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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Timeline of products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refreshed_vector_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refreshed_vector_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Refreshed vector display</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refreshed_vector_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_processors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_processors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dual processors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_processors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pixels_replace_vector_displays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pixels_replace_vector_displays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pixels replace vector displays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pixels_replace_vector_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Emulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">IMLAC</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imlac_PDS-1" title="Imlac PDS-1 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Imlac PDS-1" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17157124#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/IMLAC" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:IMLAC" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/IMLAC"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/IMLAC"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/IMLAC" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/IMLAC" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&oldid=1258335728" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=IMLAC&id=1258335728&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIMLAC"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIMLAC"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=IMLAC&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17157124" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imlac_PDS-1&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Imlac PDS-1">Imlac PDS-1</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Graphical display system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Imlac" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Imlac_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Imlac (disambiguation)">Imlac (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/IMLAC" title="Special:EditPage/IMLAC">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:IMLAC" title="Talk:IMLAC">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_bare_URLs plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-cleanup-link_rot" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>uses <a 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class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">IMLAC Corporation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IMLAC_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/IMLAC_logo.svg/220px-IMLAC_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/IMLAC_logo.svg/330px-IMLAC_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/IMLAC_logo.svg/440px-IMLAC_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="140" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Imlac_PDS-1_1969.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Imlac_PDS-1_1969.png/220px-Imlac_PDS-1_1969.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Imlac_PDS-1_1969.png/330px-Imlac_PDS-1_1969.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Imlac_PDS-1_1969.png/440px-Imlac_PDS-1_1969.png 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="618" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An original Imlac PDS-1 from 1969</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Electronics</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1968<span class="noprint">; 56 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1968</span>)</span> in <a href="/wiki/Needham,_Massachusetts" title="Needham, Massachusetts">Needham, Massachusetts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1979<span class="noprint">; 45 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1979</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Acquired by <a href="/wiki/Hazeltine_Corporation" title="Hazeltine Corporation">Hazeltine Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Graphical display systems</li><li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical terminal">Graphical terminals</a></li><li>Computer workstations</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>IMLAC Corporation</b> was an American electronics company in <a href="/wiki/Needham,_Massachusetts" title="Needham, Massachusetts">Needham, Massachusetts</a>, that manufactured graphical display systems, mainly the <b>PDS-1</b> and <b>PDS-4</b>, in the late 1960s and 1970s. </p><p>The PDS-1 debuted in late 1969 at that year's <a href="/wiki/Fall_Joint_Computer_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall Joint Computer Conference">Fall Joint Computer Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first low-cost<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commercial realization of a highly interactive computer graphics display with motion. The PDS-1's initial selling price was $9450 for single units, and down to $6545 per unit in larger quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PDS-1 was functionally similar to the much bigger <a href="/wiki/IBM_2250" title="IBM 2250">IBM 2250</a>, which cost 30 times more. It was a significant step forward towards <a href="/wiki/Computer_workstation" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer workstation">computer workstations</a> and modern displays. </p><p>The PDS-1 consisted of a <a href="/wiki/CRT_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="CRT monitor">CRT monitor</a>, keyboard, <a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">light pen</a>, and a control panel on a small desk with most electronic logic in the desk pedestal. The electronics included a simple <a href="/wiki/16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputer</a>, 8-16 kilobytes of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">magnetic-core memory</a>, and a display processor for driving CRT beam movements. By 1971 a <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mouse</a> for the PDS-1 was available.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IMLAC is not an acronym, but is the name of a poet-philosopher from <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>'s novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Rasselas,_Prince_of_Abissinia" title="The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia">The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_products">Timeline of products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Timeline of products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1968: Imlac founded. Their business plan was interactive <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal#Graphical_terminals" title="Computer terminal">graphics terminals</a> for <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a> traders, which did not happen.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1969: PDS-1 introduced for the general graphics market. First units delivered late that year.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1970: PDS-2 introduced. It consolidated all of the PDS-1's circuitry into the desktop display unit.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1972: PDS-1D introduced. It was similar to the PDS-1 with improved circuits and <a href="/wiki/Backplane" title="Backplane">backplane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1973: PDS-4 introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ran twice as fast and displayed twice as much text or graphics without flicker.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its display processor supported instantaneous interactive magnification with clipping. It had an optional <a href="/wiki/Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">floating point</a> add-on.</li> <li>1974: PDS-1G introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1977: A total of about 700 PDS-4 systems had been sold in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were built upon order rather than being mass-produced.</li> <li>1978: Dynagraphic 3205, 6210, and 6220 introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were designed to be used mainly by a proprietary Fortran-coded graphics <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a> running on larger computers, without customer programming inside the terminals.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1979: Imlac Corporation acquired by <a href="/wiki/Hazeltine_Corporation" title="Hazeltine Corporation">Hazeltine Corporation</a>, a maker of text-only terminals.</li> <li>1981: Hazeltine's Imlac Dynagraphic Series II introduced. It was designed to be compatible with <a href="/wiki/SIGGRAPH" title="SIGGRAPH">SIGGRAPH</a>'s CORE 1979 <a href="/wiki/3D_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="3D graphics">3D graphics</a> library standard. Its cost was $9000 in <a href="/wiki/OEM" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM">OEM</a> quantities. It had 2Kx2K resolution,192 kilobytes of RAM, and an <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">8086</a> microprocessor, all inside the monitor unit.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/DEC_GT40" title="DEC GT40">DEC GT40</a> had a similar design and price point to the PDS-1D. Its desktop electronics were more compact and used a mass-produced <a href="/wiki/PDP_11" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP 11">PDP 11/05</a> board set as its local minicomputer. This automatically gave it a much bigger set of programming tools, but it too was usually driven by applications running on larger PDP systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refreshed_vector_display">Refreshed vector display</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Refreshed vector display"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The monitor was a 14-inch monochrome <a href="/wiki/Vector_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector display">vector display</a>, continually refreshed from local memory. Its normal resolution was 1024 by 1024 addressable points, and 2K x 2K in small-font scaling mode. The CRT <a href="/wiki/Electron_beam" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beam">electron beam</a> moved freely in X and Y position and angle under program control to draw individual sloped lines and letter forms, much like the pen-on-paper motions of a <a href="/wiki/Pen_plotter" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen plotter">pen plotter</a>. The beam skipped blank areas of the screen. Things could be drawn in arbitrary order. </p><p>Vector displays are a now-obsolete alternative to <a href="/wiki/Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">raster scan</a> displays. In vector displays, the CRT electron beam 'draws' only the lines and curves displayed. In raster scan displays, the image is a grid of pixel spots (a 'bitmapped' image), and the CRT beam repeatedly sweeps the entire screen in a fixed horizontal pattern (like in TV sets), regardless of which dots are turned on.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bitmap raster graphics require much more memory than vector graphics. <a href="/wiki/XGA" class="mw-redirect" title="XGA">XGA</a>-level 1024x768 black/white resolution requires 96 kilobytes of video refresh memory, 12 times more than a basic PDS-1. In 1970, that much core memory cost about $8000.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (It now costs only 0.05 cents of shared <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random_access_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic random access memory">DRAM</a>.) </p><p>Vector displays were good for showing data charts, modifying line drawings and <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> diagrams, tumbling <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3-D</a> <a href="/wiki/Wire-frame_model" title="Wire-frame model">wire-frame</a> shapes, editing text, laying out printed pages, and playing simple games. But they did not handle colors, images, filled-in areas, black-on-white screens, or <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> fidelity to the fonts of professionally printed text. </p><p>The PDS-1 screen was repeatedly refreshed or redrawn 40 times per second to avoid visible flickering. But irregular beam motion was slower than the steady motions on raster displays. The beam deflections were driven by <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_coil" title="Electromagnetic coil">magnetic coils</a>, and those coils fought against rapid changes to their current. The screen flickered when filled with more than 800 inches of lines or more than 1200 characters, because the beam then needed more than 1/40th of a second to retrace everything. </p><p>The competing lower cost <a href="/wiki/Tektronix_4010" title="Tektronix 4010">Tektronix 4010</a> graphics terminal used an alternative <a href="/wiki/Storage_tube" title="Storage tube">storage tube</a> CRT technology which required no continual refresh and hence no local computer display memory at all. The glowing image was remembered by the CRT <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a> itself. But like an <a href="/wiki/Etch_A_Sketch" title="Etch A Sketch">Etch A Sketch</a>, the accumulated image could be modified or moved only by flash-erasing the entire screen and then slowing redrawing everything with data resent from some large computer.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was much less interactive than the PDS-1 and could not show animations. </p><p>On other displays of this era, text fonts were hardwired and could not be changed. For example, the operator consoles of the <a href="/wiki/CDC_6600" title="CDC 6600">CDC 6600</a> formed each letter all at once by sending the <a href="/wiki/Charactron" title="Charactron">Charactron</a> CRT electron beam through a metallic stencil mask with an A-shaped hole, or through a B-shaped hole, etc. </p><p>But on the PDS-1, all letter shapes, sizes, and spacing were entirely controlled in software. Each desired form of the letter E had its own display <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutine</a> which executed a sequence of short vector strokes for that letter. Each occurrence of a letter on the screen was a display processor call to that letter's subroutine. This scheme handled arbitrary fonts, extended character sets, and even cursive right-to-left languages like Arabic. The smaller, fastest-drawing fonts were ugly, with diamond-shaped approximations of rounded loops. The display subroutine scheme also handled electronic design symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PDS-1 monitor face was rectangular and was available in portrait or landscape orientation. The 1K x 1K grid of points was stretched 33% in the longer direction to allow text and graphics to fill the screen. All graphics programs then had to account for the non-square pixels. If the system was to be used mainly for graphics, the monitor could be installed with an unstretched grid leaving ends of the screen permanently unused. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dual_processors">Dual processors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dual processors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PDS-1's display processor and its minicomputer ran simultaneously, out of the same memory. </p><p>Instructions for the display processor consisted of 1-byte short-stroke instructions for letters and curves, and 6-byte long vector instructions, and 2-byte unconditional jumps. The display processor had no conventional <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logical_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Arithmetic logical unit">ALU</a> instructions and never modified memory. Jumps supported subroutine calls for repeated objects like letters and symbols. Jumps also supported arranging displayed objects into linked lists for quick editing. XY positions were in <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> form only. There was no support for rotations or arbitrary scaling on the fly. If a symbol crossed over an edge of the screen, the beam wrapped around to the other side rather than being clipped, making a smear. So higher levels of the application had to do the clipping test, using separate data structures. (This was fixed in later models.) Programming the letter font subroutines was via <a href="/wiki/Assembler_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembler language">assembler language</a>. Code for line drawings and overall layout was generated on the fly, by programs running on the local minicomputer or on a large remote computer. </p><p>The PDS-1's built-in minicomputer<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was needed for responding to user keyboard and light pen interactions quickly, without delays in talking to a remote <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">timeshared</a> large computer for help. The minicomputer's main task was to build and modify the display list as needed for the next refresh cycle. For text and <a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2-D</a> line graphics this was easy and did not involve much computing. To minimize costs, Imlac designed their own simple minicomputer with as few <a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">registers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">logic gates</a> as possible. It was a single-<a href="/wiki/Accumulator_(computing)" title="Accumulator (computing)">accumulator</a> machine much like a DEC <a href="/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP-8</a>, except using 16-bit instructions and data instead of 12 bits. There were no integer multiply/divide instructions, no floating point instructions, no <a href="/wiki/Microprogramming" class="mw-redirect" title="Microprogramming">microprogramming</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Virtual_addressing" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual addressing">virtual addressing</a>, and no <a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">cache</a>. The single form of address modification was via indirect address pointers held in memory. Certain pointer cells would auto-increment when used. <a href="/wiki/Stack_(abstract_data_type)" title="Stack (abstract data type)">Stack</a> operations were not supported. </p><p>Programming of this minicomputer was via assembler language. It was not <a href="/wiki/Object_code" title="Object code">object code</a> compatible with anything else and so had limited tool support. Imlac eventually added a self-hosted <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> compiler with hour-long compiles due to the cramped memory. Some PDS models had an optional <a href="/wiki/IBM_2310" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 2310">IBM 2310</a> cartridge disk drive or 8-inch floppy drive. These ran a rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">disk OS</a> supporting program overlays. The disks were dropped from later products. </p><p>The PDS-1 electronics were built from <a href="/wiki/7400_series" class="mw-redirect" title="7400 series">7400 series</a> low-density <a href="/wiki/Transistor-transistor_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistor-transistor logic">TTL</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>, with only a dozen logic gates or 4 register bits per <a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP</a> chip. Small printed circuit cards held up to 12 chips each. The shallow desk pedestal held three racks or rows of cards, with 25 cards per row, and a <a href="/wiki/Wire_wrap" title="Wire wrap">wire wrap</a> backplane connecting all cards. There was no uniform backplane bus. Customer documentation included complete schematics<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> down to the gate level, so that customers could design their own interface boards. It was possible to see, touch, and understand every detail of how the whole system worked. Cycle time for the core memory was 2.0 microseconds for the PDS-1, and 1.8 microseconds for PDS-1D. TTL logic ran 10x faster, with 10 timing pulses per core memory cycle. </p><p>The basic PDS-1 did not include the optional hardware cards for long vectors. Instead, the minicomputer created a long sequence of short-stroke display instructions. The software used a quick <a href="/wiki/Bresenham%27s_line_algorithm" title="Bresenham's line algorithm">Bresenham</a> method to compute intermediate points for sloped lines without doing multiplies or divides. The long vector hardware similarly needed only an add/subtract circuit. If a long vector program was mistakenly run on a basic machine without that option, the display processor could go wild and potentially burn the monitor phosphor or deflection amplifiers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PDS-1 and PDS-4 were bought in small numbers by R&D organizations and many universities. They developed pioneering computer applications and trained the next generation of graphics system designers. The <a href="/wiki/File_Retrieval_and_Editing_System" title="File Retrieval and Editing System">FRESS</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> system had enhanced capability and usability if accessed from a PDS-1 system; the user could make hyperlinks with a light pen and create them simply with a couple of keystrokes. Multi-window editing on FRESS was also possible when using the PDS-1. PDS-1 systems were used to design Arpanet's network graphics protocol. </p><p>The first overlapping multi-windowing system, the DNLS or Display <a href="/wiki/NLS_(computer_system)" title="NLS (computer system)">NLS</a>, was first fully implemented on the PDS-1 in early 1973 by <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Research Institute">SRI</a> (non-overlapping windows implemented 1971).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DNLS implemented "Display Areas", or DAs, which could be dynamically moved, resized, and overlapped. In contrast to later windowing systems, these DAs could only store text strings. The DNLS was used on several PDS-1s at several <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> locations, and was the main inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a>'s overlapping window system.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imlac display systems were bundled into various larger commercial products involving visual design and specialized software. Imlac sold a newspaper layout and <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a> system using PDS-1 called CES. MCS's Anvil mechanical CAD system used later Imlac workstations to interactively design mechanical parts, which were then milled out automatically from metal stock.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some simple applications such as text editors were entirely coded in Imlac assembler and could run without much involvement with a larger computer. Hofstadter composed his book <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach" title="Gödel, Escher, Bach">Gödel, Escher, Bach</a></i> on an Imlac editor. But most graphics applications required strong floating point support, compilers, and a file system. Those applications ran mostly on an expensive timeshared computer, which sent digested image data to the Imlac, which ran a small assembler program emulating a generic graphics terminal. A typical use was rendering architectural drawings and animated walkthroughs that had been previously drawn offline. PDS-1 use was held back for several years by not having a standard program library supporting animation or interactive drawing and dragging of objects. </p><p>But at night time, students were willing to write large amounts of assembler code just for fun. The PDS-1 applications most remembered today are the early interactive <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">games</a>. The two-player <i><a href="/wiki/Spacewar!" title="Spacewar!">Spacewar!</a></i> was ported from a PDP-1 demo. <i>Freeway Crossing</i>, an early predecessor of the popular arcade game <i><a href="/wiki/Frogger" title="Frogger">Frogger</a></i>, was created on a PDS-1 as part of a psychology experiment in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Maze_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Maze War">Mazewar</a></i>, the first online <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">multiplayer computer game</a>, was created on a pair of PDS-1's. Later, up to 8 players ran on PDS-1 stations or other terminals networked to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> host <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a> computer running the Mazewar <a href="/wiki/Game_artificial_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Game artificial intelligence">AI</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mazewar games between <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a> were a major data load on the early <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">Arpanet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pixels_replace_vector_displays">Pixels replace vector displays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pixels replace vector displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The density, capacity, and price of computer memory have improved steadily and exponentially for decades, an engineering trend called <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Moore's Law">Moore's Law</a>. The limitations of refreshed or storage vector displays were accepted only in the era when those displays were much cheaper than raster-scan alternatives. Raster graphic displays inevitably took over when the price of 128 kilobytes no longer mattered. </p><p>Imlac PDS-1's at <a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox PARC</a> impressed them with its interactivity and graphics. But its ugly text prompted <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Thacker" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuck Thacker">Chuck Thacker</a> to develop the experimental bitmapped <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a> machine in 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a decade before that much memory was affordable for non-research single-user machines. The Alto led to the GUI revolution. </p><p>The PDS-1 and similar vector terminals were supplanted in the 1980s by (non-programmable) raster graphics terminals such as the AED767.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And by easily programmed personal workstations with raster graphics such as the <a href="/wiki/Terak_8510/a" title="Terak 8510/a">Terak 8510/a</a> UCSD Pascal machine and the high performance <a href="/wiki/PERQ" title="PERQ">PERQ</a> <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> system. And those were supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>-based mass-market <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintoshes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> PCs, and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>. And now by single chips inside <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emulation">Emulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Emulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, an Imlac emulator named sImlac was written.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An update version of this emulator can be obtained from the GitHub repository of the Seattle-based <a href="/wiki/Living_Computers:_Museum_%2B_Labs" title="Living Computers: Museum + Labs">Living Computers: Museum + Labs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/magazines/Computers_And_Automation/196912.pdf"><i>Computers and Automation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. December 1969. pp. 51–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computers+and+Automation&rft.pages=51-52&rft.date=1969-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fmagazines%2FComputers_And_Automation%2F196912.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitsavers.org/magazines/Datamation/196912.pdf"><i>Datamation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. December 1969. pp. 246–247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Datamation&rft.pages=246-247&rft.date=1969-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fmagazines%2FDatamation%2F196912.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Electronics/60s/69/Electronics-1969-11-10.pdf"><i>Electronics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. November 10, 1969. pp. 161–165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronics&rft.pages=161-165&rft.date=1969-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-Electronics%2F60s%2F69%2FElectronics-1969-11-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/topic/graphics/ComputerDisplayReview_Mar70.pdf">"The computer display review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. March 1970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308164939/http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/topic/graphics/ComputerDisplayReview_Mar70.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+computer+display+review&rft.date=1970-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de%2Ftopic%2Fgraphics%2FComputerDisplayReview_Mar70.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitsavers.org/magazines/Modern_Data/Modern_Data_1971_06.pdf"><i>Modern Data</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. June 1971. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Data&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1971-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fmagazines%2FModern_Data%2FModern_Data_1971_06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PDS-4 system reference manual: Preliminary. IMLAC Corporation, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acd/literature/reports/p002.htm">"USA Visit: June 1976"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203183348/http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acd/literature/reports/p002.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USA+Visit%3A+June+1976&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chilton-computing.org.uk%2Facd%2Fliterature%2Freports%2Fp002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitsavers.org/magazines/Datamation/197004.pdf"><i>Datamation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. April 1970. p. 253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Datamation&rft.pages=253&rft.date=1970-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fmagazines%2FDatamation%2F197004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1970-04-29_4_17"><i>Computerworld Vol. 4 Iss. 17</i></a>. April 29, 1970. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computerworld+Vol.+4+Iss.+17&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1970-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_computerworld_1970-04-29_4_17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140822035103/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1295">"OLD-COMPUTERS.COM musem ~ Imlac PDS-1"</a>. <i>web.archive.org</i>. 2014-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=OLD-COMPUTERS.COM+musem+~+Imlac+PDS-1&rft.date=2014-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20140822035103%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.old-computers.com%2Fmuseum%2Fcomputer.asp%3Fst%3D1%26c%3D1295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitsavers.org/magazines/Datamation/197206.pdf"><i>Datamation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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July 1973. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Data&rft.pages=63&rft.date=1973-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fmagazines%2FModern_Data%2FModern_Data_1973_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digibarn.com/collections/instructon-set-guides/imlac-card-color/index.html"><i>DigiBarn Documents: Imlac PDS-4 programming card (color)</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DigiBarn+Documents%3A+Imlac+PDS-4+programming+card+%28color%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digibarn.com%2Fcollections%2Finstructon-set-guides%2Fimlac-card-color%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1974-05-01_8_18"><i>Computerworld</i></a>. May 1, 1974. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computerworld&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1974-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_computerworld_1974-05-01_8_18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acd/literature/reports/p002.htm">"USA Visit: June 1976"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USA+Visit%3A+June+1976&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chilton-computing.org.uk%2Facd%2Fliterature%2Freports%2Fp002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitsavers.org/magazines/Computer_Design/Computer_Design_V17_N08_197808.pdf"><i>Computer Design V17 N08</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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(March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/imlac/PDS-1_Schematics.pdf">http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/imlac/PDS-1_Schematics.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.computerhistory.org%2Fresources%2Faccess%2Ftext%2FOral_History%2F102658126.05.01.acc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120702222147/http://dimka.com/daily/external-pages/spies.com-~aek-orphanage.html">"The Minicomputer Orphanage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dimka.com/daily/external-pages/spies.com-~aek-orphanage.html">the original</a> on 2012-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Minicomputer+Orphanage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dimka.com%2Fdaily%2Fexternal-pages%2Fspies.com-~aek-orphanage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digibarn.com/collections/systems/aed-graphics-workstation/index.html">"DigiBarn Systems: Advanced Electronic Design AED 767 terminal an early graphics workstation (Prototype)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DigiBarn+Systems%3A+Advanced+Electronic+Design+AED+767+terminal+an+early+graphics+workstation+%28Prototype%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digibarn.com%2Fcollections%2Fsystems%2Faed-graphics-workstation%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosh_Dersch2013" class="citation web cs1">Josh Dersch (2013-07-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rottedbits.blogspot.com/2013/07/simlac-v00-is-ready-for-human.html">"BitRot: sImlac v0.0 is ready for human consumption"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BitRot%3A+sImlac+v0.0+is+ready+for+human+consumption&rft.date=2013-07-11&rft.au=Josh+Dersch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frottedbits.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F07%2Fsimlac-v00-is-ready-for-human.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMLAC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubanproductions.com/imlac.html">Tom Uban's Restored PDS-1D - Imlac Anatomy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ComputerNetworks_TheHeraldsOfResourceSharing">At 14:36 of this video a glimpse of the PDS-1 being used</a>. From the 1972 documentary Computer Networks - The Heralds Of Resource Sharing. Notice the five-key <a href="/wiki/Chorded_keyboard" title="Chorded keyboard">chorded keyboard</a>, a direct descendant of the one introduced for the <a href="/wiki/NLS_(computer_system)" title="NLS (computer system)">NLS</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/livingcomputermuseum/sImlac">sImlac, Josh Dersch's Imlac emulator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubanproductions.com/imlac_sw.html">Uban's Imlac Software Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/larsbrinkhoff/imlac-software">Lars Brinkhoff's Imlac Software Library</a>. It preserves some scans of contemporary code printouts.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blinkenlights.com/classiccmp/imlac/">Blinkenlights Archaeological Institute - Imlac PDS-1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rottedbits.blogspot.com/2013/05/an-introduction-to-imlac-pds-1.html">BitRot: An introduction to the Imlac PDS-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Remote_Display_Station" title="Advanced Remote Display Station">Advanced Remote Display Station (ARDS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_Drawing_System-1" title="Line Drawing System-1">Evans & Sutherland Line Drawing System-1 (LDS-1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&oldid=1258335728">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IMLAC&oldid=1258335728</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1968_establishments_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:1968 establishments in Massachusetts">1968 establishments in Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1979_disestablishments_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:1979 disestablishments in Massachusetts">1979 disestablishments in Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1979_mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Category:1979 mergers and acquisitions">1979 mergers and acquisitions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_1968" title="Category:American companies established in 1968">American companies established in 1968</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_companies_disestablished_in_1979" title="Category:American companies disestablished in 1979">American companies disestablished in 1979</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_companies_established_in_1968" title="Category:Computer companies established in 1968">Computer companies established in 1968</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_companies_disestablished_in_1979" title="Category:Computer companies disestablished in 1979">Computer companies disestablished in 1979</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_workstations" title="Category:Computer workstations">Computer workstations</a></li><li><a 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