fall."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RTI1994-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RTI1994_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher L. Ringwalt, Jody M. Greene, Susan T. Ennett, Ronaldo Iachan, Richard R. Clayton, Carl G. Leukefeld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/darerev.txt">Past and Future Directions of the D.A.R.E. Program: An Evaluation Review.</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Triangle Institute">Research Triangle Institute</a>. September 1994. Supported under Award # 91-DD-CX-K053 from the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">National Institute of Justice</a>, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Denise Hamilton – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/970320.dare.html">Hamilton, Denise. The Truth About D.A.R.E.; The big-bucks antidrug program for kids doesn't work</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071208102524/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/970320.dare.html">Archived</a> December 8, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Los Angeles New Times, March 20, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeff_Elliot-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeff_Elliot_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeff_Elliot_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/1995/03/01/drug-prevention-placebo/">Drug prevention placebo: How D.A.R.E. wastes time, money and police.</a> Elliott, Jeff. <i><a href="/wiki/Reason_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Reason Magazine">Reason Magazine</a></i>, March, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIJWHATWORKS-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIJWHATWORKS_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIJWHATWORKS_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIJWHATWORKS_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence W. Sherman, <a href="/wiki/Denise_Gottfredson" title="Denise Gottfredson">Denise Gottfredson</a>, Doris MacKenzie, John Eck, Peter Reuter, and Shawn Bushway – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/works">Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising.</a> Report for the National Institute of Justice. Chapter 5. School-based Crime Prevention 1998. Quote: <i>In summary, using the criteria adopted for this report, D.A.R.E. does not work to reduce substance use. The programs (sic) content, <a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">teaching methods</a> and use of uniformed police officers rather than teachers might each explain its weak evaluations. No scientific evidence suggests that the D.A.R.E. core curriculum, as originally designed or revised in 1993, will reduce substance use in the absence of continued instruction more focused on social competency development. Any consideration of the D.A.R.E.'s potential as a drug prevention strategy should place D.A.R.E. in the context of instructional strategies in general. No instructional program is likely to have a dramatic effect on substance use. Estimates of the effect sizes of even the strongest of these programs are typically in the mid-to high-teens. D.A.R.E.'s meager effects place it at the bottom of the distribution of effect sizes, but none of the effects are large enough to justify their use as the centerpiece of a drug prevention strategy. Rather, such programs should be embedded within more comprehensive programs using the additional strategies identified elsewhere in this chapter.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenbaum-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenbaum_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbaumHanson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenbaum, Dennis P; Hanson, Gordon S (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/uic.htm">"Assessing the effects of school-based drug education: A six-year multilevel analysis of project D.A.R.E."</a> <i>Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency</i>. <b>35</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">381–</span>412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022427898035004002">10.1177/0022427898035004002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145583986">145583986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+in+Crime+and+Delinquency&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+effects+of+school-based+drug+education%3A+A+six-year+multilevel+analysis+of+project+D.A.R.E.&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E412&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022427898035004002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145583986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=Dennis+P&rft.au=Hanson%2C+Gordon+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druglibrary.org%2Fschaffer%2Flibrary%2Fuic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+Abuse+Resistance+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laugesen, W. 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Durbin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dare-uk.org/">UK website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmmg.mg.gov.br/proerd">Training Center Minas Gerais / DARE Brazil (PROERD)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091106152238/http://www.proerd.rn.gov.br/">DARE Brazil (PROERD)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012172121/http://www.kir.psu.edu/">Official Keepin' It Real website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131218232243/http://alamoareadare.com/">Alamo Area / Bexar County DARE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203184838/http://sirc.asu.edu/keepinitreal">ASU's official Keepin' it REAL website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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