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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration_et_colonisation_portugaises_en_Afrique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Exploration et colonisation portugaises en Afrique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration_et_colonisation_portugaises_en_Afrique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Europe</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Événements_non_politiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Événements_non_politiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Événements non politiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Événements_non_politiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_(règne_de_Charles_VIII)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_(règne_de_Charles_VIII)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>France (règne de Charles VIII)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_(règne_de_Charles_VIII)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Divers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problème_du_duché_de_Bretagne_et_de_la_duchesse_Anne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problème_du_duché_de_Bretagne_et_de_la_duchesse_Anne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Problème du duché de Bretagne et de la duchesse Anne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problème_du_duché_de_Bretagne_et_de_la_duchesse_Anne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-État_bourguignon_(règne_de_Philippe_le_Beau,_régence_de_Maximilien_d'Autriche)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#État_bourguignon_(règne_de_Philippe_le_Beau,_régence_de_Maximilien_d'Autriche)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>État bourguignon (règne de Philippe le Beau, régence de Maximilien d'Autriche)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-État_bourguignon_(règne_de_Philippe_le_Beau,_régence_de_Maximilien_d'Autriche)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Castille_et_Aragon_(règne_d'Isabelle_de_Castille_et_Ferdinand_II_d’Aragon)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castille_et_Aragon_(règne_d'Isabelle_de_Castille_et_Ferdinand_II_d’Aragon)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Castille et Aragon (règne d'Isabelle de Castille et Ferdinand II d’Aragon)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castille_et_Aragon_(règne_d'Isabelle_de_Castille_et_Ferdinand_II_d’Aragon)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal_(règne_de_Jean_II)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal_(règne_de_Jean_II)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Portugal (règne de Jean II)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal_(règne_de_Jean_II)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angleterre_(règne_d'Henri_VII)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angleterre_(règne_d'Henri_VII)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Angleterre (règne d'Henri VII)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angleterre_(règne_d'Henri_VII)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saint-Empire_(règne_de_Frédéric_III)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint-Empire_(règne_de_Frédéric_III)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Saint-Empire (règne de Frédéric III)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint-Empire_(règne_de_Frédéric_III)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russie_(règne_d'Ivan_III)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russie_(règne_d'Ivan_III)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Russie (règne d'Ivan III)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russie_(règne_d'Ivan_III)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naissances_en_1491" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naissances_en_1491"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Naissances en 1491</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naissances_en_1491-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Décès_en_1491" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Décès_en_1491"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Décès en 1491</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Décès_en_1491-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1491</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 146 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">146 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – abkhaze" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1491 እ.ኤ.አ. – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1491 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B4%DB%B9%DB%B1_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۴۹۱ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۴۹۱ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – bavarois" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A7" title="১৪৯১ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৪৯১" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A7" title="মারি ১৪৯১ – bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১৪৯১" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491." title="1491. – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1491." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1491 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1491 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1491 шо – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1491 шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A4%D9%A9%D9%A1" title="١٤٩١ – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٤٩١" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – tatar de Crimée" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tatar de Crimée" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B4%DB%B9%DB%B1_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۴۹۱ (میلادی) – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۴۹۱ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491%E5%B9%B4" title="1491年 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1491年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7" title="१४९१ – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१४९१" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491." title="1491. – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1491." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491_(almanak_jilyen)" title="1491 (almanak jilyen) – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1491 (almanak jilyen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491%E5%B9%B4" title="1491年 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1491年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1491 жыл – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1491 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491%EB%85%84" title="1491년 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1491년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joohr_1491" title="Joohr 1491 – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Joohr 1491" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491_m." title="1491 m. – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1491 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491._gads" title="1491. gads – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1491. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7" title="१४९१ – maïthili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="१४९१" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maïthili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – mokcha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7" title="इ.स. १४९१ – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १४९१" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491_%D0%B8" title="1491 и – mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1491 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%84%E1%81%89%E1%81%81" title="၁၄၉၁ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၄၉၁" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B4%DB%B9%DB%B1" title="۱۴۹۱ – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۴۹۱" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7" title="सन् १४९१ – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सन् १४९१" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – sotho du Nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AA%E0%AD%AF%E0%AD%A7" title="୧୪୯୧ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୪୯୧" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1491-æм аз – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1491-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7" title="१४९१ – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१४९१" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1491 год – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1491 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7" title="१४९१ – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१४९१" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491%D8%B9" title="1491ع – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1491ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – same du Nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="same du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – same d’Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="same d’Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1491" title="Соли 1491 – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1491" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2034" title="พ.ศ. 2034 – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 2034" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1491 ел – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1491 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491%D8%A1" title="1491ء – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1491ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – flamand occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamand occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491%E5%B9%B4" title="1491年 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1491年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491" title="1491 – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1491" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491%E5%B9%B4" title="1491年 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1491年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491_n%C3%AE" title="1491 nî – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1491 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491%E5%B9%B4" title="1491年 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1491年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6676#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1491" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Redirection" title="Aide:Redirection"><img alt="Page d’aide sur les redirections" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/20px-Arrows-move.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/30px-Arrows-move.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/40px-Arrows-move.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="88" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Cette page concerne l'année <b>1491</b> du <a href="/wiki/Calendrier_julien" title="Calendrier julien">calendrier julien</a>. Pour l'année 1491 av. J.-C., voir <a href="/wiki/1491_av._J.-C." class="mw-redirect" title="1491 av. J.-C.">1491 av. J.-C.</a> </p> </div></div> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive" style="width:21em"> <div class="entete" style="background-color: #C0D1E2;"> <div><small>Chronologies</small></div> </div><div class="images"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Leonardo_da_Vinci_attributed_-_Madonna_Litta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Leonardo_da_Vinci_attributed_-_Madonna_Litta.jpg/220px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_attributed_-_Madonna_Litta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Leonardo_da_Vinci_attributed_-_Madonna_Litta.jpg/330px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_attributed_-_Madonna_Litta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Leonardo_da_Vinci_attributed_-_Madonna_Litta.jpg/440px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_attributed_-_Madonna_Litta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6346" data-file-height="8096" /></a></span> </div> <div class="legend"><i><a href="/wiki/Madone_Litta" title="Madone Litta">Madone Litta</a></i>, de <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Boltraffio" title="Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio">Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio</a> <div class="commons plainlinks"><b><span class="js-interprojets"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1491_paintings?uselang=fr">la peinture en 1491</a></span></b> sur <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="commons:">Commons</a></div></div><table><caption class="hidden" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Données clés</caption> <tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1488" title="1488">1488</a> <a href="/wiki/1489" title="1489">1489</a> <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a> <b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">1491</a> </b> <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a> <a href="/wiki/1493" title="1493">1493</a> <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a><br /><small><b>Décennies :</b></small><br /><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1460" title="Années 1460">1460</a> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1470" title="Années 1470">1470</a> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1480" title="Années 1480">1480</a> <b> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1490" title="Années 1490">1490</a> </b> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1500" title="Années 1500">1500</a> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1510" title="Années 1510">1510</a> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1520" title="Années 1520">1520</a><br /><small><b>Siècles :</b></small><br /><a href="/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIIIe siècle">XIII<sup>e</sup></a> <a href="/wiki/XIVe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIVe siècle">XIV<sup>e</sup></a> <b> <a href="/wiki/XVe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVe siècle">XV<sup>e</sup></a> </b> <a href="/wiki/XVIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIe siècle">XVI<sup>e</sup></a> <a href="/wiki/XVIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIIe siècle">XVII<sup>e</sup></a><br /><small><b>Millénaires :</b></small><br /><a href="/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="Ier millénaire av. J.-C.">-I<sup>er</sup></a> <a href="/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire" title="Ier millénaire">I<sup>er</sup></a> <b> <a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire" title="IIe millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></a> </b> <a href="/wiki/IIIe_mill%C3%A9naire" title="IIIe millénaire">III<sup>e</sup></a> </td> </tr></tbody></table><table><caption style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_chronologies_th%C3%A9matiques" title="Liste des chronologies thématiques">Chronologies thématiques</a></caption> <tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491_en_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1491 en art (page inexistante)">Art</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="/wiki/1491_en_arts_plastiques" title="1491 en arts plastiques">Arts plastiques</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=1491_en_dessin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1491 en dessin (page inexistante)">Dessin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1491_en_gravure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1491 en gravure (page inexistante)">Gravure</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1491_en_peinture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1491 en peinture (page inexistante)">Peinture</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=1491_en_sculpture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1491 en sculpture (page inexistante)">Sculpture</a>)</small>, <small>()</small>, <small>()</small>, <a href="/wiki/1491_en_litt%C3%A9rature" title="1491 en littérature">Littérature</a> <small>()</small> et Musique <small>(<a href="/wiki/1491_en_musique_classique" title="1491 en musique classique">Classique</a>)</small> </p> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div><div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491_en_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1491 en religion (page inexistante)">Religion</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><small>(,)</small> </p> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div><div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491_en_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1491 en science (page inexistante)">Science</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><small>()</small> et <a href="/wiki/1491_en_sant%C3%A9_et_m%C3%A9decine" title="1491 en santé et médecine">Santé et médecine</a> </p> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorisme_avant_1946" title="Terrorisme avant 1946">Terrorisme</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table><table><caption style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Calendriers</caption> <tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_romain" title="Calendrier romain">Romain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_chinois" title="Calendrier chinois">Chinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_gr%C3%A9gorien" title="Calendrier grégorien">Grégorien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_julien" title="Calendrier julien">Julien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_h%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque" title="Calendrier hébraïque">Hébraïque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_hindou" title="Calendrier hindou">Hindou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_h%C3%A9girien" title="Calendrier hégirien">Hégirien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_persan" title="Calendrier persan">Persan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_r%C3%A9publicain" title="Calendrier républicain">Républicain</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table><p class="navbar bordered noprint" style="border-color:#CEE0F2;"><span class="plainlinks navigation-not-searchable"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit">modifier</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Ann%C3%A9es" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></p></div> <p>L'année <b>1491</b> est une <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e_commune" title="Année commune">année commune</a> qui <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e_commune_commen%C3%A7ant_un_samedi" title="Année commune commençant un samedi">commence un samedi</a>. </p><p>Les principaux événements sont : </p> <ul><li>le mariage du roi de France <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_(roi_de_France)" title="Charles VIII (roi de France)">Charles VIII</a> avec la duchesse <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Bretagne" title="Anne de Bretagne">Anne de Bretagne</a>, au terme d'un long <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_Bretagne" title="Guerre de Bretagne">conflit</a> ;</li> <li>la capitulation du <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Grenade" title="Royaume de Grenade">roi de Grenade</a> <a href="/wiki/Boabdil" title="Boabdil">Boabdil</a>, qui met fin au dernier État musulman dans la <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ninsule_Ib%C3%A9rique" title="Péninsule Ibérique">péninsule Ibérique</a>, au terme de dix ans de <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_Grenade" title="Guerre de Grenade">guerre</a> menée par <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_la_Catholique" title="Isabelle la Catholique">Isabelle de Castille</a> et <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_le_Catholique" title="Ferdinand le Catholique">Ferdinand d'Aragon</a>.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asie_et_Afrique">Asie et Afrique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Asie et Afrique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Asie et Afrique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mai" title="Mai">Mai</a> : paix de statu quo entre l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Mamelouk" title="Mamelouk">Mamelouks</a> d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89gypte" title="Égypte">Égypte</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%AFlande" title="Thaïlande">Thaïlande</a> : début du règne du <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_rois_de_Tha%C3%AFlande" title="Liste des rois de Thaïlande">roi</a> <a href="/wiki/Royaume_d%27Ayutthaya" title="Royaume d'Ayutthaya">d'Ayutthaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramathibodi_II" title="Ramathibodi II">Ramathibodi II</a> (fin en <a href="/wiki/1529" title="1529">1529</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a> : le recensement de la population chinoise indique 56,238 millions d’habitants<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration_et_colonisation_portugaises_en_Afrique">Exploration et colonisation portugaises en Afrique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Exploration et colonisation portugaises en Afrique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Exploration et colonisation portugaises en Afrique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depuis 1420 (<a href="/wiki/Henri_le_Navigateur" title="Henri le Navigateur">Henri le Navigateur</a>), les Portugais explorent le littoral de l’Afrique. En 1488, ils ont découvert le <a href="/wiki/Cap_de_Bonne-Esp%C3%A9rance" title="Cap de Bonne-Espérance">cap de Bonne-Espérance</a>, passage vers l’<a href="/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an_Indien" title="Océan Indien">océan Indien</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Indes_orientales" title="Indes orientales">« Indes »</a> (ce n'est qu'en 1498 que la liaison effective sera établie). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Kongo_audience.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kongo_audience.jpg/220px-Kongo_audience.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kongo_audience.jpg/330px-Kongo_audience.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kongo_audience.jpg/440px-Kongo_audience.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Audience de Portugais par le Manicongo</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3_mai" title="3 mai">3 mai</a> : baptême du <a href="/wiki/Manicongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicongo">Manicongo</a> (roi du <a href="/wiki/Empire_Kongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Kongo">Congo</a>) <a href="/wiki/Nzinga_Nkuwu" title="Nzinga Nkuwu">Nzinga Nkuwu</a> et de sa cour. Le roi se prénomme alors Joao et devient Joao <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> Nzinga Nkuwu<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li>Une importante ambassade portugaise s’établit à <a href="/wiki/Mbanza-Kongo" title="Mbanza-Kongo">Mbali</a> au <a href="/wiki/Kongo_(royaume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongo (royaume)">Congo</a> où elle reçoit un accueil favorable. La capitale est rebaptisée San Salvador. À la fin du siècle, devant la résistance du peuple, Nzinga Nkouvou et son fils Mpanzou reviennent à l’<a href="/wiki/Animisme" title="Animisme">animisme</a>, et se heurtent à la reine mère et son autre fils <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Ier_du_Kongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonse Ier du Kongo">Alphonso</a>, restés fidèles au catholicisme. Cette opposition entre les deux frères aboutira à la guerre civile dès la disparition de Nzinga Nkouvou. Les Portugais transforment entièrement <a href="/wiki/Mbanza-Kongo" title="Mbanza-Kongo">Mbali</a>, qu’ils appellent San Salvador, en y construisant des églises et des maisons en pierre<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Europe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Europe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Événements_non_politiques"><span id=".C3.89v.C3.A9nements_non_politiques"></span>Événements non politiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Événements non politiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Événements non politiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8_mai" title="8 mai">8 mai</a> : éclipse de soleil à <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Hiver 1491-1492 très rigoureux dans le sud de la France. Gel des oliviers<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_(règne_de_Charles_VIII)"><span id="France_.28r.C3.A8gne_de_Charles_VIII.29"></span>France (règne de Charles VIII)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : France (règne de Charles VIII)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : France (règne de Charles VIII)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divers">Divers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Divers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Divers"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/27_juin" title="27 juin">27 juin</a> : <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis II d'Orléans</a>, cousin du roi et héritier présomptif (futur <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a>), est libéré après trois ans d'emprisonnement pour rébellion, <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage est confus." style="cursor:help;">sans que le roi en informe sa sœur <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_France" title="Anne de France">Anne de France</a> (dame de Beaujeu)</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Style_encyclop%C3%A9dique#Clair" title="Wikipédia:Style encyclopédique">[pas clair]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Problème_du_duché_de_Bretagne_et_de_la_duchesse_Anne"><span id="Probl.C3.A8me_du_duch.C3.A9_de_Bretagne_et_de_la_duchesse_Anne"></span>Problème du duché de Bretagne et de la duchesse Anne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Problème du duché de Bretagne et de la duchesse Anne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Problème du duché de Bretagne et de la duchesse Anne"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En 1488, la France a remporté une victoire importante à <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier_(1488)" title="Bataille de Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier (1488)">Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier</a>, puis le duc <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_II_de_Bretagne" title="François II de Bretagne">François II</a> est mort, laissant le <a href="/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_de_Bretagne" title="Duché de Bretagne">duché</a> à sa fille <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Bretagne" title="Anne de Bretagne">Anne</a> (10 ans). En 1490, celle-ci a été mariée avec <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Ier_(empereur_du_Saint-Empire)" title="Maximilien Ier (empereur du Saint-Empire)">Maximilien d'Autriche</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_janvier" title="2 janvier">2 janvier</a> : <a href="/wiki/Alain_d%27Albret" title="Alain d'Albret">Alain d'Albret</a>, gouverneur de <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, conclut le traité de <a href="/wiki/Moulins_(Allier)" title="Moulins (Allier)">Moulins</a> avec le roi de France<sup id="cite_ref-Sismondi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sismondi-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : moyennant divers avantages, il s'engage à livrer le <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_ducs_de_Bretagne" title="Château des ducs de Bretagne">château de Nantes</a> aux troupes royales.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_f%C3%A9vrier" title="19 février">19 février</a> : <a href="/wiki/Alain_d%27Albret" title="Alain d'Albret">Alain d'Albret</a> livre la ville et le <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Nantes">château de Nantes</a> à <a href="/wiki/Pierre_II_de_Bourbon" title="Pierre II de Bourbon">Pierre II de Bourbon</a>, époux d'<a href="/wiki/Anne_de_France" title="Anne de France">Anne de France</a><sup id="cite_ref-Société_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Société-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mois)" title="Mars (mois)">Mars</a> : annonce officielle du mariage d'Anne de Bretagne avec <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Ier_(empereur_du_Saint-Empire)" title="Maximilien Ier (empereur du Saint-Empire)">Maximilien d'Autriche</a>, fils de l'empereur <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_III_(empereur_du_Saint-Empire)" title="Frédéric III (empereur du Saint-Empire)">Frédéric III</a> et <a href="/wiki/Roi_des_Romains" title="Roi des Romains">roi des Romains</a> (Anne devient « reine des Romains ») ; reprise de la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_franco-bretonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerre franco-bretonne">guerre entre la Bretagne et la France</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sismondi_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sismondi-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_avril" title="4 avril">4 avril</a> : entrée de Charles VIII à Nantes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_ao%C3%BBt" title="4 août">4 août</a> : début du siège de <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> par l'armée française commandée par <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_de_La_Tr%C3%A9moille" title="Louis II de La Trémoille">Louis II de La Trémoille</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sismondi_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sismondi-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_octobre" title="5 octobre">5 octobre</a> : premières tractations de paix<sup id="cite_ref-Blanchard_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanchard-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Bretagne" title="Anne de Bretagne">Anne de Bretagne</a> capitule et la ville n'est pas occupée. Annulation du mariage de <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Ier_du_Saint-Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilien Ier du Saint-Empire">Maximilien d'Autriche</a> et d'<a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Bretagne" title="Anne de Bretagne">Anne de Bretagne</a>, ainsi que des fiançailles de Charles VIII avec <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_d%27Autriche_(1480-1530)" title="Marguerite d'Autriche (1480-1530)">Marguerite</a>, fille de Maximilien.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_octobre" title="27 octobre">27 octobre</a> : à <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>, les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats_de_Bretagne" title="États de Bretagne">États de Bretagne</a> se prononcent en faveur du mariage de la duchesse Anne avec Charles VIII<sup id="cite_ref-Blanchard_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanchard-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_novembre" title="15 novembre">15 novembre</a> : fiançailles à <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Bretagne" title="Anne de Bretagne">Anne</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles VIII de France">Charles VIII</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Traité qui oblige Anne à renvoyer ses troupes étrangères et à neutraliser Rennes<sup id="cite_ref-Sismondi_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sismondi-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Loire_Indre_Langeais_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Loire_Indre_Langeais_tango7174.jpg/220px-Loire_Indre_Langeais_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Loire_Indre_Langeais_tango7174.jpg/330px-Loire_Indre_Langeais_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Loire_Indre_Langeais_tango7174.jpg/440px-Loire_Indre_Langeais_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/6_d%C3%A9cembre" title="6 décembre">6 décembre</a> : mariage de <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles VIII de France">Charles VIII de France</a> et <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Bretagne" title="Anne de Bretagne">Anne de Bretagne</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_d%C3%A9cembre" title="6 décembre">6 décembre</a> : mariage, à <a href="/wiki/Langeais" title="Langeais">Langeais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indre-et-Loire" title="Indre-et-Loire">Indre-et-Loire</a>), de Charles VIII avec la duchesse <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Bretagne" title="Anne de Bretagne">Anne de Bretagne</a><sup id="cite_ref-Société_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Société-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="État_bourguignon_(règne_de_Philippe_le_Beau,_régence_de_Maximilien_d'Autriche)"><span id=".C3.89tat_bourguignon_.28r.C3.A8gne_de_Philippe_le_Beau.2C_r.C3.A9gence_de_Maximilien_d.27Autriche.29"></span>État bourguignon (règne de Philippe le Beau, régence de Maximilien d'Autriche)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : État bourguignon (règne de Philippe le Beau, régence de Maximilien d'Autriche)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : État bourguignon (règne de Philippe le Beau, régence de Maximilien d'Autriche)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_bourguignon" title="État bourguignon">État bourguignon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_de_Bourgogne" title="Comté de Bourgogne">comté de Bourgogne</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Charolais_(pays)" title="Charolais (pays)">Charolais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pays-Bas_bourguignons" title="Pays-Bas bourguignons">Pays-Bas bourguignons</a>) est un rassemblement de fiefs français ou impériaux (les plus nombreux) entre les mains des <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_ducs_de_Bourgogne" title="Liste des ducs de Bourgogne">ducs de Bourgogne</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Valois-Bourgogne" title="Maison de Valois-Bourgogne">maison de Valois</a>, puis de leurs descendants <a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Habsbourg" title="Maison de Habsbourg">Habsbourg</a>, dont <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Ier_le_Beau" title="Philippe Ier le Beau">Philippe le Beau</a>, fils de <a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Bourgogne" title="Marie de Bourgogne">Marie de Bourgogne</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Ier_(empereur_du_Saint-Empire)" title="Maximilien Ier (empereur du Saint-Empire)">Maximilien d'Autriche</a>, est le premier. Régent depuis la mort de son épouse, Maximilien est confronté depuis lors à plusieurs révoltes aux <a href="/wiki/Pays-Bas_bourguignons" title="Pays-Bas bourguignons">Pays-Bas</a>. </p> <ul><li>Révolte du peuple du pain et du fromage (<i>Opstand van het Kaas- en Broodvolk</i>) dans le nord du <a href="/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_de_Hollande" title="Comté de Hollande">comté de Hollande</a>, suscitée par les difficultés des paysans dues aux intempéries (1491-1492)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Castille_et_Aragon_(règne_d'Isabelle_de_Castille_et_Ferdinand_II_d’Aragon)"><span id="Castille_et_Aragon_.28r.C3.A8gne_d.27Isabelle_de_Castille_et_Ferdinand_II_d.E2.80.99Aragon.29"></span>Castille et Aragon (règne d'Isabelle de Castille et Ferdinand II d’Aragon)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Castille et Aragon (règne d'Isabelle de Castille et Ferdinand II d’Aragon)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Castille et Aragon (règne d'Isabelle de Castille et Ferdinand II d’Aragon)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_la_Catholique" title="Isabelle la Catholique">Isabelle de Castille</a> et <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_le_Catholique" title="Ferdinand le Catholique">Ferdinand d’Aragon</a>, mariés depuis 1469, mènent depuis 1482 la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_Grenade" title="Guerre de Grenade">guerre</a> contre le <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Grenade" title="Royaume de Grenade">royaume de Grenade</a>, depuis 1238 dernier État musulman dans la <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ninsule_Ib%C3%A9rique" title="Péninsule Ibérique">péninsule Ibérique</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/23_avril" title="23 avril">23 avril</a> : début du <a href="/wiki/Prise_de_Grenade" title="Prise de Grenade">siège de Grenade</a>. Fondation de <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_(Grenade)" title="Santa Fe (Grenade)">Santa Fe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andalousie" title="Andalousie">Andalousie</a>, à dix kilomètres à l’ouest de <a href="/wiki/Grenade_(Espagne)" title="Grenade (Espagne)">Grenade</a>, par les <a href="/wiki/Rois_catholiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Rois catholiques">rois catholiques</a> qui y installent leur campement militaire pour mettre fin à la <a href="/wiki/Guerres_de_Grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerres de Grenade">reconquête</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dumesnil_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumesnil-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/16_novembre" title="16 novembre">16 novembre</a> : affaire du meurtre du « <a href="/wiki/Affaire_du_Saint_Enfant_de_La_Guardia" title="Affaire du Saint Enfant de La Guardia">Saint Enfant de La Guardia</a> » à <a href="/wiki/%C3%81vila" title="Ávila">Ávila</a> (royaume de Castille). Des <a href="/wiki/Juifs" title="Juifs">juifs</a> et des <a href="/wiki/Nouveau_chr%C3%A9tien" title="Nouveau chrétien">nouveaux chrétiens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusation_de_crime_rituel_contre_les_Juifs" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusation de crime rituel contre les Juifs">accusés de meurtre rituel</a> sur des enfants chrétiens, sont brûlés en place publique<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_novembre" title="25 novembre">25 novembre</a> : capitulation du roi de Grenade, <a href="/wiki/Boabdil" title="Boabdil">Boabdil</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dumesnil_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumesnil-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal_(règne_de_Jean_II)"><span id="Portugal_.28r.C3.A8gne_de_Jean_II.29"></span>Portugal (règne de Jean II)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Portugal (règne de Jean II)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Portugal (règne de Jean II)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/13_juillet" title="13 juillet">13 juillet</a> : mort accidentelle de l’héritier du trône du <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, Alfonso<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Jean_II_de_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean II de Portugal">Jean II de Portugal</a> désigne comme héritier <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ier_de_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Ier de Portugal">Manuel</a>, le frère de Diogo, dont il avait prononcé la condamnation et peut-être perpétré le meurtre.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angleterre_(règne_d'Henri_VII)"><span id="Angleterre_.28r.C3.A8gne_d.27Henri_VII.29"></span>Angleterre (règne d'Henri VII)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Angleterre (règne d'Henri VII)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Angleterre (règne d'Henri VII)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Création d’un comptoir anglais dans la <a href="/wiki/Ville_hans%C3%A9atique" title="Ville hanséatique">ville hanséatique</a> de <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Dantzig</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, à l'embouchure de la <a href="/wiki/Vistule" title="Vistule">Vistule</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint-Empire_(règne_de_Frédéric_III)"><span id="Saint-Empire_.28r.C3.A8gne_de_Fr.C3.A9d.C3.A9ric_III.29"></span>Saint-Empire (règne de Frédéric III)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Saint-Empire (règne de Frédéric III)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Saint-Empire (règne de Frédéric III)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_novembre" title="7 novembre">7 novembre</a> : signature du <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Presbourg_(1491)" title="Traité de Presbourg (1491)">traité de Presbourg</a>, entre <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Ier_(empereur_germanique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilien Ier (empereur germanique)">Maximilien <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a> et le roi de Hongrie <a href="/wiki/Vladislas_IV_de_Boh%C3%AAme" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladislas IV de Bohême">Ladislas II Jagellon</a>. <ul><li>Il rétablit le <i>statu quo</i> en <a href="/wiki/Hongrie" title="Hongrie">Hongrie</a>, confirmant l’accord de <a href="/wiki/1463" title="1463">1463</a>. Les domaines des <a href="/wiki/Habsbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsbourg">Habsbourg</a> sont réunis sous la seule autorité de <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_III_du_Saint-Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frédéric III du Saint-Empire">Frédéric III</a>. La <a href="/wiki/Couronne_de_saint_%C3%89tienne" title="Couronne de saint Étienne">couronne de saint Étienne</a> reviendra aux héritiers de Maximilien de Habsbourg ou à ceux de Ladislas Jagellon suivant la branche qui s’éteindra la première<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russie_(règne_d'Ivan_III)"><span id="Russie_.28r.C3.A8gne_d.27Ivan_III.29"></span>Russie (règne d'Ivan III)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Russie (règne d'Ivan III)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Russie (règne d'Ivan III)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septembre" title="Septembre">Septembre</a> : le prince de Moscou <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_de_Russie" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan III de Russie">Ivan III</a> fait arrêter son frère André qui a refusé de marcher contre les <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> et annexe ses domaines<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naissances_en_1491"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Naissance_en_1491" title="Catégorie:Naissance en 1491">Naissances en 1491</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifier la section : Naissances en 1491" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Naissances en 1491"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Ming_Wuzong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ming_Wuzong.jpg/220px-Ming_Wuzong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ming_Wuzong.jpg/330px-Ming_Wuzong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ming_Wuzong.jpg/440px-Ming_Wuzong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12981" data-file-height="18237" /></a><figcaption>Portrait assis de l'empereur <a href="/wiki/Ming_Wuzong" title="Ming Wuzong">Ming Wuzong</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/28_juin" title="28 juin">28 juin</a> : <a href="/wiki/Henri_VIII_d%27Angleterre" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri VIII d'Angleterre">Henri VIII d'Angleterre</a>, roi d'Angleterre († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1547-02-07" data-sort-value="1547-02-07">28 janvier 1547</time>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_octobre" title="26 octobre">26 octobre</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ming_Wuzong" title="Ming Wuzong">Ming Wuzong</a>,dixième empereur de la <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Ming" title="Dynastie Ming">dynastie Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_d%C3%A9cembre" title="24 décembre">24 décembre</a> : <a href="/wiki/Ignace_de_Loyola" title="Ignace de Loyola">Ignace de Loyola</a>, fondateur des Jésuites († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1556-08-10" data-sort-value="1556-08-10">31 juillet 1556</time>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_d%C3%A9cembre" title="31 décembre">31 décembre</a> : <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a>, à <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>, navigateur français, « découvreur du Canada » († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1557-09-11" data-sort-value="1557-09-11"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> septembre 1557</time>).</li> <li>Vers 1491 :</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altobello_Melone" title="Altobello Melone">Altobello Melone</a>, peintre italien († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1543-05-13" data-sort-value="1543-05-13">3 mai 1543</time>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Décès_en_1491"><span id="D.C3.A9c.C3.A8s_en_1491"></span><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:D%C3%A9c%C3%A8s_en_1491" title="Catégorie:Décès en 1491">Décès en 1491</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifier la section : Décès en 1491" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Décès en 1491"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_f%C3%A9vrier" title="2 février">2 février</a> : <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schongauer" title="Martin Schongauer">Martin Schongauer</a>, peintre et graveur allemand célèbre pour ses cent quinze gravures au burin sur cuivre signées du monogramme M+S (° <a href="/wiki/1445" title="1445">1445</a>) .</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_octobre" title="5 octobre">5 octobre</a> : <a href="/wiki/Jean_Balue" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Balue">Jean Balue</a> cardinal et homme politique français (° 1421)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:36em; column-count:2;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Stearns2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Peter_N._Stearns2001">Peter N. Stearns, <cite class="italique">The Encyclopedia of world history : ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>, <time>2001</time>, 1243 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-395-65237-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-395-65237-4"><span class="nowrap">978-0-395-65237-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=MziRd4ddZz4C&pg=RA1-PA127">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+world+history+%3A+ancient%2C+medieval%2C+and+modern%2C+chronologically+arranged&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Peter+N.&rft.date=2001&rft.tpages=1243&rft.isbn=978-0-395-65237-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dovert2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Stéphane_Dovert2001">Stéphane Dovert, <cite class="italique">Thaïlande contemporaine</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">Editions L'Harmattan</a>, <time>2001</time>, 438 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7475-1678-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7475-1678-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7475-1678-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=QPrbIe_RSywC&pg=PA193">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tha%C3%AFlande+contemporaine&rft.pub=Editions+L%27Harmattan&rft.aulast=Dovert&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft.date=2001&rft.tpages=438&rft.isbn=978-2-7475-1678-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Crispin_Twitchett,_Frederick_W._Mote,_John_King_Fairbank1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Denis_Crispin_Twitchett,_Frederick_W._Mote,_John_King_Fairbank1998">Denis Crispin Twitchett, Frederick W. Mote, John King Fairbank, <cite class="italique">The Cambridge history of China</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <time>1998</time>, 1203 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-521-24333-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-521-24333-9"><span class="nowrap">978-0-521-24333-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&pg=PA14">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+China&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.au=Denis+Crispin+Twitchett%2C+Frederick+W.+Mote%2C+John+King+Fairbank&rft.date=1998&rft.tpages=1203&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24333-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Okamba2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Emmanuel_Okamba2010">Emmanuel Okamba, <cite class="italique">La gouvernance, une affaire de société : Analyse mythiumétrique de la performance</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">Editions L'Harmattan</a>, <time>2010</time>, 239 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-296-11582-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-296-11582-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-296-11582-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=qsQDow17RJAC&pg=PA57">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+gouvernance%2C+une+affaire+de+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+%3A+Analyse+mythium%C3%A9trique+de+la+performance&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+L%27Harmattan&rft.aulast=Okamba&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft.date=2010&rft.tpages=239&rft.isbn=978-2-296-11582-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jolly1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_Jolly1996"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jolly" title="Jean Jolly">Jean Jolly</a>, <cite class="italique">Histoire du continent africain, Volume 1 : De la préhistoire à 1600</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">Editions L'Harmattan</a>, <time>1996</time>, 236 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7384-4688-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7384-4688-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7384-4688-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=e8p4DUAMMekC&pg=PA183">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+continent+africain%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Editions+L%27Harmattan&rft.stitle=De+la+pr%C3%A9histoire+%C3%A0+1600&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.date=1996&rft.tpages=236&rft.isbn=978-2-7384-4688-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="AubrionAubrion1857"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_AubrionPierre_Aubrion1857">Jean Aubrion et Pierre Aubrion, <cite class="italique">Journal de Jehan Aubrion, bourgeois de Metz</cite>, F. Blanc, <time>1857</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=lQhXAAAAMAAJ">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+de+Jehan+Aubrion%2C+bourgeois+de+Metz&rft.pub=F.+Blanc&rft.aulast=Aubrion&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Pierre+Aubrion&rft.date=1857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Le_Roy_Ladurie1966"><span class="ouvrage" id="Emmanuel_Le_Roy_Ladurie1966">Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, <cite class="italique">Les paysans de Languedoc, Volume 1</cite>, Imprimerie nationale, <time>1966</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=d9e5AAAAIAAJ&dq=1491">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+paysans+de+Languedoc%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Imprimerie+nationale&rft.au=Emmanuel+Le+Roy+Ladurie&rft.date=1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="de_Seyssel2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Claude_de_Seyssel2009">Claude de Seyssel, <cite class="italique">Les louenges du roy Louys <abbr class="abbr" title="Douzième">XII<sup>e</sup></abbr> de ce nom Volume 21 de Les classiques de la pensée politique</cite>, Genève, <a href="/wiki/Librairie_Droz" title="Librairie Droz">Librairie Droz</a>, <time>2009</time>, 282 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-600-01278-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-600-01278-2"><span class="nowrap">978-2-600-01278-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=Cz8uhLMQe4YC&pg=PA203">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+louenges+du+roy+Louys+XIIe+de+ce+nom+Volume+21+de+Les+classiques+de+la+pens%C3%A9e+politique&rft.place=Gen%C3%A8ve&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.au=Claude+de+Seyssel&rft.date=2009&rft.tpages=282&rft.isbn=978-2-600-01278-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sismondi-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sismondi_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sismondi_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sismondi_9-2">c</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Sismondi_9-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Simonde_de_Sismondi1847"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Charles-Léonard_Simonde_de_Sismondi1847">Jean-Charles-Léonard Simonde de Sismondi, <cite class="italique">Histoire des Français, Volume 9</cite>, Wouters, frères, <time>1847</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=_X8PAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA119">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Fran%C3%A7ais%2C+Volume+9&rft.pub=Wouters%2C+fr%C3%A8res&rft.au=Jean-Charles-L%C3%A9onard+Simonde+de+Sismondi&rft.date=1847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Société-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Société_10-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Société_10-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="académique_de_Nantes_et_du_département_de_la_Loire-Inférieure1865"><span class="ouvrage" id="Société_académique_de_Nantes_et_du_département_de_la_Loire-Inférieure1865">Société académique de Nantes et du département de la Loire-Inférieure, <cite class="italique">Annales</cite>, Nantes, Melinet, <time>1865</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=vEwcAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA425">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annales&rft.place=Nantes&rft.pub=Melinet&rft.au=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+acad%C3%A9mique+de+Nantes+et+du+d%C3%A9partement+de+la+Loire-Inf%C3%A9rieure&rft.date=1865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanchard-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Blanchard_11-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Blanchard_11-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="de_Commynes,_Joël_Blanchard2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philippe_de_Commynes,_Joël_Blanchard2001">Philippe de Commynes, Joël Blanchard, <cite class="italique">Lettres</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Librairie_Droz" title="Librairie Droz">Librairie Droz</a>, <time>2001</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-600-00488-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-600-00488-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-600-00488-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=VsFCkAOE3NAC&pg=PA159">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettres&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.au=Philippe+de+Commynes%2C+Jo%C3%ABl+Blanchard&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-600-00488-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Martin1856"><span class="ouvrage" id="Henri_Martin1856">Henri Martin, <cite class="italique">Histoire de France, Volume 7</cite>, Paris, Furne, <time>1856</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=bGgPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA219">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+France%2C+Volume+7&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Furne&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft.date=1856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Fief impérial situé à l'est de la <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Saône">Saône</a> (capitale : <a href="/wiki/Dole_(Jura)" title="Dole (Jura)">Dole</a>). <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ville_libre_de_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Ville libre de Besançon">ville libre impériale</a>, n'en fait pas partie. Le <a href="/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_de_Bourgogne" title="Duché de Bourgogne">duché de Bourgogne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>) est un fief français, qui a été repris en 1482 par <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Batholomeus_Willem_Anne_Elisa_Sloet_tot_Oldhuis1855"><span class="ouvrage" id="Baron_Batholomeus_Willem_Anne_Elisa_Sloet_tot_Oldhuis1855">Baron Batholomeus Willem Anne Elisa Sloet tot Oldhuis, <cite class="italique">Tijdschrift voor staathuishoudkunde en statistiek, Volumes 11 à 12</cite>, TW.E.J. Tjeenk Willink, <time>1855</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=WGkuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA153">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tijdschrift+voor+staathuishoudkunde+en+statistiek%2C+Volumes+11+%C3%A0+12&rft.pub=TW.E.J.+Tjeenk+Willink&rft.au=Baron+Batholomeus+Willem+Anne+Elisa+Sloet+tot+Oldhuis&rft.date=1855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumesnil-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dumesnil_15-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Dumesnil_15-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="d'Ault-Dumesnil1852"><span class="ouvrage" id="Edouard_d'Ault-Dumesnil1852">Edouard d'Ault-Dumesnil, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire historique, géographique et biographique des croisades</cite>, Jacques-Paul Migne, <time>1852</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=cgEMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR161">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+historique%2C+g%C3%A9ographique+et+biographique+des+croisades&rft.pub=Jacques-Paul+Migne&rft.aulast=d%27Ault-Dumesnil&rft.aufirst=Edouard&rft.date=1852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Étienvre1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Pierre_Étienvre1989">Jean-Pierre Étienvre, <cite class="italique">La légende : Anthopologie, histoire, littérature</cite>, Casa de Velázquez, <time>1989</time>, 305 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-84-86839-12-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-84-86839-12-3"><span class="nowrap">978-84-86839-12-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=ywENxQecIjUC&pg=PA253">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 253<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+l%C3%A9gende&rft.pub=Casa+de+Vel%C3%A1zquez&rft.stitle=Anthopologie%2C+histoire%2C+litt%C3%A9rature&rft.aulast=%C3%89tienvre&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=253&rft.tpages=305&rft.isbn=978-84-86839-12-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Xavier_de_Oliveira1741"><span class="ouvrage" id="Francisco_Xavier_de_Oliveira1741">Francisco Xavier de Oliveira, <cite class="italique">Memoires de Portugal</cite>, Amsterdam, <time>1741</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=7NwFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA16">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoires+de+Portugal&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.au=Francisco+Xavier+de+Oliveira&rft.date=1741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marx1967"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roland_Marx1967">Roland Marx, <cite class="italique">Histoire du Royaume-Uni, les principaux courants</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Colin" title="Armand Colin">A. Colin</a>, <time>1967</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=tFGgAAAAMAAJ&dq=1491">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+Royaume-Uni%2C+les+principaux+courants&rft.pub=A.+Colin&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1842"><cite class="italique">L'Univers : histoire et description de tous les peuples</cite>, F. Didot frères, <time>1842</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=mMw1AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA55">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Univers+%3A+histoire+et+description+de+tous+les+peuples&rft.pub=F.+Didot+fr%C3%A8res&rft.date=1842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Martin1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="Janet_Martin1995">Janet Martin, <cite class="italique">Medieval Russia, 980-1584</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <time>1995</time>, 450 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-521-36832-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-521-36832-2"><span class="nowrap">978-0-521-36832-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=uyi9JaVBJtgC&pg=PA245">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Russia%2C+980-1584&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.date=1995&rft.tpages=450&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36832-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="de_La_Selle1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="Xavier_de_La_Selle1995">Xavier de La Selle, <cite class="italique">Le service des âmes à la cour : confesseurs et aumôniers des rois de France du <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> au <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècleVolume 43 de Mémoires et documents de l'École des chartes</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Librairie_Droz" title="Librairie Droz">Librairie Droz</a>, <time>1995</time>, 364 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-900791-10-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-900791-10-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-900791-10-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=EDrE-Xjh4qUC&pg=PA301">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+service+des+%C3%A2mes+%C3%A0+la+cour+%3A+confesseurs+et+aum%C3%B4niers+des+rois+de+France+du+XIIIe+au+XVe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cleVolume+43+de+M%C3%A9moires+et+documents+de+l%27%C3%89cole+des+chartes&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.au=Xavier+de+La+Selle&rft.date=1995&rft.tpages=364&rft.isbn=978-2-900791-10-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1491"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491&action=edit&section=17" title="Modifier le code source de la 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